This project was established to determine if it were possible to advance the state of the art in earthquake prediction by learning more about claims that unusual animal behavior was an earthquake precursor. We used intensive post-earthquake interview surveys to gather objective reports both of instances of unusual animal behavior as an earthquake precursor and of instances in which animals behaved normally prior to a moderate or large earthquake. We prepared briefing volumes describing the cultural significance and interpretation of seismicity for cultures other than our own with which we were likely to have contact. This information helped us assess the impact of cultural expectations on our data set. These briefing volumes are one of the work products of our project and are included in this final report.
Since our goal was to increase the ability to predict earthquakes, we avoided study of earthquakes with known foreshocks since in those cases the unusual animal behavior might have resulted simply from the foreshocks. Our data indicates that unusual animal behavior occurs a few hours to a few days before some, but not most, earthquakes that do not have known foreshocks.
Our studies of earthquake folklore support the same conclusion (pp 121-144 of this report). Even when unusual animal behavior is a precursor to a particular earthquake, most individual animals behave normally. This creates a signal to noise ratio that will reduce the potential for direct use of unusual -animal behavior in earthquake prediction, but the analysis of some animals reactions might help to identify physical precursors to at least some earthquakes.
Each phase of this research program has produced one or more completed work products. These products, which follow, compose our final report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81378","usgsCitation":"Lott, D.F., Hart, B.L., and Verosub, K.L., 1981, Baseline studies of the feasibility and reliability of using animal behavior as a component in the prediction of earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-378, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81378.","productDescription":"150 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426295,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0378/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":143973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0378/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64887a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lott, Dale F.","contributorId":31393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lott","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Benjamin L.","contributorId":40992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verosub, Kenneth L.","contributorId":78744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verosub","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209283,"text":"70209283 - 1981 - Shear zone between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:47:41","indexId":"70209283","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T07:40:47","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear zone between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas","docAbstract":"The Kings Mountain shear zone, which marks the boundary between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts near the NC-SC state line, is a northeast-striking, steeply to moderately dipping zone of ductile mylonitic deformation and late-stage semibrittle deformation. The zone is at least 60 km long and is no more than a few hundred metres wide. It truncates rock units of both belts. The juxtaposition of two lithologically different terranes suggests that displacement may be considerable, probably on the order of kilometres. Inconclusive evidence suggests that the northwest (Inner Piedmont) side is upthrown. The Kings Mountain zone is one of several in the southern Appalachian Piedmont that were active during a Middle to Late Devonian (Acadian?) deformational event, and it may be part of a regional fault system extending from AL to VA. The Kings Mountain, Lowndesville, and Towaliga zones may be a single zone more than 550 km long. © 1981 Geological Society of America.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<28:SZBTIP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Horton,, J., 1981, Shear zone between the Inner Piedmont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas: Geology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 28-33, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<28:SZBTIP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"28","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"North Carolina, South Carolina ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 34.74161249883172\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -81.27685546875,\n 34.74161249883172\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton,, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":219824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton,","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186536,"text":"70186536 - 1981 - Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:28:53","indexId":"70186536","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Deep harmonic tremor originating at depths around 40 km under Kilauea was studied using records accumulated since 1962 at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey. The deep source of the tremor was determined by onset times and confirmed by the relative amplitude across the island-wide network of seismometers. The period of tremor was conclusively shown to be determined by the source effect and not by the path or station site effect because the period would change considerably in time but maintained uniformity across the seismic net during the tremor episode. The tremor appeared to be primarily composed of P waves. We interpret the observed period and amplitude in terms of the stationary crack model of Aki et al. (1977) and find that the seismic moment rates for deep tremors are considerably larger than those for shallow-tremors suggesting more vigorous transport for the former. We propose a kinematic source model which may be more appropriate for deep tremor. According to this model, a measurable quantity called ‘reduced displacement’ is directly proportional to the rate of magma flow. A systematic search for deep tremor episodes was made for the period from 1962 through 1979, and the amplitude, period, and duration of the tremor were tabulated. We then constructed a cumulative reduced-displacement plot over the 18-year period. The result shows a generally steady process which does not seem to be significantly affected by major eruptions and large earthquakes near the surface. The total magma flow estimated from the reduced displacement is however, one order of magnitude smaller than that estimated by Swanson (1972). It may be that most channels transport magma aseismically, and only those with strong barriers generate tremor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p07095","usgsCitation":"Aki, K., and Koyanagi, R., 1981, Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 7095-7109, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p07095.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"7095","endPage":"7109","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 21.778630076828534\n ],\n [\n -159.17266845703125,\n 21.778630076828534\n ],\n [\n -159.17266845703125,\n 22.328481987166487\n ],\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 22.328481987166487\n ],\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 21.778630076828534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60287e4b09da6799ac6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aki, Keiiti","contributorId":88790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aki","given":"Keiiti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y","contributorId":117756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert Y","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188665,"text":"70188665 - 1981 - Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T16:52:14","indexId":"70188665","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1871,"text":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida","docAbstract":"In recent years several wells have been drilled in the South Florida Basin through carbonate and evaporite sequences to depths as much as 5,300 ft below the Punta Gorda Anhydrite. The deepest well penetrated igneous basement rocks to a total depth of 18, 670 ft. Correlation of anhydrite beds below the Punta Gorda has revealed several thick anhydrite units (200 to 400 ft) with regional persistence.
The pre-Punta Gorda section is subdivided into four easily identifiable units listed in order of increasing age — Lehigh Acres (lowermost Comanchean), Pumpkin Bay (upper Coahuilan), Bone Island (lower Coahuilan), and Wood River (Jurassic?) Formations, all newly named in this report. In addition, the Lehigh Acres is divided into the West Felda Shale (base), Twelve Mile, and Able Members which are also named and defined in this report. Geochemical evidence indicates that the Lehigh Acres unit and the upper part of the Pumpkin Bay unit contain the most likely source beds for petroleum.
Only two production tests have been carried out in the basin in strata below the oil-productive Sunniland Limestone. One was through casing in a Wood River dolomite zone. It reportedly produced water and some gas. The other was a drill stem test in an upper Pumpkin Bay dolomite zone which produced only water. In the Gulf Florida State Lease 826Y (Permit No. 275), a moderately porous, 350-ft-thick Pumpkin Bay dolomite zone was observed. As this well is west of the axis of the basin, better reservoir conditions presumably exist on the West Florida shelf than onshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies","usgsCitation":"Applegate, A., Winston, G.O., and Palacas, J.G., 1981, Subdivision and regional stratigraphy of the pre-Punta Gorda rocks (lowermost cretaceous-jurassic?) in South Florida: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 31, no. 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\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"Supplement","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"594a342ce4b062508e36af6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Applegate, A.V.","contributorId":9911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Applegate","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winston, George O.","contributorId":193157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winston","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palacas, James George","contributorId":72791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palacas","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011741,"text":"70011741 - 1981 - Late Miocene biogeography and paleoclimatology of the central North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T16:27:05.747667","indexId":"70011741","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Miocene biogeography and paleoclimatology of the central North Atlantic","docAbstract":"Quantitative analyses of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Holes 334 and 410 demonstrate that subpolar and subtropical faunal provinces existed in the North Atlantic during the late Miocene. Climatic oscillations are clearly recorded in Hole 410 by variations in abundance of the Neogloboquadrina subpolar assemblage. These climatic oscillations have a period of about 1 m.y. Higher frequency oscillations with a periodicity of one to several hundred thousand years are evident from about 6.5 to 7.5 m.y. and are probably present throughout the entire late Miocene.
A revised age of 7.0 m.y. is proposed for the first occurrence of the calcareous nannofossil Amaurolithus primus (the Amaurolithus datum).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(81)90023-2","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., 1981, Late Miocene biogeography and paleoclimatology of the central North Atlantic: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 6, no. 5-6, p. 599-616, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(81)90023-2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"599","endPage":"616","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44f3e4b0c8380cd66ef0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221694,"text":"5221694 - 1981 - Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T17:50:39.371407","indexId":"5221694","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T12:19:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks","docAbstract":"Unstressed mallard ducks (Anas platyrhychos), given uncontaminated food and maintained on a short photoperiod, show two daily maxima in plasma corticosterone concentration ([B]); one occurring early in the light phase and a second just before the onset of darkness. After one week of exposure to food containing 3% (v/w) South Louisiana crude oil, plasma [B] were significantly lowered throughout the day. Similar abrupt declines in plasma [B] also occurred during the first 10 days of exposure to food containing 1% and 0.5% crude oil. Although the plasma [B] in birds consuming food contaminated with 0.5% crude oil increased between 10 and 50 days of exposure, the concentration after 50 days was still lower than normal. During the same interval, normal plasma [B] were restored in birds consuming food containing 1% and 3% crude oil. Significant increases occurred in the naphthalene-metabolizing properties of hepatic microsomes prepared from birds acutely exposed to all levels of petroleum-contaminated food and elevated levels were sustained throughout the first 50 days of exposure. Birds given food containing 3% crude oil for more than 50 days, however, showed steady declines in hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity. After 500 days, the activity was similar to that found in contemporaneous controls. During the same interval, the plasma [B] increased until the levels were higher than normal after 500 days of exposure; at this time, an inverse relationship, similar to that seen during the first week of exposure to contaminated food, was once more established between plasma [B] and the concomitant hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01054860","usgsCitation":"Gorsline, J., and Holmes, W.N., 1981, Effects of petroleum on adrenocortical activity and on hepatic naphthalene-metabolizing activity in mallard ducks: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 10, no. 6, p. 765-777, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01054860.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"777","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gorsline, J.","contributorId":30307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorsline","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holmes, W. N.","contributorId":70497,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holmes","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185632,"text":"70185632 - 1981 - Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:02:17","indexId":"70185632","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America","docAbstract":"In 1979, liquid waste was injected into the subsurface of Florida by 10 injection systems at an aggregate average rate of 165,000 m3/d. All the systems inject into carbonate rocks that contain salty water. Extensive precautions are taken in the construction of the injection wells and in the monitoring of their operation to provide assurance that overlying and laterally contiguous freshwater resources do not become contaminated with either the injected waste or the saltwater displaced by the waste. Several concerns relating to the effectiveness of the confining bed above the injection zone for containing the injected wastes have arisen over the years. These concerns accentuate the value of a well-planned and implemented monitoring program from which one can evaluate the potential impact of waste injection on the subsurface environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7","usgsCitation":"Vecchioli, J., 1981, Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America: Science of Total Environment, v. 21, p. 127-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90146-7.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"127","endPage":"136","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -83.935546875,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 26.588527147308614\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 30.826780904779774\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -87.62695312499999,\n 30.524413269923986\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63042e4b05ec799131129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186168,"text":"70186168 - 1981 - Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-25T20:00:11.444584","indexId":"70186168","displayToPublicDate":"1981-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems","docAbstract":"The increasing public awareness and concern about the hazards of toxic chemicals contaminating aquifers has created an increased need for predictive capabilities to analyze ground-water contamination problems. Several digital models to simulate the movement and concentration of ground-water contaminants have been documented recently. Most simulate the transport and dispersion of a nonreactive solute, but some include mathematically simple reaction terms to represent decay and sorption processes. For applications to field problems, these solute-transport models impose data requirements that, in general, exceed our practical capabilities to accurately describe the field properties and stresses of the hydraulic and chemical systems. Thus, interpretations based on model analyses must recognize the significance of uncertainties in input data. Models of ground-water systems should be regarded as just one tool among many that can be used in the analysis of a ground-water quality problem. Numerical simulation can help the analyst integrate available data, evaluate conceptual models, test hypotheses pertaining to flow and quality changes, and predict system responses to alternative stresses. The models do not replace field data, but they do offer a feedback mechanism that can help to guide the design of a more effective and more efficient data-collection program.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7","usgsCitation":"Konikow, L.F., 1981, Role of numerical simulation in analysis of ground-water quality problems: Science of the Total Environment, v. 21, p. 299-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90163-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1955e4b02ff32c699ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70113218,"text":"70113218 - 1981 - Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T11:34:28","indexId":"70113218","displayToPublicDate":"1981-10-18T08:39:32","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3021,"text":"Pecora VII Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions","docAbstract":"Image processing systems (IPS) and techniques effectively transform satellite imagery into data for input into a spatial database. Geographic information systems (GIS), consisting of graphic input and spatial database management subsystems, are capable of processing digital map and map overlay data to build and manipulate a spatial database. These systems can be successfully integrated to create a successful spatial data handling capability provided certain obstacle are understood and overcome.
\n\n
One of the obstacles faced by all spatial data handling activities involving the extensive regions is the tremendous volume of areal data. Raster formats for representing areal data provide a means of easily integrating IPS and GIS. A compressed raster format has been developed for handling map/image data which greatly reduce the volume of spatial data. By using compressed data strings as basic spatial entities for areal data sets, many complex data processing operations can be simplified.
\n\n
A second set of related problems deals with how this format and other representations of spatial entities, such as vector formats for point and line features, can be interrelated for manipulation, retrieval, and analysis by a spatial database management subsystem. Methods have been developed for interrelating areal data sets in the raster format with point and line data in a vector format and these are described.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pecora VII Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Miller, S.W., 1981, Compressing interpreted satellite imagery for geographic information systems applications over extensive regions: Pecora VII Symposium, p. 341-358.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"358","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae765de4b0abf75cf2bf44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Stephan W.","contributorId":146852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222210,"text":"5222210 - 1981 - Effects of dietary nickel on mallards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-12T11:59:25","indexId":"5222210","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-16T12:18:57","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dietary nickel on mallards","docAbstract":"Thirty breeding pairs of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups and were fed breeder mash containing 0, 12.5, 50.0, 200.0, or 800.0 ppm Ni (as the sulfate) for 90 d. Ni ingestion had no effect on egg production, hatchability, or survival of ducklings. After 90 d birds were bled, sacrificed, and necropsied. There were no significant differences in hematocrit; concentrations of hemoglobin, plasma triglyceride, and cholesterol; of plasma activities of ornithine carbamoyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase. A black tarry feces was noted in the high Ni dose group at necropsy, but no gross or histopathologic lesions were observed. Although absolute concentrations of Ni in tissues were low, there were significant accumulations in kidneys of birds fed Ni at all dietary levels and in feathers, blood, and livers of birds fed high doses of Ni compared with controls.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/15287398109530031","usgsCitation":"Eastin, W., and O'Shea, T., 1981, Effects of dietary nickel on mallards: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 7, no. 6, p. 883-892, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398109530031.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"892","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625bbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eastin, W.C.","contributorId":31496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastin","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Shea, T. J. 0000-0002-0758-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-9730","contributorId":50100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Shea","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210570,"text":"70210570 - 1981 - Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-12T15:44:25.881897","indexId":"70210570","displayToPublicDate":"1981-06-09T14:16:24","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"The Strawberry mine, 90 km northeast of Fresno, California, occurs on the margin of a small roof pendant of Early Jurassic metasedimentary rocks and middle Cretaceous metaigneous rocks. Middle Cretaceous granitic intrusions surround and intrude the roof pendant. Adjacent to one granodiorite intrusion, several subvertical marble layers are replaced by scheelite-bearing skarns. The skarns form spears that project as much as 300 m upward and into the marble layers. Between the marble and granodiorite, the skarns comprise a metasomatic column and are subdivided into four zones: (1) wollastonite skarn, adjacent to and replacing marble, and containing wollastonite, grossularite, idocrase, and diopside; (2) garnet skarn, containing andradite-grossularite, diopside-hedenbergite, and scheelite; (3) pyroxene skarn containing hedenbergite-diopside, plagioclase, magnetite, and scheelite; and (4) hornblende skarn, adjacent to granodiorite, and containing hornblende, plagioclase, microcline, magnetite, and scheelite. Important features of the skarn zonation are: sharp contacts between skarn zones; relative constancy of whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions within each skarn zone; major changes in whole-rock, mineral, and modal compositions across contacts between skarn zones; and systematic replacement between skarn zones, with any given skarn zone replaced by the next lower and adjacent skarn zone toward the granodiorite. Volume remained approximately constant in the replacement of marble by various skarn zones. Marble and skarn exhibit uniformly low porosity. Data on mineral paragenesis and mineral composition indicate that in the replacement of any skarn the most calcic mineral is consumed and the residual calc-silicate minerals in the replacing skarn increase in abundance and are richer in total Fe and MnO. This mineral paragenesis can be related to systematic variations in whole-rock composition. From the marble to the granodiorite, skarns are progressively depleted in CaO and CO 2 , and progressively enriched in SiO 2 , total Fe, MgO, MnO, Al 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O, and WO 3 . The skarns probably formed when an aqueous fluid containing a solute fraction relatively depleted in Ca and CO 2 , and relatively enriched in Si, Fe, Mg, Mn, Al, Na, K, and W, was expelled from a granitic magma into country rock. The tendency toward local equilibrium between fluid and marble resulted in formation of skarns with systematic stepwise changes in mineral and rock composition at contacts between skarns. Achievement of local equilibrium occurred mainly by infiltration metasomatism with a possible minor component of diffusion metasomatism.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., 1981, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of zoned tungsten-bearing skarns at the Strawberry Mine, central Sierra Nevada, California: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 111-133, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.1.111.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375477,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Strawberry Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.48139702942734\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 37.48139702942734\n ],\n [\n -118.72100830078125,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.87593739777859\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 37.48139702942734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210000,"text":"70210000 - 1981 - Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T16:30:48.578294","indexId":"70210000","displayToPublicDate":"1981-05-08T11:16:12","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise","docAbstract":"Limestones of mid-Cretaceous age containing as much as 8.6 percent organic carbon were cored at one site (463) in the Mid-Pacific Mountains and at two sites (465, 466) on southern Hess Rise, central North Pacific Ocean, during Leg 62 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In the Mid-Pacific Mountains, three layers containing more than 2% organic carbon are associated with volcanic ash in silicified limestone of early Aptian age (—112-113 m.y. old), a time when the site was south of the equator and considerably shallower than at present (2525 m). The beds of laminated, organiccarbon-rich limestone, implying deposition in an oxygen-deficient environment, are interbedded with normal pelagic limestones. This sequence lies on interbedded pelagic limestones and clastic limestones containing locally derived shallow-water carbonate debris, and it is overlain by interbedded green, gray, and pink limestones. The organic-carbonrich strata on southern Hess Rise are dark-olive, laminated limestones with rare interbeds of altered volcanic ash of the late Aptian to early Cenomanian ( — 98 to 103 m.y. old), a time when the site was passing under the equatorial highproductivity zone and subsiding from shallow to intermediate water depths. The organic-carbon-rich limestone sequence overlies volcanic basement (trachyte) in this part of Hess Rise. The association of volcanogenic sediments with organic-carbon-rich strata on Hess Rise is not as striking as in the Mid-Pacific Mountains, but the occurrences do suggest a coincidence of mid-plate volcanic activity and accumulation of organic matter at intermediate water depths in the tropical North Pacific Ocean during the mid-Cretaceous. Pyrolysis assays indicate that most of the organic matter in the limestone on Hess Rise is composed of lipid-rich kerogen derived from marine organisms. Limestones from the Mid-Pacific Mountains contain lower concentrations of organic matter.
Pyrolysis assays and extractable hydrocarbons indicate that the organic matter in samples from Hole 463 is also predominantly of marine origin, and that contributions of terrigenous organic matter were probably minor. Analyses of stable carbon isotopes indicate that the organic carbon in all analyzed samples is isotopically light (δ13C 24 to - 29‰) relative to most modern marine organic carbon (δ13C - 9 to - 30%), and that the lightest carbon (δ13C 28 to - 29‰) is also the most lipid-rich.
The organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones on Hess Rise, the Mid-Pacific Mountains, and other elevated plateaus and seamounts in the Pacific Ocean are approximately equivalent in age (mid-Cretaceous, -85-120 m.y.) to organic-carbon-rich lithofacies elsewhere in the world ocean, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean and parts of the Indian Ocean. However, strata of equivalent age deposited in the Pacific Ocean at greater depths do not contain any carbon rich horizons. This observation, together with the evidence that the plateau sites were considerably shallower and close to the equator during the mid-Cretaceous, suggests that an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum, together with local restrictions in circulation, may have resulted in the preservation of organic matter in an oxygen-deficient environment where the oxygen minimum impinged on elevated platforms such as Hess Rise and the Mid-Pacific Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Claypool, G., and Thiede, J., 1981, Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and southern Hess Rise: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 62, p. 877-890, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.144.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":374577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mid Pacific Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.4296875,\n 9.102096738726456\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 9.102096738726456\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -175.4296875,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -175.4296875,\n 9.102096738726456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007518,"text":"1007518 - 1981 - Dark CO2-fixation and diurnal malic acid fluctuations in the submerged-aquatic Isoetes storkii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-21T16:38:42.86719","indexId":"1007518","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dark CO2-fixation and diurnal malic acid fluctuations in the submerged-aquatic Isoetes storkii","docAbstract":"In the leaves (but not corms) of the submerged aquatic Isoetes storkii malic acid concentration fluctuated from 22 μeg g FW-1 in the evening to 171 μeg g FW-1 in the morning. Associated with this was a change in titratable acidity of 152 μeg g FW-1 between morning and evening. 14C carbon was fixed in both the light and the dark, though the amount of carbon fixed in the light was more than that fixed in the dark. Autoradiographs show 88% of 14CO2 fixed in the dark is recovered after 1 h, in malic acid and the remainder in one other unidentified product, whereas these two products contain less than 15% of the 14C fixed after 1 h exposure to 14CO2 in the light. It is suggested that CAM metabolism in this aquatic species may be related to the low availability of CO2 for photosynthesis during the day in its aquatic environment and that this metabolic pathway may prove common in the genus Isoetes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00346490","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J., Morton, B., Babcock, B., Castillo, P., Fish, B., Jerauld, E., Johnson, B., Landre, L., Lum, H., Miller, C., Parker, A., and Van Steenwyk, G., 1981, Dark CO2-fixation and diurnal malic acid fluctuations in the submerged-aquatic Isoetes storkii: Oecologia, v. 48, no. 3, p. 332-333, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00346490.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"332","endPage":"333","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129832,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e3c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, B.","contributorId":98677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Babcock, B.","contributorId":104854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babcock","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Castillo, P.","contributorId":7232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castillo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fish, B.","contributorId":19908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jerauld, E.","contributorId":45255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jerauld","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, B.","contributorId":54916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Landre, L.","contributorId":38102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landre","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lum, H.","contributorId":10370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lum","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, C.","contributorId":44114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Parker, A.","contributorId":41777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Van Steenwyk, G.","contributorId":32867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Steenwyk","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70011991,"text":"70011991 - 1981 - Swash mark and grain flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-26T16:11:20","indexId":"70011991","displayToPublicDate":"1981-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Swash mark and grain flow","docAbstract":"Swash marks composed entirely of coarse sand are commonly found on coarse-sand beaches. These swash marks are 10 to 30 centimeters in width and a few millimeters to one centimeter in height. Previous observations, mostly on finer-sand beaches, indicate swash marks are seldom over a few millimeters in height and are commonly composed of material readily floated by surface tension (e.g., mica flakes and shell fragments). Swash marks composed of coarse sand have both fining seaward and fining with depth trends in grain size. Apparently, the leading margin of a wave upwash drives a highly concentrated flow of grains in which both grain size and grain velocity decrease with depth. Therefore, large grains are transported at greater velocities than are smaller grains. Thus, at the maximum advance of an upwash, a swash mark is deposited which has the observed fining seaward and fining with depth trends in grain size.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/212F7C61-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"00224472","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, 1981, Swash mark and grain flow: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 261-264, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7C61-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":220734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293051,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/212F7C61-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba32ce4b08c986b31fbd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, Jr.","contributorId":105768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208405,"text":"70208405 - 1981 - Organic geochemistry in the Deep Sea Drilling Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-10T06:43:12","indexId":"70208405","displayToPublicDate":"1981-02-07T12:22:06","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3408,"text":"Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic geochemistry in the Deep Sea Drilling Project","docAbstract":"Since the beginning of the Deep Sea Drilling Project DSDP in 1968 and extending through 1975 organic geochemical studies have been undertaken on about 2300 samples recovered on Legs I through 44 from sediments beneath the ocean floors These studies have provided fundamental information regarding the distribution of carbon in oceanic sediments and have yielded a better understanding of the processes that alter and transform organic matter in the marine environment.
Beginning with Leg 38 organic geochemists have been included as members of the scientific staffs of those legs of particular organic geochemical interest They have advised operations personnel on matters concerning potential hazards such as drilling into significant accumulations of oil and gas and have collected samples for the scientific community The shipboard organic geochemical laboratory is equipped with sophisticated instrumentation to provide those meassurements helpful in advising the drilling operation.
Since Leg 15 samples for organic geochemical studies have been maintained at 180Cat the DSDP sample repository at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla California Samples aredistributed to the scientific community but at least one quarter of all cores is retained for possible future studies.
Organic geochemical studie sgenerally relate to one of these topic areas (I) petroleum potential source rock evaluation (2) thermal history and gradients (3) diagenesis (4) gas hydrates (5) novel geochemical fossils (6) sources of organic materials (7) paleo depositional environments and (8) geochronology
Much of the organic geochemical work on hydrocarbons and kerogen has been directed to the potential of sediments as sources of petroleum The organic matter found thus far during drilling is dominantly of terrestrial origin and thermally immature but much of the organic matter could be a potential source of petroleum mainly gas if buried more deeply.
Three new technologies will help advance organic geochemical knowledge of ocean sediments I pressure core barrel for evaluation of gas hydrates 2 hydraulic piston core to study in detail sources and early diagenesis of organic matter and 3 riser for the study of late diagenesis and catagenesis
","language":"English","publisher":"SPEM","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., 1981, Organic geochemistry in the Deep Sea Drilling Project: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, v. 32, p. 227-249.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"249","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372140,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207767,"text":"70207767 - 1981 - The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T15:41:26","indexId":"70207767","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-09T15:30:31","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1996,"text":"Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies","docAbstract":"The Mid-Pacific Mountains constitute one of the largest aseismic rises in the central North Pacific Ocean. They have been generated by mid-plate volcanic events prior to Barremian time, but their volcanic activity continued through the remainder of the Cretaceous. Evidence of the latest stages of this volcanism are the trachytic ashes included in mid- and Late Cretaceous sediments and the presence of guyots atop the main volcanic pedestal.
The thermal and volcanic history of the oldest part of the Pacific Plate and its plate tectonic movements since Cretaceous time have led to considerable horizontal and vertical movements of the Mid-Pacific Mountains. Reconstruction of their subsidence and evidence from the sediments from Site 463 suggest that they once, in Cretaceous time, constituted large, tropical volcanic islands which were covered by vegetation and which shed their erosional debris over the adjacent island slopes. Neritic fossils in Maastrichtian sediments document the presence of shoal areas until the end of the Mesozoic. Since then they have subsided to their present water depth. The horizontal movements of the Pacific Plate have carried the Mid-Pacific Mountains from a position well south of the Cretaceous equator to their present position under the unproductive surface waters of the subtropical central North Pacific Ocean. Site 463, on the western Mid-Pacific Mountains, probably crossed the equator in Maastrichtian time.
Shallow-water-derived calcareous fossils are incorporated into the pelagic sediments covering the Mid-Pacific Mountains. They have been displaced from their source areas along the flanks of seamounts over the adjacent regions during times of low sea-level stands. Debris of land plants in Aptian sediments documents the presence of emergent volcanoes during that time.
The pelagic sediments penetrated at Site 463 consist largely of a sequence of Cretaceous chalks, limestones, and cherts which accumulated fast and which document the presence of highly productive surface water masses around the former volcanic islands and above the shoals. The development of oxygen-deficient depositional environments and the lack of evidence for intensive reworking suggest at the same time very sluggish water movements in the meso- and bathypelagic environment during Early and mid-Cretaceous times.
The Cenozoic calcareous oozes, on the other hand, are very condensed. They are interrupted in several places by hiatuses, and despite their position well above the CCD they show effects of dissolution and poor preservation of the calcareous faunas and floras. The frequency of reworked pelagic material together with the hiatuses indicate episodes of intensive renewal of the meso- and bathypelagic water masses which generated intensive sea-floor erosion and which were probably triggered by the climatic deterioration in the polar regions
","language":"English","publisher":" Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981","issn":"0080-8334","usgsCitation":"Thiede, J., Dean, W.E., Rea, D.K., Vallier, T., and Adelseck, C., 1981, The geologic history of the Mid-Pacific Mountains in the central North Pacific Ocean; A synthesis of deep-sea drilling studies: Initial Reports of the D.S.D.P., v. 62, p. 1073-1120, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1120","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.62.162.1981","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Hess Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 8.059229627200192\n ],\n [\n -148.88671874999997,\n 8.059229627200192\n ],\n [\n -148.88671874999997,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -182.98828124999997,\n 8.059229627200192\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiede, Jorn","contributorId":88085,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiede","given":"Jorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, David K.","contributorId":26823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rea","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7007,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adelseck, Charles","contributorId":17767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adelseck","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207694,"text":"70207694 - 1981 - Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T14:51:33.302372","indexId":"70207694","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-06T15:13:29","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones","docAbstract":"Three major bathymetric features exist in the Bering Sea: Shirshov Ridge, Bowers Ridge, and Umnak Plateau. New refraction data over Umnak Plateau and previous geophysical data across Bowers Ridge indicate that a thickened welt of crustal material is present beneath both features. The crustal structure is transitional between oceanic and continental types.
Various models for the origin of these features have been investigated. One that has not been proposed previously assumes that the protostructures of Bowers Ridge and Umnak Plateau could have formed outside of the present Bering Sea. According to this model, before formation of the Aleutian Ridge in late Mesozoic or earliest Tertiary time, these protostructures moved into their present Bering Sea positions.
Prior to the arrival of these two structures in the Bering Sea, oceanic crust was subducted along the Bering continental margin connecting Alaska and Siberia. The collision of the Umnak Plateau protostructure with the southeastern edge of the margin may have caused subduction to terminate here and move southward. The new southerly position of subduction beneath the Aleutian Ridge was therefore controlled by late Mesozoic or early Tertiary locations of Umnak Plateau, Bowers Ridge, and possibly, the north-trending Shirshov Ridge farther to the west.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<485:EEOTBS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Ben-Avraham, Z., and Cooper, A.K., 1981, Early evolution of the Bering Sea by collision of oceanic rises and North Pacific subduction zones: GSA Bulletin, v. 92, no. 7, p. 485-495, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1981)92<485:EEOTBS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"485","endPage":"495","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Basin","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ben-Avraham, Z.","contributorId":68459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Avraham","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011928,"text":"70011928 - 1981 - The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011928","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals","docAbstract":"Partially serpentinized dunites containing small amounts of Chlorine (< 0.5%) from Dumont, Quebec, and Horoman, Hokkaido, Japan, and one containing less than 0.05% Chlorine from Higashi-Akaishi-Yama, Ehime, Japan have been examined using the electron probe microanalyzer and scanning transmission electron microscope with X-ray analytical capabilities. Chlorine was found together with Si, Mg, Ca and Fe in the serpentine minerals of the Dumont and Hokkaido dunites but not in the Ehime dunite. Chlorine is found associated only with the most finely crystalline facies of the serpentine (grain size less than 10 nm). The Ehime dunite contained no such fine grained serpentine, and was thus effectively chlorine-free, as are the coarser grained serpentines of the other samples. The finegrained chlorine-bearing serpentine also has a much higher concentration of Fe, and can contain smaller amounts of Ca, Ni and Mn than the coarse-grained variety as well as minute awaruite (FeNi3) grains. This fine-grained serpentine probably represents an early stage in the transformation of olivine to serpentine, with chlorine from hydrothermal solutions assisting the necessary chemical changes. The Cl increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation barrier to reaction by the introduction of reaction steps. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373679","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Miura, Y., Rucklidge, J., and Nord, G.L., 1981, The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 17-23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373679.","startPage":"17","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205077,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373679"},{"id":220942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae3de4b08c986b323f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miura, Y.","contributorId":28363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miura","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rucklidge, J.","contributorId":54342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucklidge","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011740,"text":"70011740 - 1981 - The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T15:52:22.453149","indexId":"70011740","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"In experiments designed to determine the manner in which copper is partitioned among selected phases that constitute geologic media, we have applied the five-step sequential extraction procedure of Chao and Theobald to the analysis of drill core, soils, and stream sediments of the Rio Vivi and Rio Tanama porphyry copper districts of Puerto Rico. The extraction procedure affords a convenient means of determining the trace-metal content of the following fractions: (1) Mn oxides and “reactive” Fe oxides; (2) “amorphous” Fe oxides; (3) “crystalline” Fe oxides; (4) sulfides and magnetite; and (5) silicates. An additional extraction between steps (1) and (2) was performed to determine organic-related copper in stream sediments.
The experimental results indicate that apportionment of copper among phases constituting geologic media is a function of geochemical environment. Distinctive partitioning patterns were derived from the analysis of drill core from each of three geochemical zones: (a) the supergene zone of oxidation; (b) the supergene zone of enrichment; and (c) the hypogene zone; and similarly, from the analysis of; (d) soils on a weakly leached capping; (e) soils on a strongly leached capping; and (f) active stream sediment.
The experimental results also show that geochemical contrasts (anomaly-to-background ratios) vary widely among the five fractions of each sampling medium investigated, and that at least one fraction of each medium provides substantially stronger contrast than does the bulk medium. Fraction (1) provides optimal contrast for stream sediments of the district; fraction (2) provides optimal contrast for soils on a weakly leached capping; fraction (3) provides optimal contrast for soils on a strongly leached capping.
Selective extraction procedures appear to have important applications to the orientation and interpretive stages of geochemical exploration. Further investigation and testing of a similar nature are recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1981, The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 563-581, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"581","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012007,"text":"70012007 - 1981 - Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:37:43.971318","indexId":"70012007","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","docAbstract":"A combined aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding survey (4200 km of traverse) made in 1978 in Antarctica over the Dufek layered mafic intrusion of Jurassic age suggests a minimum area of about 50,000 km2, making it comparable in size with the Bushveld Complex of Africa. Comparisons of the magnetic and subglacial topographic profiles illustrate the usefulness of this combination of methods in studying bedrock geology beneath ice-covered areas. Rocks are exposed in only 3% of the inferred area of the intrusion. Magnetic anomalies measured a few hundred meters above outcrops of the intrusion range in peak-to-trough amplitude from ∼50 nT over the lowermost exposed portion of the section in the Dufek Massif to ∼3600 nT over the uppermost part of the section in the Forrestal Range. Theoretical magnetic anomalies, computed from models based on the subice topography fitted to the highest-amplitude observed magnetic anomalies, required normal and reversed magnetizations ranging from 10−4 to 10−2 emu/cm3 having directions and magnetizations consistent with measurements previously made on oriented samples. This result is interpreted as indicating that the Dufek intrusion cooled through the Curie isotherm during one or more reversals of the earth's magnetic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p03014","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Drewry, D., Jankowski, E., and Grim, M.S., 1981, Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 3014-3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p03014.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3014","endPage":"3020","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib04p03014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e72ee4b0c8380cd478b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drewry, D.J.","contributorId":41968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewry","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jankowski, E.","contributorId":7420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grim, M. S.","contributorId":102884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012015,"text":"70012015 - 1981 - Seismic amplitude anomalies associated with thick First Leo sandstone lenses, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-18T16:37:38.604821","indexId":"70012015","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic amplitude anomalies associated with thick First Leo sandstone lenses, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Several new discoveries of oil production in the Leo sandstone, an economic unit in the Pennsylvanian middle member of the Minnelusa formation, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming-Nebraska-South Dakota, have renewed exploration interest in this area. Vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and model studies suggested that a measurable seismic amplitude anomaly is frequently associated with the thick First Leo sandstone lenses. To test this concept, a surface reflection seismic profile was run between two wells about 12 miles apart. The First Leo was present and productive in one well and thin and barren in the other. The surface profile shows the predicted amplitude anomaly at the well where a thick lens is known to exist. Two other First Leo amplitude anomalies also appear on the surface seismic profile between the two wells, which may indicate the presence of additional lenses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1441158","issn":"00168033","usgsCitation":"Balch, A.H., Lee, M.W., Miller, J.J., and Ryder, R.T., 1981, Seismic amplitude anomalies associated with thick First Leo sandstone lenses, eastern Powder River basin, Wyoming: Geophysics, v. 46, no. 11, p. 1519-1527, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441158.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1519","endPage":"1527","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8aece4b08c986b317475","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balch, A. H.","contributorId":104892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balch","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryder, R. T.","contributorId":96673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007522,"text":"1007522 - 1981 - Mesurol as a bird repellent on wine grapes in Oregon and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-22T17:24:43.568868","indexId":"1007522","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":726,"text":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesurol as a bird repellent on wine grapes in Oregon and California","docAbstract":"Field tests were conducted in California and Oregon from July to October 1978 to evaluate the effectiveness of Mesurol as a repellent to reduce bird damage to ripening wine grapes. A block of vines composed of two similar, adjacent plots was delineated at each of 20 vineyards. One randomly chosen plot within each block was treated with up to three applications of Mesurol (75% wettable powder) at a mean rate of 3.1 kg/ha. Damage assessments at harvest showed that the treatment significantly reduced bird damage in both states, but the actual level of bird damage protection provided by the treatment could not be calculated.
Based on bird censuses, the primary grape-depredating species in Oregon vineyards was the American robin (Turdus migratorius), whereas house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), California quail (Lophortyx californicus), goldfinches (Spinus spp.), and robins were the primary species in California.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Enology and Viticulture","doi":"10.5344/ajev.1981.32.2.150","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., Mott, D.F., DeHaven, R.W., and Guarino, J., 1981, Mesurol as a bird repellent on wine grapes in Oregon and California: American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, v. 32, no. 2, p. 150-154, https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1981.32.2.150.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6250ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mott, D. F.","contributorId":22819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeHaven, R. W.","contributorId":31711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHaven","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guarino, J. L.","contributorId":32798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guarino","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1013678,"text":"1013678 - 1981 - Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T13:26:08.345018","indexId":"1013678","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets","docAbstract":"Growth and survival were compared for groups of first‐feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed various commercially available and experimental starter diets. In two separate 8‐ to 9‐week studies, survival was highest (more than 90%) in fish fed a semimoist closed‐formula commercial diet (BioDiet). In one study, fish grew fastest on BioDiet, whereas in the second study they grew fastest on a liver‐supplemented diet. Some diets were not eaten by the fish, resulting in little growth and less than 40% survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[195:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lemm, C.A., and Hendrix, M.A., 1981, Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 43, no. 4, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[195:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65563b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrix, M. A.","contributorId":61376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrix","given":"M.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011688,"text":"70011688 - 1981 - An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T16:52:28.986173","indexId":"70011688","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1189,"text":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.","docAbstract":"Current graphic devices suitable for high-speed computer input and output of cartographic data are tending more and more to be raster-oriented, such as the rotating drum scanner and the color raster display. However, the majority of commonly used manipulative techniques in computer-assisted cartography and automated spatial data handling continue to require that the data be in vector format. This situation has recently precipitated the requirement for very fast techniques for converting digital cartographic data from raster to vector format for processing, and then back into raster format for plotting. The current article is part one of a two-part paper concerned with examining the state-of-the-art in these conversion techniques. In part one, algorithms to perform all phases of the raster-to-vector process are systematically outlined, and then compared in general terms. Examples of existing implementations of the raster-to-vector process are also described and evaluated. Part two will outline and compare algorithms to perform the reverse process, vector-to-raster conversion. Part two will also discuss raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion as an integrated process.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Toronto Press","doi":"10.3138/VL12-8581-0733-0Q11","usgsCitation":"Peuquet, D.J., 1981, An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.: Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, v. 18, no. 1, p. 34-48, https://doi.org/10.3138/VL12-8581-0733-0Q11.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea5fe4b0c8380cd487ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peuquet, Donna J.","contributorId":89900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peuquet","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011700,"text":"70011700 - 1981 - The distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the basin and range province, Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T16:14:25.951222","indexId":"70011700","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the basin and range province, Western United States","docAbstract":"Some secondary uranium deposits are thought to have formed from uranium derived by the weathering of silicic igneous rocks such as granites, rhyolites, and tuffs. A regional geochemical survey was made to determine the distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the Basin and Range province in order to evaluate the potential for secondary uranium occurrences in the area. The resulting geochemical maps of uranium, thorium, and the Th:U ratio may be useful in locating target areas for uranium exploration.
The granites were sampled according to a five-level, nested, analysis-of-variance design, permitting estimates to be made of the variance due to differences between:(1) two-degree cells; (2) one-degree cells; (3) plutons; (4) samples; and (5) analyses. The cells are areas described in units of degrees of latitude and longitude. The results show that individual plutons tend to differ in uranium and thorium concentrations, but that each pluton tends to be relatively homogeneous. Only small amounts of variance occur at the two degree and the between-analyses levels. The three geochemical maps that were prepared are based on one-degree cell means. The reproducibility of the maps is U > Th ⪢ Th:U.
These geochemical maps may be used in three methods of locating target areas for uranium exploration. The first method uses the concept that plutons containing the greatest amounts of uranium may supply the greatest amounts of uranium for the formation of secondary uranium occurrences. The second method is to examine areas with high thorium contents, because thorium and uranium are initially highly correlated but much uranium could be lost by weathering. The third method is to locate areas in which the plutons have particularly high Th:U ratios. Because uranium, but not thorium, is leached by chemical weathering, high Th:U ratios suggest a possible loss of uranium and possibly a greater potential for secondary uranium occurrences to be found in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90101-1","usgsCitation":"McNeal, J., Lee, D.E., and Millard, H.T., 1981, The distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the basin and range province, Western United States: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90101-1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Western United 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