{"pageNumber":"386","pageRowStart":"9625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70011433,"text":"70011433 - 1982 - Earthquakes and plate tectonics.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:31","indexId":"70011433","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1976,"text":"Impact of Science on Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes and plate tectonics.","docAbstract":"Earthquakes occur at the following three kinds of plate boundary: ocean ridges where the plates are pulled apart, margins where the plates scrape past one another, and margins where one plate is thrust under the other. Thus, we can predict the general regions on the earth's surface where we can expect large earthquakes in the future. We know that each year about 140 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or greater will occur within this area which is 10% of the earth's surface. But on a worldwide basis we cannot say with much accuracy when these events will occur. The reason is that the processes in plate tectonics have been going on for millions of years. Averaged over this interval, plate motions amount to several mm per year. But at any instant in geologic time, for example the year 1982, we do not know, exactly where we are in the worldwide cycle of strain build-up and strain release. Only by monitoring the stress and strain in small areas, for instance, the San Andreas fault, in great detail can we hope to predict when renewed activity in that part of the plate tectonics arena is likely to take place. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Impact of Science on Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00192872","usgsCitation":"Spall, H., 1982, Earthquakes and plate tectonics.: Impact of Science on Society, v. 32, no. 1, p. 25-28.","startPage":"25","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0510e4b0c8380cd50c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spall, H.","contributorId":99290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011291,"text":"70011291 - 1982 - Comparison of estimators of standard deviation for hydrologic time series","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T13:25:30","indexId":"70011291","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of estimators of standard deviation for hydrologic time series","docAbstract":"

Unbiasing factors as a function of serial correlation, ρ, and sample size, n for the sample standard deviation of a lag one autoregressive model were generated by random number simulation. Monte Carlo experiments were used to compare the performance of several alternative methods for estimating the standard deviation σ of a lag one autoregressive model in terms of bias, root mean square error, probability of underestimation, and expected opportunity design loss. Three methods provided estimates of σ which were much less biased but had greater mean square errors than the usual estimate of σ: s = (1/(n - 1) ∑ (xi −x¯)2)½. The three methods may be briefly characterized as (1) a method using a maximum likelihood estimate of the unbiasing factor, (2) a method using an empirical Bayes estimate of the unbiasing factor, and (3) a robust nonparametric estimate of σ suggested by Quenouille. Because s tends to underestimate σ, its use as an estimate of a model parameter results in a tendency to underdesign. If underdesign losses are considered more serious than overdesign losses, then the choice of one of the less biased methods may be wise.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i005p01503","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Gilroy, E.J., 1982, Comparison of estimators of standard deviation for hydrologic time series: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 5, p. 1503-1508, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i005p01503.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1503","endPage":"1508","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f862e4b0c8380cd4d077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilroy, Edward J.","contributorId":50524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilroy","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011667,"text":"70011667 - 1982 - Three FORTRAN programs for finite-difference solutions to binary diffusion in one and two phases with composition-and time-dependent diffusion coefficients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T15:53:05","indexId":"70011667","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three FORTRAN programs for finite-difference solutions to binary diffusion in one and two phases with composition-and time-dependent diffusion coefficients","docAbstract":"Geological examples of binary diffusion are numerous. They are potential indicators of the duration and rates of geological processes. Analytical solutions to the diffusion equations generally do not allow for variable diffusion coefficients, changing boundary conditions, and impingement of diffusion fields. The three programs presented here are based on Crank-Nicholson finite-difference approximations, which can take into account these complicating factors. Program 1 describes the diffusion of a component into an initially homogeneous phase that has a constant surface composition. Specifically it is written for Fe-Mg exchange in olivine at oxygen fugacities appropriate for the lunar crust, but other components, phases, or fugacities may be substituted by changing the values of the diffusion coefficient. Program 2 simulates the growth of exsolution lamellae. Program 3 describes the growth of reaction rims. These two programs are written for pseudobinary Ca-(Mg, Fe) exchange in pyroxenes. In all three programs, the diffusion coefficients and boundary conditions can be varied systematically with time. To enable users to employ widely different numerical values for diffusion coefficients and diffusion distance, the grid spacing in the space dimension and the increment by which the grid spacing in the time dimension is increased at each time step are input constants that can be varied each time the programs are run to yield a solution of the desired accuracy. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(82)90001-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Sanford, R., 1982, Three FORTRAN programs for finite-difference solutions to binary diffusion in one and two phases with composition-and time-dependent diffusion coefficients: Computers & Geosciences, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 235-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(82)90001-2.","startPage":"235","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266195,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(82)90001-2"},{"id":221685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2ffe4b08c986b325b0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, R.F.","contributorId":38562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011408,"text":"70011408 - 1982 - A comparison of four streamflow record extension techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-05T13:24:20","indexId":"70011408","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of four streamflow record extension techniques","docAbstract":"

One approach to developing time series of streamflow, which may be used for simulation and optimization studies of water resources development activities, is to extend an existing gage record in time by exploiting the interstation correlation between the station of interest and some nearby (long-term) base station. Four methods of extension are described, and their properties are explored. The methods are regression (REG), regression plus noise (RPN), and two new methods, maintenance of variance extension types 1 and 2 (MOVE.l, MOVE.2). MOVE.l is equivalent to a method which is widely used in psychology, biometrics, and geomorphology and which has been called by various names, e.g., ‘line of organic correlation,’ ‘reduced major axis,’ ‘unique solution,’ and ‘equivalence line.’ The methods are examined for bias and standard error of estimate of moments and order statistics, and an empirical examination is made of the preservation of historic low-flow characteristics using 50-year-long monthly records from seven streams. The REG and RPN methods are shown to have serious deficiencies as record extension techniques. MOVE.2 is shown to be marginally better than MOVE.l, according to the various comparisons of bias and accuracy.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR018i004p01081","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., 1982, A comparison of four streamflow record extension techniques: Water Resources Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1081-1088, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i004p01081.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1088","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e35be4b0c8380cd45fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":361017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27713,"text":"wri8253 - 1982 - Ground-water temperature of the with application to ground-water-source heat pumps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-14T15:22:08.941467","indexId":"wri8253","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"82-53","title":"Ground-water temperature of the with application to ground-water-source heat pumps","docAbstract":"Ground-water temperature was measured during a one-year period (1980-81) in 20 wells in the Wyoming Quadrangle in central Delaware. Data from thermistors set at fixed depths in two wells were collected twice each week, and vertical temperature profiles of the remaining 18 wells were made monthly. Ground-water temperature at 8 feet below land surface in well Jc55-1 ranged from 45.0 degrees F in February to 70.1 degrees F in September. Temperature at 35 feet below land surface in the same well reached a minimum of 56.0 degrees F in August, and a maximum of 57.8 degrees F in February. Average annual temperature of ground water at 25 feet below land surface in all wells ranged from 54.6 degrees F to 57.8 degrees F. Variations of average temperature probably reflect the presence or absence of forestation in the recharge areas of the wells. Ground-water-source heat pumps supplied with water from wells 30 or more feet below land surface will operate more efficiently in both heating and cooling modes than those supplied with water from shallower depths. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri8253","usgsCitation":"Hodges, A.L., 1982, Ground-water temperature of the with application to ground-water-source heat pumps: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-53, vi, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri8253.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366225,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1982/0053/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.7562255859375,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -75.2288818359375,\n 38.839707613545144\n ],\n [\n -75.2288818359375,\n 39.2407625100131\n ],\n [\n -75.7562255859375,\n 39.2407625100131\n ],\n [\n -75.7562255859375,\n 38.839707613545144\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a38e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, Arthur L. Jr.","contributorId":62075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"Arthur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174596,"text":"70174596 - 1982 - Low-frequency variations in sea level and currents in south San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T15:41:46","indexId":"70174596","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2426,"text":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Low-frequency variations in sea level and currents in south San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"

In order to examine physical process in the subtidal time range, sea-level and current meter data for south San Francisco Bay (South Bay) were filtered using a low-pass digital filter to remove tidal period variations. and then subjected to an empirical orthogonal function analysis. For the sea-level data, there is one dominant empirical mode that is correlated with nonlocal coastal forcing. A small amount of the variance is associated with local wind setup. For the current meter data, there are two dominant empirical modes that correlate with local wind forcing and tidal forcing over the spring-neap cycle. In general, South Bay is dominated by coastal forcing on sea level during all seasons, and dominated by wind and tidal forcing on the residual currants during the summer.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0658:LFVISL>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., 1982, Low-frequency variations in sea level and currents in south San Francisco Bay: Journal of Physical Oceanography, v. 12, p. 658-668, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0658:LFVISL>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"658","endPage":"668","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0658:lfvisl>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.47695922851562,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.47695922851562,\n 37.832564787218985\n ],\n [\n -121.90292358398438,\n 37.832564787218985\n ],\n [\n -121.90292358398438,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.47695922851562,\n 37.41816326969145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662fe4b0d27deb36e18e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169243,"text":"70169243 - 1982 - Progress of the seismological program in El Salvador","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T14:29:20","indexId":"70169243","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progress of the seismological program in El Salvador","docAbstract":"

 El Salvador is located in Central America at the axis of geographical coordinates 14° north latitude and 89° west longitude. Situated inside the circumpacific \"ring of fire\" it is thus vulnerable to sudden earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 

\n

Since 1520, El Salvador has sustained approximately 40 destructive earthquakes, an average of one earthquake every 11.4 years. The interval of time between earthquakes during the centuries, however, has been variable. For instance, given the importance of San Salvador as a city since the beginning of the 16th century, it shows historically that over any 100-year interval, there have been four catastrophic earthquakes in the region. During the 20th century, there have been already three large earthquakes in the region. During the 20th century, there have been already three large earthquakes in 1917, 1919, and 1965. If a recurrence of four earthquakes per century is a valid premise, then one may expect another large destructive earthquake before the end of this century. 

\n

In the following sections, a summary of the seismological programs in El Salvador, their present status, and programs proprosed for the future are discussed. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Martinez, M.A., 1982, Progress of the seismological program in El Salvador: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 14, no. 1, p. 39-43.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"El Salvador","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 13.726044748874747\n ],\n [\n -90.1043701171875,\n 13.854080569524527\n ],\n [\n -89.879150390625,\n 14.051330743518175\n ],\n [\n -89.7637939453125,\n 14.051330743518175\n ],\n [\n -89.7198486328125,\n 14.136575651477944\n ],\n [\n -89.6649169921875,\n 14.195163013871356\n ],\n [\n -89.571533203125,\n 14.216463756160174\n ],\n [\n -89.5001220703125,\n 14.248411107424003\n ],\n [\n -89.5770263671875,\n 14.317614840171856\n ],\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 14.36551262917861\n ],\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 14.408079835161631\n ],\n [\n -89.5330810546875,\n 14.41872036828473\n ],\n [\n -89.50561523437499,\n 14.402759378194173\n ],\n [\n -89.40673828125,\n 14.43468021529728\n ],\n [\n -89.3463134765625,\n 14.43468021529728\n ],\n [\n -89.0496826171875,\n 14.333581907130224\n ],\n [\n -88.98376464843749,\n 14.248411107424003\n ],\n [\n -88.87390136718749,\n 14.189837515179644\n ],\n [\n -88.8079833984375,\n 14.099284922844143\n ],\n [\n -88.74206542968749,\n 14.120594658156678\n ],\n [\n -88.68713378906249,\n 14.040672893673618\n ],\n [\n -88.505859375,\n 13.976715394601785\n ],\n [\n -88.472900390625,\n 13.870080100685891\n ],\n [\n -88.3575439453125,\n 13.880745842025602\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 13.907408048156961\n ],\n [\n -88.2257080078125,\n 13.987376214146467\n ],\n [\n -88.099365234375,\n 13.99270643865856\n ],\n [\n -88.011474609375,\n 13.891411092746127\n ],\n [\n -87.857666015625,\n 13.896743534015751\n ],\n [\n -87.7642822265625,\n 13.880745842025602\n ],\n [\n -87.7093505859375,\n 13.80074084711067\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 13.704698631091055\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 13.565901714121072\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 13.491131239570976\n ],\n [\n -87.725830078125,\n 13.512496627038272\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 13.448394732660567\n ],\n [\n -87.835693359375,\n 13.448394732660567\n ],\n [\n -87.8521728515625,\n 13.389619591747595\n ],\n [\n -87.769775390625,\n 13.266679794815284\n ],\n [\n -87.9840087890625,\n 13.132979019087472\n ],\n [\n -88.7969970703125,\n 13.2078604705255\n ],\n [\n -89.4012451171875,\n 13.453737213419249\n ],\n [\n -89.7967529296875,\n 13.475105944334938\n ],\n [\n -90.076904296875,\n 13.678013256725489\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 13.726044748874747\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be48e4b0f59b85e02ece","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinez, M. A.","contributorId":167747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169213,"text":"70169213 - 1982 - Engineering aspects of seismological studies in Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-31T15:52:12","indexId":"70169213","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Engineering aspects of seismological studies in Peru","docAbstract":"

Large and small earthquakes occur frequently in Peru. Official institutions in charge of the study of seismological and geophysical aspects of such large natural events have a responsibility to provide engineers, planners, and government officials with basic data to implement safety measures to minimize the destructive impact of great earthquakes. The Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP) is one such institution.

\n

The interest of the scientific community in earthquake studies has been high in Peru for a long period of time. In contrast, the negineering and social aspects of earthquakes have been studied only for the past decade.

\n

In retrospect, the Peruvian national long-range earthquake-study program began after the catastrophic earthquake of May 31, 1970. This earthquake triggered a large snow avalanche from Huascaran mountain, killing over 60,000 people, and covering with mud small cities and tens of villages in the Andean valley of Callejon de Huaylas, Huaraz. Since then, great efforts have been made to learn about the natural seismic environment and its engineering and social aspects. The Organization of American States (OAS)has been one of the most important agencies in the development of the program. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Ocola, L., 1982, Engineering aspects of seismological studies in Peru: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 14, no. 1, p. 33-38.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319288,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.419921875,\n -3.425691524418062\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n -4.390228926463384\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n -78.75,\n -3.864254615721396\n ],\n [\n -78.134765625,\n -3.074695072369669\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n -2.284550660236957\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n -1.318243056862001\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n -0.4394488164139641\n ],\n [\n -75.234375,\n 0\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n -1.4939713066293112\n ],\n [\n -72.861328125,\n -2.460181181020993\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n -2.284550660236957\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n -2.5479878714713835\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n -3.601142320158722\n ],\n [\n -70.224609375,\n -4.214943141390639\n ],\n [\n -71.630859375,\n -4.8282597468669755\n ],\n [\n -72.7734375,\n -5.703447982149503\n ],\n [\n -73.30078125,\n -6.489983332670651\n ],\n [\n -73.65234375,\n -7.449624260197804\n ],\n [\n -73.037109375,\n -9.015302333420586\n ],\n [\n -72.158203125,\n -9.88227549342994\n ],\n [\n -70.57617187499999,\n -9.535748998133627\n ],\n [\n -70.400390625,\n -10.919617760254685\n ],\n [\n -69.43359375,\n -11.092165893501988\n ],\n [\n -68.818359375,\n -12.46876014482322\n ],\n [\n -68.994140625,\n -14.008696370634658\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n -15.538375926292048\n ],\n [\n -68.90625,\n -16.383391123608387\n ],\n [\n -70.400390625,\n -18.312810846425432\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n -17.72775860985227\n ],\n [\n -75.76171875,\n -15.876809064146757\n ],\n [\n -77.51953125,\n -12.897489183755892\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n -7.36246686553575\n ],\n [\n -82.001953125,\n -5.178482088522876\n ],\n [\n -81.650390625,\n -3.601142320158722\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n -3.425691524418062\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be41e4b0f59b85e02e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ocola, L.","contributorId":167735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ocola","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164346,"text":"70164346 - 1982 - Working group on the “adequate minimum” V=volcanic observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T15:15:30","indexId":"70164346","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Working group on the “adequate minimum” V=volcanic observatory","docAbstract":"

A working group consisting of R. I. Tilling (United States, Chairman), M. Espendola (Mexico), E. Malavassi (Costa Rica), L. Villari (Italy), and J.P Viode (France) met on the island of Guadeloupe on February 20, 1981, to discuss informally the requirements for a \"Minimum\" volcano observatory, one which would have the essential monitoring equipment and staff to provide reliable information on the state of an active volcno. Given the premise that any monitoring of a volcano is better than none at all, the owrking group then proceeded to consider the concept of an \"adequate minimum\" observatory. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R., 1982, Working group on the “adequate minimum” V=volcanic observatory: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 14, no. 5, p. 185-185.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"185","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guadeloupe","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -61.467132568359375,\n 16.516416072648976\n ],\n [\n -61.402587890625,\n 16.49139854629262\n ],\n [\n -61.39160156249999,\n 16.422913000573978\n ],\n [\n -61.387481689453125,\n 16.359674148368025\n ],\n [\n -61.270751953125,\n 16.32672912425378\n ],\n [\n -61.14990234374999,\n 16.25686733062344\n ],\n [\n -61.17324829101562,\n 16.231816480991785\n ],\n [\n -61.27899169921875,\n 16.23972762034491\n ],\n [\n -61.42181396484374,\n 16.200168744729854\n ],\n [\n -61.4794921875,\n 16.18302409947757\n ],\n [\n -61.5728759765625,\n 16.22522362192406\n ],\n [\n -61.566009521484375,\n 16.17906743138227\n ],\n [\n -61.54129028320313,\n 16.04185404753606\n ],\n [\n -61.612701416015625,\n 15.963969758657447\n ],\n [\n -61.71295166015625,\n 15.933599871796204\n ],\n [\n -61.761016845703125,\n 16.015455996341313\n ],\n [\n -61.80358886718749,\n 16.11047260335594\n ],\n [\n -61.832427978515625,\n 16.29509667958127\n ],\n [\n -61.80633544921876,\n 16.358356454087527\n ],\n [\n -61.67175292968749,\n 16.363627177831876\n ],\n [\n -61.58660888671874,\n 16.29773291178066\n ],\n [\n -61.5289306640625,\n 16.357038750911766\n ],\n [\n -61.549530029296875,\n 16.430816412465084\n ],\n [\n -61.549530029296875,\n 16.479547009916406\n ],\n [\n -61.490478515625,\n 16.50719946582598\n ],\n [\n -61.467132568359375,\n 16.516416072648976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b09005e4b010e2af2a5ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, R.I. 0000-0003-4263-7221","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":98311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"R.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222794,"text":"5222794 - 1981 - Gray bats and pollution in Missouri and northern Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:09","indexId":"5222794","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:33","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":973,"text":"Bat Research News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gray bats and pollution in Missouri and northern Alabama","docAbstract":"Gray bats died with lethal brain concentrations of dieldrin and rising levels of heptachlor epoxide in 1976, 1977, and 1978 at Bat Caves No. 2-3, Franklin County, Missouri. The colony disappeared in 1979. Dieldrin was banned in 1974 and 1981 was the last year for heptachlor use in Missouri. The State is recommendiing three organophosphates (chlorpyrifos or Dursban, dyfonate or Fonophos, and ethoprop or Mocap) as substitutes for heptachlor. All three compounds have excellent records in the environment. Analyses of insects collected where bats of this colony fed showed beetles, particularly rove beetles (Staphylinidae), to be the most heavily contaminated part of the bat's diet. Lactation concentrated these residues so that levels in milk were approximately 30 times those in the insect diet. Gray bats found dead in caves in northern Alabama showed DDD (a DDT derivative) contamination. Bats from the colony at Cave Springs Cave on the Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge contained up to 29 ppm DDD in their brains, but this is probably less than one-half the lethal level. Bats from other colonies contained less. The DDD contamination enters the Terinessee River just above the Wheeler Refuge and is seen in gray bat colonies as far as 60 miles downriver.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bat Research News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., Bunck, C., Cromartie, E., LaVal, R.K., and Tuttle, M., 1981, Gray bats and pollution in Missouri and northern Alabama: Bat Research News, v. 22, no. 4, p. 35-36(abs).","productDescription":"35-36 (abstract)","startPage":"35","endPage":"36(abs)","numberOfPages":"-34","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cromartie, E.","contributorId":13926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromartie","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaVal, R. K.","contributorId":8945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaVal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tuttle, M.D.","contributorId":11725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5221639,"text":"5221639 - 1981 - Captive propagation of bald eagles at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and introductions into the wild, 1976-80","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:48","indexId":"5221639","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:18","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3234,"text":"Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Captive propagation of bald eagles at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and introductions into the wild, 1976-80","docAbstract":"One to 5 pairs of the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were in the captive propagation project at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center during 1976-80. Four pairs produced viable eggs or young by natural mating in one or more years. Pairs laid second clutches 9 of 11 times when their first clutches were collected within 8 days of clutch completion. Sixty-nine percent of fertile artificially incubated eggs hatched; 93% of fertile parent-incubated eggs hatched. Eleven eaglets from artificially incubated eggs were hand reared. Age of birds at the time they were acquired from the wild was not a factor in their reproductive success. Ten hand-reared and 2 parent-reared young were fostered to adult Bald Eagles at active wild nests; 11 were accepted and survived. Eleven parent-reared young were provided to hacking projects. Egg transplants to wild nests were conducted, but discontinued because of poor success. Double clutching of captive pairs has not resulted in substantially increased numbers of eaglets. Additional research is needed in artificial incubation, artificial insemination, and nutrition and care of hand-reared eaglets.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"2626_Wiemeyer.pdf","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., 1981, Captive propagation of bald eagles at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and introductions into the wild, 1976-80: Raptor Research, v. 15, no. 3, p. 68-82.","productDescription":"68-82","startPage":"68","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221664,"text":"5221664 - 1981 - Parental development of Eimerian coccidia in sandhill and whooping cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:15:35.798956","indexId":"5221664","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:15","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2434,"text":"Journal of Protozoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parental development of Eimerian coccidia in sandhill and whooping cranes","docAbstract":"

In contrast with isosporoid species of coccidia that have established extraintestinal phases of development, the eimeriids, except for a few species, generally have been considered inhabitants of the intestinal tract. Eimeria infection in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and whooping cranes (G. americana) may result in disseminated visceral coccidiosis. Nodules were observed in the oral cavity of 33% (n = 95) of the G. canadensis at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) in Laurel, MD. Necropsy of six of the afflicted cranes revealed granulomatous nodules in many tissues and organs. Histologic studies disclosed protozoan organisms morphologically resembling schizonts in the granulomas, and endogenous stages of coccidia were present in the intestines of four birds. Fecalysis of three of four sandhill cranes yielded oocysts of E. reichenowi and E. gruis. Only E. reichenowi-type oocysts were recovered from a dead whooping crane sample. Domestic broiler chicks each intubated with about 1 times 106 pooled sporulated oocysts of E. reichenowi and E. gruis were not infected. Exposure of six incubator-hatched and hand-reared sandhill crane chicks to oocysts artificially (two chicks) and naturally (four chicks) resulted in typical infection of intestinal epithelium with invasion of subepithelial tissues extending to the muscular layer and widespread extraintestinal development. Asexual and sexual stages occurred primarily in macrophages in the liver, spleen, heart, and lung. In the lung, oocysts were found in bronchial exudate and epithelial lining cells. Six of ten G. canadensis chicks, one adult G. americana, and three of five G. americana chicks that died naturally at PWRC had disseminated visceral coccidiosis.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1550-7408.1981.tb02844.x","usgsCitation":"Novilla, M., Carpenter, J.W., Spraker, T., and Jeffers, T., 1981, Parental development of Eimerian coccidia in sandhill and whooping cranes: Journal of Protozoology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 248-255, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1981.tb02844.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8936","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Novilla, M.N.","contributorId":18716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Novilla","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, J. W.","contributorId":81854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spraker, T.R.","contributorId":19907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spraker","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jeffers, T.K.","contributorId":102165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffers","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5221687,"text":"5221687 - 1981 - Growth of mallards fed phosphamidon for 13-day periods during three different developmental stages","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T11:32:15.495431","indexId":"5221687","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1556,"text":"Environmental Pollution (Series A)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth of mallards fed phosphamidon for 13-day periods during three different developmental stages","docAbstract":"

Mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) were exposed to a 13-day dietary treatment of 0, 0·5 or 5·0 ppm phosphamidon at one of three successive age intervals (5–17 days, 18–30 days, or 31–43 days) during a 10-week growth period. Weekly measurements of body weight, wing length, primary feather length, and bill length revealed slower development of primary feathers in those birds treated from 5 to 17 days; treatment effects on body weight and wing length from 6 to 8 weeks of age were observed among those birds treated from 18 to 30 days of age. Some differences in growth patterns among birds treated with the same phosphamidon level, but at different growth stages, were attributed to the varying size of the group with which a duckling was housed at different times in the growth process. No brain cholinesterase depression was observed in any group either 24h after phosphamidon treatment was terminated or at 10 weeks of age.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0143-1471(81)90014-3","usgsCitation":"Haseltine, S., and Hensler, G.L., 1981, Growth of mallards fed phosphamidon for 13-day periods during three different developmental stages: Environmental Pollution (Series A), v. 25, no. 2, p. 139-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(81)90014-3.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"147","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6554c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haseltine, S.","contributorId":77617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haseltine","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hensler, Gary L.","contributorId":23111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensler","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221693,"text":"5221693 - 1981 - The effects of ingested petroleum on the maphthalene-metabolizing properties of the liver tissue in seawater-adapted mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5221693","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of ingested petroleum on the maphthalene-metabolizing properties of the liver tissue in seawater-adapted mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)","docAbstract":"Hepatic mixed function oxidase activities were estimated in seawater-adapted mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) that had been consuming food contaminated with one of five different types of crude oil. After 50 days of exposure to contaminated food, enzyme activities of liver microsomal preparations were assessed in terms of their naphthalenemetabolizing properties in vitro. Although dose-dependent increases in the total hepatic enzyme activities (nmole naphthalene metabolized per minute per unit mass body weight) were observed in birds consuming food contaminated with each type of crude oil, three patterns of response were apparent. Crude oils from South Louisiana and Kuwait stimulated large and significant increases in the specific activity of the enzyme system (nmole naphthalene metabolized per minute per unit mass microsomal protein), whereas little or no increase in either microsomal protein content or relative liver weight were observed. In contrast, two crude oils from Santa Barbara, Calif., induced only small increases in specific activity but significant increases occurred in hepatic microsomal protein concentration and relative liver weight. The crude oil from Prudhoe Bay, Ala., evoked intermediate patterns of response. The possible significance of these data is discussed in relation to the survival of seabirds consuming petroleum-contaminated food and drinking water.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(81)90167-5","collaboration":"2527_Gorsline.pdf","usgsCitation":"Gorsline, J., Holmes, W.N., and Cronshaw, J., 1981, The effects of ingested petroleum on the maphthalene-metabolizing properties of the liver tissue in seawater-adapted mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos): Environmental Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 377-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(81)90167-5.","productDescription":"377-390","startPage":"377","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18078,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(81)90167-5","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorsline, J.","contributorId":30307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorsline","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, W. N.","contributorId":70497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holmes","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronshaw, J.","contributorId":44247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronshaw","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221682,"text":"5221682 - 1981 - An evaluation of blood plasma for monitoring DDE in birds of prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T11:48:47.493499","indexId":"5221682","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1556,"text":"Environmental Pollution (Series A)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of blood plasma for monitoring DDE in birds of prey","docAbstract":"

Laboratory and field studies show that DDE residues in blood plasma are highly correlated with DDE in the brain, the rate of DDE exposure and the amount of DDE in eggs of free-living birds of prey. A blood sampling approach is proposed to supplement existing environmental contaminant methods available for birds of prey. Residues (ΣDDT) in plasma provide some direct information; however, a method is proposed to adjust blood plasma residues from four species of birds of prey to the estimated residues in eggs for the purpose of residue interpretation. The blood plasma-egg relationship appears to be species-independent in the four raptors studied. Two predicting equations are presented for estimating egg residues, one for plasma samples collected prior to, or within a few days of, egg laying, and another for the post-laying period. Limitations and advantages of the blood plasma monitoring approach are discussed. The approach may be particularly suitable for endangered species research.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0143-1471(81)90090-8","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., and Meeker, D.L., 1981, An evaluation of blood plasma for monitoring DDE in birds of prey: Environmental Pollution (Series A), v. 25, no. 4, p. 291-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(81)90090-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"304","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meeker, D. L.","contributorId":6790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221705,"text":"5221705 - 1981 - Censusing wading bird colonies: An update on the 'flight-line' count method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T13:00:42.223352","indexId":"5221705","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Censusing wading bird colonies: An update on the 'flight-line' count method","docAbstract":"1. Thirteen mixed-species heronries (10 in Florida, two in Virginia, one in North Carolina) were studied in 1980 as part of a project begun in 1979 aimed at evaluating the 'flight-line' census method..2. Standardized counts of Snowy and Cattle Egrets, Louisiana and Little Blue Herons flying to and from the nesting colony were made for three hr periods, followed by a nest count of the colony. 3.Significant differences were found in the flight rates (number of birds per nest x hour) of the four species at the Chincoteague colony. However, when Cattle Egrets and Louisiana Herons were compared at all 13 colonies, their respective flight rates were in opposite rank to those at Chincoteague. Colony differences, then, may mask species differences. 4. A linear regression model showed a strong fit (R2=0.92) between the hourly flight number (3 hr means) and the nest number, but point estimates (single colony) had very large confidence limits. A given colony might be over-or underestimated by a factor of 2, using the regression equation as a predictive model. 5. A more appropriate application of the method would be to determine regionwide (e.g., state), rather than colony-specific, population estimates. 'Total' estimates for all (n= 13) colonies were within 10% of the actual nest number.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521120","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1981, Censusing wading bird colonies: An update on the 'flight-line' count method: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 4, p. 91-95, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521120.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221717,"text":"5221717 - 1981 - Effects of DDE and PCB (Aroclor 1260) on experimentally poisoned little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal brain concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:30:40","indexId":"5221717","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of DDE and PCB (Aroclor 1260) on experimentally poisoned little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal brain concentrations","docAbstract":"Adult female little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) were collected in a church attic in North East, Cecil County, Md. Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) containing organochlorine pollutants were fed to the bats as follows: 5 bats were dosed at 480 ppm DDE, 12 at 150 ppm DDE, 5 at 1000 ppm polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB; Aroclor 1260), and 12 at 15 ppm PCB. Seven other bats were fed untreated mealworms. The objective was to elevate brain levels of DDE and PCB to lethality and measure these concentrations. During 40 d of dosage, one DDE-dosed bat and two PCB-dosed bats died after exhibiting the prolonged tremor that characterizes organochlorine poisoning. After dosage, surviving bats were starved to elevate brain levels of toxicants, and three additional DDE-dosed bats had tremors before dying. The mean brain concentration of DDE diagnostic of death was estimated as 603 ppm, range 540-670 ppm. This mean is 16-18% higher than means for Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), and may indicate less sensitivity. Lethal brain concentrations of Aroclor 1260 were 1300 and 1500 ppm. Such values appear to be higher than values (Aroclor 1254) for brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). During starvation, DDE-dosed bats lost weight about 24% faster than controls. If smaller amounts of stored DDE cause increases in metabolic rates of nonfeeding bats, as during hibernation or migration, the result could be premature energy depletion and increased mortality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287398109530035","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., and Stafford, C.J., 1981, Effects of DDE and PCB (Aroclor 1260) on experimentally poisoned little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal brain concentrations: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 7, no. 6, p. 925-934, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398109530035.","productDescription":"925-934","startPage":"925","endPage":"934","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269459,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287398109530035"},{"id":196604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stafford, C. J.","contributorId":65429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stafford","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011790,"text":"70011790 - 1981 - A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:36:24.299431","indexId":"70011790","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas","docAbstract":"

The discovery of sabkha environments during the 1960's, marked the beginning of Recent evaporite sedimentological studies and their perception as models for facies analysis. However, variation among Recent sabkhas, though recognized by the geologic community, has not been duly addressed, which has resulted in overuse of the Trucial Coast model in comparative sedimentological studies. Knowledge of the dominant physical processes which determine sabkha morphology, and of the sedimentary response to those processes, can lead to a fundamental understanding of a sabkha's origin and of how it differs from other sabkhas.

Physical processes thought to be most important (besides evaporation) include those operative under: (1) marine-; (2) fluvial-lacustrine-; and (3) eolian-dominated conditions. Dominance of one or more of these in the proper settings give rise to marine coastal sabkhas, continental playas, and interdune sabkhas.

Sedimentary responses to dominant physical processes lead to the development of sabkhas consisting of a combination of either: (1) terrigenous clastics; (2) carbonate-sulfate (anhydrite-gypsum) minerals; or (3) soluble salts (halite, sylvite, polyhalite, etc.). Sediment characterization can also allow discrimination of the range or compositional variety in, for example, coastal sabkhas.

Where applied to the stratigraphic record, this classification system may help unravel the sedimentary history of an ancient sabkha system, and a determination of the dominant physical processes that ruled its development.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(81)90023-3","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Handford, C., 1981, A process-sedimentary framework for characterizing recent and ancient sabkhas: Sedimentary Geology, v. 30, no. 4, p. 255-265, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(81)90023-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e50de4b0c8380cd46acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Handford, C.R.","contributorId":19705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handford","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010438,"text":"70010438 - 1981 - Physical-chemical conditions of ore deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-18T15:46:01.700175","indexId":"70010438","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical-chemical conditions of ore deposition","docAbstract":"

Ore deposits form under a wide range of physical and chemical conditions, but those precipitating from hot, aqueous fluids—i.e. the hydrothermal deposits—form generally below 700°C and at pressures of only 1 or 2 kbar or less. Natural aqueous fluids in rocks may extract metal and sulfur from a variety of rock types or may acquire them as a residual heritage from a crystallizing silicate magma. Ore-forming hydrothermal fluids never appear as hot springs (except in deep, submarine situations) because they boil, mix with surface waters, and cool, thereby losing their ore-bearing ability before reaching the surface.

Mineral systems function as chemical buffers and indicators just as buffers and indicators function in a chemical laboratory. By reading the record written in the buffer/indicator assemblages of minerals one can reconstruct many aspects of the former chemical environment. By studying the record of changing conditions one may deduce information regarding the processes functioning to create the succession of chemical environments and the ore deposits they represent.

The example of the OH vein at Creede, Colorado, shows a pH buffered by the K-feldspar + muscovite + quartz assemblage and the covariation of S2 and O2 buffered by the assemblage chlorite + pyrite + quartz. Boiling of the ore fluid led to its oxidation to hematite-bearing assemblages and simultaneously produced an intensely altered, sericitic capping over the vein in response to the condensation of vapors bearing acidic components. The solubility of metals as calculated from experimental and theoretical studies of mineral solubility appears too low by at least one or two powers of ten to explain the mineralization at Creede.

In contrast to Creede where the mineral stabilities all point to a relatively consistent chemistry, the Mississippi Valley type deposits present a puzzle of conflicting chemical clues that are impossible to reconcile with any single equilibrium situation. Thus we must seriously consider metastable equilibria; those most likely involve redox disequilibrium among the sulfur species in solution and perhaps also involve organic compounds.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0079-1946(81)90024-0","issn":"00791946","usgsCitation":"Barton, P.B., 1981, Physical-chemical conditions of ore deposition: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 13-14, p. 509-528, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(81)90024-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"528","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13-14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7aeee4b0c8380cd79180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, P. B. Jr.","contributorId":23683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221655,"text":"5221655 - 1981 - Olfactory pedunculotomy induced anosmia in the wolf (Canis lupus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T16:47:11.026977","indexId":"5221655","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3077,"text":"Physiology & Behavior","printIssn":"0031-9384","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Olfactory pedunculotomy induced anosmia in the wolf (Canis lupus)","docAbstract":"

A procedure for the surgical induction of anosmia in the wolf is described. Six wolves (4 altered and 2 sham) and one mongrel dog were operated; four wolves and the dog were bilaterally pedunculotomized, and two wolves were sham operated. Behavioral tests with the wolves confirmed that they were anosmic, and anatomical verification in the dog showed that the olfactory peduncle (corresponds to the human olfactory tract) was completely sectioned. Use of this procedure will make possible tests of the role of olfaction in these animals.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-9384(81)90346-2","usgsCitation":"Peterson, E., Letellier, M., Parsons, J., Plotka, E., Mech, L., and Seal, U., 1981, Olfactory pedunculotomy induced anosmia in the wolf (Canis lupus): Physiology & Behavior, v. 27, no. 3, p. 543-546, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(81)90346-2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"546","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197530,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691c0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, E.K.","contributorId":77261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Letellier, M.A.","contributorId":39085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letellier","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsons, J.A.","contributorId":91958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plotka, E.D.","contributorId":89248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plotka","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seal, U.S.","contributorId":40564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seal","given":"U.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188678,"text":"70188678 - 1981 - Tonalites in crustal evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T16:19:23.460931","indexId":"70188678","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tonalites in crustal evolution","docAbstract":"

Tonalites, including trondhjemite as a variety, played three roles through geological time in the generation of Earth’s crust. Before about 2.9 Ga ago they were produced largely by simple partial melting of metabasalt to give the dominant part of Archaean grey gneiss terranes. These terranes are notably bimodal; andesitic rocks are rare. Tonalites played a crucial role in the generation of this protocontinental and oldest crust 3.7- 2.9 Ga ago in that they were the only low-density, high-SiO2 rocks produced directly from basaltic crust. In the enormous event giving the greenstone-granite terranes, mostly 2.8-2.6 Ga ago, tonalites formed in lesser but still important proportions by partial melting of metabasalt in the lower regions of down-buckled greenstone belts and by remobilization of older grey gneisses. Tectonism in the Archaean (3.9- 2.5 Ga ago) perhaps was controlled by small-cell convection (McKenzie & Weiss 1975). Little or no ophiolite or eclogite formed, and only minor andesite. Plate tectonics of modern type (involving large, rigid plates) commenced in the early Proterozoic. Uniformitarianism thus goes back one-half of the age of the earth. Tonalites compose about 5-10 % of crust generated in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic time at convergent oceanic-continental margins. They occur here as minor to prominent members of the compositionally continuous continental-margin batholiths. A simple model of generation of these batholiths is offered: mantle-derived mafic magma pools in the lower crust above a subduction zone reacts with and incorporates wall-rock components (Bowen 1922), and breaches its roof rocks as an initial diapir. This mantle magma also develops a gradient of partial melting in its wall rocks. This wall-rock melt accretes in the collapsed chamber and moves up the conduit broached by the initial diapir, the higher, less siliceous fractions of melting first, the lower, more siliceous (and further removed) fractions of melting last. The process gives in the optimum case a mafic-to-siliceous sequence of diorite or quartz diorite through tonalite or quartz monzodiorite to granodiorite and granite. The model implies that great masses of cumulate phases and refractory wall rock form the roots of continentalmargin batholiths, and that migmatites overlie that residuum and underlie the batholiths.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society","doi":"10.1098/rsta.1981.0112","usgsCitation":"Barker, F., Arth, J.G., and Hudson, T., 1981, Tonalites in crustal evolution: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 301, no. 1461, p. 293-303, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1981.0112.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342701,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"301","issue":"1461","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594b85b9e4b062508e382bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F.","contributorId":101368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arth, Joseph G.","contributorId":104546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arth","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, T.","contributorId":33446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":37142,"text":"rp140 - 1981 - Procedures for the use of aircraft in wildlife biotelemetry studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T12:22:12","indexId":"rp140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"140","title":"Procedures for the use of aircraft in wildlife biotelemetry studies","docAbstract":"This is a report on the state of the art methodology and on questions that arise while one is preparing to use aircraft in a biotelemetry study. In general the first step in preparing to mount an antenna on an aircraft is to consult with a certified aircraft mechanic. Aircraft certification is discussed to provide background information concerning the role of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in regulating the use of biotelemetry antennas on aircraft. However, approval of any specific design of antenna mount rests with local FAA authority. Airplane and helicopter antenna attachments are described. Performance of the receiving antenna system is discussed with emphasis on how variables as aircraft type and antenna configuration may influence reception. The side-looking vs. front-looking antenna configuration and the VHF vs. HF frequency band are generally recommended for most aerial tracking studies. Characteristics of receivers, transmitters, and antennas that might influence tracking are discussed. Specific topics such as calibration of receivers and transmitter quality control are considered. Suggestions in preparing for and conducting tracking flights that will improve overall efficiency and safety are presented. Search techniques, including procedures for conducting large and specific area surveys as well as methods to improve and evaluate search efficiency, are discussed. A concluding section considers special topics such as low-level operations and the use of helicopters. Diagrams of antenna mounts, equipment check-off lists, and antenna test procedures are included as appendices.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D.S., Cowardin, L.M., Duval, R.L., Mechlin, L.M., Shaiffer, C.W., and Kuechle, V., 1981, Procedures for the use of aircraft in wildlife biotelemetry studies: Resource Publication 140, 19 p.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, David S.","contributorId":59508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowardin, Lewis M.","contributorId":34574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Duval, Renee L.","contributorId":65595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duval","given":"Renee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mechlin, Larry M.","contributorId":107842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mechlin","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shaiffer, Charles W.","contributorId":16148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaiffer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kuechle, V.B.","contributorId":83478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuechle","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":217556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":7757,"text":"ofr81421 - 1981 - Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in Mississippi, August 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-04T17:29:59.898863","indexId":"ofr81421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-421","title":"Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in Mississippi, August 1980","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with Mississippi Bureau of Geology is conducting a hydrologic data-collection program in the potential lignite-producing areas in Mississippi. During the week of August 25-28, 1980, hydrologic data on channel characteristics were collected at 15 sites on small streams draining potential lignite mining areas in east-central Mississippi. Streamflow measurements were made and water-quality samples were collected at 11 of the 15 sites.

Main channel widths at the 15 sampling sites in east-central Mississippi ranged from 126 feet on Sucarnoochee Creek to 15 feet on Houston Creek. Maximum water depth ranged from 7 feet on Pawticfaw Creek and Tallahatta Creek to one-half foot on Okatibbee Creek. The maximum stream discharge measured was 56 cubic feet per second on Pawticfaw Creek. Four sites had no discharge. Specific conductance at sampling sites ranged from 115 micromhos on Ponta Creek to 26 micromhos on Sucarnoochee Creek. The dissolved-oxygen concentration was 5.7 milligrams per liter or higher at all sites. The concentration of suspended sediment was not greater than 38 milligrams per liter at any site. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate were less than 10 milligrams per liter in all samples, but were highest at site 10 on Ponta Creek. Bottom-material samples commonly contained iron, manganese, and zinc.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81421","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Geology","usgsCitation":"Arthur, J.K., 1981, Background hydrologic information in potential lignite mining areas in Mississippi, August 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-421, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81421.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0421/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0421/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69794b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, J. K.","contributorId":56223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":156548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":10086,"text":"ofr81378 - 1981 - Baseline studies of the feasibility and reliability of using animal behavior as a component in the prediction of earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-04T22:38:35.297835","indexId":"ofr81378","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-378","title":"Baseline studies of the feasibility and reliability of using animal behavior as a component in the prediction of earthquakes","docAbstract":"

This project was established to determine if it were possible to advance the state of the art in earthquake prediction by learning more about claims that unusual animal behavior was an earthquake precursor. We used intensive post-earthquake interview surveys to gather objective reports both of instances of unusual animal behavior as an earthquake precursor and of instances in which animals behaved normally prior to a moderate or large earthquake. We prepared briefing volumes describing the cultural significance and interpretation of seismicity for cultures other than our own with which we were likely to have contact. This information helped us assess the impact of cultural expectations on our data set. These briefing volumes are one of the work products of our project and are included in this final report.

Since our goal was to increase the ability to predict earthquakes, we avoided study of earthquakes with known foreshocks since in those cases the unusual animal behavior might have resulted simply from the foreshocks. Our data indicates that unusual animal behavior occurs a few hours to a few days before some, but not most, earthquakes that do not have known foreshocks.

Our studies of earthquake folklore support the same conclusion (pp 121-144 of this report). Even when unusual animal behavior is a precursor to a particular earthquake, most individual animals behave normally. This creates a signal to noise ratio that will reduce the potential for direct use of unusual -animal behavior in earthquake prediction, but the analysis of some animals reactions might help to identify physical precursors to at least some earthquakes.

Each phase of this research program has produced one or more completed work products. These products, which follow, compose our final report.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81378","usgsCitation":"Lott, D.F., Hart, B.L., and Verosub, K.L., 1981, Baseline studies of the feasibility and reliability of using animal behavior as a component in the prediction of earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-378, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81378.","productDescription":"150 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0378/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0378/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64887a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lott, Dale F.","contributorId":31393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Benjamin L.","contributorId":40992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verosub, Kenneth L.","contributorId":78744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verosub","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":10683,"text":"ofr811046 - 1981 - Preliminary design study for a National Digital Seismograph Network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-17T10:51:56","indexId":"ofr811046","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-1046","title":"Preliminary design study for a National Digital Seismograph Network","docAbstract":"

Recently, the National Research Council published a report by the Panel on National, Regional, and Local Seismograph Networks of the Committee on Seismology in which the principal recommendation was for the establishment of a national digital seismograph network (NDSN). The Panel Report (Bolt, 1980) addresses both the need and the scientific requirements for the new national network. The purpose of this study has been to translate the scientific requirements into an instrumentation concept for the NSDS.

There are literally hundreds, perhaps thousands, of seismographs in operation within the United States. Each serves an important purpose, but most have limited objectives in time, in region, or in the types of data that are being recorded. The concept of a national network, funded and operated by the Federal Government, is based on broader objectives that include continuity of time, uniform coverage, standardization of data format and instruments, and widespread use of the data for a variety of research purposes. A national digital seismograph network will be an important data resource for many years to come; hence, its design is likely to be of interest to most seismologists.

Seismologists have traditionally been involved in the development and field operation of seismic systems and thus have been familiar with both the potential value and the limitations of the data. However, in recent years of increasing technological sophistication, the development of data sstems has fallen more to system engineers, and this trend is likely to continue. One danger in this is that the engineers may misinterpret scientific objectives or subordinate them to purely technological considerations. Another risk is that the data users may misuse or misinterpret the data because they are not aware of the limitations of the data system. Perhaps the most important purpose of a design study such as this is to stimulate a dialogue between system engineers and potential data users.

The NDSN system concept presented in this report is intended to serve as a point of discussion -- a strawman, if you will. It is a feasible solution to what we perceive to be the objectives of the NDSN, but it is not a unique solution. Current technology offers a variety of choices in meeting design objectives. We have examined some but not all of these choices. Although our fundamental concept of the NDSN is based on current technology, we have anticipated developments in several fields where state-of-the-art is evolving rapidly, notably satellite communications and database management. If the installation of the NDSN is delayed 5 - 10 years, we anticipate that the methods proposed to record, communicate, and manage the data may change, but it is likely that the fundamental data requirements will be the same. Therefore, in this study we have concentrated more on the types of data that will be generated at the NDSN stations and less on specific hardware that might be used in the data system. When the NDSN is budgeted, a second, more hardware-oriented design study may be needed.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr811046","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., and Hutt, C.R., 1981, Preliminary design study for a National Digital Seismograph Network: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1046, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr811046.","productDescription":"58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":122,"text":"Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9705,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1046/ofr81-1046.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1981-1046"},{"id":144231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1046/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ba4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Jon","contributorId":67522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutt, Charles R. 0000-0001-9033-9195 bhutt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-9195","contributorId":1622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutt","given":"Charles","email":"bhutt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":161793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}