Several of the world's bear species exhibit tree-rubbing behavior, which is thought to be a form of scent-marking communication. Many aspects of this behavior remain unexplored, including differences in rub tree selection between sympatric bear species. We compiled rub tree data collected on Yellowstone National Park's Northern Range (USA) and compared rub tree selection of sympatric American black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (U. arctos) at local and landscape scales. During 2017 and 2018, we identified 217 rub trees and detected black bears at 117 rub trees and grizzly bears at 18 rub trees, based on genetic analysis of collected hair samples. Rub trees generally were located in areas with gentle slopes and close to existing animal trails. Trees selected by black bears were typically in forested areas, whereas trees selected by grizzly bears were in forested and more open areas. Use of rub trees varied seasonally and between sexes for black bears, but seasonal data were inconclusive for grizzly bears. Black bears showed preferences for certain tree species for rubbing, but we did not find evidence that rub tree selection by grizzly bears differed among tree species. Both bear species selected trees that lacked branches on the lower portions of tree trunks and the maximum rub height was consistent with the body length of the bear species that used the tree. Although the sample size for grizzly bears was small, identifying the species and sex of bears based on genetic analysis enhanced interpretation of rub tree use and selection by bears. Scent-marking by black bears and grizzly bears on similar rub objects in well-traversed areas likely serves to enhance communication within and between the 2 species.
Under-representations of headwater channels in digital stream networks can result in uncertainty in the magnitude of headwater habitat loss, stream burial, and watershed function. Increased availability of high-resolution (<2 m) elevation data makes the delineation of headwater channels more attainable. In this study, elevation data derived from light detection and ranging was used to predict ephemeral stream networks across a forested and urban watershed in the Maryland Piedmont USA. A method was developed using topographic openness (TO) and wetness index to remotely predict the extent of stream networks. Predicted networks were compared against a comprehensive field survey of the ephemeral network in each watershed to evaluate performance. Comparisons were also made to the U.S. Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) and a flow accumulation approach where a single drainage area threshold defined channel initiation. Although the NHD and flow accumulation methods resulted in low commission errors, omission errors were highest in these networks. The TO-based networks detected a larger number of ephemeral channels, but with higher commission error. Small ephemeral channels with less defined banks or originating at groundwater seeps were difficult to detect in all methods. Comparisons between forested and urban watersheds also highlight the difficulty of identifying headwater channels using topographic attributes in human-modified landscapes.
Ecological transitions across salinity boundaries have led to some of the most important diversification events in the animal kingdom, especially among fishes. Adaptations accompanying such transitions include changes in morphology, diet, whole-organism performance, and osmoregulatory function, which may be particularly prominent since divergent salinity regimes make opposing demands on systems that maintain ion and water balance. Research in the last decade has focused on the genetic targets underlying such adaptations, most notably by comparing populations of species that are distributed across salinity boundaries. Here, we synthesize research on the targets of natural selection using whole-genome approaches, with a particular emphasis on the osmoregulatory system. Given the complex, integrated and polygenic nature of this system, we expected that signatures of natural selection would span numerous genes across functional levels of osmoregulation, especially salinity sensing, hormonal control, and cellular ion exchange mechanisms. We find support for this prediction: genes coding for V-type, Ca2+, and Na+/K+-ATPases, which are key cellular ion exchange enzymes, are especially common targets of selection in species from six orders of fishes. This indicates that while polygenic selection contributes to adaptation across salinity boundaries, changes in ATPase enzymes may be of particular importance in supporting such transitions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.","doi":"10.1093/icb/icac072","usgsCitation":"Velotta, J., McCormick, S.D., Whitehead, A., Durso, C.S., and Schultz, E., 2022, Repeated genetic targets of natural selection underlying adaptation of euryhaline fishes to changing salinity: Integrative and Comparative Biology, v. 62, no. 2, p. 357-375, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac072.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"375","ipdsId":"IP-139776","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":447518,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icac072","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":402451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velotta, Jonathan P","contributorId":192317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Velotta","given":"Jonathan P","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitehead, Andrew","contributorId":221105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitehead","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durso, Catherine S","contributorId":292523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Durso","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[{"id":12651,"text":"University of Denver","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schultz, Eric T.","contributorId":260102,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Eric T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70232109,"text":"sir20225006 - 2022 - Tracking heat in the Willamette River system, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-08T17:12:43.533209","indexId":"sir20225006","displayToPublicDate":"2022-06-06T14:10:06","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2022-5006","displayTitle":"Tracking Heat in the Willamette River System, Oregon","title":"Tracking heat in the Willamette River system, Oregon","docAbstract":"The Willamette River Basin in northwestern Oregon is home to several cold-water fish species whose habitat has been altered by the Willamette Valley Project, a system of 13 dams and reservoirs operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Water-resource managers use a variety of flow- and temperature-management strategies to ameliorate the effects of upstream Willamette Valley Project dams on the habitat and viability of these anadromous and native fish. In this study, new capabilities were added to the CE-QUAL-W2 two-dimensional flow and water-quality model to inform those flow- and temperature-management strategies by tracking the quantities and ages of water and heat from individual upstream sources to downstream locations in the Willamette River system. Specifically, the fraction of water and heat attributable to upstream dam releases or other water inputs, and the fraction of heat sourced from environmental heat fluxes across the water and sediment surfaces, were tracked and quantified in the river at all locations and times simulated by the model. Applying the updated CE-QUAL-W2 models to the Willamette River system for the months of March through October in the years 2011 (cool and wet), 2015 (hot and dry), and 2016 (warm and somewhat dry) demonstrated that the influence of upstream dam releases on downstream water temperature diminished within a few days as water moved downstream. At sites that are roughly two or more days of travel from upstream dams (Albany and downstream), the July–August fraction of riverine heat content that could be tracked back to upstream dam releases typically diminished to less than 20 percent, despite the fact that roughly 50 percent of July–August streamflow could be attributed to upstream dam releases at the same sites. In contrast, the fraction of riverine heat content that could be attributed to environmental energy fluxes continued to increase with downstream distance, from about 59 to 67 percent at Albany during July–August to 62 to 73 percent at Keizer and 68 to 79 percent at Newberg.
At locations sufficiently far downstream, upstream dam releases affect water temperature mainly through a decrease in travel time (less time for environmental heat fluxes to warm the river during summer) and an increase in thermal mass (more water to dilute and buffer incoming heat fluxes) rather than through the simple transport of heat content (water temperature) released from the dams. This concept was explored not only for the baseline conditions that occurred in March–October of 2011, 2015, and 2016, but also for a hypothetical high-flow release during August 2016 and an actual high-flow release during August 2017. In these high-flow releases, an extra 2,500 cubic feet per second (roughly) was released from Dexter Dam on the Middle Fork Willamette River, and downstream effects were measured (2017, actual) and simulated (2016, hypothetical). Results of the simulations were consistent with insights gained from the baseline conditions, such that temperature changes caused by flow augmentation were substantial in upstream reaches (measured cooling of about 1.5 °C near Harrisburg [43 miles downstream] and Albany [84 miles downstream] in 2017, and cooling of about 0.5 °C near Albany in 2016) and diminished farther downstream, but still measurable (more than a few tenths of a degree Celsius) even at Newberg, which is about 154 miles downstream. The direct downstream effects of dam releases on the river heat content attributable to those releases were increased by the hypothetical flow augmentation, with increases of 20 percent at Harrisburg and 12 percent at Keizer. Even with a decreased influence of environmental energy fluxes on river heat content, however, the fraction of heat content attributable to such fluxes was still more than 50 percent at and downstream of Albany and more than 70 percent at Newberg, where the river temperature was less affected by upstream dam-release temperatures and instead was affected primarily by a decreased travel time and increased thermal mass.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District","usgsCitation":"Rounds, S.A., and Stratton Garvin, L.E., 2022, Tracking heat in the Willamette River system, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5006, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225006.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 47 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119740","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401781,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P908DXKH","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"CE-QUAL-W2 models for the Willamette River and major tributaries below U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams—2011, 2015, and 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P908DXKH."},{"id":401780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5006/sir20225006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2022-5006"},{"id":401779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5006/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":401783,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225035","text":"SIR 2022-5035 —","description":"SIR 2022-5035","linkHelpText":"The thermal landscape of the Willamette River—Patterns and controls on stream temperature and implications for flow management and cold-water salmonids"},{"id":401782,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20221017","text":"OFR 2022-1017 —","description":"OFR 2022-1017","linkHelpText":"Updates to models of streamflow and water temperature for 2011, 2015, and 2016 in rivers of the Willamette River Basin, Oregon"},{"id":401784,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225034","text":"SIR 2022-5034 —","description":"SIR 2022-5034","linkHelpText":"Assessment of habitat availability for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) in the Willamette River, Oregon"},{"id":401870,"rank":8,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5006/sir20225006.XML"},{"id":401869,"rank":7,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5006/images"},{"id":502294,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_113159.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.67858886718747,\n 43.572431747409695\n ],\n [\n -121.44836425781247,\n 43.572431747409695\n ],\n [\n -121.44836425781247,\n 45.7905094675247\n ],\n [\n -123.67858886718747,\n 45.7905094675247\n ],\n [\n -123.67858886718747,\n 43.572431747409695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Water temperature is a primary control on the health, diversity, abundance, and distribution of aquatic species, but thermal degradation resulting from anthropogenic influences on rivers is a challenge to threatened species worldwide. In the Willamette River Basin, northwestern Oregon, spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and winter-run steelhead (O. mykiss) are formerly abundant cold-water-adapted species that are now protected under the Endangered Species Act. Among the challenges to the health of cold-water salmonids in the Willamette River Basin, disruptions in the seasonal patterns of stream temperature imposed by 13 large, multipurpose dams on tributaries to the Willamette River, as well as temperatures routinely in excess of regulatory limits in the Willamette River Basin, are contributing factors. To better understand controls on stream temperature, the sensitivity of stream temperature to flow augmentation as a management tool for suppressing high temperatures, and the implications for threatened salmonids, this study used a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water-quality model (CE-QUAL-W2) to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of stream temperature in the Willamette River Basin. This study focused on the upper 160.4 river miles of the Willamette River from the confluence of the Middle Fork and Coast Fork Willamette Rivers (river mile 187.2) to Willamette Falls (river mile 26.8), three representative climate years (2011, a cool and wet year; 2015, an extremely hot and dry year; and 2016, a moderately hot and dry year), and a series of flow-augmentation scenarios. Model results show that the Willamette River upstream from Willamette Falls is divisible into four characteristic “thermal reaches” with similar thermal patterns, depending on tributary input, warming rate, and the timing of thermal response. In general, the Willamette River warms downstream during spring and summer, but patterns are complex, influenced by tributary inflows, and seasonally variable. Except in cool wet years (as illustrated by 2011), modeling suggests that adversely warm conditions for spring-run Chinook salmon are extensive from June or July through August. The thermal influence of flow augmentation from dam storage on four tributaries with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams varies spatially along the Willamette River, seasonally, and in magnitude, depending on a range of factors like distance from the Willamette River, the temperature of dam outflow, and the thermal template of tributary reaches controlling stream temperature adjustment to environmental heat fluxes. Modeling suggests that targeted flow management (via augmentation from dam storage) can reduce the extent and duration of thermally stressful conditions for Chinook salmon for short periods, but modeling suggests that flow augmentation is limited in its ability to fundamentally alter the “thermal landscape” (the entire range of temperature variation in a river system over space and time) of the Willamette River. While this research provides general insights into the thermal landscape of the Willamette River and its sensitivity to flow management, additional investigation into the thermal landscape of tributaries downstream from U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams, as well as the thermal management of reservoirs, storage availability, and dam outflows, would be necessary to target specific management actions for supporting specified rearing or migration conditions for spring-run Chinook salmon and other cold-water-adapted species in the Willamette River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225035","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District","usgsCitation":"Stratton Garvin, L.E., and Rounds, S.A., 2022, The thermal landscape of the Willamette River—Patterns and controls on stream temperature and implications for flow management and cold-water salmonids: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5035, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225035.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 43 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-126305","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401868,"rank":8,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5035/sir20225035.XML"},{"id":401867,"rank":7,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5035/images"},{"id":401763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5035/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":401769,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225034","text":"SIR 2022-5034 —","description":"SIR 2022-5034","linkHelpText":"Assessment of habitat availability for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) in the Willamette River, Oregon"},{"id":401768,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20221017","text":"OFR 2022-1017 —","description":"OFR 2022-1017","linkHelpText":"Updates to models of streamflow and water temperature for 2011, 2015, and 2016 in rivers of the Willamette River Basin, Oregon"},{"id":401765,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P908DXKH","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"CE-QUAL-W2 models for the Willamette River and major tributaries below U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams—2011, 2015, and 2016"},{"id":401764,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5035/sir20225035.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2022-5035"},{"id":502391,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_113158.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":401767,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225006","text":"SIR 2022-5006 —","description":"SIR 2022-5006","linkHelpText":"Tracking heat in the Willamette River system, Oregon"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.67858886718747,\n 43.572431747409695\n ],\n [\n -121.44836425781247,\n 43.572431747409695\n ],\n [\n -121.44836425781247,\n 45.7905094675247\n ],\n [\n -123.67858886718747,\n 45.7905094675247\n ],\n [\n -123.67858886718747,\n 43.572431747409695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
The Willamette River, Oregon, is home to two salmonid species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, Upper WIllamette River spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Upper Willamette River winter steelhead (O. mykiss). Streamflow in the Willamette River is regulated by upstream dams, 13 of which are operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) as part of the Willamette Valley Project. In 2008, these dams were determined to have a deleterious effect on Endangered Species Act-listed salmonids, resulting in USACE taking actions to mitigate those effects. Mitigation actions included setting seasonal streamflow targets at various locations along the river to improve survival and migration of juvenile salmonids. Although these targets were established with the best available information at the time, recent data and models have advanced understanding of Willamette River bathymetric, hydraulic, and thermal conditions, allowing for a more robust analysis of the effect of streamflow on downstream habitat. This study integrates those recent advances to build high-resolution models of usable habitat for juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead to assess variation in spatial and seasonal patterns of habitat availability. Specifically, this study develops detailed maps of habitat availability for juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead for two size classes (fry and pre-smolt). Habitat availability is modeled in a three-step process whereby (1) two-dimensional hydraulic models are paired with literature-supplied data on habitat preferences to create spatially explicit maps of rearing habitats for a wide range of streamflows; (2) reach-specific relations between streamflow and habitat area are developed and paired with streamgage records to create habitat time series for 2011, 2015, and 2016, which reflect “cool and wet,” “hot and dry,” and “warm but average precipitation” conditions, respectively; (3) temperature models are coupled with literature-based thermal thresholds to determine time periods and locations along the river corridor when rearing habitat has optimal, harmful, or lethal temperature conditions; (4) finally, habitat availability is summarized at several spatial scales to characterize longitudinal and seasonal patterns.
Findings show that modeled area of rearing habitat for Chinook salmon and steelhead responds non-uniformly to streamflow, where habitat in some reaches of the Willamette River consistently increase with additional streamflow, while in other reaches, habitat area decreases when streamflows increase from low to moderate flows. Modeled differences in flow-habitat relations are primarily explained by local geomorphology in each reach and resulting hydraulic conditions that arise with different streamflows. These are most pronounced when comparing laterally active, multi-channel reaches upstream from Corvallis with downstream reaches that are laterally stable with single-channel planforms. The reaches upstream from Corvallis generally have more habitat available per unit stream distance than downstream reaches, but all reaches display greatest amounts of habitat at the highest streamflows. Finally, results show that warm water temperature in summer greatly decreases the utility of habitat available to the focal species, particularly downstream from Corvallis. Together, these findings serve to inform flow management by characterizing spatial and seasonal patterns of habitat availability for juvenile spring Chinook salmon and winter steelhead and provide a quantitative assessment of the effects of streamflow on rearing habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225034","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"White, J.S., Peterson, J.T., Stratton Garvin, L.E., Kock, T.J., and Wallick, J.R., 2022, Assessment of habitat availability for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss) in the Willamette River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5034, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225034.","productDescription":"viii, 44 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-130018","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401758,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5034/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":401759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5034/sir20225034.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2022-5034"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.40942382812501,\n 44.05995928349327\n ],\n [\n -122.2943115234375,\n 44.05995928349327\n ],\n [\n -122.2943115234375,\n 45.66780526567164\n ],\n [\n -123.40942382812501,\n 45.66780526567164\n ],\n [\n -123.40942382812501,\n 44.05995928349327\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
Mechanistic river models capable of simulating hydrodynamics and stream temperature are valuable tools for investigating thermal conditions and their relation to streamflow in river basins where upstream water storage and management decisions have an important influence on river reaches with threatened fish populations. In the Willamette River Basin in northwestern Oregon, a two-dimensional, hydrodynamic water-quality model (CE‑QUAL‑W2) has been used to investigate the downstream effects of dam operations and other anthropogenic influences on stream temperature. By simulating the managed releases of water and various temperatures from the large Willamette Valley Project dams upstream of the modeling domain, these models can be used to investigate riverine temperature conditions and their relation to streamflow to determine where and when conditions are most challenging for threatened fish populations and how dam operations and flow management can affect and optimize thermal conditions in the river.
The original models were initially developed to simulate conditions in spring–autumn of 2001 and 2002. This report documents (1) the upgrade of the river models to CE‑QUAL‑W2 version 4.2 and (2) the update of those models to simulate conditions that occurred from March through October of 2011, 2015, and 2016. These years were selected to represent a range of climatic and hydrologic conditions in the Willamette River Basin, including a “cool, wet” year (2011), a “hot, dry” year (2015), and a “normal” year (2016). Six submodels comprise the modeling system updated in this report; each submodel can be run independently or run with the others as a system. These models include the Coast Fork and Middle Fork Willamette River submodel, which includes the Coast Fork and Middle Fork Willamette Rivers, the Row River, and Fall Creek; the McKenzie River submodel, which includes the South Fork McKenzie River downstream of Cougar Dam and the McKenzie River from its confluence with the South Fork McKenzie River to its mouth; the South Santiam River submodel, which comprises the South Santiam River from Foster Dam to the Santiam River; the North Santiam and Santiam River submodel, which includes the Santiam River and the North Santiam River downstream of Big Cliff Dam; the Upper Willamette River submodel, which includes the Willamette River from Eugene to Salem; and the Middle Willamette River submodel, which includes the Willamette River from Salem to Willamette Falls near Oregon City.
The models included in this report were originally developed, calibrated, and documented by other researchers. As part of the model updates described here, some model parameters were adjusted to improve stability and decrease runtime. Boundary conditions including meteorological, hydrologic, and thermal parameters were developed and updated for model years 2011, 2015, and 2016. In many cases, the data sources used to drive the 2001 and 2002 models were no longer available, which required the use of new data sources, the determination of a proxy record, or the development of appropriate estimation techniques. Goodness-of-fit statistics for the updated models show a good model fit, with the models simulating subdaily water temperatures at most comparable locations with a mean absolute error of generally less than 1 °C and often nearing 0.5 °C, depending on the individual submodel, and a reasonably low bias. The subdaily mean error for the South Santiam River submodel produced the highest bias of any of the submodels. Goodness-of-fit statistics indicate that the results may be biased cool (ranging from -0.43 °C in 2016 to -0.80 °C in 2011 for subdaily results), but the only water temperature data available for comparison on the South Santiam River is itself estimated, and those estimates are known to be too high in summer. Depending on future modeling needs, that submodel may warrant further refinement, along with additional data collection to properly define and minimize any model bias.
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The Stibnite mining area, as used herein, is bounded by the map extent that includes the Yellow Pine, West End, and Hangar Flats ore bodies. Other ore bodies are nearby, but the purpose of this map is to offer a detailed (1:8,000 scale) geologic map with new cross sections in the immediate area of Stibnite, Idaho. This geologic map is very similar to the Stibnite quadrangle map (Stewart and others, 2016) particularly the units and structure descriptions, because of the overlap of map extent. The new work by the author includes: (1) the topographic lines generated from the LiDAR base (courtesy of Midas Gold Corporation); (2) additional structural measurements; (3) revision of geologic unit contact placements particular around West End and Stibnite pits among other locations; and (4) seven new cross sections. New structural measurements from field work account for 20 percent of measurements shown with the remaining from Midas Gold Corp., Smitherman (1985), and the Stibnite quadrangle map (Stewart and others, 2016). Locations of many shallow features in the cross sections are controlled by core logs of 48 drillholes provided by Midas Gold Corp. The logs include dike placement, dike to plutonic bodies relationships, metasedimentary body localities, and dips of stratigraphic units. The law of sines was used to calculate dip of contacts between metasedimentary units for each cross section. Other features at depth in the cross sections are schematic based on nearby surface features and overall geologic interpretation.
The map area contains metamorphosed sediments of Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic age within the Stibnite roof pendant. This rock package is open to tightly folded and reached lower amphibolite facies metamorphism during the Cretaceous Period. Most of the metasedimentary rocks are nearly vertical to overturned and young to the southwest, except on the southwestern flank of the Garnet Creek syncline. Pulses of the Idaho batholith granitoids intruded the metasedimentary units found in the Stibnite roof pendant. Faulting with apparent reverse, normal, and/or strike-slip offset are all present within the map area. Mineralization is largely fault controlled with some stratigraphic control. Volumetrically minor dikes, sills, and small intrusions are of Eocene age, and these intrusions are mostly depicted on the cross sections. Quaternary surficial deposits occur in stream beds and glaciated areas.
Field work was conducted during the summers of 2013, 2015, and 2016. For consistency with recent research, most of the Stibnite quadrangle geologic map units (Stewart and others, 2016) are used for this geologic map. Intrusive units Kqd and Tba are new. The additional geologic mapping by the authors and compilation of detailed geologic maps from Midas Gold Corp. enhanced resolution. Cross sections incorporated drill core data including rock type, unit thickness, and oriented structural measurements offering detailed subsurface control. Data access was courtesy of Midas Gold Corp. Reed S. Lewis, Russell V. Di Fiori, and Claudio Berti provided constructive reviews that significantly improved this maps and cross sections. Previous studies that focus on mineralization include Schrader and Ross (1925), Currier (1935), White (1940), Cooper (1951), Cookro and others (1988), and more recently Gillerman and others (2019). Digital map files are available online (Wintzer, 2022).
","language":"English","publisher":"Idaho Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Wintzer, N.E., 2022, Geologic map of the Stibnite mining area, Valley County, Idaho: Technical Report T-22-03, 2 Plates: 45.48 x 30.06 inches and 49.17 x 36.00 inches.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 45.48 x 30.06 inches and 49.17 x 36.00 inches","ipdsId":"IP-135563","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402158,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401908,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://idahogeology.org/product/T-22-03","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Stibnite mining area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.3,\n 44.9\n ],\n [\n -115.341667,\n 44.9\n ],\n [\n -115.341667,\n 44.936111\n ],\n [\n -115.3,\n 44.936111\n ],\n [\n -115.3,\n 44.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintzer, Niki E. 0000-0003-3085-435X nwintzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-435X","contributorId":5297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintzer","given":"Niki","email":"nwintzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232175,"text":"70232175 - 2022 - Managing macropods without poisoning ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T16:45:35.265923","indexId":"70232175","displayToPublicDate":"2022-06-06T08:45:28","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10931,"text":"Ecological Management & Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing macropods without poisoning ecosystems","docAbstract":"A recent review of the management of hyperabundant macropods in Australia proposed that expanded professional shooting is likely to lead to better biodiversity and animal welfare outcomes. While the tenets of this general argument are sound, it overlooks one important issue for biodiversity and animal health and welfare: reliance on toxic lead-based ammunition. Lead poisoning poses a major threat to Australia's wildlife scavengers. Current proposals to expand professional macropod shooting would see tonnes of an extremely toxic and persistent heavy metal continue to be introduced into Australian environments. This contrasts with trends in many other countries, where lead ammunition is, through legislation or voluntary programs, being phased out. Fortunately, there are alternatives to lead ammunition that could be investigated and adopted for improved macropod management. A transition to lead-free ammunition would allow the broad environmental and animal welfare goals desired from macropod management to be pursued without secondarily and unintentionally poisoning scavengers. Through this article, we hope to increase awareness of this issue and encourage discussion of this potential change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/emr.12555","usgsCitation":"Hampton, J.O., Pay, J.M., Katzner, T., Arnemo, J.M., Pokras, M.A., Buenz, E., Kanstrup, N., Thomas, V.G., Uhart, M., Lambertucci, S.A., Krone, O., Singh, N., Naidoo, V., Ishizuka, M., Saito, K., Helander, B., and Green, R.E., 2022, Managing macropods without poisoning ecosystems: Ecological Management & Restoration, v. 23, no. 2, p. 153-157, https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12555.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"157","ipdsId":"IP-135596","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":447521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12555","text":"External 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Bjorn","contributorId":218367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helander","given":"Bjorn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39823,"text":"Environmental Research & Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":844457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Green, Rhys E.","contributorId":174406,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Rhys","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70232530,"text":"70232530 - 2022 - Subspecies differentiation and range-wide genetic structure are driven by climate in the California gnatcatcher, a flagship species for coastal sage scrub conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:07:24.562089","indexId":"70232530","displayToPublicDate":"2022-06-06T07:19:52","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1601,"text":"Evolutionary Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subspecies differentiation and range-wide genetic structure are driven by climate in the California gnatcatcher, a flagship species for coastal sage scrub conservation","docAbstract":"Understanding genetic structure and diversity within species can uncover associations with environmental and geographic attributes that highlight adaptive potential and inform conservation and management. The California gnatcatcher, Polioptila californica, is a small songbird found in desert and coastal scrub habitats from the southern end of Baja California Sur to Ventura County, California. Lack of congruence among morphological subspecies hypotheses and lack of measurable genetic structure found in a few genetic markers led to questions about the validity of subspecies within P. californica and the listing status of the coastal California gnatcatcher, P. c. californica. As a U.S. federally threatened subspecies, P. c. californica is recognized as a flagship for coastal sage scrub conservation throughout southern California. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to develop a genomic dataset for the California gnatcatcher. We sampled throughout the species' range, examined genetic structure, gene–environment associations, and demographic history, and tested for concordance between genetic structure and morphological subspecies groups. Our data support two distinct genetic groups with evidence of restricted movement and gene flow near the U.S.- Mexico international border. We found that climate-associated outlier loci were more strongly differentiated than climate neutral loci, suggesting that local climate adaptation may have helped to drive differentiation after Holocene range expansions. Patterns of habitat loss and fragmentation are also concordant with genetic substructure throughout the southern California portion of the range. Finally, our genetic data supported the morphologically defined P. c. californica as a distinct group, but there was little evidence of genetic differentiation among other previously hypothesized subspecies in Baja California. Our data suggest that retaining and restoring connectivity, and protecting populations, particularly at the northern range edge, could help preserve existing adaptive potential to allow for future range expansion and long-term persistence of the California gnatcatcher.
Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
Human activities (e.g., shipping, tourism, oil, gas development) have increased in the Chukchi Sea because of declining sea ice. The declining sea ice itself and these activities may affect Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) abundance; however, previous walrus abundance estimates have been notably imprecise. When sea ice is absent from the eastern Chukchi Sea, walruses in waters of the United States usually rest together onshore at a single Alaska coastal haulout, where they can be surveyed more easily than when they rest on dispersed offshore ice floes. We estimated the number of walruses on land (herd size) at this haulout from 13 unoccupied aircraft system (UAS) surveys flown within a 10-day period in each of 2018 and 2019. We estimated population size of walruses using the haulout over the course of the surveys by combining herd size data with data from satellite-linked transmitters that indicated whether tagged walruses were in or out of water during each survey. Our estimates of the population size of walruses using the haulout during each year's survey period were similar to each other and more precise than historical walrus abundance estimates: posterior means (95% credibility intervals) were 166,000 (133,000–201,000) for 2018 and 189,000 (135,000–251,000) for 2019. Auxiliary observations support using these estimates to represent the size of the population using the eastern Chukchi Sea in autumn during the surveyed years. Our study site was the only substantial Chukchi Sea coastal haulout in the United States during the survey periods and study-specific tracking data (consistent with known distribution and movement patterns) indicated tagged walruses remained in eastern Chukchi waters during the survey periods. In addition, the imagery, telemetry, and analytical methods developed for this study advance the prospect for precise range-wide walrus population size estimates.
Cataloguing damage and its correlation with hazard intensity is one of the key components needed to robustly assess future risk and plan for mitigation as it provides important empirical data. Damage assessments following volcanic eruptions have been conducted for buildings and other structures following hazards such as tephra fall, pyroclastic density currents, and lahars. However, there are relatively limited quantitative descriptions of the damage caused by lava flows, despite the number of communities that have been devastated by lava flows in recent decades (e.g., Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, 2021; Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002 and 2021; Fogo, Cape Verde, 2014–2015). The 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) lava flows of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi, inundated 32.4 km2 of land in the Puna District, including residential properties, infrastructure, and farmland. During and after the eruption, US Geological Survey scientists and collaborators took over 8000 aerial and ground photographs and videos of the eruption processes, deposits, and impacts. This reconnaissance created one of the largest available impact datasets documenting an effusive eruption and provided a unique opportunity to conduct a comprehensive damage assessment. Drawing on this georeferenced dataset, satellite imagery, and 2019 ground-based damage surveys, we assessed the pre-event typology and post-event condition of structures within and adjacent to the area inundated by lava flows during the 2018 LERZ eruption. We created a database of damage: each structure was assigned a newly developed damage state and data quality category value. We assessed 3165 structures within the Puna District and classified 1839 structures (58%) as destroyed, 90 structures (3%) as damaged, and 1236 (39%) as unaffected. We observed a range of damage states, affected by the structural typology and hazard characteristics. Our study reveals that structures may be damaged or destroyed beyond the lava flow margin, due to thermal effects from the lava flow, fire spread, or from exposure to a range of hazards associated with fissure eruptions, such as steam, volcanic gases, or tephra fall. This study provides a major contribution to the currently limited evidence base required to forecast future lava flow impacts and assess risk.
Food insecurity continues to grow in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In 2019, chronically malnourished people numbered nearly 240 million, or 20% of the population in SSA. Globally, numerous efforts have been made to anticipate potential droughts, crop conditions, and food shortages in order to improve early warning and risk management for food insecurity. To support this goal, we develop an Earth Observation (EO) and machine-learning-based operational, subnational maize yield forecast system and evaluate its out-of-sample forecast skills during the growing seasons for Kenya, Somalia, Malawi, and Burkina Faso. In general, forecast skills improve substantially during the vegetative growth period (VP) and gradually during the reproductive development period (RP). Thus, mid-season assessment can provide effective early warning months before harvest. Skillful forecasts (Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) > 0.6 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) < 20%) appear approximately two dekads after the VP; for example, skillful forecasts appear in May in Kenya and Somalia, January in Malawi, and July in Burkina Faso. During model development, effective EO features are also identified, such as precipitation and available water during VP, and dry days and extreme temperatures in early VP. Compared to monthly standard EO features, sub-monthly (dekadal), non-standard, and serial EO features significantly improve forecast skills by ＋ 0.3 NSE and -10% of MAPE, demonstrating the ability to precisely and effectively capture favorable or detrimental crop development conditions. Finally, skillful forecasts and practical utility are demonstrated in the recent normal and dry years in each region. Overall, the developed yield forecasting system can provide skillful predictions during the growing season, supporting regional and international agricultural decision-making processes, including informing food-security planning and management, thereby helping to mitigate food shortages caused by unfavorable climate conditions.
Wild waterbirds, the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses, undergo migratory movements each year, connecting breeding and wintering grounds within broad corridors known as flyways. In a continental or global view, the study of virus movements within and across flyways is important to understanding virus diversity, evolution, and movement. From 2015 to 2017, we sampled waterfowl from breeding (Maine) and wintering (Maryland) areas within the Atlantic Flyway (AF) along the east coast of North America to investigate the spatio-temporal trends in persistence and spread of influenza A viruses (IAV). We isolated 109 IAVs from 1,821 cloacal / oropharyngeal samples targeting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American black ducks (Anas rubripes), two species having ecological and conservation importance in the flyway that are also host reservoirs of IAV. Isolates with >99% nucleotide similarity at all gene segments were found between eight pairs of birds in the northern site across years, indicating some degree of stability among genome constellations and the possibility of environmental persistence. No movement of whole genome constellations were identified between the two parts of the flyway, however, virus gene flow between the northern and southern study locations was evident. Examination of banding records indicate direct migratory waterfowl movements between the two locations within an annual season, providing a mechanism for the inferred viral gene flow. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for virus dissemination from other North American wild birds to AF dabbling ducks (Anatinae), shorebirds (Charidriformes), and poultry (Galliformes). Evidence was found for virus dissemination from shorebirds to gulls (Laridae), and dabbling ducks to shorebirds and poultry. The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of IAV ecology in waterfowl within the AF.
Temperate-breeding Canada Goose (Branta canadensis maxima) abundance has increased to previously unrecorded levels, providing social, ecological, and economic value. However, there are also costs associated with abundant Canada Geese. Although hunter harvest is a valued, sustainable use of Canada Geese, the adaptability of geese to urban areas may result in lower susceptibility of geese to hunters, potentially reducing the contribution of hunter harvest to conflict reduction. Our goal was to compare movement of geese marked in urban and rural areas to assess efficacy of hunter harvest in managing urban goose populations. We marked 71 adult female Canada Geese during brood-rearing with GPS-GSM transmitters in urban (n = 45) and rural (n = 26) locations in Iowa, USA to monitor movement during the 2018-19 and 2019-20 Mississippi Flyway goose hunting season frameworks. We estimated the mean proportion of locations each group was available for hunter harvest and examined factors affecting home range areas using generalized linear mixed models. Additionally, we estimated habitat selection of urban- and rural-marked geese using a step-selection analysis. Urban geese had a lower proportion of locations in areas available to hunters (0.07 [95% CI: 0.04-0.13]) than rural geese (0.56 [95% CI: 0.34-0.76]), but median home range area was similar for each group and decreased in size from autumn to late winter. Canada Geese marked in urban areas were more likely to select developed areas and less likely to select wetlands than rural geese, and they had high selection of agricultural fields within city limits during goose hunting seasons. Although Canada Geese breeding in urban areas may be less available for hunter harvest, movement data show when and where opportunity exists to increase harvest susceptibility. Canada Goose management could require actions in addition to hunter harvest to achieve goals in urban areas.
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\"}}]}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, Benjamin Z.","contributorId":348730,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Benjamin Z.","affiliations":[{"id":6911,"text":"Iowa State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaver, Robert W. 0000-0002-3263-9701 bklaver@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-9701","contributorId":3285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaver","given":"Robert","email":"bklaver@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":923724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones III, Orrin E.","contributorId":348731,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones III","given":"Orrin E.","affiliations":[{"id":24495,"text":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70236537,"text":"70236537 - 2022 - Evidence of alternative trophic pathways for fish consumers in a large river system in the face of invasion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-09T12:08:10.245228","indexId":"70236537","displayToPublicDate":"2022-06-05T07:06:10","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of alternative trophic pathways for fish consumers in a large river system in the face of invasion","docAbstract":"Large rivers are susceptible to anthropogenic alteration, which can result in drastic changes to their functional ecology. We evaluated spatial–temporal changes in the functional fish communities of the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) using data from six study reaches. Species were classified into one of 14 feeding guilds and mass per unit effort (MPUE) was then calculated for each feeding guild annually per gear type. MPUE was standardized using the multigear mean standardization method (MGMS) and log-transformed. Both ANOSIM and Chi-square tests were used to determine differences in MPUE among reaches. We then estimated functional diversity by calculating the number of functional groups (N), Margalef's d, Pielou's J′, Shannon's Diversity, and Simpson's Diversity Index. An AR(1) time series model was used to investigate proportional changes in each guild over 25 years. To evaluate the effect of invasive Carp species in invaded reaches, a Chow test was applied to observations between 2000 and 2005. Analyses revealed differences in the functional fish community among reaches. We found differences in functional diversity metrics among study reaches, but there was little evidence that this differed between invaded and non-invaded reaches. Results determined that invertivore/detritivores have been consistently declining system-wide, with few groups showing a net change. There was also little evidence that invasion altered the proportion of any functional guild. Evaluating the spatial–temporal patterns of functional communities is beneficial to understanding the resilience of a system and can provide further insight into its trophic needs when considering future restoration initiatives.
The Milk and St. Mary Rivers are international waterways straddling the United States and Canada and traversing four Tribal Nations before draining into the Missouri and South Saskatchewan Rivers respectively. Management of water resources in the region is challenged by the complexity of stakeholder interests, the limitations of existing management infrastructure, and by a limited characterization of the long-term streamflow and hydroclimatic variability across the area. We used existing records of natural streamflow to investigate the relationships between seasonal climate variability and differences in the timing and volume of flow from the headwaters to the prairie tributaries. Then, using a network of tree-ring chronologies to reconstruct records of past streamflow, we assessed whether drought risk relates to these sub-basin specific differences and if drought events experienced during the observational period are representative of those that have occurred over the long-term. Observed climate-flow relationships suggest that outside of the mountain headwaters, where precipitation dominates the hydrograph, streamflow variability on lower reaches of the Milk River is particularly sensitive to winter temperatures. This sensitivity was reflected by severe drought conditions over the prairies during the 2000s, implying potentially large future flow reductions with warming. The streamflow reconstructions show sub-basin specific drought risks that also imply greater temperature driven drought severities across the prairie tributaries. Within the mountain and foothill sub-basins numerous past drought episodes exceed the magnitude and duration of observational period events, which implies the potential for future water supply management challenges stemming from severe, long-duration droughts coupled with the negative hydrologic effects of warmer temperatures.
The transition towards renewable energy requires increasing quantities of nonfuel mineral commodities, including tellurium used in certain photovoltaics. While demand for tellurium may increase markedly, the potential to increase tellurium supply is not well-understood. In this analysis, we estimate the quantity of tellurium contained in anode slimes generated by electrolytic copper refining by country between 1986 and 2018, including uncertainties. For 2018, the results indicate that 1930 (1500-2700, 95% confidence interval) metric tons of tellurium were contained in anode slimes globally. This is nearly quadruple the reported tellurium production for that year. China has the greatest potential to increase tellurium supplies. However, most of the tellurium potentially recoverable by Chinese refineries appears to come from copper mined elsewhere. Further research into the business decisions associated with tellurium recovery may help translate the physical availability of tellurium into economic availability. The methodology presented here can be applied to other byproduct elements.
Movements by animals can serve different functions and occur over a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Routine movement types, such as residency (localized movements) and migration, have been well studied. However, nonroutine movement types, such as dispersal, prospecting, and nomadism, are less well understood. Documenting these rarely detected events requires tracking large numbers of individuals across all age classes. We studied >500 golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) tracked by telemetry over a 10-year period in western North America, of which 160 engaged in nonroutine, long-distance (>300 km) movements. We identified spatial and temporal correlates of those movements at both small and large scales, and we quantified movement timing and direction. We further tested which age and sex classes of eagles were more likely to engage in these movements. Our analysis of 88,093 daily tracks suggested that distances traveled by eagles were responsive to the updraft potential of the spatial and temporal landscape they encountered. Tracks covered longer distances at locations and times of higher updraft potential, and older birds traveled farther than younger birds. By contrast, after decomposing daily tracks into 563 nonroutine, long-distance movements measured at a multiday scale, only the duration of travel was responsive to environmental conditions encountered by eagles. Multiday trips that were longer were those initiated in open and warm landscapes and those that ended in mountainous regions. Finally, long-distance movements were more frequently made in seasons other than winter, in north–south directions, and by young birds. We documented clear correlates of nonroutine, long-distance movements by golden eagles at small, local scales but found little evidence of such correlates at larger, regional scales. Most long-distance movements we documented fit patterns associated with traditional definitions of prospecting and nomadism but not migration. Our study is the first to describe these movement types by golden eagles, and as such provides a foundation for subsequent study into the movement ecology of other species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecs2.4072","usgsCitation":"Poessel, S.A., Woodbridge, B., Smith, B.W., Murphy, R.K., Bedrosian, B.E., Bell, D., Bittner, D., Bloom, P., Crandall, R.H., Domenech, R., Fisher, R.N., Haggerty, P., Slater, S.J., Tracey, J.A., Watson, J.W., and Katzner, T., 2022, Interpreting long-distance movements of non-migratory golden eagles: Prospecting and nomadism?: Ecosphere, v. 13, no. 6, e4072, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4072.","productDescription":"e4072, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-124395","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4072","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data 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Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model for predicting transport of eggs of rheophilic-spawning carps in turbulent rivers","docAbstract":"Grass carp, bighead carp, and silver carp spawn in flowing water. Their eggs, and then larvae, develop while drifting. Hydraulic conditions and water temperature control spawning locations, egg survival, and the downstream distance traveled before the hatched larvae can swim for low velocity nursery habitats. Existing egg drift models simulate the fluvial transport of carp eggs but have limitations in capturing the effect of localized turbulence on egg transport due to inadequate dimensions of hydrodynamics and/or empirical parameterization of river dispersion. We present a three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking model that uses fully resolved river hydrodynamics and a continuous random walk algorithm driven by local turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. We incorporate a new set of equations to compute evolving egg characteristics with fully resolved 3-D hydrodynamics. To demonstrate the performance of the model, we conducted a case study in an eight-kilometer reach of the Missouri River at the discharge of approximately 25% daily flow exceedance. Three-dimensional river hydrodynamics was modeled, calibrated, and evaluated with measurement data. Egg drift was modeled and compared using fully three-dimensional, depth-averaged two-dimensional, and zone-averaged one-dimensional hydrodynamics. The comparison shows a generally good agreement among models of downstream egg transport due to advection but a different dispersion pattern of eggs in the river, as a result of turbulent diffusion and shear induced dispersion.
Wildfire can impact soil-hydraulic properties by reducing saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity, making recently burned landscapes prone to debris flows and flash floods. The post-fire hazard window can range from years to decades. In Northern California, where wildfire frequency is steadily increasing, the impact and soil-hydraulic recovery from wildfires is unknown. Following the October 2017 Nuns and Tubbs fires in the Northern Bay Area of California, we established 41 monitoring sites for repeat tension-disc infiltrometer measurements of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) over 3.5 years. Our site arrays, which encompass grasslands, chaparral, and oak and conifer forests across a range in lithology, show a marked decrease in Kfs following the wildfires and a swift partial recovery following the initial post-fire rainy season. Our time series reveals a complex path to soil-hydraulic recovery marked by distinct seasonal stages. Analysis of changing Kfs, sorptivity, and infiltration model residuals collectively suggests that these stages are related to transitions between soil-hydraulic processes like structural soil sealing from rainsplash, thermal cracking of bare soil, and vegetation regrowth. While soil infiltration rates were strongly impacted by the 2017 fires, dry ravel estimates are an order of magnitude less for similar slopes than the 2009 Station fire in the San Gabriel mountains of Southern California, suggesting that limited ravel flux may insufficiently load channels for debris flows that initiate from within-channel failure. Our analysis suggests that burned landscapes in the Northern Bay Area of California may experience rapid soil-hydraulic recovery and limited pathways toward post-fire debris flow initiation.
Although carbonatites are the primary source of the world’s rare earth elements (REEs), the processes responsible for ore-grade REE enrichment in carbonatites are still poorly understood. In this study, we present a petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic evaluation of the Elk Creek carbonatite in southeast Nebraska to constrain the origin of REE mineralization. The Elk Creek carbonatite is a multilithologic carbonatite comprised of an early apatite-dolomite carbonatite, a middle/heavy REE-enriched magnetite-dolomite carbonatite, and a late-stage light REE-enriched, barite-dolomite carbonatite, as well as a suite of breccias. Neodymium, strontium, and carbon isotopic data from the early apatite-dolomite carbonatite, εNd(T) = 2.3 to 3.4, 87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.702704 to 0.702857, and δ13C = −3.3 to −3.4, indicate that the parental magma and REEs were derived from the mantle, and textural and chemical data suggest that hydrothermal processes played an important role in reaching ore-grade enrichment. Higher initial 87Sr/86Sr values (∼0.7041) of REE-mineralized lithologies are evidence that these fluids were derived, in part, from meteoric water that interacted with the country rock. Modeling of the C-O isotopic data reveals that some of the isotopic variation results from closed-system Rayleigh fractionation of an evolving carbonatitic magma between 300 and 500 °C, but an excursion to heavier δ18O is likely the result of interaction with H2O-CO2-fluids at temperatures from 400 to 100 °C. Hydrothermal dolomite has higher 87Sr/86Sr values than early-formed magmatic dolomite, consistent with metasomatism by fluids derived, in part, from a more radiogenic source such as the Precambrian-age wall rock. Rare earth element mineralization occurs primarily in fine-grained, cavity filling minerals including monazite, bastnäsite, parisite, and synchysite along with barite, dolomite, quartz, and iron oxides. We interpret the LREE enrichment at Elk Creek to be the product of hydrothermal fluids derived from the evolving carbonatite magma and fluids from the wall rock. The REEs likely became enriched in late-stage fluids from the evolving magma as well as being remobilization by the dissolution of earlier formed minerals. Middle/heavy REE-enrichment in the magnetite-dolomite carbonatite is hosted in hydrothermal dolomite and is attributed to variations in the composition of hydrothermal fluids.
Low-streamflow statistics, such as the annual minimum 7-day streamflow (which is the 7-day streamflow likely to be exceeded in 9 out of 10 years on average [7Q10]), that are computed by using the full historical streamflow record may not accurately represent current conditions at sites with statistically significant trends in low streamflow over time. Recent research suggests that using a contemporary subset of the historical streamflow record (specifically, the most recent 30 years) to compute an estimate of 7Q10 more accurately represents current streamflow conditions when a statistically significant trend in the streamflow record is present. This report presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation experiment on artificial low-streamflow records, derived from the characteristics of streamflows at 174 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages, to test whether a similar approach is appropriate for the computation of the annual minimum 7-day streamflow exceeded in 1 out of 2 years on average (7Q2) and the annual minimum 7-day streamflow exceeded in 19 out of 20 years on average (7Q20). The results indicate that using the most recent 30-year subset of the low-streamflow record also may be the best approach when computing 7Q2 and 7Q20 at sites where a statistically significant trend in low streamflows is detected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Schalk, L., Dudley, R.W., and Blum, A.G., 2022, Methods for computing 7Q2 and 7Q20 low-streamflow statistics to account for possible trends: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1111, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211111.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-119807","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401572,"rank":3,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1111/images/"},{"id":401570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1111/ofr20211111.pdf","text":"Report","size":"996 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1111"},{"id":401569,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1111/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
Populations of amphibians that breed in isolated, ephemeral wetlands may be particularly sensitive to breeding and recruitment rates, which can be influenced by dynamic and difficult-to-predict extrinsic factors. The gopher frog Rana capito is a declining species currently proposed for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, as well as one of many pond-breeding amphibians of conservation concern in the southeastern United States. To represent gopher frog breeding dynamics, we applied an occupancy modeling framework that integrated multiple data sets collected across the species' range to 1) estimate the influence of climate, habitat, and other factors on wetland-specific seasonal breeding probabilities; and 2) use those estimates to characterize seasonal, annual, and regional breeding patterns over a 10-y period. Breeding probability at a wetland was positively influenced by seasonal precipitation (Standardized Precipitation Index) and negatively influenced by fish presence. We found some evidence that the amount of suitable habitat surrounding a wetland was positively correlated with breeding probability during drought conditions. The percentage of sampled wetlands (N = 192) predicted to have breeding varied seasonally, annually, and regionally across the study. Within-year temporal patterns of breeding differed across the range: in most locations north of Florida, peaks of breeding occurred in winter and spring months; whereas breeding was more dispersed throughout the year in Florida. Peaks of breeding across the 10-y period often occurred during or in the season following high rainfall events (e.g., hurricanes). These results have direct applications for site-level management that aims to increase successful breeding opportunities of gopher frogs and other associated pond-breeding amphibians, including monitoring protocol and intensity, removal of fish, and improving terrestrial habitat conditions surrounding wetlands (e.g., via tree or shrub removal and prescribed fire). The results also have implications for better-informed management through the closer alignment of breeding activity monitoring with predicted seasonal peaks. Furthermore, estimates of breeding frequency can be incorporated into population viability analyses to inform forthcoming assessments of extinction risk and designation of the species' conservation status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.3996/JFWM-21-076","usgsCitation":"Crawford, B., Farmer, A.L., Enge, K.M., Greene, A.H., Diaz, L., Maerz, J., and Moore, C.T., 2022, Breeding dynamics of gopher frog metapopulations over 10 years: Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 422-436, https://doi.org/10.3996/JFWM-21-076.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"422","endPage":"436","ipdsId":"IP-132970","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":447552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-076","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":433319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.37623620146309,\n 35.01905610973961\n ],\n [\n -79.58387829875939,\n 35.765474175904856\n ],\n [\n -84.05790907036402,\n 32.71553184084284\n ],\n [\n -86.95743456481551,\n 31.313371252353505\n ],\n [\n -87.97753689244945,\n 31.255714516567366\n ],\n [\n -87.90062766475464,\n 30.410921928153\n ],\n [\n -87.59693089405745,\n 30.192182652668805\n ],\n [\n -86.47166028094222,\n 30.256647398203384\n ],\n [\n -85.28363865323925,\n 29.70795105375852\n ],\n [\n -84.92300860524551,\n 29.589227662420754\n ],\n [\n -84.08074545620036,\n 30.02565465245405\n ],\n [\n -83.15740795176218,\n 29.317339522650897\n ],\n [\n -82.63768115979533,\n 28.69410108060019\n ],\n [\n -82.92151914429557,\n 27.84487915072812\n ],\n [\n -82.2486913639156,\n 26.57820345742978\n ],\n [\n -80.14666967814253,\n 27.38909651326503\n ],\n [\n -81.36572255738787,\n 30.46066646132182\n ],\n [\n -80.96075675824606,\n 31.903583611808543\n ],\n [\n -79.10275245779792,\n 33.184671689061005\n ],\n [\n -78.85784463476865,\n 33.722973799123594\n ],\n [\n -77.88573955862327,\n 33.91871952883908\n ],\n [\n -76.37623620146309,\n 35.01905610973961\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crawford, Brian A.","contributorId":341519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[{"id":81748,"text":"Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farmer, Anna L.","contributorId":341520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"Anna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36335,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Enge, Kevin M","contributorId":177669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Enge","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":908555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greene, Aubrey Heupel","contributorId":341522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greene","given":"Aubrey","email":"","middleInitial":"Heupel","affiliations":[{"id":36335,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diaz, Lauren","contributorId":341523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diaz","given":"Lauren","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36335,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maerz, John C.","contributorId":341524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maerz","given":"John C.","affiliations":[{"id":81749,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Clinton T. 0000-0002-6053-2880 cmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-2880","contributorId":3643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Clinton","email":"cmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":908559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}