By the time most of the Sierra Nevada snowpack has melted each summer, freshwater outflows from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to San Francisco Bay are typically small, even after the wettest winters. These small delta outflows during the warm months (in comparison with the large flows of winter and spring) are overwhelmed by salty coastal waters, and the bay becomes more and more salty as summer progresses. Because longer lowflow seasons allow the bay to'become saltier, timing of the Sierra Nevada snowmelt and runoff, which are the source of the delta flows, has a profound influence on the salinity 0 the bay and, thus/ can affect its ecosystems (Peterson et al 1995).
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., and Peterson, D.H., 1995, Sierra Nevada runoff into San Francisco Bay - Why has it come earlier recently?: Newsletter of the Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, v. 8, no. 3, p. 1-3.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1995/IEPNewsletterSummer1995.pdf"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb4e4b0589fa1c980d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17016,"text":"ofr95209 - 1995 - Core descriptions and preliminary geochemical data for the Amoco Production Company Rebecca K. Bounds #1 Well, Greeley County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:57","indexId":"ofr95209","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-209","title":"Core descriptions and preliminary geochemical data for the Amoco Production Company Rebecca K. Bounds #1 Well, Greeley County, Kansas","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95209","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Arthur, M., Sageman, B., and Lewan, M.D., 1995, Core descriptions and preliminary geochemical data for the Amoco Production Company Rebecca K. Bounds #1 Well, Greeley County, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-209, 243 p. :chiefly ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95209.","productDescription":"243 p. :chiefly ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46149,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684ac0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":174572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sageman, B.B.","contributorId":71560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sageman","given":"B.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":16994,"text":"ofr95221 - 1995 - Compilation of sample preparation and analytical methods and results of chemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion analyses, Rodalquilar gold-alunite deposit, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:13","indexId":"ofr95221","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-221","title":"Compilation of sample preparation and analytical methods and results of chemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion analyses, Rodalquilar gold-alunite deposit, Spain","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95221","usgsCitation":"Arribas, A., Cunningham, C.G., McKee, E., Rye, R.O., Rytuba, J.J., Tosdal, R., Wasserman, M., and Aoki, M., 1995, Compilation of sample preparation and analytical methods and results of chemical, isotopic, and fluid inclusion analyses, Rodalquilar gold-alunite deposit, Spain: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-221, 33 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95221.","productDescription":"33 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46128,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arribas, Antonio Jr.","contributorId":14419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arribas","given":"Antonio","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Aoki, Masahiro","contributorId":68159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aoki","given":"Masahiro","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":28310,"text":"wri944151 - 1995 - Database of well and areal data, South San Francisco Bay and Peninsula area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri944151","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4151","title":"Database of well and areal data, South San Francisco Bay and Peninsula area, California","docAbstract":"A database was developed to organize and manage data compiled for a regional assessment of geohydrologic and water-quality conditions in the south San Francisco Bay and Peninsula area in California. Available data provided by local, State, and Federal agencies and private consultants was utilized in the assessment. The database consists of geographicinformation system data layers and related tables and American Standard Code for Information Interchange files. Documentation of the database is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of the data and to make users aware of potential errors and limitations. Most of the data compiled were collected from wells and boreholes (collectively referred to as wells in this report). This point-specific data, including construction, water-level, waterquality, pumping test, and lithologic data, are contained in tables and files that are related to a geographic information system data layer that contains the locations of the wells. There are 1,014 wells in the data layer and the related tables contain 35,845 water-level measurements (from 293 of the wells) and 9,292 water-quality samples (from 394 of the wells). Calculation of hydraulic heads and gradients from the water levels can be affected adversely by errors in the determination of the altitude of land surface at the well. Cation and anion balance computations performed on 396 of the water-quality samples indicate high cation and anion balance errors for 51 (13 percent) of the samples. Well drillers' reports were interpreted for 762 of the wells, and digital representations of the lithology of the formations are contained in files following the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The usefulness of drillers' descriptions of the formation lithology is affected by the detail and thoroughness of the drillers' descriptions, as well as the knowledge, experience, and vocabulary of the individual who described the drill cuttings. Additional data layers were created that contain political, geohydrologic, and other geographic data. These layers contain features represented by areas and lines rather than discrete points. The layers consist of data representing the thickness of alluvium, surficial geology, physiographic subareas, watershed boundaries, land use, water-supply districts, wastewater treatment districts, and recharge basins. The layers manually digitizing paper maps, acquisition of data already in digital form, or creation of new layers from available layers. The scale of the source data affects the accurate representation of real-world features with the data layer, and, therefore, the scale of the source data must be considered when the data are analyzed and plotted.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944151","usgsCitation":"Leighton, D., Fio, J., and Metzger, L., 1995, Database of well and areal data, South San Francisco Bay and Peninsula area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4151, vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944151.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123758,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57122,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leighton, D.A.","contributorId":51792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leighton","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fio, J.L.","contributorId":56662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fio","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metzger, L.F.","contributorId":47829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21298,"text":"ofr95204 - 1995 - The Southern California Network Bulletin; January - December 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr95204","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-204","title":"The Southern California Network Bulletin; January - December 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95204","usgsCitation":"Wald, L.A., Hafner, K.N., and Bryant, A.S., 1995, The Southern California Network Bulletin; January - December 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-204, 49 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95204.","productDescription":"49 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50850,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a8cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, Lisa A. 0000-0002-5467-0523 lisa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5467-0523","contributorId":449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"Lisa","email":"lisa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":184169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hafner, Katrin N.","contributorId":73237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hafner","given":"Katrin","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryant, A. Steve","contributorId":61071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26391,"text":"wri874136 - 1995 - A feasibility study to estimate minimum surface-casing depths of oil and gas wells to prevent ground-water contamination in four areas of western Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T21:24:50.516375","indexId":"wri874136","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4136","title":"A feasibility study to estimate minimum surface-casing depths of oil and gas wells to prevent ground-water contamination in four areas of western Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were evaluated from four areas of western Pennsylvania to estimate the minimum depth of well surface casing needed to prevent contamination of most of the fresh gr6unct-water resources by oil and gas wells. The areas are representative of the different types of oil and gas activities and of the ground-water hydrology of most sections of the Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic Province in western Pennsylvania. Approximate delineation of the base of the fresh ground-water system was attempted by interpreting the following hydrologic data: (1) reports of freshwater and saltwater in oil and gas well-completion reports; (2) water well-completion reports, (3) geophysical logs; and (4) chemical analyses of well water.
Because of the poor quality and scarcity of ground-water data, the altitude of the base of the fresh ground-water system in the four study areas cannot be accurately delineated. Consequently, minimum surface-casing depths for oil and gas wells cannot be estimated with confidence. Conscientious and reliable reporting of freshwater and saltwater during drilling of oil and gas wells would expand the existing data base. Reporting of field specific conductance of ground water would greatly enhance the value of the reports of ground water in oil and gas well-completion records.
Water-bearing zones in bedrock are controlled mostly by the presence of secondary openings. The vertical and horizontal discontinuity of secondary openings may be responsible, in part, for large differences in altitudes of freshwater zones noted on completion records of adjacent oil and gas wells. In upland and hilltop topographies, maximum depths of fresh ground water are reported from several hundred feet below land surface to slightly more than 1,000 feet, but the few deep reports are not substantiated by results of laboratory analyses of dissolved-solids concentrations.
Past and present drillers for shallow oil and gas wells commonly install surface casing to below the base of readily observed fresh ground water. Casing depths are selected generally to maximize drilling efficiency and to stop freshwater from entering the well and subsequently interfering with hydrocarbon recovery . The depths of surface casing generally are not selected with ground-water protection in mind. However, on the basis of existing hydrologic data, most freshwater aquifers generally are protected with current casing depths. Minimum surface-casing depths for deep gas wells are prescribed by Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources regulations and appear to be adequate to prevent ground-water contamination, in most respects, for the only study area with deep gas fields examined in Crawford County.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874136","usgsCitation":"Buckwalter, T.F., and Squillace, P.J., 1995, A feasibility study to estimate minimum surface-casing depths of oil and gas wells to prevent ground-water contamination in four areas of western Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4136, Report: vi, 55 p.; 1 Plate: 28.68 × 25.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874136.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 55 p.; 1 Plate: 28.68 × 25.40 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_87_4136.bmp"},{"id":55185,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4136/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":14548,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4136/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394119,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4136/pdf/wri874136.pdf"},{"id":394118,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46800.htm","text":"Geneva quadrangle","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465907,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46801.htm","text":"Hazen & Reynoldsville quadrangles","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465908,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46802.htm","text":"Pittsburgh East quadrangle","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465909,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46803.htm","text":"Warren quadrangle","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.2,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -80.1167,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -80.1167,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -80.2,\n 41.625\n ],\n [\n -80.2,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckwalter, T. F.","contributorId":58671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckwalter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27471,"text":"wri944219 - 1995 - Analysis of ground-water flow in the Catahoula aquifer system in the vicinity of Laurel and Hattiesburg, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri944219","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4219","title":"Analysis of ground-water flow in the Catahoula aquifer system in the vicinity of Laurel and Hattiesburg, Mississippi","docAbstract":"The upper, middle, and lower Catahoula aquifers in the vicinity of the cites of Laurel and Hattiesburg in southern Mississippi are made up of irregular, discontinuous sand zones in the Catahoula Formation of Miocene age. In places thee three aquifers may be hydraulically well connected, and are referred to as the Catahoula aquifer system. Withdrawal from the Catahoula aquifers increased from 28 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) to 41 Mgal/d during 1970 to 1985, and decreased to 38 Mgal/d during 1990. Most withdrawal in the Laurel area is from the lower and middle Catahoula, and most withdrawal in the Hattiesburg area is from the middle and upper Catahoula aquifers. In the Laurel area, water levels in selected wells in the lower Catahoula aquifer declined at rates ranging from about 1 to 3.6 feet/ year until the late 1980's in response to the increase in pumping. A three-dimensional model was developed to represent ground-water flow in the Catahoula aquifers. Simulated water levels in the lower Catahoula aquifer, the layer most affected by pumping, were lowered from predevelopment levels as much as 130 feet in the Laurel area and 100 feet in the Hattiesburg area, according to the model analysis of 1992 conditions. Three scenarios of increased pumpage, for the period 1992-2020, were simulated. Under the low-growth scenario, water- level declines would be 20 feet or less below 1992 water levels in the middle and upper Catahoula aquifer in the Hattiesburg area, and about 60 feet in the lower Catahoula aquifer in the Laurel area. Under the moderate-growth scenario, water-level declines would be 40 feet or less below 1992 water levels in the middle Catahoula aquifer in the Hattiesburg area. Water-level declines would be about 110 feet in the lower Catahoula aquifer in the Laurel area, and water levels would approach the top of the aquifer. Under the high-growth scenario, water-level declines would be 40 feet or less in the upper Catahoula aquifer and about 80 feet in the middle Catahoula, with the largest declines occurring in the Hattiesburg area. Water levels would decline about 130 feet and would be drawn down below the top of the lower Catahoula aquifer in the Laurel area under the high-growth scenario.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944219","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., and Barber, N.L., 1995, Analysis of ground-water flow in the Catahoula aquifer system in the vicinity of Laurel and Hattiesburg, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4219, v, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944219.","productDescription":"v, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6803cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, N. L.","contributorId":7731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31751,"text":"ofr95115 - 1995 - Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T18:50:20.299836","indexId":"ofr95115","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-115","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 1994","docAbstract":"This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for September 1994. The map is based on water-level measurements made at more than 900 wells and springs. Ninety-two new wells were added to the September 1994 map--42 in southern Georgia and 50 in Florida. Data on the map were contoured using 5-foot contour intervals in most areas. The potentiometric surface of this karstic aquifer generally reflects land surface topography. Potentiometric-surface highs often correspond to topographic highs, which are areas of surficial recharge to the Upper Floridan aquifer. Springs within topographic lows along with areas of more diffuse upward leakage are natural zones of discharge. Municipal, agricultural, and industrial withdrawals have lowered the potentiometric surface in some areas. The potentiometric surface ranged from 131 feet above sea lvel in Polk County to 86 feet below sea level in southern Georgia near the St. Marys River. With the additon of new wells in southern Georgia, water level data now indicate two distinct depressions at industrial well fields near the St. Marys River in southern Georgia and eastern Nassau County where previously there was only one depression indicated. Water levels measured in September 1994 generally were about 0 to 4 feet higher than those measured in September 1993, except in Seminole County, where increases of 1 to 7 feet above September 1993 levels were recorded at most wells. Generally, September 1994 water levels were 1 to to 5 feet higher than levels in May 1994 except in Union, Gradford, Alachua, Levy, and western Marion Counties where levels remained nearly unchanged, and in Seminole and northwestern Orange Counties where water levels generally were 3 to 12 feet higher than levels in May 1994.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95115","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., 1995, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-115, 1 Plate: 30.00 × 50.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95115.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.00 × 50.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390756,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18401.htm"},{"id":19545,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0115/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682dfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel","contributorId":62252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61685,"text":"gq1763 - 1995 - Geologic map of the Granby quadrangle, Grand County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:32","indexId":"gq1763","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1763","title":"Geologic map of the Granby quadrangle, Grand County, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/gq1763","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, D., 1995, Geologic map of the Granby quadrangle, Grand County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1763, 1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 90 x 100 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1763.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;58 x 45 cm., on sheet 90 x 100 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102792,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_1243.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1243"},{"id":247987,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1763/report.pdf","size":"25","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/1763/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106,40 ], [ -106,40.1175 ], [ -105.86749999999999,40.1175 ], [ -105.86749999999999,40 ], [ -106,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, David A.","contributorId":62284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18926,"text":"ofr958 - 1995 - Deformational features resulting from slope movement in the Manoa Valley, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T19:31:16.145818","indexId":"ofr958","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-8","title":"Deformational features resulting from slope movement in the Manoa Valley, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Deformation of man-made structures in and adjacent to the public right-of-way in the Manoa Valley was mapped to locate existing and incipient slow-moving landsliding. The results are shown on two kinds of maps. One map consists of four sheets that show field observations. The other, an interpretive map, shows locations where there is evidence of landslide movement.
No slow-moving landslides were found that are similar in size and degree of development to the existing Alani-Paty or Hulu-Woolsey landslides. Nine areas, however, were found where deformation might be related to such movement, including five sites of small landslides in fill and four sites where deformation is consistent with the early stages of development of a larger landslide.
Locations of all nine areas that show evidence of recent or incipient movement are plotted on the interpretive map. For these areas, possible courses of mitigation range from no action to monitoring and remediation. Four areas that have the greatest potential for enlargement and movement are in Woodlawn and within several hundred feet of the existing Alani-Paty and Hulu-Woolsey landslides.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr958","usgsCitation":"Fleming, R.W., 1995, Deformational features resulting from slope movement in the Manoa Valley, City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-8, Report: 12 p.; 5 Plates: 97.99 x 42.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr958.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 5 Plates: 97.99 x 42.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412542,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/plate-1-4.pdf","text":"Plate 1 Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412543,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412541,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/plate-1-3.pdf","text":"Plate 1 Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412540,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/plate-1-2.pdf","text":"Plate 1 Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412539,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/plate-1-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1 Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0008/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","county":"Honolulu","city":"Honolulu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.96723786446074,\n 21.402380335903857\n ],\n [\n -157.96723786446074,\n 21.2530088512609\n ],\n [\n -157.64753149710995,\n 21.2530088512609\n ],\n [\n -157.64753149710995,\n 21.402380335903857\n ],\n [\n -157.96723786446074,\n 21.402380335903857\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672452","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, Robert W.","contributorId":102062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30467,"text":"wri934225 - 1995 - Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri934225","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4225","title":"Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1990-91","docAbstract":"During 1990, about 1,460 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of freshwater was withdrawn from surface- water and ground-water sources in Maryland. Total freshwater withdrawals increased during 1991 to about 1,500 Mgal/d. Saline surface-water withdrawals for cooling condensors increased from about 4,550 Mgal/d during 1990 to 5,760 Mgal/d during 1991. During 1990-91, most freshwater withdrawals (about 1,220 Mgal/d during 1990 and 1,250 Mgal/d during 1991) were from surface-water sources. More than 70 percent of the fresh surface water was withdrawn and used in the Potomac drainage basin. Most ground water (about 170 Mgal/d in 1990 and 184 Mgal/d in 1991) was withdrawn and used in the Upper Chesapeake drainage basin. The Potomac Group aquifers provided most of the ground water (about 64 Mgal/d during 1990 and 68 Mgal/d during 1991 or about 27 percent each year). Ten water-use categories represent the major demands on the surface-water and ground-water resources of the State: Public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, hydroelectric power, livestock, irrigation, and aquaculture. Largest withdrawals were for public supply (798 Mgal/d during 1990 and 826 Mgal/d during 1991), and the water was used by residences, commercial establishments, and industries. Baltimore City received the largest public-supply deliveries (totaling about 135 Mgal/d during 1990 and 127 Mgal/d during 1991). Freshwater withdrawals for self-supplied domestic use, aquaculture, and irrigation increased during the period, whereas withdrawals for commercial, industrial, thermo- electric power, and mining uses decreased.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934225","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, J.C., 1995, Water withdrawal and use in Maryland, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4225, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934225.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4225/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59249,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5eff17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, J. C.","contributorId":66225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18783,"text":"ofr94318 - 1995 - Preliminary digital geologic maps of the Mariposa, Kingman, Trona, and Death Valley Sheets, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr94318","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-318","title":"Preliminary digital geologic maps of the Mariposa, Kingman, Trona, and Death Valley Sheets, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94318","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Turner, A.K., 1995, Preliminary digital geologic maps of the Mariposa, Kingman, Trona, and Death Valley Sheets, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-318, iii, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94318.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0318/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48154,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, A. Keith","contributorId":39400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185314,"text":"70185314 - 1995 - Estimating 14C groundwater ages in a methanogenic aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:05:19","indexId":"70185314","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Estimating 14C groundwater ages in a methanogenic aquifer","title":"Estimating 14C groundwater ages in a methanogenic aquifer","docAbstract":"This paper addresses the problem of 14C age dating of groundwaters in a confined regional aquifer affected by methanogenesis. Increasing CH4 concentrations along the groundwater flow system and 13C and 14C isotopic data for dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and CH4 clearly show the effect of methanogenesis on groundwater chemistry. Inverse reaction path modeling using NETPATH indicates the predominant geochemical reactions controlling the chemical evolution of groundwater in the aquifer are incongruent dissolution of dolomite, ion exchange, methanogenesis, and oxidation of sedimentary organic matter. Modeling of groundwater 14C ages using NETPATH indicates that a significant part of groundwater in the Alliston aquifer is less than 13,000 years old; however, older groundwater in the range of 15,000–23,000 years is also present in the aquifer. This paper demonstrates that 14C ages calculated using NETPATH, incorporating the effects of methanogenesis on the carbon pools, provide reasonable groundwater ages that were not possible by other isotopic methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR01271","usgsCitation":"Aravena, R., Wassenaar, L.I., and Plummer, N., 1995, Estimating 14C groundwater ages in a methanogenic aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 9, p. 2307-2317, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR01271.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"2307","endPage":"2317","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337855,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f6739b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aravena, Ramon ","contributorId":189546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aravena","given":"Ramon ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wassenaar, Leonard I","contributorId":150277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wassenaar","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"I","affiliations":[{"id":17954,"text":"International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30538,"text":"wri944241 - 1995 - Scour at selected bridge sites in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:12","indexId":"wri944241","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4241","title":"Scour at selected bridge sites in Mississippi","docAbstract":"Scour data were collected during 1936-94 at 22 bridge sites in Mississippi. The drainage area of the bridge-scour sites ranged from 60.8 to 5,720 square miles, and the slope in the vicinity of each site ranged from 0.00011 to 0.00163 foot per foot. Measured pier-scour depths ranged from 0.6 to 20.4 feet. Measured total-scour depths at minimum-bed elevation ranged from 5.2 to 29.8 feet. Recurrence intervals of measured streamflow discharges ranged from less than 2 years to about 500 years. All of the Mississippi pier-scour depths were within 2.3 times the normal pier width, which agreed with previous research. Only 12 (6 percent) of the 190 measured pier-scour depths were greater than 1.1 times the normal pier width. Measured pier-scour depths were as much as 2.24 times a normal pier width of 3.3 feet. However, for pier widths greater than about 4 feet, measured pier-scour depths were significantly less than 2.3 times the normal pier width. An envelope-curve equation for the Mississippi pier-scour data was developed by relating pier-scour depth divided by normal pier width to measured approach-flow depth divided by normal pier width. The envelope-curve equation predictions could be used for reasonable verifi- cations of the HEC-18 pier-scour predictions, currently required for the design and mainte- nance of bridges over waterways in Mississippi.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944241","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., 1995, Scour at selected bridge sites in Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4241, iv, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944241.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59313,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.V. Jr.","contributorId":31419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19231,"text":"ofr94496 - 1995 - A selected bibliography on the hydrology of the Platte River basin in Nebraska through 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94496","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-496","title":"A selected bibliography on the hydrology of the Platte River basin in Nebraska through 1991","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. 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