This Protocol is designed to evaluate the fate in ground water of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and/or fuel hydrocarbons. Documentation of natural attenuation requires detailed site characterization. The data collected under this protocol can be used to compare the relative effectiveness of other remedial options. and natural attenuation. This protocol should be used to evaluate whether monitored natural attenuation by itself or in conjunction with other remedial technologies is sufficient to achieve site-specific remedial objectives. Understanding the contaminant flow field in the subsurface is essential for a technically justified evaluation of a monitored natural attenuation remedial option; therefore, use of this protocol is not appropriate for evaluating monitored natural attenuation at sites where the contaminant flow field cannot be determined with an acceptable degree of certainty (e.g., complex fractured bedrock, karst, aquifers.)
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9840","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., Briggs, P.H., and Mazza, N., 1998, Chemical and mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of fresh and altered rocks and soils of the Boulder River headwaters in Basin and Cataract Creeks of northern Jefferson County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-40, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9840.","productDescription":"21 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8105,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0040/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.23535156249999,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -115.927734375,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n -111.533203125,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -110.91796875,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -104.150390625,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -116.23535156249999,\n 48.69096039092549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":30973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mazza, Nilah","contributorId":27483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazza","given":"Nilah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22845,"text":"ofr9868 - 1998 - Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:57","indexId":"ofr9868","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-68","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida","docAbstract":"The Naval Air Station, Jacksonville (herein referred to as the Station), occupies 3,800 acres adjacent to the St. Johns River in Duval County, Florida. Operable Unit 3 (OU3) occupies 134 acres on the eastern side of the Station and has been used for industrial and commercial purposes since World War II. Ground water contaminated by chlorinated organic compounds has been detected in the surficial aquifer at OU3. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a cooperative hydrologic study to evaluate the potential for ground water discharge to the neighboring St. Johns River. A ground-water flow model, previously developed for the area, was recalibrated for use in this study. \rAt the Station, the surficial aquifer is exposed at land surface and forms the uppermost permeable unit. The aquifer ranges in thickness from 30 to 100 feet and consists of unconsolidated silty sands interbedded with local beds of clay. The low-permeability clays of the Hawthorn Group form the base of the aquifer. \rThe USGS previously conducted a ground-water investigation at the Station that included the development and calibration of a 1-layer regional ground-water flow model. For this investigation, the regional model was recalibrated using additional data collected after the original calibration. The recalibrated model was then used to establish the boundaries for a smaller subregional model roughly centered on OU3. \rWithin the subregional model, the surficial aquifer is composed of distinct upper and intermediate layers. The upper layer extends from land surface to a depth of approximately 15 feet below sea level; the intermediate layer extends from the upper layer down to the top of the Hawthorn Group. In the northern and central parts of OU3, the upper and intermediate layers are separated by a low-permeability clay layer. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer, determined from aquifer tests, range from 0.19 to 3.8 feet per day. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the intermediate layer, determined from one aquifer test, is 20 feet per day. \rAn extensive stormwater drainage system is present at OU3 and the surrounding area. Some of the stormwater drains have been documented to be draining ground water from the upper layer of the surficial aquifer, whereas other drains are only suspected to be draining ground water. \rThe subregional model contained 78 rows and 148 columns of square model cells that were 100 feet on each side. Vertically, the surficial aquifer was divided into two layers; layer 1 represented the upper layer and layer 2 represented the intermediate layer. Steady-state ground-water flow conditions were assumed. The model was calibrated to head data collected on October 29 and 30, 1996. After calibration, the model matched all 67 measured heads to within the calibration criterion of 1 foot; and 48 of 67 simulated heads (72 percent) were within 0.5 foot. \rModel simulated recharge rates ranged from 0.4 inch per year in areas that were largely paved to 13.0 inches per year in irrigated areas. Simulated hydraulic conductivities in the upper layer at OU3 ranged from 0.5 foot per day in the north to 1.0 foot per day in the south. Simulated vertical leakance between the upper and intermediate layers ranged from 1.0x10-6 per day in an area with low-permeability clays to 4.3x10-2 per day in an area that had been dredged. Simulated transmissivities in the intermediate layer ranged from 25 feet squared per day in an area of low-permeability channel-fill deposits to a high of 1,200 feet squared per day in areas covering most of OU3. Simulated riverbed conductances ranged from 4 to 60 feet squared per day and simulated bottom conductances of leaking stormwater drains ranged from 5 to 20 feet squared per day. \rThe direction and velocity of ground-water flow was determined using particle-tracking techniques. Ground-water flow in the upper layer was generally eastward toward the St. Johns River. However, leaking stormwat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9868","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 1998, Ground-water hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow at Operable Unit 3 and surrounding region, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-68, vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9868.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1308,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr98-068/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.H.","contributorId":68770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24707,"text":"ofr981 - 1998 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1995 through September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr981","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-1","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1995 through September 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr981","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1998, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1995 through September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-1, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr981.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0001/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19508,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020744,"text":"70020744 - 1998 - Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T15:53:59.415174","indexId":"70020744","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies","docAbstract":"Most forests in North America remain nitrogen limited, although recent studies have identified forested areas that exhibit symptoms of N excess, analogous to overfertilization of arable land. Nitrogen excess in watersheds is detrimental because of disruptions in plant/soil nutrient relations, increased soil acidification and aluminum mobility, increased emissions of nitrogenous greenhouse gases from soil, reduced methane consumption in soil, decreased water quality, toxic effects on freshwater biota, and eutrophication of coastal marine waters. Elevated nitrate (NO3−) loss to groundwater or surface waters is the primary symptom of N excess. Additional symptoms include increasing N concentrations and higher N:nutrient ratios in foliage (i.e., N:Mg, N:P), foliar accumulation of amino acids or NO3−, and low soil C:N ratios. Recent nitrogen-fertilization studies in New England and Europe provide preliminary evidence that some forests receiving chronic N inputs may decline in productivity and experience greater mortality. Long-term fertilization at Mount Ascutney, Vermont, suggests that declining and slow N-cycling coniferous stands may be replaced by fast-growing and fast N-cycling deciduous forests.
Symptoms of N saturation are particularly severe in high-elevation, nonaggrading spruce–fir ecosystems in the Appalachian Mountains and in eastern hardwood watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia. In the Los Angeles Air Basin, mixed conifer forests and chaparral watersheds with high smog exposure are N saturated and exhibit the highest streamwater NO3− concentrations for wildlands in North America. High-elevation alpine watersheds in the Colorado Front Range and a deciduous forest in Ontario, Canada, are N saturated, although N deposition is moderate (∼8 kg·ha−1·yr−1). In contrast, the Harvard Forest hardwood stand in Massachusetts has absorbed >900 kg N/ha during 8 yr of N amendment studies without significant NO3− leaching, illustrating that ecosystems vary widely in the capacity to retain N inputs.
Overly mature forests with high N deposition, high soil N stores, and low soil C:N ratios are prone to N saturation and NO3− leaching. Additional characteristics favoring low N retention capacity include a short growing season (reduced plant N demand) and reduced contact time between drainage water and soil (i.e., porous coarse-textured soils, exposed bedrock or talus). Temporal patterns of hydrologic fluxes interact with biotic uptake and internal cycling patterns in determining ecosystem N retention. Soils are the largest storage pool for N inputs, although vegetation uptake is also important. Recent studies indicate that nitrification may be widespread in undisturbed ecosystems, and that microbial assimilation of NO3− may be a significant N retention mechanism, contrary to previous assumptions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the sites, forms, and mechanisms of N retention and incorporation into soil organic matter, and to test potential management options for mitigating N losses from forests. Implementation of intensive management practices in N-saturated ecosystems may only be feasible in high-priority areas and on a limited scale. Reduction of N emissions would be a preferable solution, although major reductions in the near future are unlikely in many areas due to economic, energy-use, policy, and demographic considerations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0706:NEINAE]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D., Baron, J., Bormann, B.T., Johnson, D.W., Lemly, A., McNulty, S., Ryan, D., and Stottlemyer, R., 1998, Nitrogen excess in North American ecosystems: Predisposing factors, ecosystem responses, and management strategies: Ecological Applications, v. 8, no. 3, p. 706-733, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0706:NEINAE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"706","endPage":"733","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66d4e4b0c8380cd72ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenn, Mark E.","contributorId":94168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenn","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poth, M. A.","contributorId":57330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poth","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aber, J. D.","contributorId":102759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aber","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bormann, Bernard T.","contributorId":192223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bormann","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Dale W.","contributorId":177338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lemly, A. Dennis","contributorId":176697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lemly","given":"A. Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McNulty, Steven G.","contributorId":222251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNulty","given":"Steven G.","affiliations":[{"id":39173,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Raleigh, NC, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ryan, D.F.","contributorId":43626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stottlemyer, Robert","contributorId":97058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70020846,"text":"70020846 - 1998 - Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T15:46:51.370761","indexId":"70020846","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA","docAbstract":"Glacier National Park served as a test site for ecosystem analyses that involved a suite of integrated models embedded within a geographic information system. The goal of the exercise was to provide managers with maps that could illustrate probable shifts in vegetation, net primary production (NPP), and hydrologic responses associated with two selected climatic scenarios. The climatic scenarios were (a) a recent 12-yr record of weather data, and (b) a reconstituted set that sequentially introduced in repeated 3-yr intervals wetter–cooler, drier–warmer, and typical conditions. To extrapolate the implications of changes in ecosystem processes and resulting growth and distribution of vegetation and snowpack, the model incorporated geographic data. With underlying digital elevation maps, soil depth and texture, extrapolated climate, and current information on vegetation types and satellite-derived estimates of leaf area indices, simulations were extended to envision how the park might look after 120 yr. The predictions of change included underlying processes affecting the availability of water and nitrogen. Considerable field data were acquired to compare with model predictions under current climatic conditions. In general, the integrated landscape models of ecosystem processes had good agreement with measured NPP, snowpack, and streamflow, but the exercise revealed the difficulty and necessity of averaging point measurements across landscapes to achieve comparable results with modeled values. Under the extremely variable climate scenario significant changes in vegetation composition and growth as well as hydrologic responses were predicted across the park. In particular, a general rise in both the upper and lower limits of treeline was predicted. These shifts would probably occur along with a variety of disturbances (fire, insect, and disease outbreaks) as predictions of physiological stress (water, nutrients, light) altered competitive relations and hydrologic responses. The use of integrated landscape models applied in this exercise should provide managers with insights into the underlying processes important in maintaining community structure, and at the same time, locate where changes on the landscape are most likely to occur.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0805:ASEPFC]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"White, J.D., Running, S.W., Thornton, P.E., Keane, R.E., Ryan, K.C., Fagre, D.B., and Key, C.H., 1998, Assessing simulated ecosystem processes for climate variability research at Glacier National Park, USA: Ecological Applications, v. 8, no. 3, p. 805-823, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0805:ASEPFC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"805","endPage":"823","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489198,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/ntsg_pubs/332","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.53861195813273,\n 48.242325346706025\n ],\n [\n -113.2137547382117,\n 48.42589145573203\n ],\n [\n -113.41949764416158,\n 48.71608000979987\n ],\n [\n -113.59816911511831,\n 48.91573099859397\n ],\n [\n -113.59275482811962,\n 48.99750022686197\n ],\n [\n -114.46445503490791,\n 48.99394783004942\n ],\n [\n -114.36699786893149,\n 48.908614295896314\n ],\n [\n -114.31285499894463,\n 48.78747521674859\n ],\n [\n -114.23705498096297,\n 48.712507586212666\n ],\n [\n -114.15042638898427,\n 48.63742808628115\n ],\n [\n -114.15584067598296,\n 48.61237671987999\n ],\n [\n -114.12876924098951,\n 48.544317464784456\n ],\n [\n -114.12876924098951,\n 48.50128545550018\n ],\n [\n -114.085454945,\n 48.47616656556576\n ],\n [\n -113.91761204804064,\n 48.50128545550018\n ],\n [\n -113.77684058607473,\n 48.42948418581767\n ],\n [\n -113.63065483711044,\n 48.34318855473663\n ],\n [\n -113.60358340211701,\n 48.26755982784732\n ],\n [\n -113.53861195813273,\n 48.242325346706025\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede1e4b0c8380cd49a8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Joseph D.","contributorId":201320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornton, Peter E.","contributorId":146257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thornton","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":16649,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":387740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keane, Robert E.","contributorId":73930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryan, Kevin C.","contributorId":149962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Key, Carl H. carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":4138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":387745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020677,"text":"70020677 - 1998 - Water flow through temperate glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T16:37:33.862421","indexId":"70020677","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water flow through temperate glaciers","docAbstract":"Understanding water movement through a glacier is fundamental to several critical issues in glaciology, including glacier dynamics, glacier-induced floods, and the prediction of runoff from glacierized drainage basins. to this end we have synthesized a conceptual model os water movement through a temperate glacier from the surface to the outlet stream. Processes that regulate the rate and distribution of water input at the glacier surface and that regulate water movement from the surface to the bed play important but commonly neglected roles in glacier hydrology. Where a glacier is covered by a layer of porous, permeable firn (the accumulation zone), the flux of water to the glacier interior varies slowly because the firn temporarily stores water and thereby smooths out variations in the supply rate. In the firn-free ablation zone, in contrast, the flux of water into the glacier depends directly on the rate of surface melt or rainfall and therefore varies greatly in time. Water moves from the surface to the bed through an upward branching arborescent network consisting of both steeply inclined conduits, formed by the enlargement of intergranular veins, and gently inclined conduits, sprqwned by water flow along the bottoms of near-surface fractures (crevasses). Englacial drainage conduits deliver water to the glacier bed at a linited number of points, probably a long distance downglacier of where water enters the glacier. Englacial conduits supplied from the accumulation zone are quasi steady state features that convey the slowly varying water flux delivered via the firn. their size adjusts so that they are usually full of water and flow is pressurized. In contrast, water flow in englacial conduits supplied from the ablation area is pressurized only near times of peak daily flow or during rainstorms; flow is otherwise in an open-channel configuration. The subglacial drainage system typically consists of several elements that are distinct both morpphologically and hydrologically. An up-glacier branching, arborescent network of channels incised into the basal ice conveys water rapidly. Much of the water flux to the bed probably enters directly into the arborescent channel network, which covers only a small fraction of the glacier bed. More extensive spatially is a nonarborescent network, which commonly includes cabities (gaps between the glacier sole and bed), channels incised into the bed, and a layer of permeable sediment. The nonarborescent network conveys water slowly and is usually poorly connected to the arborescent system. The arborescent channel network largely collapses during winter but reforms in the spring as the first flush of meltwater to the bed destabilizes the cavities within the nonarborescent net6work. The volume of water stored by a glacier varies diurnally and seasonally. Small, temperate alpine glaciers seem to attain a maximum seasonal water storage of ~200 mm of water averaged over the area of the glacier bed, with daily fluctuations of as much as 20-30 mm. The likely storage capacity of subglacial cavities is insufficient to account for estimated stored water volumes, so most water storage may actually occur englacially. Sotred water may also be released abruptly and catastrophically in the form of outburst floods.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97RG03579","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Fountain, A.G., and Walder, J.S., 1998, Water flow through temperate glaciers: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 36, no. 3, p. 299-328, https://doi.org/10.1029/97RG03579.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492440,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97rg03579","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230956,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7e0e4b08c986b32c68e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":387093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":387094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186178,"text":"70186178 - 1998 - Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-05T12:03:30.281884","indexId":"70186178","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"16","title":"Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments","docAbstract":"This chapter focuses on the uses of isotopes to understand water chemistry.I Isotopic compositions generally cannot be interpreted successfully in the absence of other chemical and hydrologic data. The chapter focusses on uses of isotopes in tracing sources and cycling of nitrogen in the water-component of forested catchment, and on dissolved nitrate in shallow waters, nutrient uptake studies in agricultural areas, large-scale tracer experiments, groundwater contamination studies, food-web investigations, and uses of compound-specific stable isotope techniques. Shallow waters moving along a flowpath through a relatively uniform material and reacting with minerals probably do not achieve equilibrium but gradually approach some steady-state composition. The chapter also discusses the use of isotopic techniques to assess impacts of changes in land-management practices and land use on water quality. The analysis of individual molecular components for isotopic composition has much potential as a method for tracing the source, biogeochemistry, and degradation of organic liquids and gases because different materials have characteristic isotope spectrums or biomarkers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50023-9","usgsCitation":"Kendall, C., 1998, Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments, chap. 16 of Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, p. 519-576, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50023-9.","productDescription":"58 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"576","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1952e4b02ff32c699cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185093,"text":"70185093 - 1998 - Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths: A multi-isotope approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:15:16","indexId":"70185093","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"18","title":"Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths: A multi-isotope approach","docAbstract":"This chapter discusses the importance of using isotopes in a complementary manner, primarily to constrain and enrich models developed from hydrologic and chemical data. Isotopes are viewed as tools for testing rather than developing hypotheses, particularly in studies operating under tight budgetary constraints. Water isotopes are very useful tools for determining water sources in catchments. Chemical tracers are very useful for understanding the reactions along flowpaths. The potential application of Fe isotopes to catchment studies lies in the assumption that Fe mobilized inorganically from minerals under either reducing or low-pH conditions will have a different isotopic composition than microbially-reduced Fe. To the extent that certain zones or flowpaths in the catchment can be characterized by microbial cycling of labile Fe, the Fe isotopes may provide an effective tracer of contributions from these pathways. The solute isotopes, for example, strontium, carbon, and lead are as yet under-utilized in catchment research compared to the water isotopes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50025-2","isbn":"978-0-08-092915-6","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T.D., and Kendall, C., 1998, Tracing of weathering reactions and water flowpaths: A multi-isotope approach, chap. 18 of Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, p. 611-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-81546-0.50025-2.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"611","endPage":"646","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c9012ae4b0849ce97abd2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, Tomas D.","contributorId":64792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Tomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":4399,"text":"cir1153 - 1998 - A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"cir1153","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1153","title":"A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States","docAbstract":"Historical and geological data indicate that significant changes can occur in the Earth's climate on time scales ranging from years to millennia. In addition to natural climatic change, climatic changes may occur in the near future due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and other trace gases in the atmosphere that are the result of human activities. International research efforts using atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM's) to assess potential climatic conditions under atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of twice the pre-industrial level (a '2 X CO2' atmosphere) conclude that climate would warm on a global basis. However, it is difficult to assess how the projected warmer climatic conditions would be distributed on a regional scale and what the effects of such warming would be on the landscape, especially for temperate mountainous regions such as the Western United States. In this report, we present a strategy to assess the regional sensitivity to global climatic change. The strategy makes use of a hierarchy of models ranging from an AGCM, to a regional climate model, to landscape-scale process models of hydrology and vegetation. A 2 X CO2 global climate simulation conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) GENESIS AGCM on a grid of approximately 4.5o of latitude by 7.5o of longitude was used to drive the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM) over the Western United States on a grid of 60 km by 60 km. The output from the RegCM is used directly (for hydrologic models) or interpolated onto a 15-km grid (for vegetation models) to quantify possible future environmental conditions on a spatial scale relevant to policy makers and land managers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;","doi":"10.3133/cir1153","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., Hostetler, S.W., Bartlein, P.J., and Anderson, K.H., 1998, A strategy for assessing potential future changes in climate, hydrology, and vegetation in the Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1153, iv, 20 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1153.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1998/c1153/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert Stephen","contributorId":47772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":149031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Katherine H. 0000-0003-2677-6109","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-6109","contributorId":52556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":149033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27121,"text":"wri974243 - 1998 - Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-05T22:14:13.612346","indexId":"wri974243","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4243","title":"Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Determination of the suitability of Yucca Mountain, in southern Nevada, as a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste requires the use of numerical flow and transport models. Input for these models includes parameters that describe hydrologic properties and the initial and boundary conditions for all rock materials within the unsaturated zone, as well as some of the upper rocks in the saturated zone. There are 30 hydrogeologic units in the unsaturated zone, and each unit is defined by limited ranges where a discrete volume of rock contains similar hydrogeologic properties. These hydrogeologic units can be easily located in space by using three-dimensional lithostratigraphic models based on relation- ships of the properties with the lithostratigraphy. Physical properties of bulk density, porosity, and particle density; flow properties of saturated hydraulic conductivity and moisture-retention characteristics; and the state variables (variables describing the current state of field conditions) of saturation and water potential were determined for each unit. Units were defined using (1) a data base developed from 4,892 rock samples collected from the coring of 23 shallow and 8 deep boreholes, (2) described lithostratigraphic boundaries and corresponding relations to porosity, (3) recognition of transition zones with pronounced changes in properties over short vertical distances, (4) characterization of the influence of mineral alteration on hydrologic properties such as permeability and moisture-retention characteristics, and (5) a statistical analysis to evaluate where boundaries should be adjusted to minimize the variance within layers. This study describes the correlation of hydrologic properties to porosity, a property that is well related to the lithostratigraphy and depositional and cooling history of the volcanic deposits and can, therefore, be modeled to be distributed laterally. Parameters of the hydrogeologic units developed in this study and the relation of flow properties to porosity that are described can be used to produce detailed and accurate representations of the core-scale hydrologic processes ongoing at Yucca Mountain.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974243","usgsCitation":"Flint, L.E., 1998, Characterization of hydrogeologic units using matrix properties, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4243, v, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974243.","productDescription":"v, 64 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125030,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4243.jpg"},{"id":411457,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48850.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2236,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4243/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.4667,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -116.4667,\n 36.8292\n ],\n [\n -116.4028,\n 36.8292\n ],\n [\n -116.4028,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -116.4667,\n 36.9\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28337,"text":"wri974211 - 1998 - Assessment of the hydraulic connection between ground water and the Peace River, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T22:27:23.598961","indexId":"wri974211","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4211","title":"Assessment of the hydraulic connection between ground water and the Peace River, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"The hydraulic connection between the Peace River and the underlying aquifers along the length of the Peace River from Bartow to Arcadia was assessed to evaluate flow exchanges between these hydrologic systems. Methods included an evaluation of hydrologic and geologic records and seismic-reflection profiles, seepage investigations, and thermal infrared imagery interpretation. Along the upper Peace River, a progressive long-term decline in streamflow has occurred since 1931 due to a lowering of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer by as much as 60 feet because of intensive ground-water withdrawals for phosphate mining and agriculture. Another effect from lowering the potentiometric surface has been the cessation of flow at several springs located near and within the Peace River channel, including Kissengen Spring, that once averaged a flow of about 19 million gallons a day. The lowering of ground-water head resulted in flow reversals at locations where streamflow enters sinkholes along the streambed and floodplain.
Hydrogeologic conditions along the Peace River vary from Bartow to Arcadia. Three distinctive hydrogeologic areas along the Peace River were delineated: (1) the upper Peace River near Bartow, where ground-water recharge occurs; (2) the middle Peace River near Bowling Green, where reversals of hydraulic gradients occur; and (3) the lower Peace River near Arcadia, where ground-water discharge occurs.
Seismic-reflection data were used to identify geologic features that could serve as potential conduits for surface-water and ground-water exchange. Depending on the hydrologic regime, this exchange could be recharge of surface water into the aquifer system or discharge of ground water into the stream channel. Geologic features that would provide pathways for water movement were identified in the seismic record; they varied from buried irregular surfaces to large-scale subsidence flexures and vertical fractures or enlarged solution conduits. Generally, the upper Peace River is characterized by a shallow, buried irregular top of rock, numerous observed sinkholes, and subsidence depressions. The downward head gradient provides potential for the Peace River to lose water to the ground-water system. Along the middle Peace River area, head gradients alternate between downward and upward, creating both recharging and discharging ground-water conditions. Seismic records show that buried, laterally continuous reflectors in the lower Peace River pinch out in the middle Peace River streambed. Small springs have been observed along the streambed where these units pinch out. This area corresponds to the region where highest ground-water seepage volumes were measured during this study. Further south, along the lower Peace River, upward head gradients provide conditions for ground-water discharge into the Peace River. Generally, confinement between the surficial aquifer and the confined ground-water systems in this area is better than to the north. However, localized avenues for surface-water and ground-water interactions may exist along discontinuities observed in seismic reflectors associated with large-scale flexures or subsidence features.
Ground-water seepage gains or losses along the Peace River were quantified by making three seepage runs during periods of: (1) low base flow, (2) high base flow, and (3) high flow. Low and high base-flow seepage runs were performed along a 74-mile length of the Peace River, between Bartow and Nocatee. Maximum losses of 17.3 cubic feet per second (11.2 million gallons per day) were measured along a 3.2-mile reach of the upper Peace River. The high-flow seepage run was conducted to quantify losses in the Peace River channel and floodplain between Bartow and Fort Meade. Seepage losses calculated during high-flow along a 7.2-mile reach of the Peace River, from the Clear Springs Mine bridge to the Mobil Mine bridge, were approximately 10 percent of the river flow, or 118 cubic feet per second. Calculated seepages along the Peace River in Hardee and De Soto Counties were inconclusive, because most seepages were within the range of discharge measurement error.
Two continuous aerial thermal infrared imagery surveys were conducted to locate sites of ground-water discharge along the Peace River. Although temperature and hydrologic conditions were ideal to observe spring flow using thermal infrared imaging techniques, no sources of ground-water discharge were identified using this method. Diffuse ground-water seepage may, however, provide significant ground-water discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974211","usgsCitation":"Lewelling, B., Tihansky, A., and Kindinger, J., 1998, Assessment of the hydraulic connection between ground water and the Peace River, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4211, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974211.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2249,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974211/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4211.jpg"},{"id":411395,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48820.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Peace River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.9375,\n 27.9214\n ],\n [\n -81.9375,\n 27.1428\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 27.1428\n ],\n [\n -81.75,\n 27.9214\n ],\n [\n -81.9375,\n 27.9214\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewelling, B. R.","contributorId":17969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewelling","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tihansky, A. B. 0000-0003-1681-1601","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-1601","contributorId":77956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tihansky","given":"A. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kindinger, J. L.","contributorId":38983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26120,"text":"wri974198 - 1998 - Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T21:58:08.188936","indexId":"wri974198","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4198","title":"Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois","docAbstract":"Slag is a by-product of steel manufacturing and a ubiquitous fill material in northwestern Indiana. Ground water associated with slag deposits generally is characterized by high pH and elevated concentrations of many inorganic water-quality constituents. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, conducted a study in northwestern Indiana from June 1995 to September 1996 to improve understanding of the effects of slag deposits on the water quality of a glacial-outwash aquifer.
The Bairstow Landfill, a slag-fill deposit overlying the Calumet aquifer near Hammond, Indiana, was studied to represent conditions in slag-deposit settings that are common in northwestern Indiana. Ground water from 10 observation wells, located in four nests at the site, and surface water from the adjacent Lake George were analyzed for values of field-measured parameters and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and bulk properties. Solid-phase samples of slag and aquifer sediment collected during drilling were examined with X-ray diffraction and geochemical digestion and analysis.
Concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate were highest in wells screened partly or fully in slag. Potassium concentrations in ground water ranged from 2.9 to 120 milligrams per liter (mg/L), were highest in water from slag deposits, and decreased with depth. The highest concentrations for aluminum, barium, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium were in water from the slag. Silica concentrations were highest in wells screened directly beneath the slag-aquifer interface, and magnesium concentrations were highest in intermediate and deep aquifer wells. Silica concentrations in shallow and intermediate aquifer wells ranged from 27 to 41 mg/L and were about 10 times greater than those in water from slag deposits. The highest concentrations for chromium, lead, and zinc were in ground water from immediately below the slag-aquifer interface.
The solid-phase analyses indicated that calcite, dolomite, and quartz generally were present throughout the slag-aquifer system; barian celestite, cristobalite, manganese-bearing calcite, and minrecordite were present in fewer samples. Trace elements that are liberated from the slag may be incorporated as impurities during precipitation of major minerals, sorbed onto clays and other grainsize fractions not analyzed as part of this study, or present in low-abundance minerals that were not detected by the X-ray analysis.
Mass-balance and speciation programs were used to identify geochemical processes that may be occurring as water infiltrates through the slag, flows into the aquifer, and discharges into Lake George. The geochemical models indicate that precipitation of calcite may be occurring where slag-affected water enters the aquifer. Models also indicate that dolomite precipitation and clay-mineral dissolution may be occurring at the slag-aquifer interface; however, dolomite precipitation is generally believed to require geologically long time periods. Silica may be dissolving where slag-affected ground water enters the aquifer and may be precipitating where slag-affected ground water discharges to the lakebed of Lake George.
In addition to the site-specific study, a statistical analysis of regional water quality was done to compare ground water in wells affected and unaffected by slag. When com-pared to wells in background locations in the Calumet aquifer, wells screened in slag across northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois generally had relatively higher pH and specific-conductance values and relatively higher concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total organic carbon, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, aluminum, barium, and possibly magnesium, sulfate, chromium, cobalt, copper, cyanide, manganese, mercury, nickel, and vanadium. When compared to wells in slag and wells in background locations, ground water from immediately beneath or immediately downgradient from slag had relatively high concentrations of arsenic and silica. Water-quality characteristics in ground water at the Bairstow Landfill were similar to water-quality characteristics in slag-contact and slag-affected wells throughout northwestern Indiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974198","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Greeman, T.K., and Harvey, C., 1998, Hydrology and geochemistry of a slag-affected aquifer and chemical characteristics of slag-affected ground water, northwestern Indiana and northeastern Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4198, v, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974198.","productDescription":"v, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414756,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48809.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54923,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157824,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4198/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6556\n ],\n [\n -87.475,\n 41.6556\n ],\n [\n -87.475,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -87.525,\n 41.6667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, C.C.","contributorId":102108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209806,"text":"70209806 - 1998 - Inferences for Yucca Mountain unsaturated-zone hydrology from secondary minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T17:19:36.347275","indexId":"70209806","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-30T12:13:37","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Inferences for Yucca Mountain unsaturated-zone hydrology from secondary minerals","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"High-level radioactive waste management: Proceedings of the eighth international conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"High-level radioactive waste management: Eighth international conference","conferenceDate":"May 11-14, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"American Nuclear Society","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., Neymark, L., Marshall, B.D., Whelan, J.F., and Peterman, Z.E., 1998, Inferences for Yucca Mountain unsaturated-zone hydrology from secondary minerals, in High-level radioactive waste management: Proceedings of the eighth international conference, Las Vegas, NV, May 11-14, 1998, p. 36-39.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. 0000-0003-4190-0278 lneymark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":140338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid A.","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":167699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":38352,"text":"twri03C2_1998 - 1998 - Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38352,"text":"twri03C2_1998 - 1998 - Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment","indexId":"twri03C2_1998","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4680,"text":"twri03C2 - 1999 - Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment","indexId":"twri03C2","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4680,"text":"twri03C2 - 1999 - Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment","indexId":"twri03C2","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:38","indexId":"twri03C2_1998","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-C2","title":"Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment","docAbstract":"The complexity of hydrologic and physical environments and man's ever-increasing data needs make it essential for those who collect sediment data to be aware of basic concepts involved in the processes of erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment, and of the equipment and procedures necessary to representatively sample sediment and measure its concentration. This report describes equipment and procedures for the collection and measurement of fluvial sediment.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri03C2_1998","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T.K., and Glysson, G.D., 1998, Field methods for measurement of fluvial sediment (1998 Edition): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-C2, 80 p. Supercedes OFR 86-531., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03C2_1998.","productDescription":"80 p. Supercedes OFR 86-531.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":166455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"1998 Edition","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60206a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Thomas K. 0000-0002-0773-0909 tce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":104477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Thomas","email":"tce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glysson, G. Douglas","contributorId":13607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38250,"text":"pp1409G - 1998 - Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in the Milford area, an arid basin in southwestern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-30T16:56:26","indexId":"pp1409G","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"G","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in the Milford area, an arid basin in southwestern Utah","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional, finite-difference model was constructed to simulate ground-water flow in the Milford area. The purpose of the study was to evaluate present knowledge and concepts of the groundwater system, to analyze the ability of the model to represent past and current (1984) conditions, and to estimate the effects of various groundwater development alternatives. The alternative patterns of groundwater development might prove effective in capturing natural discharge from the basin-fill aquifer while limiting water-level declines. Water levels measured during this study indicate that ground water in the Milford area flows in a northwesterly direction through consolidated rocks in the northern San Francisco Mountains toward Sevier Lake. The revised potentiometric surface shows a large area for probable basin outflow, indicating that more water leaves the Milford area than the 8 acre-feet per year estimated previously.
Simulations made to calibrate the model were able to approximate steady-state conditions for 1927, before ground-water development began, and transient conditions for 1950-82, during which groundwater withdrawal increased. Basin recharge from the consolidated rocks and basin outflow were calculated during the calibration process. Transient simulations using constant and variable recharge from surface water were made to test effects of large flows in the Beaver River.
Simulations were made to project water-level declines over a 37- year period (1983-2020) using the present pumping distribution. Ground-water withdrawals were simulated at 1, 1.5, and 2 times the 1979-82 average rate.
The concepts of \"sustained\" yield, ground-water mining, and the capture of natural discharge were tested using several hypothetical pumping distributions over a 600-year simulation period. Simulations using concentrated pumping centers were the least efficient at capturing natural discharge and produced the largest water-level declines. Simulations using strategically placed ground-water withdrawals in the discharge area were the most efficient at eliminating natural discharge with small water-level declines.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1409G","isbn":"0-607-86818-X","usgsCitation":"Mason, J.L., 1998, Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in the Milford area, an arid basin in southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, Report: viii, 69 p.; 2 plates, 15.00 in x 18.00 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409G.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 69 p.; 2 plates, 15.00 in x 18.00 in.","startPage":"G1","endPage":"G69","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64627,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64628,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64629,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Milford","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 38.83435910650903\n ],\n [\n -112.9119873046875,\n 38.843986129756615\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 38.83435910650903\n ],\n [\n -113.01773071289062,\n 38.792626957868904\n ],\n [\n -113.05206298828125,\n 38.753012320665185\n ],\n [\n -113.104248046875,\n 38.6833657775237\n ],\n [\n -113.16055297851562,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -113.2305908203125,\n 38.61579745317872\n ],\n [\n -113.2745361328125,\n 38.55997877925585\n ],\n [\n -113.29925537109375,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -113.30062866210936,\n 38.449286817153556\n ],\n [\n -113.2965087890625,\n 38.406253794852674\n ],\n [\n -113.29788208007812,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -113.29788208007812,\n 38.299636831993\n ],\n [\n -113.32809448242188,\n 38.26514122031372\n ],\n [\n -113.31710815429688,\n 38.187466178077905\n ],\n [\n -113.22921752929686,\n 38.1334763895322\n ],\n [\n -113.14956665039062,\n 38.098901948321256\n ],\n [\n -113.07952880859375,\n 38.089174937729794\n ],\n [\n -112.99713134765625,\n 38.08593231319764\n ],\n [\n -112.92434692382812,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -112.87765502929688,\n 38.1777509666256\n ],\n [\n -112.82272338867188,\n 38.306102934215616\n ],\n [\n -112.79800415039062,\n 38.41055825094609\n ],\n [\n -112.80075073242186,\n 38.522384090200845\n ],\n [\n -112.82684326171875,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -112.82409667968749,\n 38.66513933289161\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 38.78406349514289\n ],\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 38.83435910650903\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9035","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, James L.","contributorId":14397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29590,"text":"wri974292 - 1998 - Spatial variation in hydraulic conductivity determined by slug tests in the Canadian River alluvium near the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:58:48","indexId":"wri974292","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4292","title":"Spatial variation in hydraulic conductivity determined by slug tests in the Canadian River alluvium near the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Slug tests were used to characterize hydraulic conductivity variations at a spatial scale on the order of meters in the alluvial aquifer downgradient of the Norman Landfill. Forty hydraulic conductivity measurements were made, most along a 215-meter flow path transect. Measured hydraulic conductivity, excluding clayey layers, ranged from 8.4 x 10-7 to 2.8 x 10-4 meters per second, with a median value of 6.6 x 10-5 meters per second. The hydraulic conductivity measurements yield a preliminary concept of the permeability structure of the aquifer along this transect. A low hydraulic conductivity silt-clay layer at about 4 meters below the water table and a high hydraulic conductivity layer at the base of the aquifer appear to have the most potential to affect contaminant transport. Specific conductance measurements show the leachate plume along this transect becomes attenuated between 150 and 200 meters downgradient of the landfill, except at the base of the aquifer, where it extends at least 225 meters downgradient of the landfill.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974292","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., and Christenson, S.C., 1998, Spatial variation in hydraulic conductivity determined by slug tests in the Canadian River alluvium near the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4292, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974292.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159736,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2402,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri97-4292/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Cleveland County","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.6733,35.3763],[-97.4076,35.3771],[-97.1442,35.3742],[-97.1405,35.202],[-97.1433,35.2021],[-97.1432,34.9305],[-97.1504,34.9302],[-97.1544,34.9312],[-97.1622,34.9295],[-97.1701,34.9305],[-97.1869,34.9303],[-97.1936,34.9309],[-97.2041,34.936],[-97.213,34.9421],[-97.2208,34.9454],[-97.2263,34.9464],[-97.2314,34.9446],[-97.236,34.9397],[-97.2388,34.9397],[-97.2482,34.9458],[-97.2527,34.9472],[-97.2622,34.9492],[-97.2666,34.9506],[-97.2711,34.9534],[-97.2743,34.9575],[-97.2771,34.9603],[-97.2798,34.9617],[-97.286,34.9627],[-97.2927,34.9628],[-97.2984,34.9615],[-97.3029,34.9607],[-97.3096,34.9594],[-97.3164,34.959],[-97.3214,34.9586],[-97.3265,34.9583],[-97.331,34.9588],[-97.3376,34.9625],[-97.3437,34.9667],[-97.3475,34.9717],[-97.3497,34.9759],[-97.3506,34.9863],[-97.3484,35.0103],[-97.3505,35.0154],[-97.3538,35.0204],[-97.3542,35.0281],[-97.3543,35.0459],[-97.3489,35.0644],[-97.351,35.0699],[-97.3548,35.0758],[-97.3609,35.0818],[-97.3653,35.0842],[-97.376,35.0852],[-97.3799,35.0834],[-97.3833,35.0826],[-97.3878,35.0826],[-97.3934,35.0845],[-97.3984,35.0869],[-97.4034,35.0906],[-97.4072,35.0952],[-97.4077,35.0984],[-97.4071,35.1015],[-97.4059,35.106],[-97.4047,35.1101],[-97.4046,35.1138],[-97.4051,35.1174],[-97.4056,35.1219],[-97.4066,35.1274],[-97.407,35.1329],[-97.4086,35.1379],[-97.4119,35.1411],[-97.4169,35.1434],[-97.4237,35.144],[-97.427,35.1445],[-97.4315,35.1464],[-97.4359,35.1496],[-97.4398,35.1524],[-97.4437,35.1556],[-97.4453,35.1583],[-97.4469,35.1611],[-97.448,35.1638],[-97.4502,35.1661],[-97.4546,35.1698],[-97.4619,35.1744],[-97.4791,35.1865],[-97.4879,35.1925],[-97.4974,35.2003],[-97.5035,35.2031],[-97.5198,35.2033],[-97.5248,35.2052],[-97.5326,35.2117],[-97.5443,35.2177],[-97.5515,35.2255],[-97.5598,35.2315],[-97.5631,35.2352],[-97.5636,35.2384],[-97.5636,35.2402],[-97.5613,35.2429],[-97.5583,35.2483],[-97.5594,35.2542],[-97.5599,35.2574],[-97.5552,35.2669],[-97.5539,35.2732],[-97.5577,35.2805],[-97.5638,35.2892],[-97.5671,35.2934],[-97.5749,35.2953],[-97.591,35.3073],[-97.5933,35.3082],[-97.5973,35.3037],[-97.6035,35.3047],[-97.6086,35.3057],[-97.6142,35.303],[-97.6193,35.3031],[-97.6332,35.3137],[-97.6393,35.3192],[-97.6443,35.326],[-97.6481,35.3306],[-97.6531,35.3339],[-97.6565,35.3357],[-97.6683,35.3368],[-97.6729,35.335],[-97.6733,35.3763]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cleveland\",\"state\":\"OK\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6c56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, Martha A. 0000-0001-6994-4614 mascholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6994-4614","contributorId":1920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"Martha","email":"mascholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70020105,"text":"70020105 - 1998 - Concentration data and dimensionality in groundwater models: Evaluation using inverse modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T13:24:36.30538","indexId":"70020105","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2880,"text":"Nordic Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration data and dimensionality in groundwater models: Evaluation using inverse modelling","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional inverse groundwater flow and transport model that fits hydraulic-head and concentration data simultaneously using nonlinear regression is presented and applied to a layered sand and silt groundwater system beneath the Grindsted Landfill in Denmark. The aquifer is composed of rather homogeneous hydrogeologic layers. Two issues common to groundwater flow and transport modelling are investigated: 1) The accuracy of simulated concentrations in the case of calibration with head data alone; and 2) The advantages and disadvantages of using a two-dimensional cross-sectional model instead of a three-dimensional model to simulate contaminant transport when the source is at the land surface. Results show that using only hydraulic heads in the nonlinear regression produces a simulated plume that is profoundly different from what is obtained in a calibration using both hydraulic-head and concentration data. The present study provides a well-documented example of the differences that can occur. Representing the system as a two-dimensional cross-section obviously omits some of the system dynamics. It was, however, possible to obtain a simulated plume cross-section that matched the actual plume cross-section well. The two-dimensional model execution times were about a seventh of those for the three-dimensional model, but some difficulties were encountered in representing the spatially variable source concentrations and less precise simulated concentrations were calculated by the two-dimensional model compared to the three-dimensional model. Summed up, the present study indicates that three dimensional modelling using both hydraulic heads and concentrations in the calibration should be preferred in the considered type of transport studies.","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1998.0009","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Barlebo, H., Hill, M.C., Rosbjerg, D., and Jensen, K., 1998, Concentration data and dimensionality in groundwater models: Evaluation using inverse modelling: Nordic Hydrology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 149-178, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.0009.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"178","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490142,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.0009","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Denmark","otherGeospatial":"Grindsted Landfill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 7.566660766227386,\n 58.07417121924817\n ],\n [\n 7.566660766227386,\n 54.87182931731596\n ],\n [\n 11.994386894896707,\n 54.87182931731596\n ],\n [\n 11.994386894896707,\n 58.07417121924817\n ],\n [\n 7.566660766227386,\n 58.07417121924817\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f97ce4b0c8380cd4d623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barlebo, H.C.","contributorId":90484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlebo","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosbjerg, D.","contributorId":108266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosbjerg","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jensen, K.H.","contributorId":75710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015832,"text":"1015832 - 1998 - Long-term hydrologic effects on marsh plant community structure in the southern Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-27T16:01:30.462619","indexId":"1015832","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term hydrologic effects on marsh plant community structure in the southern Everglades","docAbstract":"Although large-scale transformation of Everglades landscapes has occurred during the past century, the patterns of association among hydrologic factors and southern Everglades freshwater marsh vegetation have not been well-defined. We used a 10-year data base on the aquatic biota of Shark Slough to classify vegetation and describe plant community change in intermediate- to long-hydroperiod Everglades marshes. Study area marsh vegetation was quantitatively grouped into associations dominated by 1) Cladium jamaicense, 2) a group of emergents includingEleocharis cellulosa, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Rhyncospora tracyi, 3) taxa associated with algal mats (Utricularia spp. and Bacopa caroliniana), and 4) the grasses Panicum hemitomon and Paspalidium geminatum. During the decade evaluated, the range of water depths that characterized our study sites approached both extremes depicted in the 40-year hydrologic record for the region. Water depths were near the long-term average during the mid-1980s, declined sharply during a late 1980s drought, and underwent a prolonged increase from 1991 through 1995. Overall macrophyte cover varied inversely with water depth, while the response of periphyton was more complex. An ordination analysis, based on plant species abundance, revealed that study area vegetation structure was associated with hydrologic patterns. Marsh plant community structure showed evidence of cyclic interannual variation corresponding to hydrologic change over the decade evaluated. Lower water depths, the occurrence of marl substrates, and high periphyton cover were correlated. These factors contributed to reduced macrophyte cover in portions of the study area from which water had been diverted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161658","usgsCitation":"Busch, D.E., Loftus, W., and Bass, O.L., 1998, Long-term hydrologic effects on marsh plant community structure in the southern Everglades: Wetlands, v. 18, no. 2, p. 230-241, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161658.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"230","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133403,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades, Shark Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.0326045424484,\n 25.704998787208552\n ],\n [\n -81.0326045424484,\n 25.457292694473253\n ],\n [\n -80.66232127859823,\n 25.457292694473253\n ],\n [\n -80.66232127859823,\n 25.704998787208552\n ],\n [\n -81.0326045424484,\n 25.704998787208552\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ee83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busch, David E. dave_busch@usgs.gov","contributorId":3392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"David","email":"dave_busch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftus, W.F.","contributorId":29363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loftus","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bass, O. L. Jr.","contributorId":31721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bass","given":"O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24010,"text":"ofr984 - 1998 - Surface-water quality data, Permanente and Saratoga Creeks, Santa Clara Valley, California, water year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-03T16:14:22","indexId":"ofr984","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4","title":"Surface-water quality data, Permanente and Saratoga Creeks, Santa Clara Valley, California, water year 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr984","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Myhre, S., and Bencala, K., 1998, Surface-water quality data, Permanente and Saratoga Creeks, Santa Clara Valley, California, water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-4, v, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr984.","productDescription":"v, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":19490,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3712158203125,\n 37.04202441635081\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.04202441635081\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.51844023887861\n ],\n [\n -122.3712158203125,\n 37.51844023887861\n ],\n [\n -122.3712158203125,\n 37.04202441635081\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a884","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myhre, S.H.","contributorId":14015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myhre","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23526,"text":"ofr98110 - 1998 - A preliminary gravity survey of the Kailua-Kona area, Hawaii, for delineation of a hydrologic boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr98110","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-110","title":"A preliminary gravity survey of the Kailua-Kona area, Hawaii, for delineation of a hydrologic boundary","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98110","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J.P., Duarte, K., and Foster, J., 1998, A preliminary gravity survey of the Kailua-Kona area, Hawaii, for delineation of a hydrologic boundary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-110, 21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98110.","productDescription":"21 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aae6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. P.","contributorId":69992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duarte, Ka’eo","contributorId":69186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duarte","given":"Ka’eo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, James","contributorId":38598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":3483,"text":"cir1137 - 1998 - Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24469,"text":"ofr96412 - 1996 - Hydrology of central Florida lakes, a primer","indexId":"ofr96412","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of central Florida lakes, a primer"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3483,"text":"cir1137 - 1998 - Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer","indexId":"cir1137","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"cir1137","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","title":"Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nLakes are among the most valued natural resources of central Florida. The landscape of central Florida is riddled with lakeswhen viewed from the air, it almost seems there is more water than land. Florida has more naturally formed lakes than other southeastern States, where many lakes are created by building dams across streams. The abundance of lakes on the Florida peninsula is a result of the geology and geologic history of the State. An estimated 7,800 lakes in Florida are greater than 1 acre in surface area. Of these, 35 percent are located in just four counties (fig. 1): Lake, Orange, Osceola, and Polk (Hughes, 1974b). Lakes add to the aesthetic and commercial value of the area and are used by many residents and visitors for fishing, boating, swimming, and other types of outdoor recreation. Lakes also are used for other purposes such as irrigation, flood control, water supply, and navigation. Residents and visitors commonly ask questions such as Whyare there so many lakes here?, Why is my lake drying up (or flooding)?, or Is my lake spring-fed? These questions indicate that the basic hydrology of lakes and the interaction of lakes with ground water and surface water are not well understood by the general population.\r\n\r\nBecause of the importance of lakes to residents of central Florida and the many questions and misconceptions about lakes, this primer was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District and the South Florida Water Management District. The USGS has been collecting hydrologic data in central Florida since the 1920s, obtaining valuable information that has been used to better understand the hydrology of the water resources of central Florida, including lakes. In addition to data collection, as of 1994, the USGS had published 66 reports and maps on central Florida lakes (Garcia and Hoy, 1995).\r\n\r\nThe main purpose of this primer is to describe the hydrology of lakes in central Florida, the interactions between lakes and ground- and surface-waters, and to describe how these interactions affect lake water levels. Included are descriptions of the basic geology and geomorphology of central Florida, origins of central Florida lakes, factors that affect lake water levels, lake water quality, and common methods of improving water quality. The geographic area discussed in this primer is approximate (fig. 1) and includes west and east-central Florida, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean coastlines, northward into Marion, Putnam, and Flagler Counties, and southward to Lake Okeechobee. The information presented here was obtained from the many publications available on lakes in central Florida, as well as from publications on Florida geology, hydrology, and primers on ground water, surface water, and water quality. Many publications are available that provide more detailed information on lake water quality, and this primer is not intended as an extensive treatise on that subject. The reader is referred to the reference section of this primer for sources of more detailed information on lake water quality. Lakes discussed in this report are identified in figure 2. Technical terms used in the report are shown in bold italics and are defined in the glossary.\r\n\r\nThe classification of some water bodies as lakes is highly subjective. What one individual considers a lake another might consider a pond. Generally, any water- filled depression or group of depressions in the land surface could be considered a lake. Lakes differ from swamps or wetlands in the type and amount of vegetation, water depth, and some water-quality characteristics. Lakes typically have emergent vegetation along the shoreline with a large expanse of open water in the center. Swamps or wetlands, on the other hand, are characterized by a water surface interrupted by the emergence of many varieties of plant life, from saw grasses to cypress trees.\r\n\r\nLakes may be na","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/cir1137","isbn":"0607885610","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District and South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Schiffer, D.M., 1998, Hydrology of Central Florida Lakes - A Primer: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1137, vi, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1137.","productDescription":"vi, 38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":84,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/c1137_schiffer.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":139443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6049b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":147010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22225,"text":"ofr97778 - 1998 - Tritium in unsaturated zone gases and air at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, and in spring and river water, near Beatty, Nevada, May 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-09T14:06:23","indexId":"ofr97778","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-778","title":"Tritium in unsaturated zone gases and air at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, and in spring and river water, near Beatty, Nevada, May 1997","docAbstract":"Elevated tritium concentrations in the unsaturated zone at the Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS), immediately south and west of the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, have stimulated research of processes that control the transport of tritium in arid unsaturated zones. In May 1997, 58 samples were collected from 1.5 m (meters) depth within a 250 m by 250 m grid at the ADRS. Measured concentrations ranged from 16 ± 9 to 36,900 ± 300 tritium units (TU), decreasing from northeast to southwest, possibly along an ancestral Amargosa River channel.
The 10 air ports at test hole UZB-2 also were sampled, including ports at 57.6, 106.4, and 108.8 m depths that had not been sampled since 1994. Of the remaining seven ports, five were sampled in 1994, 1995, and 1996, and two were sampled in 1994 and 1996. Tritium concentrations at the four ports deeper than 50 m ranged from 791 ± 15 to 1765 ± 29 TU, having increased since they were last sampled. Tritium concentrations at the six ports shallower than 50 m ranged from 367 ± 11 to 1283 ± 20 TU, and appear to have stabilized since 1996.
Tritium concentration in water vapor collected from air within the creosote bush canopy was 75 ± 9 TU near test hole UZB-2 and 9 ±6 TU near the uncontaminated Fischer test hole, 3.2 km to the south. Elevated tritium concentration in air near test hole UZB-2 was attributed to plant transpiration removing water from the unsaturated zone. Nearby surface water tritium concentrations were 6.3 ± 0.4 TU at Specie Spring, 0.0 ± 0.3 TU at Lower Indian Springs and at Upper Indian Springs, and 0.8 ± 0.6 TU in Amargosa River water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97778","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Striegl, R.G., Healy, R.W., Michel, R.L., and Prudic, D.E., 1998, Tritium in unsaturated zone gases and air at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, and in spring and river water, near Beatty, Nevada, May 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-778, iv, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97778.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1316,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97-778","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0778/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51655,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0778/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6243fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - 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