{"pageNumber":"388","pageRowStart":"9675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70012001,"text":"70012001 - 1981 - Stratigraphy of the Caloris basin, Mercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-20T13:01:26.381241","indexId":"70012001","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy of the Caloris basin, Mercury","docAbstract":"Caloris basin, Mercury’s youngest large impact basin, is filled by volcanic plains that are spectrally distinct from surrounding material. Post-plains impact craters of a variety of sizes populate the basin interior, and the spectra of the material they have excavated enable the thickness of the volcanic fill to be estimated and reveal the nature of the subsurface. The thickness of the interior volcanic plains is consistently at least 2.5 km, reaching 3.5 km in places, with thinner fill toward the edge of the basin. No systematic variations in fill thickness are observed with long-wavelength topography or azimuth. The lack of correlation between plains thickness and variations in elevation at large horizontal scales within the basin indicates that plains emplacement must have predated most, if not all, of the changes in long-wavelength topography that affected the basin. There are no embayed or unambiguously buried (ghost) craters with diameters greater than 10 km in the Caloris interior plains. The absence of such ghost craters indicates that one or more of the following scenarios must hold: the plains are sufficiently thick to have buried all evidence of craters that formed between the Caloris impact event and the emplacement of the plains; the plains were emplaced soon after basin formation; or the complex tectonic deformation of the basin interior has disguised wrinkle-ridge rings localized by buried craters. That low-reflectance material (LRM) was exposed by every impact that penetrated through the surface volcanic plains provides a means to explore near-surface stratigraphy. If all occurrences of LRM are derived from a single layer, the subsurface LRM deposit is at least 7.5–8.5 km thick and its top likely once made up the Caloris basin floor. The Caloris-forming impact would have generated a layer of impact melt 3–15 km thick; such a layer could account for the entire thickness of LRM. This material would have been derived from a combination of lower crust and upper mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2014.11.003","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"McCauley, J., Guest, J.E., Schaber, G.G., Trask, N., and Greeley, R., 1981, Stratigraphy of the Caloris basin, Mercury: Icarus, v. 47, no. 2, p. 184-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.11.003.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220945,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a0ce4b08c986b31c736","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guest, J. E.","contributorId":98749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guest","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trask, N.J.","contributorId":31729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trask","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70011961,"text":"70011961 - 1981 - Thermal inertia mapping of Mars from 60°S to 60°N","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T13:25:23","indexId":"70011961","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal inertia mapping of Mars from 60°S to 60°N","docAbstract":"Twenty-micrometer brightness temperatures are used to derive the thermal inertia for 81% of the Martian surface between latitudes ±60°. These data were acquired by the two Viking Infrared Thermal Mappers in 1977 and 1978 following the two global dust storms of 1977. The spatial resolution used is 2° in latitude by 2° in longitude and the total range in derived inertia is ![\"\"](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0019103581900440-si1.gif\" "\\"\\"")
. The distribution of thermal inertia is strongly bimodal with all values of thermal inertia less than ![\"\"](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0019103581900440-si2.gif\" "\\"\\"")
being associated with three disjoint bright regions mostly in the northern hemisphere. Sufficient dust is raised in global storms to provide fine material adequate to produce these low-inertia areas but the specific deposition mechanism has not been defined. At the low resolution used, no complete exposures of clean rock were found. There is some tendency for darker material to be associated with higher thermal inertia, although the trend is far from one to one. The distribution of high- and low-inertia areas is sufficiently nonrandom to produce a variation in whole-disk brightness temperature with central meridian longitude. This variation and the change in surface kinetic temperature associated with dust storms are factors in establishing the whole-disk brightness temperature at radio and infrared wavelengths and will be important for those who use Mars as a calibration source.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(81)90044-0","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Palluconi, F.D., and Kieffer, H.H., 1981, Thermal inertia mapping of Mars from 60°S to 60°N: Icarus, v. 45, no. 2, p. 415-426, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(81)90044-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"426","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb227e4b08c986b325624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palluconi, Frank Don","contributorId":14952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kieffer, Hugh H.","contributorId":41137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011916,"text":"70011916 - 1981 - Sequential extraction techniques applied to a porphyry copper deposit in the basin and range province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T14:02:43.813029","indexId":"70011916","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequential extraction techniques applied to a porphyry copper deposit in the basin and range province","docAbstract":"Samples of minus-80-mesh (<180 μm) stream sediment, rock containing exposed fracture coatings, and jarosite and chrysocolla were collected from an area surrounding the North Silver Bell porphyry Cu deposit near Tucson, Arizona. The samples were subjected to a series of extractions in a scheme originally designed for use on samples from humid or sub-humid environments, in which the following fractions can effectively be separated: (1) carbonates and exchangeable metals; (2) Mn oxides; (3) organic compounds and sulfides; (4) hydrous Fe oxides; and (5) residual crystalline minerals. Jarosite and chrysocolla, two major minerals of the North Silver Bell area, were found to dissolve over two or more steps of the extraction scheme. The results represent only a limited number of samples from one copper deposit. Nevertheless, they do suggest that in a semiarid to arid environment, where mechanical dispersion of such minerals predominates, uncritical assignment of unique phases, such as Mn oxides or organics to a given extraction would lead to false interpretations of weathering processes. However, the relative proportions of elements dissolved in each step of the jarosite and chrysocolla extractions could be used as a “fingerprint” for recognition of the presence of these two minerals in the stream-sediment and rock samples. The relative abundance of hydrous Fe oxide and jarosite and the alteration zoning could be mapped using data from jarosite and chrysocolla extractions. Manganese oxides were also found to have a greater influence on Zn than on Cu or Pb during supergene alteration.
The rapid change in relative importance of the first (1M-acetic acid) extraction for Cu, Zn, and Pb near the mineralized zone suggested the occurrence of minor hydromorphic processes within the stream sediments. Thus, the acetic acid extraction proved the most effective for pinpointing mineralization in sediments. In contrast, the residual fraction had the longest dispersion train, suggesting that total metal concentrations are most effective in arid environments for reconnaissance surveys.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90110-2","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Filipek, L., and Theobald, P.K., 1981, Sequential extraction techniques applied to a porphyry copper deposit in the basin and range province: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, no. C, p. 155-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90110-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d52e4b08c986b31833f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Filipek, L.H.","contributorId":58392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theobald, P. K. Jr.","contributorId":70398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1007522,"text":"1007522 - 1981 - Mesurol as a bird repellent on wine grapes in Oregon and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-22T17:24:43.568868","indexId":"1007522","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":726,"text":"American Journal of Enology and Viticulture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesurol as a bird repellent on wine grapes in Oregon and California","docAbstract":"Field tests were conducted in California and Oregon from July to October 1978 to evaluate the effectiveness of Mesurol as a repellent to reduce bird damage to ripening wine grapes. A block of vines composed of two similar, adjacent plots was delineated at each of 20 vineyards. One randomly chosen plot within each block was treated with up to three applications of Mesurol (75% wettable powder) at a mean rate of 3.1 kg/ha. Damage assessments at harvest showed that the treatment significantly reduced bird damage in both states, but the actual level of bird damage protection provided by the treatment could not be calculated.
Based on bird censuses, the primary grape-depredating species in Oregon vineyards was the American robin (Turdus migratorius), whereas house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), California quail (Lophortyx californicus), goldfinches (Spinus spp.), and robins were the primary species in California.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Enology and Viticulture","doi":"10.5344/ajev.1981.32.2.150","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., Mott, D.F., DeHaven, R.W., and Guarino, J., 1981, Mesurol as a bird repellent on wine grapes in Oregon and California: American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, v. 32, no. 2, p. 150-154, https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1981.32.2.150.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6250ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mott, D. F.","contributorId":22819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeHaven, R. W.","contributorId":31711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHaven","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guarino, J. L.","contributorId":32798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guarino","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1013678,"text":"1013678 - 1981 - Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T13:26:08.345018","indexId":"1013678","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets","docAbstract":"Growth and survival were compared for groups of first‐feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed various commercially available and experimental starter diets. In two separate 8‐ to 9‐week studies, survival was highest (more than 90%) in fish fed a semimoist closed‐formula commercial diet (BioDiet). In one study, fish grew fastest on BioDiet, whereas in the second study they grew fastest on a liver‐supplemented diet. Some diets were not eaten by the fish, resulting in little growth and less than 40% survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[195:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lemm, C.A., and Hendrix, M.A., 1981, Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed various starter diets: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 43, no. 4, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[195:GASOAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129584,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65563b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemm, C. A.","contributorId":42162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendrix, M. A.","contributorId":61376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrix","given":"M.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011928,"text":"70011928 - 1981 - The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:34","indexId":"70011928","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals","docAbstract":"Partially serpentinized dunites containing small amounts of Chlorine (< 0.5%) from Dumont, Quebec, and Horoman, Hokkaido, Japan, and one containing less than 0.05% Chlorine from Higashi-Akaishi-Yama, Ehime, Japan have been examined using the electron probe microanalyzer and scanning transmission electron microscope with X-ray analytical capabilities. Chlorine was found together with Si, Mg, Ca and Fe in the serpentine minerals of the Dumont and Hokkaido dunites but not in the Ehime dunite. Chlorine is found associated only with the most finely crystalline facies of the serpentine (grain size less than 10 nm). The Ehime dunite contained no such fine grained serpentine, and was thus effectively chlorine-free, as are the coarser grained serpentines of the other samples. The finegrained chlorine-bearing serpentine also has a much higher concentration of Fe, and can contain smaller amounts of Ca, Ni and Mn than the coarse-grained variety as well as minute awaruite (FeNi3) grains. This fine-grained serpentine probably represents an early stage in the transformation of olivine to serpentine, with chlorine from hydrothermal solutions assisting the necessary chemical changes. The Cl increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation barrier to reaction by the introduction of reaction steps. ?? 1981 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00373679","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Miura, Y., Rucklidge, J., and Nord, G.L., 1981, The occurrence of chlorine in serpentine minerals: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 17-23, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373679.","startPage":"17","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205077,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373679"},{"id":220942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae3de4b08c986b323f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miura, Y.","contributorId":28363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miura","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rucklidge, J.","contributorId":54342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucklidge","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011955,"text":"70011955 - 1981 - A lithologic-tectonic framework for the metallogenic provinces of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:14:32.541851","indexId":"70011955","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A lithologic-tectonic framework for the metallogenic provinces of California","docAbstract":"The lithologic-tectonic framework of California developed principally during Mesozoic time when various terranes of oceanic crust and island-arc crust were accreted to older sialic crust, resulting in westward growth of the continent. Emplacement of great batholithic masses of granitoid rocks cutting all these crustal types also took place during the Mesozoic period. The discrete tectonostratigraphic terranes that resulted from these events and subsequent Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic events are characterized by specific types of metallic mineral deposits or, in some terranes, by the virtual absence of deposits. Lead-silver-zinc replacement-type deposits are common in the Paleozoic carbonate terrane in the eastern part of the state and occur sporadically elsewhere in the miogeoclinal and cratonal terranes but are absent from the oceanic and island-arc terranes. The vast majority of contact metasomatic tungsten deposits, including all the large ones, are in pendants of miogeoclinal rocks in the Sierra Nevada batholith, but the important Atolia deposits reside in granitoid rocks that invade oceanic terrane. Molybdenum distribution closely follows that of tungsten. All the large contact metasomatic iron deposits in California are in craton and miogeoclinal terranes, but sparse small deposits of this type also occur in island-arc terranes of the northern Sierra Nevada and eastern Klamath Mountains. Lode gold deposits, although widely scattered, show a marked preference for oceanic and island-arc terranes that have been invaded by granitoid plutons. All the major deposits, including late Tertiary bonanza deposits such as Bodie, are in such terranes. It appears that magmatic processes were responsible for mobilizing and transporting the gold, but the metal was perhaps derived from the eugeosynclinal rocks, notably the mafic volcanics. Most mercury deposits are found in the Coast Ranges, where they commonly occur in silica-carbonate rock, an alteration product of serpentinite. The deposits appear to be spatially related to the Coast Range thrust, and the source of the mercury may have been sedimentary rocks of the underlying Franciscan assemblage. Epigenetic mineralization occurred at several different times during the Mesozoic, and again during Miocene and Pliocene time. The timing of mineralization events and the distribution of various deposit types indicate that no broad-scale zoning of epigenetic deposits exists around the Sierra Nevada batholith.Syngenetic deposits are represented mainly by massive sulfides, chert-associated manganese, and chromite. The massive sulfide deposits, with one exception, are restricted to island-arc terranes, and nearly all of these deposits are in silicic volcanic rocks. They are interpreted to be syngenetic with the enclosing rocks, although some redistribution of metals may have occurred after the original deposition. The deposits occur in volcanic sequences of at least five different ages ranging from Early Devonian to Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous and, along with their enclosing rocks, were probably formed at some distance from their present sites. Chert-associated manganese deposits occur mainly in exotic blocks of oceanic crust in melange and probably formed in fairly deep ocean environments. Chromite is confined to ultramafic rock, much of which occupies suture zones separating various accreted terranes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.4.765","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Albers, J.P., 1981, A lithologic-tectonic framework for the metallogenic provinces of California: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 4, p. 765-790, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.4.765.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"765","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e43de4b0c8380cd46507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, J. P.","contributorId":81505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011956,"text":"70011956 - 1981 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14211,"text":"ofr80660 - 1980 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin","indexId":"ofr80660","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of the Appalachian Basin"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70011956,"text":"70011956 - 1981 - Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","indexId":"70011956","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T17:37:46.037306","indexId":"70011956","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"Comparison of Munsell color value with organic carbon content of 880 samples from 50 drill holes in the Appalachian basin shows that a power curve is the best fit for the data. A color value below 3 to 3.5 indicates the presence of organic carbon but is meaningless in determining the organic carbon content because a large increase in amount of organic carbon causes only a minor decrease in color value. Above 4, the color value is one of the factors that can be used in calculating the organic content. For samples containing equal amounts of organic carbon, calcareous shale containing more than 5% calcite is darker than shale containing less than 5% calcite.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/2F9197CE-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Hosterman, J.W., and Whitlow, S.I., 1981, Munsell color value as related to organic carbon in Devonian shale of Appalachian basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 65, no. 2, p. 333-335, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F9197CE-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"335","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60d5e4b0c8380cd716d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hosterman, John W.","contributorId":48962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hosterman","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitlow, Sallie I.","contributorId":8854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlow","given":"Sallie","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70168607,"text":"70168607 - 1981 - The eastern front of the Sierra Nevada; prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T09:02:33","indexId":"70168607","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The eastern front of the Sierra Nevada; prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption","docAbstract":"On Sunday morning, May 25, 1980, the weather at Mammoth Lakes, Calif., was sunny and brisk. Suddenly, just before 9:33 a.m, the world became a jarring, lurching, unstable place. Along the front of the Sierra Nevada, the muffled thunder of rockfalls and avalanches prolonged the confusion of sound and motion and added the spectacle of large, rising dust clouds. Three geysers, one 30 ft high, suddenly roared into the air at Hot Creek, although none survived more than a few hours. Some new boiling pools appeared, while many existing hot springs and pools became hotter and more active.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Rinehart, C., and Smith, W.C., 1981, The eastern front of the Sierra Nevada; prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 13, no. 6, p. 216-224.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"216","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.81665039062499,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -119.64111328125,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -118.43261718749999,\n 35.46961797120201\n ],\n [\n -118.14697265625,\n 35.08395557927643\n ],\n [\n -117.68554687499999,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -118.28979492187499,\n 37.204081555898526\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -120.28930664062499,\n 39.52946653645165\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 39.884450178234395\n ],\n [\n -120.838623046875,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -120.81665039062499,\n 38.8824811975508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c99c5fe4b059daa47c9b0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinehart, C.D.","contributorId":94310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinehart","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, W. C.","contributorId":18424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70140560,"text":"70140560 - 1981 - Volgograd and vicinity: a Landsat view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T14:59:56","indexId":"70140560","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2306,"text":"Journal of Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volgograd and vicinity: a Landsat view","docAbstract":"Many diverse features can be discerned on the Landsat image of Volgograd and vicinity. Some of these features have resulted directly from man's alteration of the land surface in accordance with Stalin's and Khrushchev's plans for control of climate and for development in Volgograd and the surrounding area. Landsat images such as the one in this example provide the opportunity to inventory and assess man's imprint upon the land on a regional basis from a unique perspective.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00221348108980691","usgsCitation":"Dando, W.A., and Johnson, G., 1981, Volgograd and vicinity: a Landsat view: Journal of Geography, v. 80, no. 6, p. 235-237, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221348108980691.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"237","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297842,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","city":"Volgograd","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.15478515624999,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n 41.15478515624999,\n 51.41291212935532\n ],\n [\n 47.35107421875,\n 51.41291212935532\n ],\n [\n 47.35107421875,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n 41.15478515624999,\n 47.39834920035926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c88e4b08de9379b385c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dando, William A.","contributorId":139116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dando","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Gary E.","contributorId":65007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":540090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011688,"text":"70011688 - 1981 - An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-01T16:52:28.986173","indexId":"70011688","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1189,"text":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.","docAbstract":"Current graphic devices suitable for high-speed computer input and output of cartographic data are tending more and more to be raster-oriented, such as the rotating drum scanner and the color raster display. However, the majority of commonly used manipulative techniques in computer-assisted cartography and automated spatial data handling continue to require that the data be in vector format. This situation has recently precipitated the requirement for very fast techniques for converting digital cartographic data from raster to vector format for processing, and then back into raster format for plotting. The current article is part one of a two-part paper concerned with examining the state-of-the-art in these conversion techniques. In part one, algorithms to perform all phases of the raster-to-vector process are systematically outlined, and then compared in general terms. Examples of existing implementations of the raster-to-vector process are also described and evaluated. Part two will outline and compare algorithms to perform the reverse process, vector-to-raster conversion. Part two will also discuss raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion as an integrated process.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Toronto Press","doi":"10.3138/VL12-8581-0733-0Q11","usgsCitation":"Peuquet, D.J., 1981, An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.: Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, v. 18, no. 1, p. 34-48, https://doi.org/10.3138/VL12-8581-0733-0Q11.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220990,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea5fe4b0c8380cd487ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peuquet, Donna J.","contributorId":89900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peuquet","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011901,"text":"70011901 - 1981 - Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: II. Geochemistry: Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T12:25:10.621745","indexId":"70011901","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1787,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part I","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the southern Sierra Nevada, California: II. Geochemistry: Summary","docAbstract":"The geology and petrology of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the region of California between 38° and 35°45'N latitude and 117°30' and 120°W longitude, including the rocks of a major potassic magmatic province on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, have been described in Part I (Moore and Dodge, 1980) of this study. The geochemical features of these rocks may provide clues to their origin and aid in comparing and contrasting the Sierra Nevada potassic province with other localized potassic provinces elsewhere in the world.
Basaltic rocks occur in numerous small lava-flow remnants, dikes, and plugs that intrude the predominantly granitic terrain of the western slope of the southern Sierra Nevada. Leucite-bearing rocks are present at several localities in this western region. More voluminous basalt, commonly associated with rhyolite, is present east of the range in the Basin and Range province. However, leucite-bearing rocks have been found-at only one locality in this region. Most of the late Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the southern Sierra Nevada eastward through Owens Valley and in the extreme western Basin-Range occur in five rather distinctive areas—the San Joaquin-Kings, Kern, Big Pine, and Coso volcanic fields, and the Mono-Long Valley volcanic center (Fig. 1).
We report here measurements of the heat flow field of the Galapagos Spreading Center on crust of age less than 1.0 m.y. The 443 measurements in an area of about 570 km2 reveal the general planform of the geothermal flux and permit the first truly areal estimate of the near-axis conductive heat flux. The intrusion process and associated hydrothermal circulation dominate the surface heat flow pattern, with circulation apparently continuing beyond the limits of our survey. The areal average of the conductive heat flux is 7.1 ± 0.8 HFU (295 ± 33 mW/m2), about one-third the heat flux predicted by plate models. The remaining heat is apparently removed by venting of hydrothermal waters at the spreading axis and through basalt outcrops and hydrothermal mounds off axis. The pattern of surface heat flux is lineated parallel to the axis and the strongly lineated topography. Sharp lateral gradients in the heat flow, greater than 10 HFU/km near escarpments and commonly expressed as high heat flow at the tops of the scarps and lower heat flow in the valleys, may indicate a local concentration of the circulation by surface fault systems and/or variable sediment thickness.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB02p00979","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Green, K., Von Herzen, R.P., and Williams, D., 1981, The Galapagos Spreading Centre at 86° W: A detailed geothermal field study: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B2, p. 979-986, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB02p00979.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"979","endPage":"986","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba740e4b08c986b32146a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, K.E.","contributorId":88487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Von Herzen, R. P.","contributorId":87662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Herzen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.L.","contributorId":7681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70012075,"text":"70012075 - 1981 - Boulder deposits and the retreat of mountain slopes, or ' gully gravure' revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-26T16:46:06.294102","indexId":"70012075","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boulder deposits and the retreat of mountain slopes, or ' gully gravure' revisited","docAbstract":"Observations on mountains composed chiefly of shale and capped with Tuscarora Sandstone in the Valley and Ridge province of southwest Virginia suggest that slopes retreat by a process similar to but different from Bryan's (1940) \"gully gravure.\" The process appears to operate as follows: Bouldery alluvium protects the floors of hollows on the mountain flanks. In each hollow, the junction between the boulder-armored floor and the base of the unprotected shale side slope is the locus of greatest erosion. Runoff from rainstorms that have recurrence intervals of the order of 10 to 10² years incises gullies along the margins of the bouldery deposits, but lacks the competence to disturb the deposits. Periodically, however, runoff from catastrophic rainstorms that have recurrence intervals of the order of perhaps 10³ years mobilizes the bouldery alluvium and deposits it in the gullies. The armored floor thus shifts laterally. Subsequently, new gullies are incised adjacent to the old ones. The result is the lateral migration of one or both walls of the hollow. Eventually, ridges between hollows are destroyed, and valley floors covered with bouldery alluvium become new interfluves in an unending process that lowers mountain flanks. Evidence of this process includes the distribution of surficial deposits that show past topographic inversion of hollows and noses, correlation of surficial clast size with cross-slope variations in topography, and topographic comparisons between mountain flanks mantled and unmantled by Tuscarora boulders. This process probably is common wherever large resistant clasts are transported downslope over less resistant bedrock. Lateral migration of stream valleys has been shown to take place on mountain piedmonts under similar circumstances, but this study suggests that such migration may also take place on the upper slopes of mountains in hollows where water flow may be significant only a few times per century.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/628628","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Mills, H.H., 1981, Boulder deposits and the retreat of mountain slopes, or ' gully gravure' revisited: Journal of Geology, v. 89, no. 5, p. 649-660, https://doi.org/10.1086/628628.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f244e4b0c8380cd4b0b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, H. H.","contributorId":18384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"H.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011740,"text":"70011740 - 1981 - The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T15:52:22.453149","indexId":"70011740","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"In experiments designed to determine the manner in which copper is partitioned among selected phases that constitute geologic media, we have applied the five-step sequential extraction procedure of Chao and Theobald to the analysis of drill core, soils, and stream sediments of the Rio Vivi and Rio Tanama porphyry copper districts of Puerto Rico. The extraction procedure affords a convenient means of determining the trace-metal content of the following fractions: (1) Mn oxides and “reactive” Fe oxides; (2) “amorphous” Fe oxides; (3) “crystalline” Fe oxides; (4) sulfides and magnetite; and (5) silicates. An additional extraction between steps (1) and (2) was performed to determine organic-related copper in stream sediments.
The experimental results indicate that apportionment of copper among phases constituting geologic media is a function of geochemical environment. Distinctive partitioning patterns were derived from the analysis of drill core from each of three geochemical zones: (a) the supergene zone of oxidation; (b) the supergene zone of enrichment; and (c) the hypogene zone; and similarly, from the analysis of; (d) soils on a weakly leached capping; (e) soils on a strongly leached capping; and (f) active stream sediment.
The experimental results also show that geochemical contrasts (anomaly-to-background ratios) vary widely among the five fractions of each sampling medium investigated, and that at least one fraction of each medium provides substantially stronger contrast than does the bulk medium. Fraction (1) provides optimal contrast for stream sediments of the district; fraction (2) provides optimal contrast for soils on a weakly leached capping; fraction (3) provides optimal contrast for soils on a strongly leached capping.
Selective extraction procedures appear to have important applications to the orientation and interpretive stages of geochemical exploration. Further investigation and testing of a similar nature are recommended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X","usgsCitation":"Learned, R.E., Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1981, The partitioning of copper among selected phases of geologic media of two porphyry copper districts, Puerto Rico: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 15, no. 1-3, p. 563-581, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90087-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"581","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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,{"id":70012093,"text":"70012093 - 1981 - Search for high-calcium limestone in Silurian reefs of northern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-04T01:46:11.813694","indexId":"70012093","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for high-calcium limestone in Silurian reefs of northern Indiana","docAbstract":"During Silurian time, the Indiana part of the Wabash Platform was a shallow-water area between the proto-lllinois and pro-to-Michigan Basins and a site of growth of hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of reefs. Today, most reefs of northern Indiana are dolomite, but some are dolomitic limestone, and a few are limestone of high purity in deposits that can be mined by open-pit methods.
Four of the five generations of reefs of Silurian age in the Great Lakes area have been recognized in northern Indiana. All known oldest-generation reefs in Indiana (second-generation in the Great Lakes area) are dolomitic. A reef in Carroll County containing commercial amounts of high-calcium limestone is the next oldest (third generation), with roots in basal Louisville limestone, and a limestone reef of similar size in Grant County is of a younger (fourth) generation, with its roots in upper Louisville limestone and dolomite. Numerous slightly younger reefs with mostly mixed dolomitic-calcitic compositions are also of this generation, but all known examples are too small to be commercially important. One small limestone reef has been found in the youngest (fifth) generation, with roots in limestone of the Kokomo Limestone Member of the Salina Formation.
All known limestone reefs are restricted to an area of six counties in north-central Indiana, although no apparent depositional environment as revealed from study of surrounding inter-reef rocks has been found to account for any restriction. Dolomitization is more likely related to the textures and lithologies of the individual reefs.
U-Th-Pb systematics were investigated in 15 samples representing two types of deuterically altered Archean granite (albitized and silicified-epidotized granite) from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming. The loss of K-feldspar during both types of deuteric alteration was accompanied by an extreme reduction of Pb content from roughly 40 ppm to less than 12 ppm in the most altered samples. Nine of the 15 samples yield anomalously young whole-rock Pb-Pb and Th-Pb ages compared to concordia ages for zircons and to whole-rock Pb-Pb and Th-Pb ages for samples of unaltered granite. The young ages are interpreted to be the result of radiogenic Pb loss during a middle Proterozoic metamorphism that disturbed several isotopic systems in the unaltered granite. The loss of radiogenic Pb from the whole-rock systems of the deuterically altered granites is most likely due to the absence of microcline. In many granitic rocks, potassium feldspar tends to act as a receptor for Pb that has been mobilized, and this effect may account for the closed-system behavior of Pb in whole-rock samples of the unaltered granite. It may also account for the apparent gain of radiogenic Pb during the Proterozoic by one sample which was collected at the edge of an alteration zone. The deuterically altered granites may have also lost U during the Proterozoic, but, except for two samples, the dominant U loss occurred relatively recently, probably during Tertiary uplift and erosion.
The low common-Pb contents and rather high U and Th contents of the hydrothermally altered granites might seem to indicate that these rocks are well suited for geochronologic studies in the U-Th-Pb system because such rocks should have a high percentage of radiogenic Pb. Unfortunately, open-system behavior in response to post-crystallization metamorphism shows that apparent ages for these types of rocks must be interpreted with caution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90038-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., Nkomo, I.T., and Doe, B.R., 1981, U-Th-Pb systematics in hydrothermally altered granites from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 5, p. 635-645, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90038-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"635","endPage":"645","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222393,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9dde4b08c986b327e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nkomo, Ignatius T.","contributorId":61044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nkomo","given":"Ignatius","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70011884,"text":"70011884 - 1981 - Trace elemental analysis of bituminuos coals using the Heidelberg proton microprobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T19:55:01","indexId":"70011884","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2906,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elemental analysis of bituminuos coals using the Heidelberg proton microprobe","docAbstract":"Trace elements in coal can occur as components of either the organic constituents (macerals) or the inorganic constituents (minerals). Studies of the concentrations and distribution of the trace elements are vital to understanding the geochemical millieu in which the coal was formed and in evaluating the attempts to recover rare but technologically valuable metals. In addition, information on the trace element concentrations is important in predicting the environmental impact of burning particular coals, as many countries move toward greater utilization of coal reserves for energy production. Traditionally, the optical and the electron microscopes and more recently the electron microprobe have been used in studying the components of coal. The proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) microprobe offers a new complementary approach with an order of magnitude or more better minimum detection limit. We present the first measurements with a PIXE microprobe of the trace element concentrations of bituminous coal samples. Elemental analyses of the coal macerals-vitrinite, exinite, and inertinite-are discussed for three coal samples from the Eastern U.S.A., three samples from the Western U.S.A., and one sample from the Peoples Republic of China. ?? 1981.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0029-554X(81)90598-X","issn":"0029554X","usgsCitation":"Chen, J., Kneis, H., Martin, B., Nobiling, R., Traxel, K., Chao, E.C., and Minkin, J., 1981, Trace elemental analysis of bituminuos coals using the Heidelberg proton microprobe: Nuclear Instruments and Methods, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 151-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(81)90598-X.","startPage":"151","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268856,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-554X(81)90598-X"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb63ee4b08c986b326b62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, J.R.","contributorId":98468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kneis, H.","contributorId":37897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kneis","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, B.","contributorId":49517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nobiling, R.","contributorId":77663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nobiling","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Traxel, K.","contributorId":20073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traxel","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70011990,"text":"70011990 - 1981 - The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T16:38:58","indexId":"70011990","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.","docAbstract":"Twenty-one tree-ring stations, totaling 116 trees, were sampled at various localities within the forest trimlines fronting the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana. Tree ages within these zones became progressively younger from the region of the maximum late-Neoglacial position to the bases of the bedrock slopes on which these glaciers are now confined. The age of the oldest tree plus 15 yr was used to estimate the date of glacier withdrawal from a given station. It was found that both the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers began to retreat from their maximum late-Neoglacial positions about 1860. Hence, Matthes's (1940) estimate of glacial advances culminating about 1850 to 1855 for many glaciers in the western United States seems reasonable for the Glacier National Park region. Retreat rates, derived from the tree-ring data, appear to have been modest (<7 m yr-1) until about 1910 when they increased reaching more than 40 m yr-1 for the Agassiz Glacier between 1917 and 1926. Retreat rates after the late 1920s could not be monitored by tree-ring analysis as both glaciers had retreated onto bare bedrock dip slopes. However, from various literature descriptions and National Park Service records, both glaciers experienced rapid retreat (>100 m yr-1) from this time until 1932. In addition, while the Agassiz Glacier was monitored by the National Park Service (1932 to 1942) retreat continued at a rapid rate (>90 m yr-1). This period of rapid retreat corresponds with a period of above-average summer temperatures and decreased precipitation in the climatic record of the region. Since the mid-1940s the retreat rate of both glaciers has slowed markedly.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551194","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P., and McGimsey, R.G., 1981, The late-Neoglacial histories of the Agassiz and Jackson glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana.: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 13, no. 2, p. 183-196, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551194.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"196","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad88e4b08c986b323c93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, P. E.","contributorId":33727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011936,"text":"70011936 - 1981 - On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T17:44:49.424168","indexId":"70011936","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters","docAbstract":"A study of the problems encountered in nephelometric determinations of suspended sediment loads in the Chesapeake Bay estuary has led to development of a technique which uses nephelometer readings as a guide for sampling at vertical profiles in an estuary. This permits optimum sampling for concentration profiles and allows one to use nephelometer/load ratios to characterize particles.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352165","issn":"15592723","usgsCitation":"Eaton, A., Grant, V., Bricker, O., and Wells, D., 1981, On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters: Estuaries, v. 4, no. 4, p. 379-384, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352165.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 37.87051721701939\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 37.87051721701939\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 39.614152077002664\n ],\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 39.614152077002664\n ],\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 37.87051721701939\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e0fe4b0c8380cd75484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, A.","contributorId":69847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grant, V.","contributorId":13494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.","contributorId":27323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, D.","contributorId":35893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011850,"text":"70011850 - 1981 - A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-12T17:11:09.746558","indexId":"70011850","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods","docAbstract":"Over 100 papers on regional mineral resource assessment of nonfuels are classified according to method(s) used and form(s) of product in order to help identify possible methods for future assessments. Types of products that have been used include: tons of metal; tons of rock and associated grade; gross value; potential; number of deposits; probability of one or more deposits; tons of rock, grade, and number of deposits by type; potential supply; and net value. Assessment methods considered are: time-rate, crustal abundance, cumulative tonnage versus grade, simple subjective, complex subjective, Bayesian, frequency, trend, geometric probability, multiple regression, discriminant analysis, modified component, multivariate logistic, cluster analysis or pattern recognition, and simulation.Selection of a method to be employed in an assessment should be based on: (1) appropriateness of the product to the problem, (2) limitations in resources, such as information or time available for the assessment, (3) the level of uncertainty and acceptability of biases in the assessment, and (4) the need for verification of results and acceptance of the method.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1006","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., and Mosier, D., 1981, A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods: Economic Geology, v. 76, no. 5, p. 1006-1015, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.76.5.1006.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1015","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1981-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e556e4b0c8380cd46cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, D.L.","contributorId":21965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70012096,"text":"70012096 - 1981 - Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T10:56:02.915724","indexId":"70012096","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales","docAbstract":"Gas Chromatographic analysis of volatile products formed by stepwise pyrolysis of black shales can be used to characterize the kerogen by relating it to separated, identified precursors such as land-derived vitrinite and marine-source Tasmanites. Analysis of a Tasmanites sample shows exclusively n-alkane\">n-alkane and -alkene pyrolysis products, whereas a vitrinite sample shows a predominance of one- and two-ring substituted aromatics. For core samples from northern Tennessee and for a suite of outcrop samples from eastern Kentucky, the organic matter type and the U content (<10−120ppm) show variations that are related to precursor organic materials. The samples that show a high vitrinite component in their pyrolysis products are also those samples with high contents of U.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(81)90116-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Leventhal, J., 1981, Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize organic matter and its relationship to uranium content of Appalachian Devonian black shales: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, no. 6, p. 883-889, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90116-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a905fe4b0c8380cd7fccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leventhal, J.S.","contributorId":60640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventhal","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011767,"text":"70011767 - 1981 - Regional geochemical studies in the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T16:37:07.769964","indexId":"70011767","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional geochemical studies in the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Patagonia Mountains in southern Arizona contain the deeply buried porphyry copper system at Red Mountain as well as a number of other base- and precious-metal mines and prospects. The range contains complex Basin and Range geology with units ranging in age from Precambrian to Holocene. Rock types present include igneous intrusive and extrusive units as well as sedimentary and metamorphic units, most of which have been tectonically disturbed. A total of 264 stream-sediment samples were collected and analyzed for 32 elements. Geochemical maps for Sb, Ag, Pb, Te, B, Mn, Au, Zn, Cu (total), Cu (cold-extractable), and Mo, as well as for Cu (cold-extractable)/Cu (total) and Fe/Mn, are presented.
Anomaly patterns for these elements generally occur over the Red Mountain deposit and (or) along a north-northwest trend parallel to the major Harshaw Creek Fault. Much of the entire area sampled contains widespread anomalies for Pb, Te, and Cu; the other elements are only locally anomalous. Various plots of ratios of Cu (cold-extractable) to Cu (total) did not produce any new information not readily apparent on either one of the two copper maps. A plot of ratios of Fe to Mn delineated many areas of pyrite mineralization. Several of these areas may represent the pyritic halos around deeply buried porphyry copper systems.
The best ore guide for the Red Mountain porphyry system is the coincidence of positive anomalies of Mo, Pb, and Te and a negative anomaly of Mn. Other areas with anomalies of the same suite of elements are present within the Patagonia Mountains.
It is concluded that geochemical sampling, even in a highly contaminated area, can be useful in delineating major geologic features, such as porphyry copper belts and major faults. Multielement geochemical surveys on a regional scale can effectively locate large, deeply buried, zoned mineral systems such as that at Red Mountain. Plots of element ratios, where adequately understood, can provide geochemical information not readily discernible from plots of single elements alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90109-6","usgsCitation":"Chaffee, M., Hill, R.H., Sutley, S.J., and Watterson, J., 1981, Regional geochemical studies in the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, p. 135-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90109-6.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"153","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Patagonia Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.77118066380213,\n 31.530102783773245\n ],\n [\n -110.77118066380213,\n 31.336014014639815\n ],\n [\n -110.63864115062256,\n 31.336014014639815\n ],\n [\n -110.63864115062256,\n 31.530102783773245\n ],\n [\n -110.77118066380213,\n 31.530102783773245\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4dbe4b0e8fec6cdbcab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaffee, M.A.","contributorId":108049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaffee","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, R. H.","contributorId":57059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sutley, S. J.","contributorId":91484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watterson, J.R.","contributorId":102890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70012007,"text":"70012007 - 1981 - Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:37:43.971318","indexId":"70012007","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica","docAbstract":"A combined aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding survey (4200 km of traverse) made in 1978 in Antarctica over the Dufek layered mafic intrusion of Jurassic age suggests a minimum area of about 50,000 km2, making it comparable in size with the Bushveld Complex of Africa. Comparisons of the magnetic and subglacial topographic profiles illustrate the usefulness of this combination of methods in studying bedrock geology beneath ice-covered areas. Rocks are exposed in only 3% of the inferred area of the intrusion. Magnetic anomalies measured a few hundred meters above outcrops of the intrusion range in peak-to-trough amplitude from ∼50 nT over the lowermost exposed portion of the section in the Dufek Massif to ∼3600 nT over the uppermost part of the section in the Forrestal Range. Theoretical magnetic anomalies, computed from models based on the subice topography fitted to the highest-amplitude observed magnetic anomalies, required normal and reversed magnetizations ranging from 10−4 to 10−2 emu/cm3 having directions and magnetizations consistent with measurements previously made on oriented samples. This result is interpreted as indicating that the Dufek intrusion cooled through the Curie isotherm during one or more reversals of the earth's magnetic field.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB04p03014","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Drewry, D., Jankowski, E., and Grim, M.S., 1981, Aeromagnetic and radio echo ice-sounding measurements over the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B4, p. 3014-3020, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p03014.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3014","endPage":"3020","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480578,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib04p03014","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":222177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e72ee4b0c8380cd478b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":362505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drewry, D.J.","contributorId":41968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewry","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jankowski, E.","contributorId":7420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grim, M. S.","contributorId":102884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grim","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70011700,"text":"70011700 - 1981 - The distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the basin and range province, Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-09T16:14:25.951222","indexId":"70011700","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the basin and range province, Western United States","docAbstract":"Some secondary uranium deposits are thought to have formed from uranium derived by the weathering of silicic igneous rocks such as granites, rhyolites, and tuffs. A regional geochemical survey was made to determine the distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the Basin and Range province in order to evaluate the potential for secondary uranium occurrences in the area. The resulting geochemical maps of uranium, thorium, and the Th:U ratio may be useful in locating target areas for uranium exploration.
The granites were sampled according to a five-level, nested, analysis-of-variance design, permitting estimates to be made of the variance due to differences between:(1) two-degree cells; (2) one-degree cells; (3) plutons; (4) samples; and (5) analyses. The cells are areas described in units of degrees of latitude and longitude. The results show that individual plutons tend to differ in uranium and thorium concentrations, but that each pluton tends to be relatively homogeneous. Only small amounts of variance occur at the two degree and the between-analyses levels. The three geochemical maps that were prepared are based on one-degree cell means. The reproducibility of the maps is U > Th ⪢ Th:U.
These geochemical maps may be used in three methods of locating target areas for uranium exploration. The first method uses the concept that plutons containing the greatest amounts of uranium may supply the greatest amounts of uranium for the formation of secondary uranium occurrences. The second method is to examine areas with high thorium contents, because thorium and uranium are initially highly correlated but much uranium could be lost by weathering. The third method is to locate areas in which the plutons have particularly high Th:U ratios. Because uranium, but not thorium, is leached by chemical weathering, high Th:U ratios suggest a possible loss of uranium and possibly a greater potential for secondary uranium occurrences to be found in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(81)90101-1","usgsCitation":"McNeal, J., Lee, D.E., and Millard, H.T., 1981, The distribution of uranium and thorium in granitic rocks of the basin and range province, Western United States: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 14, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(81)90101-1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Western United 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