Sediment bioassays with larvae of the midge, Chironomus tentans, were used to evaluate influences on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper (Cu) in sediments with a wide range of concentrations of metals, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), and other physicochemical characteristics. Sediments were collected from sixteen lakes in Michigan, USA, and from twelve sites in the Clark Fork River drainage of Montana, USA, which are contaminated with metals from mining activities and from other anthropogenic sources. Bioassays with C. tentans larvae were conducted for ten days in a static-renewal test system, with endpoints of survival, growth, and metal bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) was strongly correlated with Cu concentrations in porewater, and was increased significantly at Cu concentrations less than those affecting growth or survival. Midge survival and growth were not significantly correlated with concentrations of Cu in sediment or porewater, and were poorly predicted by ratios of acid-extractable metals to AVS in sediments. Principal components analysis indicated that Cu concentrations in porewater and bioaccumulation of Cu by midge larvae were influenced by AVS, sediment organic carbon, and porewater pH, and that toxicity was associated with high concentrations of Cu, high concentrations of zinc (Zn) and ammonia. No toxicity was observed in several sediments which contained low concentrations of AVS and high concentrations of Cu and Zn. In sediments which contain little AVS, bioavailability of metals may be controlled by constituents other than sulfides, such as organic matter and metal hydrous oxides. These results indicate that assessments of toxicity in metal-contaminated sediments should evaluate the importance of metal-binding phases other than sulfides, and the possible contributions of ammonia or other toxicants to toxicity in sediment bioassays.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00116651","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Kubitz, J.A., Ingersoll, C.G., Braselton, W.E., and Giesy, J.P., 1995, Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health, v. 4, no. 3, p. 157-168, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00116651.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Montana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-85.825955,45.404296],[-85.833516,45.378175],[-85.88301,45.443479],[-85.834891,45.428356],[-85.825955,45.404296]]],[[[-86.093536,45.007838],[-86.133655,44.996874],[-86.156689,45.010535],[-86.141644,45.040251],[-86.117908,45.048478],[-86.079103,45.030795],[-86.100315,45.02624],[-86.093536,45.007838]]],[[[-86.033174,45.15842],[-85.976803,45.138363],[-85.976883,45.06266],[-85.99736,45.055929],[-86.058653,45.100776],[-86.065016,45.140266],[-86.033174,45.15842]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.656915,48.139225],[-88.547033,48.174891],[-88.501088,48.168181],[-88.422601,48.190975],[-88.418244,48.18037],[-88.566938,48.093719],[-88.579784,48.058669],[-88.670073,48.011446],[-88.899184,47.9533],[-88.962664,47.923512],[-88.968903,47.901675],[-88.899698,47.902445],[-88.911665,47.891344],[-89.157738,47.824015],[-89.19017,47.831603],[-89.201812,47.850243],[-89.234533,47.851718],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-89.179154,47.93503],[-88.835714,48.056752],[-88.787556,48.063035],[-88.764256,48.085189],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-84.612845,45.834528],[-84.650783,45.85921],[-84.646876,45.884642],[-84.622515,45.87753],[-84.578328,45.820092],[-84.432472,45.786732],[-84.42159,45.805651],[-84.403208,45.784394],[-84.35602,45.771895],[-84.405852,45.722417],[-84.484128,45.73071],[-84.612845,45.834528]]],[[[-85.524448,45.829794],[-85.450206,45.796677],[-85.450206,45.776452],[-85.462581,45.765864],[-85.507263,45.778237],[-85.532009,45.798172],[-85.524448,45.829794]]],[[[-85.696872,45.69725],[-85.701809,45.736129],[-85.688849,45.747238],[-85.651866,45.743139],[-85.649353,45.722552],[-85.672187,45.696633],[-85.696872,45.69725]]],[[[-85.360952,45.817554],[-85.359048,45.776627],[-85.394264,45.778531],[-85.377132,45.812795],[-85.360952,45.817554]]],[[[-85.566441,45.760222],[-85.497656,45.746246],[-85.515145,45.749451],[-85.520803,45.737247],[-85.498777,45.726291],[-85.494016,45.698476],[-85.506104,45.681148],[-85.487026,45.621211],[-85.534064,45.578198],[-85.561634,45.572213],[-85.618049,45.582647],[-85.630016,45.598166],[-85.604521,45.639256],[-85.604881,45.681932],[-85.572309,45.711449],[-85.566441,45.760222]]],[[[-86.626187,45.573581],[-86.622023,45.55633],[-86.648792,45.543243],[-86.661284,45.574176],[-86.712328,45.610939],[-86.67727,45.613689],[-86.626187,45.573581]]],[[[-83.880387,41.720089],[-84.806082,41.696089],[-84.805883,41.760216],[-86.823628,41.76024],[-86.717037,41.819349],[-86.619442,41.893827],[-86.485223,42.118239],[-86.356218,42.254166],[-86.261573,42.443894],[-86.226037,42.592811],[-86.22905,42.637693],[-86.206834,42.719424],[-86.232707,43.015762],[-86.280756,43.136015],[-86.407832,43.338436],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.529686,43.676849],[-86.463436,43.744687],[-86.43114,43.815569],[-86.462756,43.969655],[-86.514704,44.057672],[-86.421576,44.128962],[-86.26871,44.345324],[-86.248083,44.420946],[-86.248914,44.483004],[-86.220697,44.566742],[-86.256796,44.686769],[-86.232482,44.70605],[-86.09074,44.740544],[-86.065966,44.821522],[-86.066745,44.905685],[-86.038332,44.915696],[-85.992535,44.900026],[-85.9316,44.968788],[-85.869852,44.939031],[-85.807403,44.949814],[-85.746444,45.051229],[-85.695715,45.076461],[-85.618639,45.186771],[-85.585986,45.180381],[-85.551072,45.210742],[-85.526734,45.189316],[-85.531461,45.177247],[-85.564897,45.153962],[-85.599801,45.149286],[-85.614319,45.127562],[-85.56613,45.043633],[-85.597181,45.040547],[-85.621878,45.004529],[-85.602356,44.974272],[-85.602034,44.926743],[-85.621403,44.923123],[-85.652355,44.849092],[-85.640781,44.775561],[-85.593833,44.768651],[-85.581717,44.807784],[-85.532931,44.87319],[-85.530729,44.889182],[-85.564509,44.895246],[-85.533553,44.925762],[-85.520034,44.973996],[-85.475204,44.991053],[-85.464944,44.961062],[-85.48574,44.953626],[-85.500872,44.85883],[-85.555894,44.818256],[-85.57517,44.762766],[-85.527216,44.748235],[-85.504775,44.768082],[-85.499591,44.803838],[-85.462943,44.825044],[-85.3958,44.931018],[-85.380659,45.046319],[-85.366412,45.069023],[-85.388593,45.23524],[-85.371593,45.270834],[-85.196704,45.360641],[-85.143651,45.370369],[-85.032813,45.361251],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-84.922006,45.421914],[-85.040272,45.436509],[-85.087756,45.476335],[-85.115479,45.539406],[-85.119026,45.573002],[-85.07491,45.629242],[-85.007026,45.65636],[-84.942636,45.714292],[-84.951745,45.737326],[-85.011433,45.757962],[-84.805114,45.746378],[-84.781995,45.760345],[-84.79229,45.778464],[-84.780313,45.787224],[-84.734065,45.788205],[-84.715996,45.766174],[-84.46168,45.652404],[-84.427495,45.669201],[-84.376403,45.655565],[-84.329537,45.66438],[-84.215268,45.634767],[-84.128867,45.562284],[-84.122309,45.523788],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.939261,45.493189],[-83.806622,45.419159],[-83.721815,45.413304],[-83.599273,45.352561],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.381743,45.268983],[-83.41241,45.238905],[-83.363678,45.166469],[-83.316118,45.141958],[-83.30788,45.099093],[-83.265896,45.026844],[-83.340257,45.041545],[-83.399255,45.070364],[-83.453363,45.035331],[-83.431254,45.007998],[-83.450013,44.990219],[-83.433032,44.93289],[-83.39396,44.903056],[-83.320503,44.880571],[-83.321241,44.852962],[-83.300648,44.829831],[-83.296265,44.743502],[-83.274674,44.70477],[-83.31445,44.608926],[-83.308471,44.539902],[-83.332533,44.340464],[-83.373607,44.327784],[-83.425762,44.272487],[-83.500392,44.27661],[-83.53771,44.248171],[-83.573071,44.101298],[-83.591361,44.079237],[-83.58409,44.056748],[-83.650116,44.052404],[-83.679654,44.036365],[-83.680108,43.994196],[-83.82808,43.989003],[-83.877047,43.959351],[-83.916815,43.89905],[-83.929375,43.777091],[-83.954792,43.760932],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.669795,43.59079],[-83.540187,43.708746],[-83.470053,43.723418],[-83.440171,43.761694],[-83.438311,43.786846],[-83.411453,43.805033],[-83.407647,43.831998],[-83.33227,43.880522],[-83.347365,43.91216],[-83.30569,43.922489],[-83.26185,43.969021],[-83.227093,43.981003],[-83.058741,44.006224],[-83.024604,44.045174],[-82.967439,44.066138],[-82.915976,44.070503],[-82.746255,43.996037],[-82.633641,43.831224],[-82.597911,43.590016],[-82.539517,43.437539],[-82.523086,43.225361],[-82.486684,43.104688],[-82.415937,43.005555],[-82.42455,42.993393],[-82.412965,42.977041],[-82.469912,42.887459],[-82.482045,42.808629],[-82.467483,42.76191],[-82.510533,42.665172],[-82.518782,42.613888],[-82.589779,42.550678],[-82.640916,42.554973],[-82.686417,42.518597],[-82.664335,42.546244],[-82.688061,42.588417],[-82.713042,42.597904],[-82.683482,42.609433],[-82.690124,42.625033],[-82.669103,42.637225],[-82.645715,42.631145],[-82.630922,42.64211],[-82.630851,42.673341],[-82.700964,42.689548],[-82.813518,42.640833],[-82.819017,42.616333],[-82.789017,42.603434],[-82.782414,42.564834],[-82.834216,42.567849],[-82.874416,42.523535],[-82.883915,42.471836],[-82.870572,42.451235],[-82.894013,42.389437],[-82.915114,42.378137],[-82.92397,42.352068],[-83.064121,42.317738],[-83.096521,42.290138],[-83.128022,42.238839],[-83.133923,42.17474],[-83.121323,42.125742],[-83.133511,42.088143],[-83.188598,42.066431],[-83.187246,42.007573],[-83.248741,41.972735],[-83.269521,41.939042],[-83.315859,41.935893],[-83.341557,41.879956],[-83.366187,41.865505],[-83.379705,41.871729],[-83.436298,41.816471],[-83.443364,41.789118],[-83.42418,41.741042],[-83.880387,41.720089]]],[[[-88.116846,45.921703],[-88.189789,45.952208],[-88.239672,45.948982],[-88.249117,45.963663],[-88.326003,45.9553],[-88.380183,45.991654],[-88.414849,45.975483],[-88.458658,45.999391],[-88.492495,45.992157],[-88.509516,46.019169],[-88.589,46.005077],[-88.598093,46.017623],[-88.613063,45.990627],[-88.663697,45.989084],[-88.674606,46.010567],[-88.718397,46.013284],[-88.730675,46.026535],[-88.776187,46.015931],[-88.784411,46.032709],[-88.811948,46.021609],[-88.837991,46.030176],[-89.09163,46.138505],[-90.120489,46.336852],[-90.116844,46.355153],[-90.163422,46.434605],[-90.220532,46.503403],[-90.263018,46.502777],[-90.277131,46.524487],[-90.312581,46.517113],[-90.310329,46.536852],[-90.331887,46.553278],[-90.349462,46.53808],[-90.39332,46.532615],[-90.41562,46.563169],[-90.327626,46.607744],[-90.306609,46.602741],[-90.028392,46.67439],[-89.846962,46.796556],[-89.790663,46.818469],[-89.678469,46.832923],[-89.619329,46.81889],[-89.516895,46.841025],[-89.415154,46.843983],[-89.228362,46.912751],[-89.128698,46.992599],[-89.086742,46.985298],[-88.972802,47.002096],[-88.925586,47.040923],[-88.890708,47.099024],[-88.764351,47.155762],[-88.676624,47.216918],[-88.573997,47.245989],[-88.498756,47.295256],[-88.418841,47.371058],[-88.23944,47.429923],[-88.217822,47.448738],[-88.040291,47.475999],[-87.801184,47.473301],[-87.715942,47.439816],[-87.710471,47.4062],[-87.815371,47.38479],[-87.8567,47.395387],[-87.957058,47.38726],[-87.965598,47.368645],[-87.938787,47.346777],[-87.94336,47.335899],[-88.06009,47.295796],[-88.163059,47.216278],[-88.227552,47.199938],[-88.239895,47.139436],[-88.281652,47.138239],[-88.297547,47.098639],[-88.346501,47.079407],[-88.367624,47.019213],[-88.410157,46.978782],[-88.443901,46.972251],[-88.483748,46.831727],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.438427,46.786714],[-88.375577,46.857313],[-88.352145,46.857009],[-88.244437,46.929612],[-88.145561,46.966409],[-88.132957,46.962237],[-88.185964,46.920025],[-88.175197,46.90458],[-88.083937,46.920112],[-87.900695,46.909682],[-87.847037,46.884163],[-87.816794,46.891154],[-87.783216,46.879927],[-87.766243,46.861446],[-87.741857,46.865274],[-87.72588,46.827426],[-87.69459,46.827182],[-87.681561,46.842392],[-87.662261,46.815157],[-87.6333,46.812107],[-87.595307,46.78295],[-87.581674,46.729399],[-87.523308,46.688488],[-87.503238,46.647796],[-87.469023,46.635918],[-87.464108,46.614811],[-87.383961,46.59307],[-87.392974,46.572523],[-87.375613,46.54714],[-87.393985,46.533183],[-87.352448,46.501324],[-87.259116,46.488283],[-87.12744,46.494014],[-87.008724,46.532723],[-86.964534,46.516549],[-86.947077,46.472064],[-86.903742,46.466138],[-86.883919,46.441514],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.816026,46.437892],[-86.803557,46.466669],[-86.768516,46.479072],[-86.735929,46.475231],[-86.70323,46.439378],[-86.686412,46.454965],[-86.683819,46.498079],[-86.701929,46.511571],[-86.709325,46.543914],[-86.678182,46.561039],[-86.62738,46.53371],[-86.646393,46.485776],[-86.627441,46.47754],[-86.612173,46.493295],[-86.609039,46.470239],[-86.586168,46.463324],[-86.469306,46.551422],[-86.437167,46.54896],[-86.34989,46.578035],[-86.161681,46.669475],[-86.138295,46.672935],[-86.099843,46.654615],[-85.877908,46.690914],[-85.50951,46.675786],[-85.257999,46.753078],[-84.954009,46.771362],[-85.027513,46.697451],[-85.037056,46.600995],[-85.025491,46.546397],[-85.056133,46.52652],[-85.025598,46.483028],[-84.969464,46.47629],[-84.937145,46.489252],[-84.921931,46.469962],[-84.861448,46.46993],[-84.829491,46.444071],[-84.678423,46.487694],[-84.63102,46.484868],[-84.551496,46.418522],[-84.503719,46.43919],[-84.471848,46.434289],[-84.455527,46.453897],[-84.463322,46.467435],[-84.420274,46.501077],[-84.343599,46.507713],[-84.275814,46.492821],[-84.226131,46.53392],[-84.128925,46.530119],[-84.111225,46.504119],[-84.146172,46.41852],[-84.138906,46.372221],[-84.106247,46.321963],[-84.119629,46.315013],[-84.115563,46.268225],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.14595,46.224995],[-84.219494,46.231992],[-84.249164,46.206461],[-84.247687,46.17989],[-84.221001,46.163062],[-84.177298,46.183993],[-84.125022,46.180209],[-84.100126,46.15077],[-84.026536,46.131648],[-84.061329,46.113482],[-84.066257,46.087438],[-83.989526,46.032823],[-83.943933,46.031465],[-83.900535,45.998918],[-83.873147,45.993426],[-83.845399,46.025679],[-83.794055,45.995801],[-83.765277,46.018363],[-83.773785,46.051471],[-83.81252,46.073469],[-83.815826,46.108529],[-83.771821,46.090999],[-83.63498,46.103953],[-83.581315,46.089613],[-83.532913,46.011328],[-83.473946,45.988558],[-83.510623,45.929324],[-83.561838,45.912562],[-83.65766,45.945463],[-83.78611,45.933375],[-83.879616,45.966196],[-84.017565,45.959046],[-84.111174,45.978675],[-84.330346,45.956043],[-84.376429,45.931962],[-84.443086,45.977825],[-84.459956,45.970343],[-84.488536,45.98882],[-84.507201,45.991169],[-84.514071,45.971292],[-84.532392,45.969448],[-84.540995,46.019501],[-84.563891,46.032459],[-84.609063,46.026418],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.692735,46.027019],[-84.685254,45.973454],[-84.723039,45.967279],[-84.738849,45.945792],[-84.713614,45.920366],[-84.734002,45.907026],[-84.702122,45.853935],[-84.746985,45.835597],[-84.828996,45.871209],[-84.842147,45.898005],[-84.917288,45.930576],[-85.020951,46.012845],[-85.14516,46.050035],[-85.197523,46.044878],[-85.335466,46.092459],[-85.381263,46.082086],[-85.409463,46.100585],[-85.445835,46.086426],[-85.499422,46.09692],[-85.603785,46.030363],[-85.663966,45.967013],[-85.697203,45.960158],[-85.8092,45.979931],[-85.842404,45.965247],[-85.893196,45.967253],[-85.922737,45.948287],[-85.926017,45.932104],[-85.910264,45.922112],[-85.920581,45.920994],[-85.998868,45.950968],[-86.094753,45.966704],[-86.159415,45.953765],[-86.208255,45.962978],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.324232,45.90608],[-86.351658,45.798132],[-86.415971,45.793793],[-86.439661,45.760669],[-86.486028,45.746608],[-86.51457,45.752337],[-86.53328,45.710849],[-86.580936,45.71192],[-86.587528,45.666456],[-86.625132,45.663819],[-86.616893,45.606796],[-86.687208,45.634253],[-86.718191,45.67732],[-86.665677,45.702217],[-86.67148,45.72053],[-86.633138,45.747654],[-86.631018,45.782019],[-86.583391,45.778242],[-86.576858,45.801473],[-86.557215,45.808172],[-86.555186,45.831696],[-86.529208,45.853043],[-86.541464,45.890234],[-86.583304,45.898784],[-86.625736,45.868295],[-86.645998,45.833888],[-86.721113,45.845431],[-86.749638,45.867796],[-86.78208,45.860195],[-86.773279,45.811385],[-86.821523,45.770356],[-86.838746,45.722307],[-86.944158,45.695833],[-86.964275,45.672761],[-86.984588,45.705812],[-86.975224,45.75313],[-86.988438,45.810621],[-87.00508,45.831718],[-87.031435,45.837238],[-87.057439,45.812483],[-87.057444,45.736822],[-87.070442,45.718779],[-87.059953,45.708893],[-87.172241,45.661788],[-87.196852,45.636275],[-87.333407,45.446056],[-87.327749,45.425307],[-87.3925,45.369028],[-87.438908,45.293405],[-87.600796,45.146842],[-87.612019,45.123377],[-87.581969,45.097206],[-87.657135,45.107568],[-87.683902,45.144135],[-87.735135,45.171538],[-87.741805,45.197051],[-87.698248,45.281512],[-87.648126,45.339396],[-87.656624,45.367295],[-87.690281,45.389822],[-87.754104,45.349442],[-87.823028,45.35265],[-87.848368,45.340676],[-87.871204,45.360056],[-87.886949,45.35311],[-87.850969,45.401925],[-87.855298,45.441379],[-87.812976,45.464159],[-87.793447,45.498372],[-87.803364,45.537016],[-87.831689,45.568035],[-87.790874,45.564096],[-87.777671,45.609204],[-87.824676,45.653211],[-87.780808,45.680349],[-87.810144,45.71023],[-87.85548,45.726943],[-87.875813,45.753888],[-87.963452,45.75822],[-87.986429,45.769596],[-87.995876,45.795435],[-88.072091,45.780261],[-88.129461,45.809288],[-88.13611,45.819029],[-88.073134,45.871952],[-88.101814,45.883504],[-88.095354,45.913895],[-88.116846,45.921703]]],[[[-105.038405,45.000345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.500792,44.540062],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.101564,44.520847],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.422376,44.842595],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.735601,45.325265],[-113.734402,45.392353],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.783272,45.451839],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.804796,45.580358],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.180043,45.551432],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.36562,45.490416],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.44868,45.858891],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.468529,46.062484],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.710425,46.717704],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.787065,46.711255],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.410685,47.264228],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.734674,47.567401],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-116.030751,47.973349],[-116.048421,47.97682],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-104.048736,48.999877],[-104.040128,44.999987],[-105.038405,45.000345]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Michigan\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2be4b0531197b13d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kubitz, Jody A.","contributorId":175430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubitz","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, Chris G.","contributorId":48008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":719140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braselton, W. Emmett","contributorId":176143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Braselton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Emmett","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193464,"text":"70193464 - 1995 - Postembryonic growth and development of Hyalella azteca in laboratory cultures and contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:39:50","indexId":"70193464","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Postembryonic growth and development of Hyalella azteca in laboratory cultures and contaminated sediments","title":"Postembryonic growth and development of Hyalella azteca in laboratory cultures and contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"The environmental, biological, and ecological requirements of but a few species used in testing sediments are known and well understood. The present investigation was designed to provide fundamental information on the postembryonic growth and development of
The Workshop, entitled \"Continental Drilling for Paleoclimate Records\", was sponsored by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Project, a core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and by the GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany, in conjunction with the International Continental Drilling Programme (ICDP). The impetus for the meeting was the need for long continental paleoclimate records that will fill gaps left by the marine and ice-core records and provide information on time and spatial scales that are relevant to human activities. Further impetus came from a perceived need to balance the forecasts and reconstructions of climate models with information on actual behavior of the climate system on the continents. The meeting was organized by Steven M. Colman, Suzanne A.G. Leroy, and Jörg F.W. Negendank and was held at the GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany, June 30-July 2, 1995. Because the Workshop was primarily a working meeting, a relatively small number of participants were invited (Appendix 3). Leaders of the PAGES Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) transects and existing large-lake drilling programs, along with a mixture of technical experts, were the primary group of attendees.
","language":"English","publisher":"PAGES","usgsCitation":"1995, Continental drilling for paleoclimatic records: Recommendations from an international workshop, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff209be4b0da30c1bfd5b8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Colman, Steve M.","contributorId":49807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735786,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70189446,"text":"70189446 - 1995 - Geochemical processes controlling acid-drainage generation and cyanide degradation at Summitville","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T09:41:23","indexId":"70189446","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemical processes controlling acid-drainage generation and cyanide degradation at Summitville","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Summitville Forum '95","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English ","publisher":"Colorado State Univeristy","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Smith, K.S., Mosier, E.L., Ficklin, W.H., Montour, M.R., Briggs, P., and Meier, A.L., 1995, Geochemical processes controlling acid-drainage generation and cyanide degradation at Summitville, chap. of Summitville Forum '95, p. 23-34.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343769,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596886a5e4b0d1f9f05f5a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosier, Elwin L.","contributorId":70374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"Elwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ficklin, Walter H.","contributorId":52565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Montour, Maria R. 0000-0002-7834-9005 mmontour@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-9005","contributorId":5032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montour","given":"Maria","email":"mmontour@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Briggs, Paul","contributorId":59510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meier, Allen L.","contributorId":14384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70190571,"text":"70190571 - 1995 - Late Quaternary turbidite systems in Lake Baikal, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-07T14:50:09","indexId":"70190571","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Late Quaternary turbidite systems in Lake Baikal, Russia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atlas of deep water environments","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C., Karabanov, E., and Colman, S., 1995, Late Quaternary turbidite systems in Lake Baikal, Russia, chap. of Atlas of deep water environments, p. 29-33, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345557,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","state":"Siberia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 51.754240074033525\n ],\n [\n 103.6669921875,\n 51.549751017014195\n ],\n [\n 104.58984375,\n 51.33061163769853\n ],\n [\n 105.53466796874999,\n 51.508742458803326\n ],\n [\n 106.45751953125,\n 52.01193653675363\n ],\n [\n 106.58935546875,\n 52.24125614966341\n ],\n [\n 106.787109375,\n 52.119998657638156\n ],\n [\n 107.57812499999999,\n 52.36218321674427\n ],\n [\n 108.1494140625,\n 52.64306343665892\n ],\n [\n 109.09423828125,\n 53.08082737207479\n ],\n [\n 109.22607421875,\n 53.35710874569601\n ],\n [\n 109.53369140625,\n 53.63161060657857\n ],\n [\n 109.97314453125,\n 53.9560855309879\n ],\n [\n 109.951171875,\n 54.213861000644926\n ],\n [\n 109.92919921875,\n 54.457266680933856\n ],\n [\n 110.19287109375,\n 55.16631894125083\n ],\n [\n 110.21484375,\n 55.49130362820423\n ],\n [\n 110.1708984375,\n 55.727110085045986\n ],\n [\n 110.0390625,\n 55.99838095535963\n ],\n [\n 109.5556640625,\n 56.01066647040695\n ],\n [\n 109.1162109375,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n 108.87451171875,\n 55.4040698270061\n ],\n [\n 108.47900390625,\n 54.901882187385006\n ],\n [\n 108.34716796875,\n 54.559322587438636\n ],\n [\n 107.68798828125,\n 53.969012350740314\n ],\n [\n 107.314453125,\n 53.657661020298\n ],\n [\n 106.36962890624999,\n 53.028000167735165\n ],\n [\n 105.9521484375,\n 52.6030475337285\n ],\n [\n 105.31494140625,\n 52.24125614966341\n ],\n [\n 104.23828125,\n 51.890053935216926\n ],\n [\n 103.73291015625,\n 51.90361280788357\n ],\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 51.754240074033525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59b25b05e4b020cdf7db1ffb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Pickering, K.T.","contributorId":196273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pickering","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709848,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hiscott, R.N.","contributorId":96438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiscott","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709849,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucchi, F.R.","contributorId":102988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchi","given":"F.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709850,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, R.D.","contributorId":6529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709851,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C.H.","contributorId":88346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karabanov, E.B.","contributorId":37084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karabanov","given":"E.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, S.M.","contributorId":32851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":709847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198238,"text":"70198238 - 1995 - Sources of the Early Cretaceous plutons in the Turtle and West Riverside Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:07","indexId":"70198238","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of the Early Cretaceous plutons in the Turtle and West Riverside Mountains, California","docAbstract":"Ages and initial isotopic ratios of Early Cretaceous (˜100 Ma) plutons of the Cordilleran Interior in the southern Turtle and West Riverside mountains distinguish them from Late Cretaceous plutons in surrounding ranges in the eastern Mojave Desert. Furthermore, the studied plutons have isotopic and geochemical characteristics more similar to plutons of Cretaceous age in the coastal batholiths (Peninsular Ranges and Sierra Nevada) than to most Mesozoic plutons in the Cordilleran Interior. The studied plutons are calcic, in contrast to the mostly cak-alkaline Mesozoic plutons of the eastern Mojave Desert. Distinctive isotopic signatures of the granitoids include lower initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0⋅705–0⋅710, δ18O of +6⋅3 to +7⋅7‰, 208Pb/204Pb of 38⋅3–39⋅5, and higher εNd of −3⋅86 to −9⋅60 than the Late Cretaceous plutons in the region. The distinctive characteristics of these Early Cretaceous plutons are probably both location and time specific and result from: (1) emplacement in a cold, untapped ‘Mojave-type’ Proterozoic upper crust, (2) a significant component of basaltic magmas partially melted from the asthenosphere or subcontinental lithosphere and (3) a magmatic component derived from Proterozoic, mafic, lower crust. They interacted less with their crustal hosts than did the later, more voluminous Late Cretaceous plutons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.petrology.a037270","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.M., Wooden, J.L., Howard, K.A., Foster, D., and Tosdal, R., 1995, Sources of the Early Cretaceous plutons in the Turtle and West Riverside Mountains, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1675-1700, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.petrology.a037270.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1675","endPage":"1700","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e11e4b034bf6a810d57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, C. M.","contributorId":81181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.A.","contributorId":82865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198237,"text":"70198237 - 1995 - The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:21","indexId":"70198237","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","docAbstract":"Alcedo volcano is one of six shield volcanoes on Isabela Island in the western Galápagos Islands. Although Alcedo is dominantiy basaltic, it is unusual in that it also has erupted ∼1 km3 of rhyolite. The rhyolitic phase marked a 10-fold decrease in the mass-eruption rate of the volcano, and the volcano has returned to erupting basalt. The basalts are tholeiitic and range from strongly to sparsely porphyritic. Olivine and plagiodase are the liquidus phases in the most primitive basalts. The MgO and Ni concentrations in the most primitive basalts indicate that they have undergone substantial differentiation since extraction from the mantle. The rhyolites contain the assemblage oligoclase-augite-titanomagnetite-fayalite-apatite and sparse xenoliths of quenched basalt and cumulate gabbros. Intermediate rocks are very rare, but some are apparently basaltrhyolite hybrids, and others resulted from differentiation of tholeiitic magma. Several modeling approaches and Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotopic data indicate that the rhyolites resulted from ∼ 90% fractionation (by weight) of plagiodase, augite, titanomagnetite, olivine, and apatite from the most primitive olivine tholeiite. The data are inconsistent with the rhyolites originating by crustal anatexis. The extreme Daly gap may be caused by the large increase in viscosity as the basaltic magma differentiates to intermediate and siliceous compositions; highly evolved magmas are eruptible only after they become saturated with volatiles by second boiling. The close association of the hybrid intermediate magmas and magmatic inclusions with the climactic plinian eruption indicates mixing between mafic and silicic magmas immediately before eruption. Rhyolite production was favored by the decrease in supply of basaltic magma as Alcedo was carried away from the focus of the Galápagos hotspot. A three-stage model for the magmatic evolution of a Galápagos volcano is proposed. In the first stage, the supply of basaltic magma is large. Basaltic magma continually intrudes the subcaldera magma chamber, buffering the magmas' compositional and thermal evolution. As the volcano is carried away from the basaltic source, the magma chamber is allowed to cool and differentiate, as exemplified by Alcedo's rhyolitic phase. Finally, the volcano receives even smaller influx of basalt, so a large magma chamber cannot be sustained, and the volcano shifts to isolated basaltic eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.4.965","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Howard, K.A., and Larson, P., 1995, The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 965-982, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.965.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galapagos Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n -2.921097018708451\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n -2.921097018708451\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n 1.7794990011582255\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 1.7794990011582255\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n -2.921097018708451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e12e4b034bf6a810d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Dennis","contributorId":194545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geist","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Peter","contributorId":57265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175779,"text":"70175779 - 1995 - Estimates of self-supplied commercial ground-water use in rural east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:51:51","indexId":"70175779","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-29T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5184,"text":"Minnesota Ground Water Association Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of self-supplied commercial ground-water use in rural east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Trotta, L.C., 1995, Estimates of self-supplied commercial ground-water use in rural east-central Minnesota: Minnesota Ground Water Association Newsletter, v. 13, no. 4.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82db5e4b03fd6b7da36a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trotta, L. C.","contributorId":63410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trotta","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":646339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202106,"text":"70202106 - 1995 - Compositional variations on the Moon: Recalibration of Galileo solid‐state imaging data for the Orientale region and farside","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T10:53:20","indexId":"70202106","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-25T10:51:44","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional variations on the Moon: Recalibration of Galileo solid‐state imaging data for the Orientale region and farside","docAbstract":"Updated radiometric calibration and systematic processing procedures for Galileo solid‐state imaging (SSI) data from the first (1990) Earth‐Moon encounter are presented. These procedures were applied to a whole‐disk imaging sequence of the Moon centered near Mare Orientale, called Lunmap 14 (L14). Processing of L14 data included radiometric calibration, subpixel coregistration, scattered light removal, geometric control and reprojection, photometric normalization, and calibration to Earth‐based spectra. Coregistration and scattered‐light removal procedures are improvements over the initial calibration of the SSI mosaics. The effects of scattered light correction are best seen using a whole‐Moon view such as L14; resolution of the debated amounts of light scattering from within or outside the camera field of view is not necessary. Scattered light removal particularly affects the 1‐μm spectral region and has implications for interpretation of mafic mineral signatures in mare deposits of the lunar limb and farside. Recalibrated spectra indicate that mare ponds of the limb show moderately deep 1‐μm absorptions, and thus mafic mineral contents, comparable to those of other nearside basalts. Mafic mineral contents of Schiller‐Shickard cryptomaria are higher than previously thought and are similar to some low‐Ti nearside basalts. Many of the recalibrated spectra from South Pole/Aitken are similar to those of Schiller‐Schickard cryptomaria, suggesting that many of these soils represent a mixed mare/highland lithology. The hypothesis that there is an olivine enrichment in southern South Pole/Aitken basin is not supported strongly by spectra shown here.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Unin","doi":"10.1029/95JE03102","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., McEwen, A.S., and Becker, T.L., 1995, Compositional variations on the Moon: Recalibration of Galileo solid‐state imaging data for the Orientale region and farside: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 100, no. E12, p. 26345-26355, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JE03102.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"26345","endPage":"26355","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"100","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":756905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, Tammy L. tbecker@usgs.gov","contributorId":4388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Tammy","email":"tbecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207568,"text":"70207568 - 1995 - Uraniferous waters of the Arkansas River valley, Colorado, U.S.A.: A function of geology and land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T14:31:44.39496","indexId":"70207568","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-24T12:32:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uraniferous waters of the Arkansas River valley, Colorado, U.S.A.: A function of geology and land use","docAbstract":"The effect of local geology and land-use practices on dissolved U was investigated by analysis of surface water and some springs in the Arkansas River valley of southeastern Colorado. Water samples were collected during a 2 week period in April, 1991. The rate of increase of U concentration with distance downriver increased markedly as the river flowed from predominantly undeveloped lands underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks to agriculturally developed lands underlain by marine shale and limestone. An additional abrupt increase in dissolved U was observed along the section of river where discharge is often greatly reduced because of extensive diversions for irrigation and where remaining flow is largely composed of irrigation return water. Dissolved U in this last section of river and in most of its tributaries exceeded the proposed U.S. drinking water standard of 20 μ/L In water samples collected from agricultural areas dissolved U showed strong positive correlation with major dissolved constituents Na, Ca, Mg, and SO4 that increase as a result of sulfate mineral dissolution and clay mineral ion-exchange reactions in weathered shale bedrock and shaley soils. Highly soluble minor and trace elements Cl, Li, B, Sr, and Se that are not subject to strong sorptive uptake or precipitation in this setting also correlated positively with U. These combined observations indicate that natural leaching of U-bearing shale bedrock and derivative soils, additional leaching of rock and soil by irrigation water, and evaporative concentration in a semi-arid climate can produce concentrations of dissolved U in surface water and shallow ground water that may threaten nearby drinking water supplies. Other agriculturally developed areas of the semi-arid Western U.S. with similar geology are likely to contain high concentrations of U in irrigation drain water.
Current measurements from a vector-averaging current meter (VACM) on a subsurface mooring and a benthic acoustic stress sensor (BASS) on a bottom tripod are compared to assess their relative accuracy. The instruments were deployed off northern California at a midshelf site (water depth approximately 90 m) as part of the STRESS (Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes) field program. The subsurface mooring and bottom tripod were within a few hundred meters of each other, with the BASS 5.0 m and the VACM 6.7 m above the bottom, during two tripod deployments of 49 and 32 days in the winter of 1988/89. Speed differences between the VACM and BASS current observations have a mean of 0.2 cm s−1 and a standard deviation of 1.2 cm s−1. If the mean speed profile is logarithmic, the expected mean speed difference due to the vertical separation is about 0.4 cm s−1. The average speed difference between the VACM and BASS increases as near-bottom wave orbital velocities get large relative to hourly averaged currents, consistent with laboratory studies of VACMs in oscillating flows. Direction differences have a mean of 1° and standard deviations of about 5° for speeds greater than 10 cm s−1. The relative accuracy of the corresponding velocity measurements is ±2 cm s−1 (mean differences less than 0.6 cm s−1 and standard deviations of about 1 cm s−1).
\n\n
The equations used to convert VACM rotor rotation rates to current speed we based on a calibration study by Woodward and Appell rather than one based on a study by Cherriman that is routinely used at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The former yields closer agreement between the BASS and VACM speed measurements during STRESS (mean speed difference 0.2 cm s−1 versus 1.4 cm s−1).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1328:COBAVC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lentz, S.J., Butman, B., and Williams, A., 1995, Comparison of BASS and VACM current measurements during STRESS: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 12, no. 6, p. 1328-1337, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1328:COBAVC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1328:cobavc>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c75f8e4b0f4a3478a60fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lentz, Steven J.","contributorId":41687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lentz","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, A. J. III","contributorId":58029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"A. J.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174184,"text":"70174184 - 1995 - Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) foraging behavior under temporally varying food conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-28T17:01:09","indexId":"70174184","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1337,"text":"Copeia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) foraging behavior under temporally varying food conditions","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists","doi":"10.2307/1447037","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M.L., and Crowder, L.B., 1995, Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) foraging behavior under temporally varying food conditions: Copeia, v. 4, p. 891-899, https://doi.org/10.2307/1447037.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"891","endPage":"899","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fade4b07657d1a90ca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":641178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowder, Larry B.","contributorId":68024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185379,"text":"70185379 - 1995 - Assimilation of trace elements ingested by the mussel Mytilus edulis: Effects of algal food abundance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:34:49","indexId":"70185379","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assimilation of trace elements ingested by the mussel Mytilus edulis: Effects of algal food abundance","docAbstract":"Pulse-chase feeding and multi-labeled radiotracer techniques were employed to measure the assimilation of 6 trace elements (110mAg, 241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 75Se and 65Zn) from ingested diatoms in the mussel Mytilus edulis feeding at different rates (0.1, 0.49 and 1.5 mg dry wt h-1). Uniformly radiolabeled diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana were fed to mussels for 0.5 h, and the behavior of the radiotracers in individual mussels was followed for 96 h in a depuration seawater system. Assimilation efficiency (AE) of each element declined with increasing ingestion rate and increased with gut passage time. The importance of extracellular digestion relative to intracellular digestion increased with ingestion activity, which, when coupled with a decline in AE, suggested that extracellular digestion is less efficient in metal absorption. Zn assimilation was most affected by ingestion rate, suggesting that AE may play a role in the physiological regulation of this metal in M. edulis. In an experiment to simulate the effects of an acidic gut, lowered pH (5.5) enhanced the release of elements from intact diatom cells, especially at low particle concentration. These results indicate that both feeding components of the mussel (i.e. gut passage time, digestive partitioning) and metal chemistry (i.e. metal release at lowered pH within the bivalve gut) are responsible for the difference in the assimilation of trace metals at different food quantities observed in mussels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps129165","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Fisher, N., and Luoma, S., 1995, Assimilation of trace elements ingested by the mussel Mytilus edulis: Effects of algal food abundance: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 129, p. 165-176, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps129165.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"165","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps129165","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b92e4b0236b68f82904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.-X.","contributorId":90477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.-X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, N.S.","contributorId":67668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70246539,"text":"70246539 - 1995 - Improved stability of a deeply anchored geodetic monument for deformation monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-07T15:25:21.761362","indexId":"70246539","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-12T10:05:16","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved stability of a deeply anchored geodetic monument for deformation monitoring","docAbstract":"A test of two different monument designs used in geodetic networks shows that monuments installed to depths of 5 to 10 meters, and laterally braced, exhibit less environmentally caused displacement than those installed to 2 meters depth. At Parkfield, California, we have been monitoring the lengths of 17 baselines over the past decade with a 2 to 3 day interval between measurements using a two-color geodimeter with a nominal precision of 0.5 mm over 5 km long baselines. Significant variations are observed on many of these baselines which appear to be related to the seasonally occurring rainfall, with the larger variations approaching 10 mm over the past decade. To test whether we could improve upon the measurements on some of the more susceptible lines, at two sites we installed new monuments within about 30 meters of the original monuments. After 1.5 years of measurements it is evident that the new monuments significantly attenuate the seasonal displacements to less than 1 mm. The use of deeply anchored monuments should improve the ability of fault-scale geodetic monitoring arrays to detect small tectonic displacements.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL03325","usgsCitation":"Langbein, J.O., Wyatt, F., Johnson, H.O., Hamann, D., and Zimmer, P., 1995, Improved stability of a deeply anchored geodetic monument for deformation monitoring: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 24, p. 3533-3536, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL03325.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3533","endPage":"3536","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418762,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.68301330423597,\n 36.20081518770637\n ],\n [\n -120.68301330423597,\n 35.9471471000429\n ],\n [\n -120.26363801169393,\n 35.9471471000429\n ],\n [\n -120.26363801169393,\n 36.20081518770637\n ],\n [\n -120.68301330423597,\n 36.20081518770637\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, John O. 0000-0002-7821-8101 langbein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-8101","contributorId":3293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"John","email":"langbein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyatt, Frank","contributorId":316219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wyatt","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Hadley O.","contributorId":190694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Hadley","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamann, Duane","contributorId":316220,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamann","given":"Duane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zimmer, Paul","contributorId":316221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70248330,"text":"70248330 - 1995 - Beyond the petroleum system: GEOHORIZONS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T17:34:28.38832","indexId":"70248330","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-11T12:16:23","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beyond the petroleum system: GEOHORIZONS","docAbstract":"The first joint AAPG/AMGP (Association of Mexican Petroleum Geologists) Hedberg Conference on “Geologic Aspects of Petroleum Systems” was held October 2–6, 1994, in Mexico City, Mexico. This research conference attracted nearly 150 geoscientists from 15 countries; 41 papers and 27 posters were presented. The opposite response occurred when the petroleum-system concept was presented more than 20 yr ago; it was largely overlooked. In the past decade, however, interest in this concept as an exploration tool has been growing rapidly. The research conference addressed the concept itself, its elements and processes, the tools and methods used to identify a petroleum system, and many case studies. We summarize responses by the participants to the following three questions. First, what is gained from using the petroleum-system concept? Second, in what new directions will the petroleum-system concept take us in the future? Third, has anything new come out of this research conference?
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/7834DEE0-1721-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Sanchez, R.M., 1995, Beyond the petroleum system: GEOHORIZONS: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, no. 12, p. 1731-1736, https://doi.org/10.1306/7834DEE0-1721-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1731","endPage":"1736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, Leslie B. lmagoon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"Leslie","email":"lmagoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":882545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanchez, R. M. O.","contributorId":329531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sanchez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244154,"text":"70244154 - 1995 - Alteration of basalt hyaloclastite at the off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T17:56:08.476547","indexId":"70244154","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-05T12:46:26","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alteration of basalt hyaloclastite at the off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"The Sea Cliff hydrothermal field on the northern segment of the Gorda Ridge is situated along a rift-bounding normal fault about 2.6 km east of the neovolcanic zone and approximately 300 m above the spreading axis. The structural setting of this hydrothermal field differs from that of most other active seafloor hydrothermal sites investigated to date, which are typically situated in the neovolcanic zone. Mineralization occurs in basaltic talus covering a large normal-fault scarp. Hydrothermal crusts cover much of the seafloor in the area of the active hydrothermal field. These crusts form by extensive alteration of basaltic hyaloclastite in a zone of mixing between ascending hydrothermal fluid and entrained seawater. The initial stage of alteration is magnesian metasomatism of both crystalline basalt and basaltic glass, converting the rock to Mg-rich smectite and smectite/chlorite. Further alteration removes nearly all cations and ultimately leads to silicification. Preservation of basaltic texture in the silicified rocks provides evidence that even such sparingly soluble elements as A1 and Ti have been removed. Oxygen-isotopic ratios of the altered rocks constrain initial alteration to temperatures near 220°C, close to the maximum measured vent temperatures of 247°C. Silicification proceeded to much lower temperatures, and most amorphous silica deposition occurred at temperatures below 100°C. Sulfur-, strontium-, and lead-isotopic data all indicate a predominantly basaltic source, with important contributions from seawater but no significant contribution from sedimentary sources. Comparison with ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits shows that the structural setting, alteration sequence, and depositional environment are all similar and suggests that mineralization and replacement of basaltic breccia in the Sea Cliff hydrothermal field likely occur in the subsurface beneath a capping layer of silicified hyaloclastite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00111-2","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R., Schiffmant, P., Jonasson, I., Tosdal, R., Pickthorn, W., and McClain, J., 1995, Alteration of basalt hyaloclastite at the off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge: Chemical Geology, v. 126, no. 2, p. 77-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00111-2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Gorda Ridge, Pacific Ocean, Sea Cliff Hydrothermal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.1611198637123,\n 44.10601529470716\n ],\n [\n -129.1611198637123,\n 41.95996085229007\n ],\n [\n -125.9208608753616,\n 41.95996085229007\n ],\n [\n -125.9208608753616,\n 44.10601529470716\n ],\n [\n -129.1611198637123,\n 44.10601529470716\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, R.A.","contributorId":8998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jonasson, I.","contributorId":25349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jonasson","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pickthorn, W.","contributorId":85836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McClain, J.","contributorId":306072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClain","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207071,"text":"70207071 - 1995 - Strain accumulation across the central Nevada seismic zone, 1973–1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:06:29.539697","indexId":"70207071","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-05T11:08:36","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the central Nevada seismic zone, 1973–1994","docAbstract":"Five trilateration networks extending for 280 km along the central Nevada seismic zone (1915 Pleasant Valley, M = 7.3; 1954 Dixie Valley, M = 6.8; 1954 Stillwater, M = 6.8; 1954 Rainbow Mountain, M = 6.6; 1954 Fairview Peak, M = 7.1; and 1932 Cedar Mountain, M = 7.2) have been surveyed 6 times since 1973 to determine deformation along the zone. Within the precision of measurement the deformation appears uniform along the zone and is described by the principal strain rates 0.036±0.008 μstrain/yr N60°W±3° and −0.031±0.008 μstrain/yr N30°E±3°, extension reckoned positive. The observed strain rates are consistent with simple, right‐lateral, tensor shear at the rate of 0.033 μstrain/yr across a shear zone striking N15°W. This central Nevada shear zone appears to be the northward continuation of the eastern California shear zone. The orientation of the strike‐slip and normal‐slip ruptures within the central Nevada seismic zone are consistent with principal stress axes parallel to the measured principal strain rate axes. Space‐based geodetic measurements (very long baseline interferometry) indicate that the relative motion accommodated across the Basin and Range province west of Ely, Nevada, is about 9.1±1.5 mm/yr N16°W±8° (Dixon et al., 1995.) Notice that the right‐lateral shear zone postulated to explain deformation in the central Nevada seismic zone is properly oriented to accommodate that relative motion. However, a 135‐km effective width of the shear zone would be required to accommodate all of the 9.1 mm/yr relative motion at the strain rates observed in the Nevada seismic zone; only about 3 mm/yr of that relative motion is accommodated within the span of the trilateration networks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB01872","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., and Gross, W., 1995, Strain accumulation across the central Nevada seismic zone, 1973–1994: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B10, p. 20257-20269, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01872.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"20257","endPage":"20269","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Central Nevada seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -117.66357421875,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -117.66357421875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 36.96744946416934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, W.K.","contributorId":12624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207053,"text":"70207053 - 1995 - Changes in long‐term extension rates associated with the Morgan Hill and Loma Prieta earthquakes in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:02:20.52008","indexId":"70207053","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T15:05:47","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in long‐term extension rates associated with the Morgan Hill and Loma Prieta earthquakes in California","docAbstract":"Frequent measurements since mid‐1981 of the distances from a geodetic monument located about 100 km south‐southeast of San Francisco to three monuments 30 to 40 km distant provide an unusually complete record of the deformation before and after two nearby earthquakes, the 1984 Morgan Hill (ML = 6.2) and 1989 Loma Prieta (Ms = 7.1) earthquakes. Except possibly for the first few months postseismic, the extension rates indicated by these measurements appear to be steady over the four or five years both preceding and following those earthquakes. However, the preseismic and postseismic rates differ significantly for at least one of the baselines measured for each earthquake. The data over the four to five year postseismic records available are not adequate to demonstrate whether the postseismic rates are relaxing back to the preseismic rates.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL00084","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., 1995, Changes in long‐term extension rates associated with the Morgan Hill and Loma Prieta earthquakes in California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 7, p. 759-762, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00084.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"759","endPage":"762","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta monitor array","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.574462890625,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -121.7010498046875,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -121.7010498046875,\n 37.81846319511331\n ],\n [\n -122.574462890625,\n 37.81846319511331\n ],\n [\n -122.574462890625,\n 36.474306755095235\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207051,"text":"70207051 - 1995 - Strain accumulation in Owens Valley, California, 1974 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:09:22.591839","indexId":"70207051","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T14:59:40","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in Owens Valley, California, 1974 to 1988","docAbstract":"Strain accumulation observed over the 1974 to 1988 interval in a 25 by 100 km aperture trilateration network spanning Owens Valley is adequately described by a strain rate that is uniform in space and time. The tensor strain-rate components referred to a coordinate system with the 2 axis directed N18°W (parallel to the trend of the valley) and the 1 axis N72°E are ∈˙11′ = 0.042 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr, ∈˙12′ = -0.058 ± 0.007 μstrain/yr, and ∈˙22′ = 0.002 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr; quoted uncertainties are standard deviations and extension is reckoned positive. Across the 25-km breadth of the network, this amounts to 1.0 ± 0.3 mm/yr extension normal to the axis of the valley, 2.9 ± 0.4 mm/yr right-lateral shear across the axis, and no extension parallel to the axis. If the measured strain accumulation is attributed to slip on the deeper section of the Owens Valley fault with the uppermost 10 km of the fault locked, the observed right-lateral deformation would imply about 7 mm/yr right-lateral slip on the buried fault, much greater than the geologic estimate of 2 ± 0.5 mm/yr right-lateral secular slip (Beanland and Clark, 1994). Nor is the observed uplift profile across the valley consistent with continuing normal slip on just the deep segment of the Owens Valley fault; normal slip at depth on the Sierra frontal fault also seems to be required. The observed deformation across Owens Valley apparently implies processes more complicated than those represented by the conventional model of strain accumulation along a throughgoing fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0850010151","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., 1995, Strain accumulation in Owens Valley, California, 1974 to 1988: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 85, no. 1, p. 151-158, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0850010151.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley trilateration","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.76220703125001,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 35.29943548054545\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -118.76220703125001,\n 37.50972584293751\n ],\n [\n -118.76220703125001,\n 35.29943548054545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207049,"text":"70207049 - 1995 - Interseismic uplift at the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, 1951–1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T12:42:48.604526","indexId":"70207049","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T14:01:25","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interseismic uplift at the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, 1951–1990","docAbstract":"Uplift as a function of time from 1951 through 1990 has been deduced from annual mean sea level measured at 15 tide gages along the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan. The recurrence interval for rupture of the Nankai subduction zone is about 100 years, and the most recent rupture was in late 1946. Thus the 1951–1990 uplift record covers most of the first half of the earthquake cycle. The precision of the uplift record is better than could be obtained currently by annual Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. The pre‐1960 uplift record shows rapid deformation that appears to terminate in 1959. After 1959 the uplift record is remarkably linear in time: Significant curvature in the uplift‐versus‐time plots is detected at only three of the 15 tide gages. The inferred uplift rates are not quantitatively consistent with the predictions of either the viscoelastic coupling or elastic half‐space models of subduction, but the agreement is sufficient to suggest that the causative physical mechanisms have been identified. The immediate postseismic response is controlled by the propagation of slip downward along the downdip extension of the coseismic rupture, and the interseismic response is caused by the accumulation of a slip deficit on the main thrust zone. Asthenosphere relaxation is not required to explain the observations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00242","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1995, Interseismic uplift at the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, 1951–1990: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B4, p. 6339-6350, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00242.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6339","endPage":"6350","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[134.63843,34.14923],[134.76638,33.80633],[134.20342,33.20118],[133.79295,33.52199],[133.28027,33.28957],[133.01486,32.70457],[132.36311,32.98938],[132.37118,33.46364],[132.92437,34.0603],[133.49297,33.94462],[133.90411,34.36493],[134.63843,34.14923]]],[[[140.97639,37.14207],[140.59977,36.34398],[140.77407,35.84288],[140.25328,35.13811],[138.97553,34.6676],[137.2176,34.60629],[135.79298,33.46481],[135.12098,33.84907],[135.07943,34.59654],[133.34032,34.37594],[132.15677,33.90493],[130.98614,33.88576],[132.00004,33.14999],[131.33279,31.45035],[130.68632,31.02958],[130.20242,31.41824],[130.44768,32.31947],[129.81469,32.61031],[129.40846,33.29606],[130.35394,33.60415],[130.87845,34.23274],[131.88423,34.74971],[132.61767,35.43339],[134.6083,35.73162],[135.67754,35.52713],[136.72383,37.30498],[137.39061,36.82739],[138.8576,37.82748],[139.4264,38.21596],[140.05479,39.43881],[139.88338,40.56331],[140.30578,41.19501],[141.36897,41.37856],[141.91426,39.99162],[141.8846,39.18086],[140.95949,38.174],[140.97639,37.14207]]],[[[143.91016,44.1741],[144.61343,43.96088],[145.32083,44.38473],[145.54314,43.26209],[144.05966,42.98836],[143.18385,41.99521],[141.61149,42.67879],[141.06729,41.58459],[139.95511,41.56956],[139.81754,42.56376],[140.31209,43.33327],[141.38055,43.38882],[141.67195,44.77213],[141.96764,45.55148],[143.14287,44.51036],[143.91016,44.1741]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Japan\"}}]}","volume":"100","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170259,"text":"70170259 - 1995 - Water-level declines from 1980-90 in major aquifers in the Twin Cities area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T15:48:02","indexId":"70170259","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T16:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water-level declines from 1980-90 in major aquifers in the Twin Cities area","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water management in urban areas, Houston, Texas Nov. 5-10, 1995, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Water management in urban areas","conferenceDate":"Nov. 5-10, 1995","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","usgsCitation":"Andrews, W., Trotta, L.C., and Schoenberg, M., 1995, Water-level declines from 1980-90 in major aquifers in the Twin Cities area, in Water management in urban areas, Houston, Texas Nov. 5-10, 1995, Proceedings, Houston, TX, Nov. 5-10, 1995, p. 63-72.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.204691,46.704041],[-92.205192,46.698341],[-92.183091,46.695241],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.204092,46.666941],[-92.201592,46.656641],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.242493,46.649241],[-92.256592,46.658741],[-92.270592,46.650741],[-92.274392,46.657441],[-92.286192,46.660342],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.291292,46.668142],[-92.292192,46.663308],[-92.294033,46.074377],[-92.332912,46.062697],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.372717,46.014198],[-92.410649,46.027259],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.442259,46.016177],[-92.453373,45.992913],[-92.464512,45.985038],[-92.461138,45.980216],[-92.469354,45.973811],[-92.527052,45.983245],[-92.548459,45.969056],[-92.551186,45.95224],[-92.60246,45.940815],[-92.614314,45.934529],[-92.638824,45.934166],[-92.638474,45.925971],[-92.659549,45.922937],[-92.676167,45.912072],[-92.675737,45.907478],[-92.707702,45.894901],[-92.734039,45.868108],[-92.739278,45.84758],[-92.765146,45.830183],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.776496,45.790014],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.809837,45.744172],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.870025,45.697272],[-92.875488,45.689014],[-92.887929,45.639006],[-92.882529,45.610216],[-92.886442,45.598679],[-92.883749,45.575483],[-92.871082,45.567581],[-92.823309,45.560934],[-92.770223,45.566939],[-92.726082,45.541112],[-92.726677,45.514462],[-92.702224,45.493046],[-92.680234,45.464344],[-92.653549,45.455346],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.664102,45.393309],[-92.676961,45.380137],[-92.678223,45.373604],[-92.70272,45.358472],[-92.698967,45.336374],[-92.709968,45.321302],[-92.737122,45.300459],[-92.761013,45.289028],[-92.760615,45.278827],[-92.751659,45.26591],[-92.760249,45.2496],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.763908,45.204866],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.764872,45.182812],[-92.752404,45.173916],[-92.757707,45.155466],[-92.739584,45.115598],[-92.744938,45.108309],[-92.791528,45.079647],[-92.803079,45.060978],[-92.793282,45.047178],[-92.770362,45.033803],[-92.76206,45.02432],[-92.771231,45.001378],[-92.769445,44.97215],[-92.754603,44.955767],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.758701,44.908979],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.773946,44.889997],[-92.764133,44.875905],[-92.769102,44.862167],[-92.765278,44.837186],[-92.78043,44.812589],[-92.785206,44.792303],[-92.805287,44.768361],[-92.807988,44.75147],[-92.787906,44.737432],[-92.737259,44.717155],[-92.700948,44.693751],[-92.660988,44.660884],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.619779,44.634195],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.601516,44.612052],[-92.586216,44.600088],[-92.569434,44.603539],[-92.549777,44.58113],[-92.549957,44.568988],[-92.540551,44.567258],[-92.518358,44.575183],[-92.493808,44.566063],[-92.481001,44.568276],[-92.455105,44.561886],[-92.433256,44.5655],[-92.399281,44.558292],[-92.361518,44.558935],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.314071,44.538014],[-92.302466,44.516487],[-92.302215,44.500298],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.195378,44.433792],[-92.124513,44.422115],[-92.111085,44.413948],[-92.078605,44.404869],[-92.056486,44.402729],[-92.038147,44.388731],[-91.970266,44.365842],[-91.941311,44.340978],[-91.92559,44.333548],[-91.918625,44.322671],[-91.913534,44.311392],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.896388,44.27469],[-91.896008,44.262871],[-91.88704,44.251772],[-91.892698,44.231105],[-91.877429,44.212921],[-91.872369,44.199167],[-91.829167,44.17835],[-91.808064,44.159262],[-91.751747,44.134786],[-91.721552,44.130342],[-91.710597,44.12048],[-91.708207,44.105186],[-91.69531,44.09857],[-91.68153,44.0974],[-91.667006,44.086964],[-91.647873,44.064109],[-91.638115,44.063285],[-91.610487,44.04931],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.507121,44.01898],[-91.48087,44.008145],[-91.463515,44.009041],[-91.432522,43.996827],[-91.407395,43.965148],[-91.385785,43.954239],[-91.366642,43.937463],[-91.357426,43.917231],[-91.347741,43.911964],[-91.338141,43.897664],[-91.320605,43.888491],[-91.310991,43.867381],[-91.284138,43.847065],[-91.262436,43.792166],[-91.244135,43.774667],[-91.255431,43.744876],[-91.255932,43.729849],[-91.268455,43.709824],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.271749,43.654929],[-91.262397,43.64176],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.232707,43.583533],[-91.232812,43.564842],[-91.243214,43.550722],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.232941,43.523967],[-91.218292,43.514434],[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.453067,45.298115],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.562142,45.38609],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.680454,45.410499],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.731396,45.45702],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.844211,45.639583],[-96.835769,45.649648],[-96.760866,45.687518],[-96.745086,45.701576],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.641941,45.759871],[-96.627778,45.786239],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.574517,45.843098],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.57035,45.963595],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.559271,46.058272],[-96.554507,46.083978],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.56692,46.11475],[-96.563043,46.119512],[-96.571439,46.12572],[-96.56926,46.133686],[-96.579453,46.147601],[-96.577952,46.165843],[-96.587408,46.178164],[-96.584372,46.204155],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.598645,46.241626],[-96.590942,46.250183],[-96.59887,46.26069],[-96.595014,46.275135],[-96.60136,46.30413],[-96.599761,46.330386],[-96.619991,46.340135],[-96.618147,46.344295],[-96.629211,46.352654],[-96.644335,46.351908],[-96.646341,46.360982],[-96.655206,46.365964],[-96.658436,46.373391],[-96.666028,46.374566],[-96.669132,46.390037],[-96.680687,46.407383],[-96.688082,46.40788],[-96.701358,46.420584],[-96.703078,46.429467],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.715557,46.463232],[-96.73627,46.48138],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.733612,46.497224],[-96.737702,46.50077],[-96.738475,46.525793],[-96.744341,46.533006],[-96.743003,46.54294],[-96.74883,46.558127],[-96.744436,46.56596],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.772446,46.600129],[-96.774094,46.613288],[-96.78995,46.631531],[-96.790663,46.649112],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.792958,46.677427],[-96.784339,46.685054],[-96.790906,46.70297],[-96.779252,46.727429],[-96.784279,46.732993],[-96.781216,46.740944],[-96.787466,46.756753],[-96.784314,46.766973],[-96.796195,46.789881],[-96.795756,46.807795],[-96.801446,46.810401],[-96.80016,46.819664],[-96.787657,46.827817],[-96.789663,46.832306],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.768458,46.879563],[-96.767358,46.883663],[-96.773558,46.884763],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.761757,46.934663],[-96.78312,46.925482],[-96.79038,46.929398],[-96.791558,46.944464],[-96.797734,46.9464],[-96.798737,46.962399],[-96.821852,46.969372],[-96.82318,46.999965],[-96.834221,47.006671],[-96.829499,47.021537],[-96.818557,47.02778],[-96.821422,47.032842],[-96.819321,47.0529],[-96.824479,47.059682],[-96.818175,47.104193],[-96.827344,47.120144],[-96.824807,47.124968],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.822377,47.162744],[-96.829637,47.17497],[-96.826962,47.182802],[-96.838806,47.197894],[-96.832789,47.203911],[-96.838806,47.22502],[-96.832946,47.237588],[-96.83766,47.240876],[-96.835368,47.250428],[-96.841672,47.258164],[-96.838997,47.267716],[-96.842531,47.269531],[-96.844088,47.289981],[-96.832884,47.30449],[-96.841958,47.316907],[-96.835845,47.321014],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.848907,47.370565],[-96.852676,47.374973],[-96.846925,47.376891],[-96.840621,47.389881],[-96.845492,47.394179],[-96.844919,47.399815],[-96.863593,47.418775],[-96.85748,47.440457],[-96.859868,47.470926],[-96.85471,47.478281],[-96.85853,47.489934],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.851367,47.509037],[-96.866363,47.524893],[-96.85471,47.535973],[-96.859153,47.566355],[-96.853689,47.570381],[-96.856373,47.575749],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-96.856903,47.602329],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.873671,47.613654],[-96.871005,47.616832],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.882393,47.633489],[-96.888573,47.63845],[-96.882376,47.649025],[-96.88697,47.653049],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.895271,47.67357],[-96.899352,47.689473],[-96.908928,47.688722],[-96.907266,47.693976],[-96.920119,47.710383],[-96.923544,47.718201],[-96.919471,47.722515],[-96.932809,47.737139],[-96.928505,47.748037],[-96.934173,47.752412],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.9644,47.782995],[-96.957283,47.790147],[-96.966068,47.797297],[-96.975131,47.798326],[-96.980579,47.805614],[-96.979327,47.824533],[-96.986685,47.837639],[-96.998295,47.841724],[-96.998144,47.858882],[-97.005557,47.863977],[-97.002456,47.868677],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.019355,47.880278],[-97.024955,47.886878],[-97.019155,47.889778],[-97.024955,47.894978],[-97.020155,47.900478],[-97.024955,47.908178],[-97.017254,47.905678],[-97.015354,47.910278],[-97.023754,47.915878],[-97.018054,47.918078],[-97.035754,47.930179],[-97.036054,47.939379],[-97.054554,47.946279],[-97.052454,47.957179],[-97.061454,47.96358],[-97.053553,47.991612],[-97.064289,47.998508],[-97.066762,48.009558],[-97.063012,48.013179],[-97.072239,48.019107],[-97.068987,48.026267],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.097772,48.07108],[-97.103052,48.071669],[-97.099431,48.082106],[-97.105226,48.09044],[-97.104872,48.097851],[-97.109535,48.104723],[-97.123205,48.106648],[-97.120702,48.114987],[-97.131956,48.139563],[-97.141401,48.14359],[-97.138911,48.157793],[-97.146745,48.168556],[-97.141474,48.179099],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.136304,48.228984],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.135763,48.237596],[-97.138765,48.244991],[-97.127276,48.253323],[-97.131846,48.267589],[-97.11657,48.279661],[-97.12216,48.290056],[-97.128862,48.292882],[-97.122072,48.300865],[-97.132443,48.315489],[-97.127601,48.323319],[-97.134854,48.331314],[-97.131145,48.339722],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.140106,48.380479],[-97.145592,48.394195],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.142849,48.419471],[-97.1356,48.424369],[-97.139173,48.430528],[-97.134229,48.439797],[-97.137689,48.447583],[-97.132746,48.459942],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.141397,48.476256],[-97.144981,48.481571],[-97.140291,48.484722],[-97.138864,48.494362],[-97.148133,48.503384],[-97.153076,48.524148],[-97.150481,48.536877],[-97.163105,48.543855],[-97.160863,48.549236],[-97.152459,48.552326],[-97.158638,48.564067],[-97.149616,48.569876],[-97.14974,48.579516],[-97.142915,48.583733],[-97.143684,48.597066],[-97.137504,48.612268],[-97.132931,48.61338],[-97.130089,48.621166],[-97.125639,48.620919],[-97.125269,48.629694],[-97.108466,48.632658],[-97.111921,48.642918],[-97.100551,48.658614],[-97.102652,48.664793],[-97.097708,48.68395],[-97.118286,48.700573],[-97.116185,48.709348],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.139488,48.746611],[-97.151289,48.757428],[-97.147478,48.763698],[-97.154854,48.774515],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.163535,48.79507],[-97.165624,48.809627],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.177747,48.824815],[-97.181116,48.832741],[-97.173811,48.838309],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.187362,48.867598],[-97.185738,48.87222],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.197982,48.898332],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.211161,48.916649],[-97.217992,48.919735],[-97.218666,48.931781],[-97.224505,48.9341],[-97.232147,48.948955],[-97.230859,48.960891],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.237297,48.985696],[-97.230833,48.991303],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.15335,49.383079],[-95.126467,49.369439],[-95.058404,49.35317],[-95.014415,49.356405],[-94.988908,49.368897],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.854245,49.324154],[-94.816222,49.320987],[-94.824291,49.308834],[-94.82516,49.294283],[-94.797244,49.214284],[-94.797527,49.197791],[-94.773223,49.120733],[-94.750221,49.099763],[-94.750218,48.999992],[-94.718932,48.999991],[-94.683069,48.883929],[-94.684217,48.872399],[-94.692527,48.86895],[-94.693044,48.853392],[-94.685681,48.840119],[-94.701968,48.831778],[-94.704284,48.824284],[-94.694974,48.809206],[-94.694312,48.789352],[-94.690889,48.778066],[-94.651765,48.755913],[-94.645164,48.749975],[-94.645083,48.744143],[-94.61901,48.737374],[-94.58715,48.717599],[-94.549069,48.714653],[-94.533057,48.701262],[-94.452332,48.692444],[-94.438701,48.694889],[-94.416191,48.710948],[-94.384221,48.711806],[-94.342758,48.703382],[-94.308446,48.710239],[-94.290737,48.707747],[-94.260541,48.696381],[-94.251169,48.683514],[-94.254643,48.663888],[-94.250497,48.656654],[-94.224276,48.649527],[-94.091244,48.643669],[-94.065775,48.646104],[-94.035616,48.641018],[-94.006933,48.643193],[-93.944221,48.632294],[-93.91153,48.634673],[-93.840754,48.628548],[-93.824144,48.610724],[-93.806763,48.577616],[-93.811201,48.542385],[-93.818253,48.530046],[-93.794454,48.516021],[-93.656652,48.515731],[-93.643091,48.518294],[-93.628865,48.53121],[-93.612844,48.521876],[-93.60587,48.522472],[-93.594379,48.528793],[-93.547191,48.528684],[-93.467504,48.545664],[-93.460798,48.550552],[-93.456675,48.561834],[-93.465199,48.590659],[-93.438494,48.59338],[-93.405269,48.609344],[-93.395022,48.603303],[-93.371156,48.605085],[-93.362132,48.613832],[-93.35324,48.613378],[-93.349095,48.624935],[-93.254854,48.642784],[-93.207398,48.642474],[-93.178095,48.623339],[-93.088438,48.627597],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.954876,48.631493],[-92.95012,48.630419],[-92.949839,48.608269],[-92.929614,48.606874],[-92.909947,48.596313],[-92.894687,48.594915],[-92.728046,48.53929],[-92.657881,48.546263],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.625739,48.518189],[-92.631117,48.508252],[-92.627237,48.503383],[-92.636696,48.499428],[-92.654039,48.501635],[-92.661418,48.496557],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.687998,48.443889],[-92.656027,48.436709],[-92.507285,48.447875],[-92.475585,48.418793],[-92.456325,48.414204],[-92.456389,48.401134],[-92.47675,48.37176],[-92.469948,48.351836],[-92.437825,48.309839],[-92.416285,48.295463],[-92.369174,48.220268],[-92.336831,48.235383],[-92.269742,48.248241],[-92.273706,48.256747],[-92.294541,48.27156],[-92.292999,48.276404],[-92.301451,48.288608],[-92.294527,48.306454],[-92.306309,48.316442],[-92.304561,48.322977],[-92.295412,48.323957],[-92.288994,48.342991],[-92.26228,48.354933],[-92.222813,48.349203],[-92.216983,48.345114],[-92.206803,48.345596],[-92.203684,48.352063],[-92.178418,48.351881],[-92.177354,48.357228],[-92.145049,48.365651],[-92.143583,48.356121],[-92.083513,48.353865],[-92.077961,48.358253],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-92.045734,48.347901],[-92.046562,48.33474],[-92.037721,48.333183],[-92.030872,48.325824],[-92.000133,48.321355],[-92.01298,48.297391],[-92.006577,48.265421],[-91.989545,48.260214],[-91.976903,48.244626],[-91.971056,48.247667],[-91.971779,48.252977],[-91.954432,48.251678],[-91.952209,48.244394],[-91.957683,48.242683],[-91.957798,48.232989],[-91.941838,48.230602],[-91.915772,48.238871],[-91.89347,48.237699],[-91.884691,48.227321],[-91.867882,48.219095],[-91.864382,48.207031],[-91.815772,48.211748],[-91.809038,48.206013],[-91.79181,48.202492],[-91.789011,48.196549],[-91.756637,48.205022],[-91.749075,48.198844],[-91.741932,48.199122],[-91.742313,48.204491],[-91.714931,48.19913],[-91.711611,48.1891],[-91.721413,48.180255],[-91.724584,48.170657],[-91.705318,48.170775],[-91.70726,48.153661],[-91.698174,48.141643],[-91.699981,48.13184],[-91.712226,48.116883],[-91.703524,48.113548],[-91.682845,48.122118],[-91.687623,48.111698],[-91.676876,48.107264],[-91.665208,48.107011],[-91.653261,48.114137],[-91.653571,48.109567],[-91.640175,48.096926],[-91.559272,48.108268],[-91.552962,48.103012],[-91.569746,48.093348],[-91.575471,48.066294],[-91.575672,48.048791],[-91.567254,48.043719],[-91.488646,48.068065],[-91.45033,48.068806],[-91.437582,48.049248],[-91.429642,48.048608],[-91.391128,48.057075],[-91.370872,48.06941],[-91.365143,48.066968],[-91.340159,48.073236],[-91.332589,48.069331],[-91.26638,48.078713],[-91.214428,48.10294],[-91.190461,48.124891],[-91.183207,48.122235],[-91.176181,48.125811],[-91.137733,48.14915],[-91.139402,48.154738],[-91.092258,48.173101],[-91.082731,48.180756],[-91.024208,48.190072],[-90.976955,48.219452],[-90.914971,48.230603],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.875107,48.237784],[-90.847352,48.244443],[-90.839176,48.239511],[-90.836313,48.176963],[-90.832589,48.173765],[-90.821115,48.184709],[-90.817698,48.179569],[-90.804207,48.177833],[-90.796596,48.159373],[-90.777917,48.163801],[-90.778031,48.148723],[-90.79797,48.136894],[-90.787305,48.134196],[-90.789919,48.129902],[-90.76911,48.116585],[-90.761555,48.100133],[-90.751608,48.090968],[-90.641596,48.103515],[-90.626886,48.111846],[-90.59146,48.117546],[-90.582217,48.123784],[-90.55929,48.121683],[-90.555845,48.117069],[-90.569763,48.106951],[-90.567482,48.101178],[-90.556838,48.096008],[-90.487077,48.099082],[-90.467712,48.108818],[-90.438449,48.098747],[-90.403219,48.105114],[-90.374542,48.090942],[-90.367658,48.094577],[-90.344234,48.094447],[-90.330052,48.102399],[-90.312386,48.1053],[-90.289337,48.098993],[-90.224692,48.108148],[-90.188679,48.107947],[-90.176605,48.112445],[-90.136191,48.112136],[-90.116259,48.104303],[-90.073873,48.101138],[-90.023595,48.084708],[-90.015057,48.067188],[-90.008446,48.068396],[-89.997852,48.057567],[-89.99305,48.028404],[-89.97718,48.023501],[-89.968255,48.014482],[-89.954605,48.011516],[-89.95059,48.015901],[-89.934489,48.015628],[-89.915341,47.994866],[-89.897414,47.987599],[-89.873286,47.985419],[-89.868153,47.989898],[-89.847571,47.992442],[-89.842568,48.001368],[-89.830385,48.000284],[-89.820483,48.014665],[-89.797744,48.014505],[-89.763967,48.022969],[-89.724048,48.018996],[-89.721038,48.017965],[-89.724044,48.013675],[-89.716114,48.016441],[-89.716417,48.010251],[-89.702528,48.006325],[-89.673798,48.01151],[-89.667128,48.007421],[-89.657051,48.009954],[-89.649057,48.003853],[-89.617867,48.010947],[-89.611678,48.017529],[-89.607821,48.006566],[-89.594749,48.004332],[-89.582117,47.996314],[-89.564288,48.00293],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-89.495344,48.002356],[-89.541521,47.992841],[-89.551555,47.987305],[-89.555015,47.974849],[-89.572315,47.967238],[-89.58823,47.9662],[-89.611412,47.980731],[-89.624559,47.983153],[-89.631825,47.980039],[-89.640129,47.96793],[-89.638285,47.954275],[-89.697619,47.941288],[-89.793539,47.891358],[-89.85396,47.873997],[-89.87158,47.874194],[-89.923649,47.862062],[-89.930844,47.857723],[-89.92752,47.850825],[-89.933899,47.84676],[-89.974296,47.830514],[-90.072025,47.811105],[-90.075559,47.803303],[-90.1168,47.79538],[-90.16079,47.792807],[-90.178755,47.786414],[-90.187636,47.77813],[-90.248794,47.772763],[-90.323446,47.753771],[-90.332686,47.746387],[-90.437712,47.731612],[-90.441912,47.726404],[-90.458365,47.7214],[-90.537105,47.703055],[-90.551291,47.690266],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-90.907494,47.532873],[-90.914247,47.522639],[-90.939072,47.514532],[-91.032945,47.458236],[-91.045646,47.456525],[-91.097569,47.413888],[-91.128131,47.399619],[-91.146958,47.381464],[-91.156513,47.378816],[-91.188772,47.340082],[-91.238658,47.304976],[-91.262512,47.27929],[-91.288478,47.26596],[-91.326019,47.238993],[-91.357803,47.206743],[-91.418805,47.172152],[-91.477351,47.125667],[-91.497902,47.122579],[-91.518793,47.108121],[-91.573817,47.089917],[-91.591508,47.068684],[-91.626824,47.049953],[-91.644564,47.026491],[-91.666477,47.014297],[-91.704649,47.005246],[-91.780675,46.945881],[-91.806851,46.933727],[-91.841349,46.925215],[-91.883238,46.905728],[-91.914984,46.883836],[-91.952985,46.867037],[-92.094089,46.787839],[-92.088289,46.773639],[-92.06449,46.745439],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-92.01529,46.706469],[-92.020289,46.704039],[-92.03399,46.708939],[-92.08949,46.74924],[-92.10819,46.74914],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.14329,46.73464],[-92.141291,46.72524],[-92.146291,46.71594],[-92.167291,46.719941],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.204691,46.704041]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Minnesota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570f6dbee4b0ef3b7ca356b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trotta, L. C.","contributorId":63410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trotta","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":626660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schoenberg, M.E.","contributorId":66284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenberg","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207349,"text":"70207349 - 1995 - Hot-side-up aureole in southwest Yukon and limits on terrane assembly of the northern Canadian Cordillera: Comment and Reply ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T14:16:39","indexId":"70207349","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T14:10:20","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hot-side-up aureole in southwest Yukon and limits on terrane assembly of the northern Canadian Cordillera: Comment and Reply ","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1151:HSUAIS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hansen, V.L., Oliver, D., Dusel-Bacon, C., Johnston, S.T., and Erdmer, P., 1995, Hot-side-up aureole in southwest Yukon and limits on terrane assembly of the northern Canadian Cordillera: Comment and Reply : Geology, v. 23, no. 12, p. 1151-1152, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1151:HSUAIS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1151","endPage":"1152","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370378,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 60.88770004207789\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 59.19843857520702\n ],\n [\n -122.87109375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -154.248046875,\n 60.88770004207789\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, V. L.","contributorId":82400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, D.H.","contributorId":221313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oliver","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnston, Stephen T.","contributorId":221314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnston","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erdmer, Philippe","contributorId":221315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erdmer","given":"Philippe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70244247,"text":"70244247 - 1995 - Characteristic or haphazard?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-08T15:58:55.811142","indexId":"70244247","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T10:51:53","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristic or haphazard?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/378443a0","usgsCitation":"Stein, R.S., 1995, Characteristic or haphazard?: Nature, v. 378, p. 443-444, https://doi.org/10.1038/378443a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"444","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"378","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70246542,"text":"70246542 - 1995 - Latest Quaternary foraminifers and sediment transport in Pervenets Canyon, Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T14:03:39.491239","indexId":"70246542","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T10:37:57","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latest Quaternary foraminifers and sediment transport in Pervenets Canyon, Bering Sea","docAbstract":"A combination of microfossil and sediment analysis has been used in an attempt to understand oceanographic processes and the late Quaternary history of the Pervenets Canyon region. The primary sedimentation process in Pervenets Canyon is downslope transport. Near the shelfbreak, there is evidence of turbidite and debris-flow activity, but at the distal end of the upper canyon and on the continental slope there is no macroscopic evidence for these processes.
Analysis of the foraminiferal assemblages shows that the fauna is 97.6% from the Suborder Rotaliina and about 2.0% from the Suborder Textulariina. The Suborder Miliolina accounts for approximately 0.4% of the fauna. The Pervenets Canyon fauna is most similar to other faunas from the Bering Sea, indicating a North Pacific Ocean influence on the fauna.
Foraminiferal abundance and species diversity vary widely in the samples studied. The major factors controlling these values are downslope transport of sediment, disintegration of arenaceous taxa, dissolution of calcareous taxa, and diversity limited by low-oxygen bottom waters. Downslope transport of shelf species is indicated by the presence of Elphidium clavatum and E. excavatum. Shallow-shelf and low-oxygen foraminiferal faunas are often intermixed in the samples. The distribution of these low-oxygen faunas in Core 81-65 suggests that the oxygen-minimum zone fluctuated with sea level.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00041-0","usgsCitation":"Starratt, S.W., 1995, Latest Quaternary foraminifers and sediment transport in Pervenets Canyon, Bering Sea: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 26, no. 1-4, p. 233-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00041-0.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418766,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Pervenets Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.78014585020992,\n 59.88924268474631\n ],\n [\n -179.78014585020992,\n 58.81002341923843\n ],\n [\n -176.68033757131928,\n 58.81002341923843\n ],\n [\n -176.68033757131928,\n 59.88924268474631\n ],\n [\n -179.78014585020992,\n 59.88924268474631\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starratt, Scott W. 0000-0001-9405-1746 sstarrat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-1746","contributorId":2891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starratt","given":"Scott","email":"sstarrat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70260446,"text":"70260446 - 1995 - Seven sea otters dead-Why?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-01T15:16:49.297467","indexId":"70260446","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T10:10:40","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3576,"text":"The Otter Raft","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seven sea otters dead-Why?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Friends of the Sea Otter","usgsCitation":"Creekmore, L., 1995, Seven sea otters dead-Why?: The Otter Raft, no. Fall/Winter.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"9","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":463544,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.80625300386751,\n 36.72194568485264\n ],\n [\n -121.94612390973927,\n 36.72194568485264\n ],\n [\n -121.94612390973927,\n 36.59406814660565\n ],\n [\n -121.80625300386751,\n 36.59406814660565\n ],\n [\n -121.80625300386751,\n 36.72194568485264\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"Fall/Winter","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creekmore, Lynn H.","contributorId":87251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Lynn H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":917711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}