{"pageNumber":"3886","pageRowStart":"97125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185170,"records":[{"id":70246573,"text":"70246573 - 1995 - When did Sardinia stop rotating? New palaeomagnetic results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T16:20:51.292003","indexId":"70246573","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T11:06:54","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3531,"text":"Terra Nova","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When did Sardinia stop rotating? New palaeomagnetic results","docAbstract":"

Previous palaeomagnetic results from Tertiary volcanic rocks of Sardinia suggest that the island underwent a quick counterclockwise rotation between 20.5 and 19 Ma. In order to test this hypothesis, a new palaeomagnetic study was carried out on sediments and volcanic rocks with well-controlled biostratigraphic or radiometric ages younger than the suggested age for the end of the rotation.

Unrotated palaeomagnetic directions obtained from the Upper Ignimbrites (radiometric age: 18.5–19.7 Myr) and the Aquitanian tuffs collected in the Anglona region (N Sardinia) would suggest that the rotation ended earlier than 20.5 Myr. The directions found in the volcanics are perhaps the result of secular variation, rather than differential rotation of the Anglona region with respect to surrounding regions.

Two sites belonging to the upper ignimbritic unit (SI2) in the Monte Traessu-Monte Rispisu area (Logudoro region) exhibited a large amount of rotation (D=320.4°, I=60°) which may be age related (radiometric age: 19.9 Myr). Four dikes (radiometric age: 18.3–16.7 Myr) in the Arcuentu volcanic complex (Arburese region) yield results (D=348.4°, I=33.8°) that indicate a further amount of rotation after their emplacement.

Stable end-point directions were successfully isolated from three Upper Burdigalian/Langhian sedimentary sites (biostratigraphic age: 18–15Ma) from the Marmilla and Logudoro regions. Consistent paleomagnetic directions obtained from these sites (D=352°, I=49°) indicate that a small amount of rotation was still to be completed in the Langhian time. This result is consistent with the history of Sardinian volcanism, which did not end until 13 Ma.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00538.x","usgsCitation":"Vigliotti, L., and Langenheim, V., 1995, When did Sardinia stop rotating? New palaeomagnetic results: Terra Nova, v. 7, no. 4, p. 424-435, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1995.tb00538.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"435","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Sardinia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 9.53610791550247,\n 39.06222110685039\n ],\n [\n 9.61188878062751,\n 39.166247583902305\n ],\n [\n 9.606059483309735,\n 39.224977209282656\n ],\n [\n 9.652693861848888,\n 39.29719241939196\n ],\n [\n 9.629376672579326,\n 39.351304994568466\n ],\n [\n 9.670181753800762,\n 39.450402614961064\n ],\n [\n 9.652693861848888,\n 39.50439650643435\n ],\n [\n 9.69932824038807,\n 39.549359395868464\n ],\n [\n 9.693498943070296,\n 39.67958707802143\n ],\n [\n 9.710986835022169,\n 39.715468831927126\n ],\n [\n 9.693498943070296,\n 39.78269683218463\n ],\n [\n 9.722645429656268,\n 39.86328381488869\n ],\n [\n 9.74596261892583,\n 39.93036741948717\n ],\n [\n 9.728474726973985,\n 39.96611848829863\n ],\n [\n 9.769279808195392,\n 40.091100048573026\n ],\n [\n 9.69932824038807,\n 40.14013728111365\n ],\n [\n 9.658523159166663,\n 40.20249715383946\n ],\n [\n 9.652693861848888,\n 40.26035143610386\n ],\n [\n 9.740133321609505,\n 40.33593244889451\n ],\n [\n 9.792596997464983,\n 40.380352367353595\n ],\n [\n 9.856719267955924,\n 40.54002167369586\n ],\n [\n 9.780938402830884,\n 40.606438516752036\n ],\n [\n 9.763450510877647,\n 40.690471857568866\n ],\n [\n 9.740133321609505,\n 40.76115468529224\n ],\n [\n 9.69932824038807,\n 40.78764138954705\n ],\n [\n 9.792596997464983,\n 40.85381194634513\n ],\n [\n 9.757621213561322,\n 40.9507426611747\n ],\n [\n 9.664352456482959,\n 41.03873819100971\n ],\n [\n 9.588571591357919,\n 41.04753128326641\n ],\n [\n 9.61188878062751,\n 41.100265162597196\n ],\n [\n 9.483644239645514,\n 41.25821292013339\n ],\n [\n 9.31459461744356,\n 41.26259491991391\n ],\n [\n 9.122227805972017,\n 41.2669766256773\n ],\n [\n 9.128057103288342,\n 41.18367394490508\n ],\n [\n 9.087252022066963,\n 41.15295673555127\n ],\n [\n 9.00564185962412,\n 41.13978780911728\n ],\n [\n 8.883226615959927,\n 41.043134883994554\n ],\n [\n 8.789957858882985,\n 40.94193664858122\n ],\n [\n 8.702518399123846,\n 40.93753320192977\n ],\n [\n 8.615078939363286,\n 40.902295061065814\n ],\n [\n 8.574273858141908,\n 40.85822096954641\n ],\n [\n 8.481005101064966,\n 40.836172919231785\n ],\n [\n 8.428541425208095,\n 40.862629699303795\n ],\n [\n 8.329443370813436,\n 40.85822096954641\n ],\n [\n 8.265321100322438,\n 40.91991647977966\n ],\n [\n 8.28863828959203,\n 41.00795311666269\n ],\n [\n 8.370248452034815,\n 41.069508873702205\n ],\n [\n 8.346931262765253,\n 41.13100705556957\n ],\n [\n 8.259491803006114,\n 41.113442022474544\n ],\n [\n 8.177881640563328,\n 41.025546349836105\n ],\n [\n 8.142905856659638,\n 40.93312946171781\n ],\n [\n 8.189540235197398,\n 40.88466894620382\n ],\n [\n 8.154564451293737,\n 40.8008807817061\n ],\n [\n 8.11375937007233,\n 40.72582265521484\n ],\n [\n 8.172052343245554,\n 40.672789421998345\n ],\n [\n 8.102100775438231,\n 40.54445151415595\n ],\n [\n 8.207028127149215,\n 40.54445151415595\n ],\n [\n 8.282808992275704,\n 40.54445151415595\n ],\n [\n 8.323614073495662,\n 40.46910438981445\n ],\n [\n 8.352760560083027,\n 40.41586722876667\n ],\n [\n 8.346931262765253,\n 40.318156287838946\n ],\n [\n 8.416882830573996,\n 40.304821094864366\n ],\n [\n 8.440200019843587,\n 40.24700483460657\n ],\n [\n 8.428541425208095,\n 40.15796023415675\n ],\n [\n 8.457687911795404,\n 40.07325956125533\n ],\n [\n 8.346931262765253,\n 40.05541439932611\n ],\n [\n 8.364419154717098,\n 39.99291952733515\n ],\n [\n 8.352760560083027,\n 39.881179196497726\n ],\n [\n 8.440200019843587,\n 39.8453837647437\n ],\n [\n 8.481005101064966,\n 39.87223208929288\n ],\n [\n 8.521810182286401,\n 39.83643198913583\n ],\n [\n 8.486834398381319,\n 39.77821700662125\n ],\n [\n 8.416882830573996,\n 39.80061321801983\n ],\n [\n 8.41105353325625,\n 39.63021921199473\n ],\n [\n 8.440200019843587,\n 39.58530874241893\n ],\n [\n 8.346931262765253,\n 39.46390501681188\n ],\n [\n 8.393565641304434,\n 39.40987969686796\n ],\n [\n 8.341101965448928,\n 39.351304994568466\n ],\n [\n 8.399394938622152,\n 39.301703399624955\n ],\n [\n 8.352760560083027,\n 39.224977209282656\n ],\n [\n 8.17205234324419,\n 39.16207760537631\n ],\n [\n 8.27115039763882,\n 39.035408860644964\n ],\n [\n 8.33527266812979,\n 39.04446417410227\n ],\n [\n 8.428541425206674,\n 38.91304857347478\n ],\n [\n 8.463517209110393,\n 38.9538588248287\n ],\n [\n 8.486834398379955,\n 39.0308807687114\n ],\n [\n 8.545127371553207,\n 39.02182371448197\n ],\n [\n 8.539298074236882,\n 38.940258016977225\n ],\n [\n 8.632566831313767,\n 38.89036606573296\n ],\n [\n 8.725835588390652,\n 38.89943993835777\n ],\n [\n 8.871568021324464,\n 38.844979315034124\n ],\n [\n 9.023129751574572,\n 38.94932551215592\n ],\n [\n 9.069764130113725,\n 39.062571319104876\n ],\n [\n 9.046446940844163,\n 39.10329541821878\n ],\n [\n 9.087252022065599,\n 39.18919129396869\n ],\n [\n 9.1863500764602,\n 39.14851684052931\n ],\n [\n 9.227155157681608,\n 39.2072612773222\n ],\n [\n 9.337911806711787,\n 39.16207760537631\n ],\n [\n 9.419521969154573,\n 39.089723330670296\n ],\n [\n 9.53610791550247,\n 39.06222110685039\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vigliotti, L.","contributorId":316268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vigliotti","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":206978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199721,"text":"70199721 - 1995 - Evidence of impaired reproduction by Western mosquitofish inhabiting seleniferous agricultural drainwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T11:03:00","indexId":"70199721","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T11:02:31","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence of impaired reproduction by Western mosquitofish inhabiting seleniferous agricultural drainwater","docAbstract":"

Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis from the San Luis Drain (SLD), a major conveyance system for seleniferous agricultural subsurface (tile) drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley, California, experienced lower reproductive success than did mosquitofish from a nearby reference area (Pond 26 at the Volta Wildlife Area, VOLTA) that had no history of receiving tile drainage. At birth, mean survival of SLD fry was 70% in 1984 and 77% in 1985, whereas mean survival of VOLTA fry was greater than 99% in 1984 and 97% in 1985. Measurements of total length (TL) of offspring born to SLD females in 1985 showed that stillborn fry (mean TL, 7.5 mm) were significantly shorter than live fry (mean TL, 9.4 mm). In addition, most stillborn fry were at earlier stages of development (contained prominent yolk sacs or occasionally resembled eyed embryos) than most live fry (yolk sacs were fully resorbed). In comparison, stillborn and live fry born to VOLTA females did not differ significantly in TL (mean for stillborn fry, 7.1 mm; mean for live fry, 7.5 mm), and nearly all fry had resorbed their yolk sacs. Mosquitofish from the SLD contained over 100 μg/g (whole‐body concentration in dry weight) of selenium, whereas those from VOLTA averaged 1.5 μg/g. Although experiments are still needed to establish cause and effect, the high incidence of abnormal births of mosquitofish from the SLD is seemingly a response to selenium toxicity.

","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0578:EOIRBW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Saiki, M.K., and Ogle, R.S., 1995, Evidence of impaired reproduction by Western mosquitofish inhabiting seleniferous agricultural drainwater: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 4, p. 578-587, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0578:EOIRBW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"578","endPage":"587","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357753,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","volume":"124","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110f3be4b034bf6a8114f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saiki, Michael K.","contributorId":54671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogle, R. Scott","contributorId":208194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ogle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70246403,"text":"70246403 - 1995 - Mechanical modeling of circumferential and radial dike intrusion on Galapagos volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T15:12:09.124327","indexId":"70246403","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T10:01:27","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanical modeling of circumferential and radial dike intrusion on Galapagos volcanoes","docAbstract":"

A distinctive and unusual pattern of eruptive fissures is observed on the active volcanoes of the Galapagos islands, reflecting circumferential dike intrusion near the calderas and radial dike intrusion on the volcano flanks. Elastic finite-element models were used to investigate how a stress field could be produced and maintained to promote both circumferential and radial dike emplacement. Modeling results show that magma reservoirs of Galapagos volcanoes are probably diapiric, because this shape promotes both circumferential and radial intrusions, but magma pressure alone cannot create the observed pattern of dikes. Loading by volcano growth and magma reservoir pressure could produce a stress field of suitable orientation but insufficient magnitude. The intrusion of circumferential dikes could alter the stress field in a way that promotes future radial diking, and vice versa. Faulting or slumping within the calderas or on the volcano flanks in response to repeated intrusions could also create a stress field conducive to continued intrusion.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00060-T","usgsCitation":"Chadwick, W., and Dieterich, J., 1995, Mechanical modeling of circumferential and radial dike intrusion on Galapagos volcanoes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 66, no. 1-4, p. 37-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00060-T.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galápagos Islands, Fernandina, Isabela","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.50999620230478,\n -0.42416115711482405\n ],\n [\n -91.48236437617153,\n -0.3977860018231496\n ],\n [\n -91.4792243959289,\n -0.36387496479579795\n ],\n [\n -91.49178431689883,\n -0.32996380030186856\n ],\n [\n -91.50685622206217,\n -0.3130081739663666\n ],\n [\n -91.54014001263153,\n -0.3067283053248673\n ],\n [\n -91.57530779134648,\n -0.31238018727074746\n ],\n [\n -91.61110356610993,\n -0.36073504732974015\n ],\n [\n -91.6129875542555,\n -0.3952740777870787\n ],\n [\n -91.58221574787963,\n -0.4367207236238215\n ],\n [\n -91.5445359849712,\n -0.4360927457923367\n ],\n [\n -91.50999620230478,\n -0.42416115711482405\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.34024959288014,\n -0.9919856815769634\n ],\n [\n -91.31186382028716,\n -0.9528385312394647\n ],\n [\n -91.34171782249712,\n -0.8799257918845882\n ],\n [\n -91.35688952853826,\n -0.8544793937018369\n ],\n [\n -91.40044700717192,\n -0.8779683827380751\n ],\n [\n -91.48560432495046,\n -0.9332647881074507\n ],\n [\n -91.45526091286861,\n -0.9572426081985554\n ],\n [\n -91.4425362561891,\n -1.000793727228526\n ],\n [\n -91.39065880972638,\n -1.0262390588387404\n ],\n [\n -91.34024959288014,\n -0.9919856815769634\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.1299393803787,\n -0.8980253886408178\n ],\n [\n -91.0541209678692,\n -0.8599158043932391\n ],\n [\n -91.04422885518578,\n -0.7791377138476889\n ],\n [\n -91.09515115812559,\n -0.7379298024856951\n ],\n [\n -91.1804120990994,\n -0.7688410888721791\n ],\n [\n -91.21308826429475,\n -0.8692034224722249\n ],\n [\n -91.1685504144109,\n -0.9102296354468109\n ],\n [\n -91.1299393803787,\n -0.8980253886408178\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.10964626254916,\n -0.48995952178142943\n ],\n [\n -91.06563282568774,\n -0.4753113260901074\n ],\n [\n -91.058687005615,\n -0.415667603954077\n ],\n [\n -91.09631714119837,\n -0.36619991454091405\n ],\n [\n -91.15019218857354,\n -0.35296196728766915\n ],\n [\n -91.20552135965214,\n -0.39216844187880895\n ],\n [\n -91.19178697415101,\n -0.4415930818491489\n ],\n [\n -91.13897188721373,\n -0.4865422547071887\n ],\n [\n -91.10964626254916,\n -0.48995952178142943\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.24030765441162,\n -0.2941843159369455\n ],\n [\n -91.20362173426308,\n -0.25758478821686026\n ],\n [\n -91.2010973372815,\n -0.1945282975708409\n ],\n [\n -91.21672276396954,\n -0.16074563871104885\n ],\n [\n -91.25784341409101,\n -0.13329971899530335\n ],\n [\n -91.3127046914168,\n -0.1386928710699209\n ],\n [\n -91.35526697796031,\n -0.17837614142847258\n ],\n [\n -91.37282059389425,\n -0.22094026016341672\n ],\n [\n -91.33412367071814,\n -0.2780860634272244\n ],\n [\n -91.2749960228205,\n -0.34047922341943604\n ],\n [\n -91.24030765441162,\n -0.2941843159369455\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.32553764134356,\n -0.0556881030161378\n ],\n [\n -91.2731880201251,\n -0.024442113120343834\n ],\n [\n -91.22763489415503,\n 0.005858638401193161\n ],\n [\n -91.28869108771083,\n 0.05969371659742251\n ],\n [\n -91.31064649564551,\n 0.11804270001420036\n ],\n [\n -91.33664058676507,\n 0.09694549971703736\n ],\n [\n -91.37583392957148,\n 0.09988840377556585\n ],\n [\n -91.41894033526124,\n 0.08076469208532444\n ],\n [\n -91.43996113623145,\n 0.032274662250458164\n ],\n [\n -91.41547664956013,\n -0.0024526895901004764\n ],\n [\n -91.38662117875693,\n -0.03811625692742382\n ],\n [\n -91.36707517023018,\n -0.0556881030161378\n ],\n [\n -91.32553764134356,\n -0.0556881030161378\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.5309105825001,\n -0.04205874504062024\n ],\n [\n -91.51916112084568,\n -0.0038910264840836817\n ],\n [\n -91.53286760183414,\n -0.0009530294074266976\n ],\n [\n -91.54706629855706,\n 0.007372862817064174\n ],\n [\n -91.59259647983517,\n 0.003944273654980179\n ],\n [\n -91.59110761536229,\n -0.016619013488210044\n ],\n [\n -91.56711453167634,\n -0.03716817011864748\n ],\n [\n -91.56270196780761,\n -0.055748098203963536\n ],\n [\n -91.5309105825001,\n -0.04205874504062024\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chadwick, W.W. Jr.","contributorId":35876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"W.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227567,"text":"70227567 - 1995 - Numerical simulations of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact plumes and clouds: A progress report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T15:43:05.773515","indexId":"70227567","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T09:36:15","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulations of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact plumes and clouds: A progress report","docAbstract":"

Preliminary 2D/3D numerical simulations were carried out for the penetration of 1-km bodies in the Jovian atmosphere and the subsequent rise and collapse of the erupted plumes. A body that crushed at a stagnation point pressure of 5 kbar produced a plume that rose to 800 km. Evolution of the shape of the calculated plume corresponds rather well to the plumes observed by HST. A crescent-shaped lobe centered on the “backfire” azimuth was produced by lateral flow during plume collapse. The plumes observed on Jupiter rose about 4 times higher, and their rise and fall times were about twice those in this calculation. Plume height is a sensitive function of the distribution of energy along the entry path; a very low-strength body will disintegrate higher along the penetration path and will produce a higher plume.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1029/95GL01775","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, E.M., Hassig, P.J., and Roddy, D.J., 1995, Numerical simulations of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact plumes and clouds: A progress report: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 13, p. 1825-1828, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL01775.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1825","endPage":"1828","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Jupiter","volume":"22","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hassig, Paul J.","contributorId":7014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hassig","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roddy, David J.","contributorId":53118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roddy","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226688,"text":"70226688 - 1995 - Roberts rift, Canyonlands, Utah, a natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T14:51:59.792612","indexId":"70226688","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T08:40:24","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Roberts rift, Canyonlands, Utah, a natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid impact","docAbstract":"

The impact that created Upheaval crater in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, is invoked here as the source for energy that simultaneously caused Roberts rift. However, no temporal linkage has been proven between the impact and rifting events.

Roberts rift lies between 22 and 32 km northeast of the Upheaval impact crater on a subradial trend. The fissure contains clasts that were carried as much as 1,000 m upward from Paleozoic sources into the Mesozoic section.

A plausible model for both the rifting and clast movement involves incremental loading of overpressured fluid compartments in the Pennsylvanian Paradox section and attendant hydraulic fracturing of the overlying confining strata during the impact event. The clasts were proppants entrained in upward moving fluids that originated from overpressured aquifers in the Pennsylvanian section or materials eroded from the fissure walls.

Alteration halos and mineralization along the fissure reveal that there was upward leakage of reducing fluids from the overpressured zones following opening of the fissure. The fissure infillings became cemented with time, thus reducing fissure permeabilities to negligible.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00311.x","usgsCitation":"Huntoon, P.W., and Shoemaker, E.M., 1995, Roberts rift, Canyonlands, Utah, a natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid impact: Ground Water, v. 33, no. 4, p. 561-569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00311.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"569","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Canyonlands National Park, Roberts rift","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 38.35727256417359\n ],\n [\n -109.61196899414061,\n 38.35727256417359\n ],\n [\n -109.61196899414061,\n 38.63618191259742\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 38.63618191259742\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 38.35727256417359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntoon, Peter W.","contributorId":239536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huntoon","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":59940,"text":"mf2280 - 1995 - Maps and diagrams showing acoustic and textural characteristics and distribution of bottom sedimentary environments, Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T20:45:17.76841","indexId":"mf2280","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2280","title":"Maps and diagrams showing acoustic and textural characteristics and distribution of bottom sedimentary environments, Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay","docAbstract":"This report illustrates, describes, and briefly discusses the acoustic and textural characteristics and the distribution of bottom sedimentary environments in Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay. The study is an outgrowth of a larger research program designed to understand the regional processes that distribute sediments and related contaminants in the area. The report highlights the major findings presented in recent papers by Knebel and others (1991), Knebel, (1993), and Knebel and Circe (1995). The reader is urged to consult the full text of these earlier papers for a more definitive treatment of the data and for appropriate supporting references.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2280","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., and Circe, R.C., 1995, Maps and diagrams showing acoustic and textural characteristics and distribution of bottom sedimentary environments, Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2280, 2 Plates: 53.54 x 39.70 inches and 35.39 x 41.42 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2280.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 53.54 x 39.70 inches and 35.39 x 41.42 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490339,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5900.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284470,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2280/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2280/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor, Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.0,42.1 ], [ -71.0,42.4 ], [ -70.3,42.4 ], [ -70.3,42.1 ], [ -71.0,42.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6617e4b0b29085100836","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Circe, Ronald C.","contributorId":41592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Circe","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29463,"text":"wri944094 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T19:30:12.180562","indexId":"wri944094","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4094","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84","docAbstract":"Multivariate analyses of fish-community, water- quality, streambed-sediment-quality, and habitat data collected from 1982 through 1984 in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River Basins in northeastern Illinois indicate that fish-community structure was strongly related to water-quality gradients commonly associated with differences between agricultural and urban land uses. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the Alternate Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) tended to group fish communities by river basin. Streams in the predominantly agricultural Fox River Basin tended to have similar DCA scores, the highest AIBI scores, and relatively diverse fish communities that usually included several intolerant species. Streams in the more heavily urbanized Chicago, Little Calumet, Des Plaines, and Du Page River Basins tended to have lower AIBI scores and fish communities dominated by fewer; more tolerant species. Correlative (Spearman's rho) and graphical analyses showed that DCA and AIBI scores for nonwadable sites were more strongly related to water qualiity and streambed- sediment quality than to habitat conditions. DCA and AIBI scores for wadable sites were most strongly related to water quality, were not related to streambed-sediment quality, and were moderately related to habitat variables indicative of stream size. Streams in the Fox River Basin had the smallest concentrations of chemical constituents commonly associated with anthropogenic sources. Streams in the heavily urbanized Des Plaines and Du Page River Basins had larger concentrations of chemical constituents associated with urban runoff and point-sourca discharges. Although fish-community structure was strongly related to the water quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute and chronic criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life were exceeded at few stations. These fish communities may have been responding either to concentrations below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria or to cumulative or synergistic effects of overall water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944094","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, P.M., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4094, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944094.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406634,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47985.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58308,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.1081,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -87.3567,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -87.3567,\n 43.1833\n ],\n [\n -89.1081,\n 43.1833\n ],\n [\n -89.1081,\n 41.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, P. M.","contributorId":30251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015656,"text":"1015656 - 1995 - Ebb and flow of encroachment by nonnative rainbow trout in a small stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:35:07.956979","indexId":"1015656","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ebb and flow of encroachment by nonnative rainbow trout in a small stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains","docAbstract":"

Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis is the native salmonid species of streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The present distribution of this species, once widespread from headwaters to lower reaches of large streams, is restricted to mostly headwater areas. Changes in the distribution of native brook trout in the presence ofˈ nonnative rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have been documented in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. When rainbow trout were first found in a tributary (Rock Creek) in the park in 1979, a study was begun to assess changes through time in distribution and abundance of rainbow trout in Rock Creek and to compare the brook trout and rainbow trout associations in Rock Creek with associations found in other park streams. Abundance of brook trout was low in the downstream sections of Rock Creek in 1979–1993. Brook trout abundance was highest in the steep‐gradient, pool‐dominated headwater section which was only 2 km from the confluence of Rock Creek and Cosby Creek. Rainbow trout were present in low densities in Rock Creek during the same period. Although rainbow trout were most abundant in the lower stream sections and never found in the headwater section, adult and age‐0 rainbow trout were found in the middle section in 1988. Rainbow trout were absent in the middle section in 1991, but one large adult rainbow trout was present in the section in 1992 and 1993. Floods, freshets, and periods of low stream discharge appeared to play an important role in the distribution and population structure of rainbow trout in Rock Creek. The lower portion of Rock Creek was poor trout habitat because the sections were dominated by cobble–rubble substrate and shallow riffle areas. Stream habitat appeared to be better suited for brook trout than for rainbow trout in the steep‐gradient upstream sections which were dominated by boulder‐cobble substrate and deep pools. The results of this study suggest that encroachment by rainbow trout can exhibit considerable ebb and flow in steep‐gradient tributaries in the park, and they suggest substantial evolutionary adaptation by brook trout to the hydrological conditions in the Rock Creek drainage.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0613:EAFOEB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Larson, G.L., Moore, S.E., and Carter, B., 1995, Ebb and flow of encroachment by nonnative rainbow trout in a small stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 124, no. 4, p. 613-622, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0613:EAFOEB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"622","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.89808925940474,\n 35.7816844868813\n ],\n [\n -83.89808925940474,\n 35.32379248217812\n ],\n [\n -83.0681166387422,\n 35.32379248217812\n ],\n [\n -83.0681166387422,\n 35.7816844868813\n ],\n [\n -83.89808925940474,\n 35.7816844868813\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"124","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, S. E.","contributorId":106829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Bart","contributorId":367837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carter","given":"Bart","affiliations":[{"id":35484,"text":"National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":958685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26218,"text":"wri944148 - 1995 - Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of peak discharges of rural, unregulated streams in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-08T10:52:52","indexId":"wri944148","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4148","title":"Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of peak discharges of rural, unregulated streams in Virginia","docAbstract":"

Methods are presented for estimating the peak discharges of rural, unregulated streams in Virginia. A Pearson Type III distribution is fitted to the logarithms of the unregulated annual peak-discharge records from 363 stream-gaging stations in Virginia to estimate the peak discharge at these stations for recurrence intervals of 2 to 500 years. Peak-discharge characteristics for 284 unregulated stations are divided into eight regions based on physiographic province, and regressed on basin characteristics, including drainage area, main channel length, main channel slope, mean basin elevation, percentage of forest cover, mean annual precipitation, and maximum rainfall intensity. Regression equations for each region are computed by use of the generalized least-squares method, which accounts for spatial and temporal correlation between nearby gaging stations. This regression technique weights the significance of each station to the regional equation based on the length of records collected at each cation, the correlation between annual peak discharges among the stations, and the standard deviation of the annual peak discharge for each station.

Drainage area proved to be the only significant explanatory variable in four regions, while other regions have as many as three significant variables. Standard errors of the regression equations range from 30 to 80 percent. Alternate equations using drainage area only are provided for the five regions with more than one significant explanatory variable.

Methods and sample computations are provided to estimate peak discharges at gaged and engaged sites in Virginia for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, and to adjust the regression estimates for sites on gaged streams where nearby gaging-station records are available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944148","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Bisese, J.A., 1995, Methods for estimating the magnitude and frequency of peak discharges of rural, unregulated streams in Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4148, Report: iv, 70 p.; 1 Plate: 32.30 x 17.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944148.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 70 p.; 1 Plate: 32.30 x 17.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_94_4148.jpg"},{"id":2111,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri944148/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":353986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri944148/pdf/wrir_94-4148.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":353987,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4148/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.8216552734375,\n 39.138581990583525\n ],\n [\n -78.3380126953125,\n 39.457402514270825\n ],\n [\n -78.3709716796875,\n 39.42770738465604\n ],\n [\n -78.33251953125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -78.4259033203125,\n 39.26203141523749\n ],\n [\n -78.4478759765625,\n 39.172658670429946\n ],\n [\n -78.5247802734375,\n 39.091699613104595\n ],\n [\n -78.5797119140625,\n 39.02345139405935\n ],\n [\n -78.585205078125,\n 38.96795115401593\n ],\n [\n -78.673095703125,\n 38.96368010198575\n ],\n [\n -78.77197265625,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -78.8653564453125,\n 38.758366935612784\n ],\n [\n -78.9642333984375,\n 38.852542390364235\n ],\n [\n -79.0301513671875,\n 38.77549900381297\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 38.6897975322717\n ],\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -79.1949462890625,\n 38.50089258896462\n ],\n [\n -79.2608642578125,\n 38.41486245064945\n ],\n [\n -79.442138671875,\n 38.44068226417387\n ],\n [\n -79.4586181640625,\n 38.48369476951686\n ],\n [\n -79.661865234375,\n 38.586820096127674\n ],\n [\n -79.7882080078125,\n 38.33734763569314\n ],\n [\n -79.7882080078125,\n 38.268375880204744\n ],\n [\n -79.8651123046875,\n 38.225235239076824\n ],\n [\n -79.94750976562499,\n 38.13023573104302\n ],\n [\n -80.0079345703125,\n 38.00049145082287\n ],\n [\n -80.1837158203125,\n 37.861844098370945\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 37.779398571318765\n ],\n [\n -80.2935791015625,\n 37.70555348721583\n ],\n [\n -80.321044921875,\n 37.666429212090605\n ],\n [\n -80.233154296875,\n 37.60987994374712\n ],\n [\n -80.26611328125,\n 37.58811876638322\n ],\n [\n -80.33752441406249,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -80.3265380859375,\n 37.505368263398104\n ],\n [\n -80.4473876953125,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -80.5023193359375,\n 37.49229399862877\n ],\n [\n -80.7330322265625,\n 37.38325280195101\n ],\n [\n -80.848388671875,\n 37.42688834526727\n ],\n [\n -80.8868408203125,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -80.8538818359375,\n 37.34395908944491\n ],\n [\n -80.9747314453125,\n 37.322120359451766\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 37.278423856453706\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -81.3702392578125,\n 37.339591851359174\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 37.26968150969715\n ],\n [\n -81.49108886718749,\n 37.274052809979054\n ],\n [\n -81.54602050781249,\n 37.21720611325497\n ],\n [\n -81.650390625,\n 37.21720611325497\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -81.7987060546875,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -81.8975830078125,\n 37.339591851359174\n ],\n [\n -81.9305419921875,\n 37.43997405227057\n ],\n [\n -81.947021484375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 37.53586597792038\n ],\n [\n -82.3150634765625,\n 37.26968150969715\n ],\n [\n -82.5567626953125,\n 37.22158045838649\n ],\n [\n -82.716064453125,\n 37.112145754751516\n ],\n [\n -82.7325439453125,\n 37.01132594307015\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -83.08959960937499,\n 36.83566824724438\n ],\n [\n -83.1500244140625,\n 36.756490329505176\n ],\n [\n -83.2708740234375,\n 36.70806354647625\n ],\n [\n -83.441162109375,\n 36.672824886786564\n ],\n [\n -83.5565185546875,\n 36.659606226479696\n ],\n [\n -83.6773681640625,\n 36.60670888641815\n ],\n [\n -81.9525146484375,\n 36.589068371399115\n ],\n [\n -81.925048828125,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -81.63940429687499,\n 36.61552763134925\n ],\n [\n -81.661376953125,\n 36.589068371399115\n ],\n [\n -79.4915771484375,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -75.8660888671875,\n 36.558187766360675\n ],\n [\n -75.8770751953125,\n 36.60670888641815\n ],\n [\n -75.93200683593749,\n 36.756490329505176\n ],\n [\n -75.9649658203125,\n 36.89719446989036\n ],\n [\n -76.0418701171875,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -76.168212890625,\n 36.92793899776678\n ],\n [\n -76.2615966796875,\n 36.96306042436515\n ],\n [\n -76.300048828125,\n 37.02448395075965\n ],\n [\n -76.26708984375,\n 37.081475648860525\n ],\n [\n -76.2890625,\n 37.13842453422676\n ],\n [\n -76.3714599609375,\n 37.19095471582605\n ],\n [\n -76.4593505859375,\n 37.23470197166817\n ],\n [\n -76.41540527343749,\n 37.26968150969715\n ],\n [\n -76.4373779296875,\n 37.29590550406618\n ],\n [\n -76.3934326171875,\n 37.36579146999664\n ],\n [\n -76.31103515625,\n 37.322120359451766\n ],\n [\n -76.2506103515625,\n 37.34395908944491\n ],\n [\n -76.2451171875,\n 37.4356124041315\n ],\n [\n -76.3055419921875,\n 37.53586597792038\n ],\n [\n -76.3165283203125,\n 37.57505900514996\n ],\n [\n -76.3714599609375,\n 37.60987994374712\n ],\n [\n -76.2835693359375,\n 37.62728430268013\n ],\n [\n -76.3385009765625,\n 37.65338320128765\n ],\n [\n -76.32202148437499,\n 37.709899354855125\n ],\n [\n -76.2945556640625,\n 37.77505678240509\n ],\n [\n -76.2615966796875,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -76.2176513671875,\n 37.900865092570065\n ],\n [\n -76.3824462890625,\n 37.96152331396614\n ],\n [\n -76.497802734375,\n 38.039438891821746\n ],\n [\n -76.5911865234375,\n 38.112949789189614\n ],\n [\n -76.66259765625,\n 38.16479533621134\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 38.16047628099622\n ],\n [\n -76.8768310546875,\n 38.182068998322094\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 38.23386541556985\n ],\n [\n -77.025146484375,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -77.0526123046875,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -77.080078125,\n 38.35458032659834\n ],\n [\n -77.2393798828125,\n 38.34165619279595\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 38.42777351132902\n ],\n [\n -77.28881835937499,\n 38.50089258896462\n ],\n [\n -77.2174072265625,\n 38.603993275591684\n ],\n [\n -77.14599609375,\n 38.64261790634527\n ],\n [\n -77.05810546875,\n 38.71123253895224\n ],\n [\n -77.04711914062499,\n 38.77978137804918\n ],\n [\n -77.05810546875,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -77.3876953125,\n 39.05758374935667\n ],\n [\n -77.49755859375,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -77.4810791015625,\n 39.17691709496078\n ],\n [\n -77.47558593749999,\n 39.2407625100131\n ],\n [\n -77.5799560546875,\n 39.30454987014581\n ],\n [\n -77.706298828125,\n 39.32579941789298\n ],\n [\n -77.8216552734375,\n 39.138581990583525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisese, James A.","contributorId":59843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisese","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21504,"text":"ofr9588 - 1995 - Preliminary Geologic Map of the Thousand Oaks 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr9588","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-88","title":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Thousand Oaks 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database","docAbstract":"Thousand Oaks is located in Arroyo Conejo, a region spanning both southeastern Ventura County and extreme northwest Los Angeles County in southern California. It was discovered in 1542 by Spanish explorer Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo and eventually became part of the Spanish Rancho El Conejo land grant (conejo means 'rabbit' in Spanish, of which there are many in the area). It is located in the Santa Monica Mountains in the northwestern part of the greater Los Angeles area. The area is bordered by the San Fernando Valley and the city of Los Angeles to the east, Simi Hills to the north, Las Posas Hills and the Santa Rosa Valley to the northwest, Conejo Mountain (also known as Conejo Hills) and Oxnard Plain to the west, and the Santa Monica Mountains and Malibu to the southwest. \r\n\r\nThe geology of the surrounding Santa Monica Mountains is dominated by a sequence of Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. These include the Tertiary Modelo Formation and the upper part of the Topanga Formation, other minor Tertiary rocks, and Miocene volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Conejo Formation. The basement units within the Santa Monica Mountains are a series of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. \r\n\r\nThe volcanic rocks of the Conejo Formation underlies much of the surrounding watersheds. The younger Tertiary sedimentary Modelo and Upper Topanga Formations flank the Conejo to the north and south. On the north slope of the Santa Monica Mountains where the Arroyo Conejo and Thousand Oaks are located, the Tertiary formations are gently folded. The south flank of the Santa Monica Mountains is structurally dominated by the Malibu Coast Fault that runs along the foot of the mountains. This fault, and associated structures, creates a complex geologic setting on the south flank of the Santa Monica Mountains. The active nature of the Malibu Coast fault and associated structures accounts for the steep and rugged coastal topography. \r\n\r\nThe most widely exposed rock units in the area are the Plio-Pleistocene marine and nonmarine Pico and Saugus formations, which crop out on the southern flank of South Mountain-Oak Ridge and on the Las Posas uplands and Las Posas Hills. Locally, the Pico Formation consists of marine siltstone and silty shale with minor sandstone and pebbly sandstone. The Saugus Formation overlies and interfingers with the Pico Formation and is composed of interbedded shallow-marine to brackish water sandstone, siltstone, pebble-cobble conglomerate, and coquina beds that grade laterally and vertically into non-marine sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. A local member of the Saugus Formation is exposed in the southeast corner of the map area. It is predominantly a volcanic breccia conglomerate that resembles the Conejo Volcanics breccia, but is believed to represent remnants of landslide debris shed from the Conejo Formation into a local trough during Saugus time. \r\n\r\nEroded from, and overlying, these bedrock formations are a series of recent alluvial units. These alluvial units include Quaternary alluvium comprised of alluvium, stream deposits, alluvial fan and floodplain deposits, beach deposits, dissected older alluvial deposits. Also present are Quaternary landslides and colluvium composed of landslide deposits and colluvium deposits. The colluvium represents relatively thick continuous deposits of soil and rock fragments that are common on the steep slopes of the coastal canyons, and generally feed the many landslides, soil slips, and debris flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9588","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary Geologic Map of the Thousand Oaks 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-88, Report: 11 p.; ReadMe; GIS Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9588.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; ReadMe; GIS Files","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":7858,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51078,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21502,"text":"ofr9589 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21501,"text":"ofr93525 - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California","indexId":"ofr93525","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21502,"text":"ofr9589 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","indexId":"ofr9589","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T20:16:17.015601","indexId":"ofr9589","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-89","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"

This database, identified as \"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California: A Digital Database,\" has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been reviewed and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. This database is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the U. S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its use.

\n
\n

This digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1993). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9589","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-89, Readme; Metadata; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9589.","productDescription":"Readme; Metadata; Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7859,"rank":10,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/95-89/metadata.faq.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":109868,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22628.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22628"},{"id":284025,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/oatmtn.tar.gz"},{"id":154598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284030,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/"},{"id":284029,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":284028,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-wells.e00.gz"},{"id":284027,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":284026,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284024,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/oatmtn.txt"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.625,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.625,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21505,"text":"ofr9591 - 1995 - Preliminary Geologic Map of the Topanga 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr9591","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-91","title":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Topanga 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThis Open-File report is a digital geologic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report.\r\n\r\nThis digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1994). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources. \r\n\r\nThe content and character of the database and methods of obtaining it are described herein. The geologic map database itself, consisting of three ARC coverages and one base layer, can be obtained over the Internet or by magnetic tape copy as described below. The processes of extracting the geologic map database from the tar file, and importing the ARC export coverages (procedure described herein), will result in the creation of an ARC workspace (directory) called 'topnga.' \r\n\r\nThe database was compiled using ARC/INFO version 7.0.3, a commercial Geographic \r\nInformation System (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California), with version 3.0 of the menu interface ALACARTE (Fitzgibbon and Wentworth, 1991, Fitzgibbon, 1991, Wentworth and Fitzgibbon, 1991). It is stored in uncompressed ARC export format (ARC/INFO version 7.x) in a compressed UNIX tar (tape archive) file. The tar file was compressed with gzip, and may be uncompressed with gzip, which is available free of charge via the Internet from the gzip Home Page (http://w3.teaser.fr/~jlgailly/gzip). A tar utility is required to extract the database from the tar file. This utility is included in most UNIX systems, and can be obtained free of charge via the Internet from Internet Literacy's Common Internet File Formats Webpage http://www.matisse.net/files/formats.html). ARC/INFO export files (files with the .e00 extension) can be converted into ARC/INFO coverages in ARC/INFO (see below) and can be read by some other Geographic Information Systems, such as MapInfo via ArcLink and ESRI's ArcView (version 1.0 for Windows 3.1 to 3.11 is available for free from ESRI's web site: http://www.esri.com).\r\n\r\n1. Different base layer - The original digital database included separates clipped out of the Los Angeles 1:100,000 sheet. This release includes a vectorized scan of a scale-stable negative of the Topanga 7.5 minute quadrangle.\r\n\r\n2. Map projection - The files in the original release were in polyconic projection. The projection used in this release is state plane, which allows for the tiling of adjacent quadrangles.\r\n\r\n3. File compression - The files in the original release were compressed with UNIX compression. The files in this release are compressed with gzip.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9591","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R.H., 1995, Preliminary Geologic Map of the Topanga 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-91, ReadMe; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9591.","productDescription":"ReadMe; Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":10098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-091/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51079,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1","projection":"Polyconic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.63333333333334,34 ], [ -118.63333333333334,34.117777777777775 ], [ -118.61777777777777,34.117777777777775 ], [ -118.61777777777777,34 ], [ -118.63333333333334,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cbff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018833,"text":"70018833 - 1995 - Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:47:27.902508","indexId":"70018833","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina","docAbstract":"

Two three-component seismometers (one surface and one borehole) were re-installed on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina in July 1992 to determine attenuation in the Coastal Plain sediment wedge and source parameters of local earthquakes. Four earthquakes M ∼ 1.8 to 3.6 were recorded during the next 6 months. The largest event was located near Summerville within the meizoseismal area for the 1886 Charleston earthquake. Two shocks were located 50 km to the east near Neeses, and one was located 20 km north of the SRS near Aiken. Although source parameters have been determined from strong motion data and short-period regional networks for east coast earthquakes, such as the Saguenay, Nahanni, and Mt. Laurier earthquakes (e.g., Atkinson, 1993), these are some of the first source parameters determined from broad-band digital recorders. Seismograms for the Summerville event are also available from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Blacksburg, Virginia, providing estimates of t* beyond 200 km. Here we determine source parameters such as moment, stress drop, and the attenuation parameter t* using a non-linear least-squares algorithm. We do not correct for site response because the deepest borehole is not below the Coastal Plain sediments (about 300m thick at this site) and because only one station is available for most of the data. Values of t* are marginally higher from seismograms recorded at the surface when compared to records from the 91m depth borehole seismograph. A value of 170-200 bars was determined for the Brune stress drop of the Summerville event using the borehole data, which is high compared to a value of 50 bars usually specified for modeling strong motion in western North America, but similar to other estimates for eastern North America. A higher stress drop leads to a higher seismic risk because peak acceleration is approximately proportional to stress drop. Moreover, mid- to upper-crustal Qs are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000, which would permit the propagation of high frequency seismic waves. A comparison of the surface records from the SRS with a record from the USGS dense array at Parkfield, CA for an event at about the same distance range and moment as the Summerville event-SRS case shows that the peak acceleration of the Summerville event is 16 times higher than that for the event from California (stress drop of 21 bars).

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., 1995, Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, v. 66, no. 4, p. 44-61, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-79.290754,33.110051],[-79.329909,33.089986],[-79.337169,33.072302],[-79.335346,33.065362],[-79.339313,33.050336],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.403712,33.003903],[-79.416515,33.006815],[-79.423447,33.015085],[-79.483499,33.001265],[-79.488727,33.015832],[-79.506923,33.032813],[-79.522449,33.03535],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-79.580725,33.006447],[-79.58659,32.991334],[-79.606615,32.972248],[-79.617611,32.952726],[-79.617715,32.94487],[-79.606194,32.925953],[-79.585897,32.926461],[-79.581687,32.931341],[-79.572614,32.933885],[-79.569762,32.926692],[-79.576006,32.906235],[-79.631149,32.888606],[-79.695141,32.850398],[-79.702956,32.835781],[-79.719879,32.825796],[-79.716761,32.813627],[-79.726389,32.805996],[-79.811021,32.77696],[-79.818237,32.766352],[-79.84035,32.756816],[-79.848527,32.755248],[-79.866742,32.757422],[-79.872232,32.752128],[-79.873605,32.745657],[-79.868352,32.734849],[-79.870336,32.727777],[-79.888028,32.695177],[-79.884961,32.684402],[-79.915682,32.664915],[-79.968468,32.639732],[-79.975248,32.639537],[-79.986917,32.626388],[-79.99175,32.616389],[-79.999374,32.611851],[-80.010505,32.608852],[-80.037276,32.610236],[-80.077039,32.603319],[-80.121368,32.590523],[-80.148406,32.578479],[-80.167286,32.559885],[-80.171764,32.546118],[-80.188401,32.553604],[-80.20523,32.555547],[-80.246361,32.531114],[-80.277681,32.516161],[-80.332438,32.478104],[-80.338354,32.47873],[-80.343883,32.490795],[-80.363956,32.496098],[-80.380716,32.486359],[-80.386827,32.47881],[-80.392561,32.475332],[-80.413487,32.470672],[-80.417896,32.476076],[-80.418502,32.490894],[-80.423454,32.497989],[-80.439407,32.503472],[-80.452078,32.497286],[-80.46571,32.4953],[-80.472068,32.496964],[-80.48025,32.477407],[-80.484617,32.460976],[-80.480156,32.447048],[-80.467588,32.425259],[-80.446075,32.423721],[-80.43296,32.410659],[-80.429941,32.401782],[-80.429291,32.389667],[-80.434303,32.375193],[-80.445451,32.350335],[-80.456814,32.336884],[-80.455192,32.326458],[-80.466342,32.31917],[-80.517871,32.298796],[-80.545688,32.282076],[-80.571096,32.273278],[-80.596394,32.273549],[-80.618286,32.260183],[-80.638857,32.255618],[-80.658634,32.248638],[-80.669166,32.216783],[-80.688857,32.200971],[-80.721463,32.160427],[-80.749091,32.140137],[-80.789996,32.122494],[-80.812503,32.109746],[-80.82153,32.108589],[-80.828394,32.113222],[-80.831531,32.112709],[-80.844431,32.109709],[-80.858735,32.099581],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.892344,32.043764],[-80.885517,32.0346],[-80.922794,32.039151],[-80.954482,32.068622],[-80.983133,32.079609],[-80.994333,32.094608],[-81.002297,32.100048],[-81.011961,32.100176],[-81.021622,32.090897],[-81.032674,32.08545],[-81.050234,32.085308],[-81.060442,32.087503],[-81.088234,32.10395],[-81.091498,32.110782],[-81.111134,32.112005],[-81.117234,32.117605],[-81.119994,32.134268],[-81.118334,32.144403],[-81.122034,32.161803],[-81.129634,32.165602],[-81.128134,32.169102],[-81.119434,32.175402],[-81.120434,32.178702],[-81.118234,32.189201],[-81.12315,32.201329],[-81.128283,32.208634],[-81.136012,32.212858],[-81.143139,32.221731],[-81.156587,32.24391],[-81.148334,32.255098],[-81.145834,32.263397],[-81.136534,32.272697],[-81.128034,32.276297],[-81.119633,32.287596],[-81.122333,32.305395],[-81.137633,32.328194],[-81.133032,32.334794],[-81.133632,32.341293],[-81.142532,32.350893],[-81.147632,32.349393],[-81.150589,32.34587],[-81.154,32.345924],[-81.155032,32.350093],[-81.170126,32.361318],[-81.169332,32.369436],[-81.181072,32.380398],[-81.178131,32.38459],[-81.177231,32.39169],[-81.20513,32.423788],[-81.20843,32.435987],[-81.201595,32.44136],[-81.202359,32.450448],[-81.192629,32.456286],[-81.186829,32.464086],[-81.194829,32.465086],[-81.200029,32.467985],[-81.233585,32.498488],[-81.238728,32.508896],[-81.234834,32.512271],[-81.23466,32.51627],[-81.252882,32.51833],[-81.277131,32.535417],[-81.274927,32.544158],[-81.281298,32.55644],[-81.297955,32.563026],[-81.320588,32.559534],[-81.328753,32.561228],[-81.366964,32.577059],[-81.369757,32.591231],[-81.373178,32.592115],[-81.379216,32.589022],[-81.389261,32.595383],[-81.393865,32.60234],[-81.411906,32.61841],[-81.41866,32.629392],[-81.418431,32.634704],[-81.414761,32.63744],[-81.41026,32.631392],[-81.407271,32.631737],[-81.402846,32.63621],[-81.405109,32.64269],[-81.393033,32.651543],[-81.398314,32.656307],[-81.405273,32.656517],[-81.407193,32.660519],[-81.401029,32.677494],[-81.40831,32.694908],[-81.4131,32.692648],[-81.427517,32.701896],[-81.421194,32.711978],[-81.418542,32.732586],[-81.411549,32.740145],[-81.410281,32.744653],[-81.416198,32.750428],[-81.415212,32.757753],[-81.417606,32.762684],[-81.426481,32.769023],[-81.425636,32.77184],[-81.421269,32.774658],[-81.421128,32.778039],[-81.428313,32.78311],[-81.429017,32.785505],[-81.424999,32.790334],[-81.423772,32.810514],[-81.419752,32.813731],[-81.417984,32.818196],[-81.421614,32.835178],[-81.426475,32.840773],[-81.444866,32.850967],[-81.451199,32.847925],[-81.453949,32.849761],[-81.455978,32.854107],[-81.451351,32.868583],[-81.45392,32.874074],[-81.475918,32.877641],[-81.479445,32.881082],[-81.4771,32.887469],[-81.464069,32.897814],[-81.479184,32.905638],[-81.483198,32.921802],[-81.502427,32.935353],[-81.502716,32.938688],[-81.499446,32.944988],[-81.507045,32.951194],[-81.508536,32.957156],[-81.506449,32.962423],[-81.49983,32.963816],[-81.494736,32.978998],[-81.491197,32.997824],[-81.492253,33.009342],[-81.50203,33.015113],[-81.511245,33.027786],[-81.519632,33.029181],[-81.538789,33.039185],[-81.544258,33.046905],[-81.553643,33.044137],[-81.557013,33.0451],[-81.559179,33.047386],[-81.560502,33.055207],[-81.57288,33.05418],[-81.588539,33.07085],[-81.594555,33.069887],[-81.599248,33.071813],[-81.600211,33.075182],[-81.598165,33.081078],[-81.601655,33.084688],[-81.608995,33.0818],[-81.609476,33.089862],[-81.612725,33.093953],[-81.617779,33.095277],[-81.637232,33.092952],[-81.646433,33.094552],[-81.658433,33.103152],[-81.683533,33.112651],[-81.696934,33.116551],[-81.704634,33.116451],[-81.743835,33.14145],[-81.763135,33.159449],[-81.766735,33.170749],[-81.772435,33.180449],[-81.765735,33.187948],[-81.760635,33.189248],[-81.756935,33.197848],[-81.763535,33.203648],[-81.768935,33.217447],[-81.774035,33.221147],[-81.780135,33.221147],[-81.777535,33.211347],[-81.784535,33.208147],[-81.805236,33.211447],[-81.807936,33.213747],[-81.809636,33.222647],[-81.827936,33.228746],[-81.837016,33.237652],[-81.846536,33.241746],[-81.851979,33.247382],[-81.853137,33.250745],[-81.847336,33.266345],[-81.840078,33.26704],[-81.838257,33.272975],[-81.844036,33.278644],[-81.851836,33.283544],[-81.861336,33.286244],[-81.863236,33.288844],[-81.861536,33.297944],[-81.849636,33.299544],[-81.846136,33.303843],[-81.847296,33.306783],[-81.867936,33.314043],[-81.875836,33.307443],[-81.884137,33.310443],[-81.886637,33.316943],[-81.897329,33.322331],[-81.896937,33.327642],[-81.900301,33.331117],[-81.906444,33.324181],[-81.909285,33.324181],[-81.919137,33.334442],[-81.917973,33.34159],[-81.924737,33.345341],[-81.932737,33.343541],[-81.939737,33.344941],[-81.934837,33.356041],[-81.944737,33.364041],[-81.946337,33.37064],[-81.939637,33.37254],[-81.930634,33.368165],[-81.925737,33.37114],[-81.924837,33.37414],[-81.930861,33.380076],[-81.936961,33.404197],[-81.92306,33.408266],[-81.920121,33.410753],[-81.91933,33.415613],[-81.924893,33.419307],[-81.927241,33.422846],[-81.926789,33.426576],[-81.924981,33.429288],[-81.916236,33.433114],[-81.913356,33.437418],[-81.913532,33.441274],[-81.926336,33.462937],[-81.934136,33.468337],[-81.985938,33.486536],[-81.990938,33.494235],[-81.991938,33.504435],[-82.001338,33.520135],[-82.007138,33.522835],[-82.011538,33.531735],[-82.019838,33.535035],[-82.028238,33.544934],[-82.033023,33.546454],[-82.037375,33.554662],[-82.046335,33.56383],[-82.057727,33.566774],[-82.073104,33.57751],[-82.094128,33.582742],[-82.10624,33.595637],[-82.115328,33.596501],[-82.12908,33.589925],[-82.142872,33.594278],[-82.148816,33.598092],[-82.156288,33.60863],[-82.174351,33.613117],[-82.186154,33.62088],[-82.196583,33.630582],[-82.201186,33.646898],[-82.200718,33.66464],[-82.208411,33.669872],[-82.216868,33.6844],[-82.234576,33.700216],[-82.237192,33.70788],[-82.235753,33.71439],[-82.239098,33.730872],[-82.247472,33.752591],[-82.255267,33.75969],[-82.263206,33.761962],[-82.266127,33.766745],[-82.277681,33.772032],[-82.285804,33.780058],[-82.298286,33.783518],[-82.300213,33.800627],[-82.313339,33.809205],[-82.32448,33.820033],[-82.346933,33.834298],[-82.371775,33.843813],[-82.37975,33.851086],[-82.395736,33.859089],[-82.403881,33.865477],[-82.422803,33.863754],[-82.43115,33.867051],[-82.440503,33.875123],[-82.455105,33.88165],[-82.480111,33.901897],[-82.492929,33.909754],[-82.50764,33.931456],[-82.51295,33.936969],[-82.524515,33.94336],[-82.534111,33.943651],[-82.543128,33.940949],[-82.556835,33.945353],[-82.564531,33.955741],[-82.568288,33.968772],[-82.579576,33.979761],[-82.580571,33.98514],[-82.575351,33.990904],[-82.576222,33.993106],[-82.583394,33.995286],[-82.589245,34.000118],[-82.595655,34.016118],[-82.594555,34.028717],[-82.609655,34.039917],[-82.626963,34.063457],[-82.630972,34.065528],[-82.635991,34.064941],[-82.64398,34.072237],[-82.645661,34.076046],[-82.640345,34.086304],[-82.641553,34.092212],[-82.648184,34.098649],[-82.658561,34.103118],[-82.666879,34.113591],[-82.668113,34.12016],[-82.67732,34.131657],[-82.68629,34.134454],[-82.692152,34.138986],[-82.70414,34.141007],[-82.717507,34.150504],[-82.723312,34.165895],[-82.731881,34.178363],[-82.732761,34.195338],[-82.74192,34.210063],[-82.740447,34.219679],[-82.744415,34.224913],[-82.74198,34.230196],[-82.744834,34.242957],[-82.744056,34.252407],[-82.748756,34.263407],[-82.746656,34.266407],[-82.755028,34.276067],[-82.770928,34.285402],[-82.780308,34.296701],[-82.781752,34.302901],[-82.78684,34.310381],[-82.794054,34.339772],[-82.835004,34.366069],[-82.836611,34.382676],[-82.841524,34.39013],[-82.841326,34.397332],[-82.847446,34.412049],[-82.848651,34.423844],[-82.854434,34.432275],[-82.855762,34.443977],[-82.860874,34.451469],[-82.860707,34.457428],[-82.875463,34.463503],[-82.876464,34.465803],[-82.873831,34.471508],[-82.876864,34.475303],[-82.902665,34.485902],[-82.922866,34.481402],[-82.928466,34.484202],[-82.940867,34.486102],[-82.947367,34.479602],[-82.954667,34.477302],[-82.960668,34.482002],[-82.979568,34.482702],[-82.992215,34.479198],[-82.995279,34.475648],[-82.99509,34.472483],[-83.002924,34.472132],[-83.029315,34.484147],[-83.034712,34.483495],[-83.043771,34.488816],[-83.054463,34.50289],[-83.069451,34.502131],[-83.087189,34.515939],[-83.077995,34.523746],[-83.087789,34.532078],[-83.102179,34.532179],[-83.103987,34.540166],[-83.122901,34.560129],[-83.129676,34.561699],[-83.152577,34.578299],[-83.154577,34.588198],[-83.170278,34.592398],[-83.169994,34.605444],[-83.179439,34.60802],[-83.196979,34.605998],[-83.199779,34.608398],[-83.211598,34.610905],[-83.23178,34.611297],[-83.243381,34.617997],[-83.240676,34.624307],[-83.255281,34.637696],[-83.271982,34.641896],[-83.292883,34.654196],[-83.300848,34.66247],[-83.301477,34.666582],[-83.304641,34.669561],[-83.316401,34.669316],[-83.321463,34.677543],[-83.330284,34.681342],[-83.336207,34.680534],[-83.33869,34.682002],[-83.340383,34.688998],[-83.349975,34.699155],[-83.347718,34.705474],[-83.352485,34.715993],[-83.353238,34.728648],[-83.348829,34.737194],[-83.338666,34.742295],[-83.320062,34.759616],[-83.319945,34.773725],[-83.323866,34.789712],[-83.313782,34.799911],[-83.301182,34.804008],[-83.302395,34.813241],[-83.294292,34.814725],[-83.289914,34.824477],[-83.275656,34.816862],[-83.268159,34.821393],[-83.267293,34.832748],[-83.269982,34.837196],[-83.267656,34.845289],[-83.254605,34.846402],[-83.252582,34.853483],[-83.24722,34.85844],[-83.245602,34.865522],[-83.240847,34.866736],[-83.238419,34.869771],[-83.239081,34.875661],[-83.22924,34.879907],[-83.220099,34.878124],[-83.213323,34.882796],[-83.205627,34.880142],[-83.201183,34.884653],[-83.204572,34.890284],[-83.203351,34.893717],[-83.186541,34.899534],[-83.168524,34.91788],[-83.160937,34.918269],[-83.153253,34.926342],[-83.140621,34.924915],[-83.130554,34.930932],[-83.129493,34.937402],[-83.121112,34.939129],[-83.121214,34.942684],[-83.126761,34.948742],[-83.127035,34.953778],[-83.12114,34.958966],[-83.120387,34.968406],[-83.106991,34.98272],[-83.1046,34.992783],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-82.787867,35.085024],[-82.783283,35.0856],[-82.776357,35.081349],[-82.781973,35.066817],[-82.777376,35.064143],[-82.764464,35.068177],[-82.757704,35.068019],[-82.754162,35.069629],[-82.749491,35.078487],[-82.738379,35.079453],[-82.729683,35.087827],[-82.72701,35.094142],[-82.715297,35.092943],[-82.703916,35.097651],[-82.694898,35.098456],[-82.688456,35.106347],[-82.691194,35.114721],[-82.68604,35.124545],[-82.683625,35.125833],[-82.676861,35.12535],[-82.669614,35.118103],[-82.662381,35.118123],[-82.642237,35.129215],[-82.629031,35.126155],[-82.621185,35.134635],[-82.609706,35.139039],[-82.59814,35.137729],[-82.59243,35.139002],[-82.588158,35.142928],[-82.578316,35.142104],[-82.569912,35.145268],[-82.563767,35.151575],[-82.556168,35.151736],[-82.554227,35.156911],[-82.550508,35.159498],[-82.540483,35.160306],[-82.529973,35.155617],[-82.521403,35.158851],[-82.516044,35.163442],[-82.495506,35.164312],[-82.483937,35.173798],[-82.476136,35.175486],[-82.467991,35.174633],[-82.460092,35.178143],[-82.455609,35.177425],[-82.452987,35.17469],[-82.451201,35.16526],[-82.439595,35.165863],[-82.435689,35.167715],[-82.424461,35.193092],[-82.419744,35.198613],[-82.403348,35.204473],[-82.39293,35.215402],[-82.384029,35.210542],[-82.378744,35.198053],[-82.380903,35.189565],[-82.376808,35.184427],[-82.371298,35.181449],[-82.364299,35.184725],[-82.361469,35.190831],[-82.344554,35.193115],[-82.340133,35.189188],[-82.333934,35.190661],[-82.330779,35.189032],[-82.330549,35.186767],[-82.32335,35.184789],[-82.315871,35.190678],[-82.295354,35.194965],[-82.288453,35.198605],[-82.27492,35.200071],[-82.176874,35.19379],[-81.716259,35.178852],[-81.241686,35.160081],[-81.043625,35.149877],[-81.047826,35.143743],[-81.051037,35.131654],[-81.038968,35.126299],[-81.033005,35.113747],[-81.032806,35.108049],[-81.037369,35.102541],[-81.046524,35.100617],[-81.052078,35.096276],[-81.057236,35.086129],[-81.058029,35.07319],[-81.057648,35.062433],[-81.041489,35.044703],[-80.93495,35.107409],[-80.884887,35.05351],[-80.782042,34.935782],[-80.797543,34.819786],[-80.499788,34.817261],[-79.870693,34.805378],[-79.675299,34.804744],[-79.358317,34.545358],[-79.249763,34.449774],[-78.541087,33.851112],[-78.553944,33.847831],[-78.584841,33.844282],[-78.67226,33.817587],[-78.714116,33.800138],[-78.772737,33.768511],[-78.812931,33.743472],[-78.862931,33.705654],[-78.938076,33.639826],[-79.007356,33.566565],[-79.028516,33.533365],[-79.084588,33.483669],[-79.10136,33.461016],[-79.135441,33.403867],[-79.147496,33.378243],[-79.152035,33.350925],[-79.158429,33.332811],[-79.162332,33.327246],[-79.180318,33.254141],[-79.180563,33.237955],[-79.172394,33.206577],[-79.18787,33.173712],[-79.195631,33.166016],[-79.215453,33.155569],[-79.238262,33.137055],[-79.24609,33.124865],[-79.290754,33.110051]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"South Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9334e4b08c986b31a368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38213,"text":"pp1538L - 1995 - Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538L","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"L","title":"Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Mo. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538L","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 1995, Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. L1-L18, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538L.","productDescription":"p. L1-L18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20724,"text":"ofr95229 - 1995 - Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the state of Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:16:49","indexId":"ofr95229","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-229","title":"Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the state of Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95229","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Ryder, J.L., 1995, Active-, inactive-, and abandoned-mine information and selected geochemical data for the state of Montana (Diskette version.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-229, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95229.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1148,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0229/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":277699,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0229/application.zip"}],"edition":"Diskette version.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3306","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Jean L.","contributorId":80709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38212,"text":"pp1386C - 1995 - Glaciers of Greenland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38212,"text":"pp1386C - 1995 - Glaciers of Greenland","indexId":"pp1386C","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Glaciers of Greenland"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70042384,"text":"pp1386 - 1988 - Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world","indexId":"pp1386","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T15:17:21.732053","indexId":"pp1386C","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1386","chapter":"C","title":"Glaciers of Greenland","docAbstract":"Landsat imagery, combined with aerial photography, sketch maps, and diagrams, is used as the basis for a description of the geography, climatology, and glaciology, including mass balance, variation, and hazards, of the Greenland ice sheet and local ice caps and glaciers. The Greenland ice sheet, with an estimated area of 1,736,095+/-100 km2 and volume of 2,600,000 km3, is the second largest glacier on the planet and the largest relict of the Ice Age in the Northern Hemisphere. Greenland also has 48,599+/-100 km2 of local ice caps and other types of glaciers in coastal areas and islands beyond the margin of the ice sheet.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the World (Professional Paper 1386)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1386C","usgsCitation":"Weidick, A., Williams, R.S., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1995, Glaciers of Greenland (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Report: xii, 141 p.; 1 Plate: 27.86 x 49.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1386C.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 141 p.; 1 Plate: 27.86 x 49.14 inches","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1386_c.jpg"},{"id":3487,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386c/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Greenland","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-46.76379,82.62796],[-43.40644,83.22516],[-39.89753,83.18018],[-38.62214,83.54905],[-35.08787,83.64513],[-27.10046,83.51966],[-20.84539,82.72669],[-22.69182,82.34165],[-26.51753,82.29765],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.39646,82.02154],[-27.85666,82.13178],[-24.84448,81.78697],[-22.90328,82.09317],[-22.07175,81.73449],[-23.16961,81.15271],[-20.62363,81.52462],[-15.76818,81.91245],[-12.77018,81.71885],[-12.20855,81.29154],[-16.28533,80.58004],[-16.85,80.35],[-20.04624,80.17708],[-17.73035,80.12912],[-18.9,79.4],[-19.70499,78.75128],[-19.67353,77.63859],[-18.47285,76.98565],[-20.03503,76.94434],[-21.67944,76.62795],[-19.83407,76.09808],[-19.59896,75.24838],[-20.66818,75.15585],[-19.37281,74.29561],[-21.59422,74.22382],[-20.43454,73.81713],[-20.76234,73.46436],[-22.17221,73.30955],[-23.56593,73.30663],[-22.31311,72.62928],[-22.29954,72.18409],[-24.27834,72.59788],[-24.79296,72.3302],[-23.44296,72.08016],[-22.13281,71.46898],[-21.75356,70.66369],[-23.53603,70.471],[-24.30702,70.85649],[-25.54341,71.43094],[-25.20135,70.75226],[-26.36276,70.22646],[-23.72742,70.18401],[-22.34902,70.12946],[-25.02927,69.2588],[-27.74737,68.47046],[-30.67371,68.12503],[-31.77665,68.12078],[-32.81105,67.73547],[-34.20196,66.67974],[-36.35284,65.9789],[-37.04378,65.93768],[-38.37505,65.69213],[-39.81222,65.45848],[-40.66899,64.83997],[-40.68281,64.13902],[-41.1887,63.48246],[-42.81938,62.68233],[-42.41666,61.90093],[-42.86619,61.07404],[-43.3784,60.09772],[-44.7875,60.03676],[-46.26364,60.85328],[-48.26294,60.85843],[-49.23308,61.40681],[-49.90039,62.38336],[-51.63325,63.62691],[-52.14014,64.27842],[-52.27659,65.1767],[-53.66166,66.09957],[-53.30161,66.8365],[-53.96911,67.18899],[-52.9804,68.35759],[-51.47536,68.72958],[-51.08041,69.14781],[-50.87122,69.9291],[-52.01358,69.57492],[-52.55792,69.42616],[-53.45629,69.28363],[-54.68336,69.61003],[-54.75001,70.28932],[-54.35884,70.82131],[-53.43131,70.83576],[-51.39014,70.56978],[-53.10937,71.20485],[-54.00422,71.54719],[-55,71.40654],[-55.83468,71.65444],[-54.71819,72.58625],[-55.32634,72.95861],[-56.12003,73.64977],[-57.32363,74.71026],[-58.59679,75.09861],[-58.58516,75.51727],[-61.26861,76.10238],[-63.39165,76.1752],[-66.06427,76.13486],[-68.50438,76.06141],[-69.66485,76.37975],[-71.40257,77.00857],[-68.77671,77.32312],[-66.76397,77.37595],[-71.04293,77.63595],[-73.297,78.04419],[-73.15938,78.43271],[-69.37345,78.91388],[-65.7107,79.39436],[-65.3239,79.75814],[-68.02298,80.11721],[-67.15129,80.51582],[-63.68925,81.21396],[-62.23444,81.3211],[-62.65116,81.77042],[-60.28249,82.03363],[-57.20744,82.19074],[-54.13442,82.19962],[-53.04328,81.88833],[-50.39061,82.43883],[-48.00386,82.06481],[-46.59984,81.98595],[-44.523,81.6607],[-46.9007,82.19979],[-46.76379,82.62796]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Greenland\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac0e4b07f02db676d61","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":23160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914464,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914465,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Weidick, Anker","contributorId":344665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weidick","given":"Anker","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":914636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":914637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21126,"text":"ofr9572 - 1995 - Historical shoreline changes at Rincon, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T20:35:33.20437","indexId":"ofr9572","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-72","title":"Historical shoreline changes at Rincon, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9572","usgsCitation":"Thieler, E.R., and Carlo, M., 1995, Historical shoreline changes at Rincon, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-72, Report: i, 27 p.; 1 Plate: 39.00 x 68.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9572.","productDescription":"Report: i, 27 p.; 1 Plate: 39.00 x 68.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420176,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40753.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":50717,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19376,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0072/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0072/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","city":"Rincon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.2764043836289,\n 18.353715785573343\n ],\n [\n -67.2764043836289,\n 18.29940590722316\n ],\n [\n -67.21666122687232,\n 18.29940590722316\n ],\n [\n -67.21666122687232,\n 18.353715785573343\n ],\n [\n -67.2764043836289,\n 18.353715785573343\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ea7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thieler, E. Robert 0000-0003-4311-9717 rthieler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":2488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.","email":"rthieler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlo, Milton","contributorId":21988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlo","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17997,"text":"ofr95107 - 1995 - Irrigated croplands, estimated pumpage, and water-level changes in Diamond Valley, Eureka and Elko counties, Nevada, through 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr95107","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-107","title":"Irrigated croplands, estimated pumpage, and water-level changes in Diamond Valley, Eureka and Elko counties, Nevada, through 1990","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95107","usgsCitation":"Arteaga, F.E., Smith, J.L., and Harrill, J.R., 1995, Irrigated croplands, estimated pumpage, and water-level changes in Diamond Valley, Eureka and Elko counties, Nevada, through 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-107, iv, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95107.","productDescription":"iv, 68 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19345,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0107/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0107/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66727d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arteaga, Freddy E.","contributorId":73601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arteaga","given":"Freddy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":178350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrill, James R.","contributorId":99533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31873,"text":"ofr9510 - 1995 - Geologic map of Kious Spring and Garrison 7.5' quadrangles, White Pine County, Nevada and Millard County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"ofr9510","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-10","title":"Geologic map of Kious Spring and Garrison 7.5' quadrangles, White Pine County, Nevada and Millard County, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9510","usgsCitation":"McGrew, A., and Brown, E., 1995, Geologic map of Kious Spring and Garrison 7.5' quadrangles, White Pine County, Nevada and Millard County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-10, 21 p., 3 over-size sheets; sheets 1-2, scale 1:24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9510.","productDescription":"21 p., 3 over-size sheets; sheets 1-2, scale 1:24,000 (1 inch = 2,000 feet). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108929,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18372.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18372"},{"id":160221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0010/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60062,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a30b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrew, A.J.","contributorId":52616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrew","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, E.L.","contributorId":106169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3801,"text":"cir1129 - 1995 - The origin of granites and related rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-20T15:37:47","indexId":"cir1129","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1129","title":"The origin of granites and related rocks","docAbstract":"This Circular is a compilation of abstracts for posters and oral presentations given at the third Hutton symposium on the Origin of granites and related rocks. The symposium was co-sponsored by the Department of Geology, University of Maryland at College Park; the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia; and the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1129","usgsCitation":"1995, The origin of granites and related rocks: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1129, 170 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1129.","productDescription":"170 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1129/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61274d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brown, Michael","contributorId":30219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729056,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piccoli, Philip M.","contributorId":39772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piccoli","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729057,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44703,"text":"wri944233 - 1995 - Potential hydrologic effects of mining in the Humboldt River Basin, northern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"wri944233","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4233","title":"Potential hydrologic effects of mining in the Humboldt River Basin, northern Nevada","docAbstract":"This report provides a general assessment of effects that the current and potential mining activities during the next 5 years may have on the water resources in each of the 34 hydrographic areas in the Humboldt River Basin of northern Nevada. Nearly 40 active gold mines are operating in the basin; of these, 15 are large-scale, open-pit mines. The potential effects of mining were assessed for seven water-resource characteristics or features at various distances from the mining operations. These characteristics are ground-water levels, springs, perennial streams, shallow ground-water areas, sediment transport, agricultural irrigation, and fish and wildlife habitat. The characteristics and features were evaluated at two distances; local (within 2 miles of the operation) and areal (from 2 to 6 miles away from the operation). Additionally, ground-water levels were evaluated at the regional distances: local (with 2 miles of the operation) and areal (from 2 to 6 miles away from the operation). Additionally, ground-water levels were levels were evaluated at the regional distance (more than 6 miles away from the operation). A numerical ranking scale, ranging from a large change expected to no change expected, was developed for each characteristic and feature. For each hydrographic area in the basin, a single value was assigned for each characteristic at each distance. This value represents the greatest change expected to occur in that hydrographic area. The study results show that the greatest changes are expected in two hydro- graphic areas: Pumpernickel Valley and Kelly Creek Area.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri944233","usgsCitation":"Crompton, E.J., 1995, Potential hydrologic effects of mining in the Humboldt River Basin, northern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4233, 3 maps on 1 sheet : col. ; 38 x 38 cm., on sheet 97 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. + 1 ancillary sheet (ill., maps ; 97 x 112 cm.)., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944233.","productDescription":"3 maps on 1 sheet : col. ; 38 x 38 cm., on sheet 97 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. + 1 ancillary sheet (ill., maps ; 97 x 112 cm.).","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":172529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82000,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4233/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82001,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4233/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Universal transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.16666666666667,38.583333333333336 ], [ -119.16666666666667,43 ], [ -115.4,43 ], [ -115.4,38.583333333333336 ], [ -119.16666666666667,38.583333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crompton, E. James","contributorId":78771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crompton","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185315,"text":"70185315 - 1995 - Bottled water, spas, and early years of water chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:29:36","indexId":"70185315","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottled water, spas, and early years of water chemistry","docAbstract":"

Although hot springs have been used and enjoyed for thousands of years, it was not until the late 1700s that they changed the course of world civilization by being the motivation for development of the science of chemistry. The pioneers of chemistry such as Priestley, Cavendish, Lavoisier, and Henry were working to identify and generate gases, in part, to determine their role in carbonated beverages. In the 18th century, spas in America were developed to follow the traditional activities of popular European spas. However, they were to become a dominant political and economic force in American history on three major points: (1) By far the most important was to provide a place for the leaders of individual colonies to meet and discuss the need for separation from England and the necessity for the Revolutionary War; (2) the westward expansion of the United States was facilitated by the presence of hot springs in many locations that provided the economic justification for railroads and settlement; and (3) the desire for the preservation of hot springs led to the establishment of the National Park Service. Although mineral springs have maintained their therapeutic credibility in many parts of the world, they have not done so in the United States. We suggest that the American decline was prompted by: (1) the establishment of The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1893; (2) enactment of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907; and (3) the remarkable achievement of providing safe water supplies for American cities by the end of the 1920s. The current expanding market for bottled water is based in part on bottled water being an alternative beverage Ito alcohol and sweetened drinks and the inconsistent palatability and perceived health hazards of some tap waters.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00316.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Back, W., Landa, E.R., and Meeks, L., 1995, Bottled water, spas, and early years of water chemistry: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 4, p. 605-614, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00316.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"605","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337858,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f6739d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landa, Edward R. erlanda@usgs.gov","contributorId":2112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"Edward","email":"erlanda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meeks, Lisa","contributorId":189547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meeks","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185717,"text":"70185717 - 1995 - Hydrostatigraphic characterization of coastal aquifer by geophysical log analysis, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T11:24:08","indexId":"70185717","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2631,"text":"Log Analyst","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrostatigraphic characterization of coastal aquifer by geophysical log analysis, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"

The Cape Cod National Seashore comprises part of Provincetown, Massachusetts, which lies at the northern tip of Cape Cod. The hydrologic regime in this area consists of unconsolidated sand-and-gravel deposits that constitute a highly permeable aquifer within which is a freshwater lens floating on denser sea water. A network of wells was installed into this aquifer to monitor a leachate plume emanating from the Provincetown landfill. Wells were located along orthogonal transects perpendicular to and parallel to the general groundwater flow path from the landfill to the seashore approximately 1,000 m to the southeast. Temperature, epithermal neutron, natural gamma. and electronmagnetic induction logs were obtained in five wells to depths ranging from 23 to 37 m. These logs identify the primary contamination and show that its movement is controlled by and confined within a dominant hydrostratigraphic unit about 2 to 5 m thick that exhibits low porosity, large representative grain size, and high relative permeability. A relation is also found between the temperaturegradient logs and water quality, with the gradient traces serving as effective delineators of the contaminant plume in wells nearest the landfill. Contamination is not detectable in the well nearest the seashore and farthest from the landfill, and the induction log from this well clearly identifies the freshwater/seawater transition zone at a depth of about 18 m. The geophysical logs provide fundamental information concerning the spatial distribution of aquifer properties near the landfill and lend valuable insight into how these properties influence the migration of the leachate plume to the sea.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Urish, D.W., 1995, Hydrostatigraphic characterization of coastal aquifer by geophysical log analysis, Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts: Log Analyst, v. 36, no. 4, p. 27-37.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"27","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/SPWLA-1995-v36n4a2"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7633e4b0ee37af29e4b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urish, Daniel W.","contributorId":189936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Urish","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29188,"text":"wri944077 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Dissolved oxygen and Escherichia coli bacteria in streams during low flow, July 1988 through July 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T21:36:00.154359","indexId":"wri944077","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4077","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Dissolved oxygen and Escherichia coli bacteria in streams during low flow, July 1988 through July 1989","docAbstract":"The 15,300-square-mile lower Kansas River Basin in Kansas and Nebraska was investigated, as one of the pilot study units of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, to address a variety of water-quality issues. This report describes sanitary quality of streams as defined by concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and densities of a fecal-indicator bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sixty-one surface-water sampling sites were chosen for this investigation. Synoptic surveys were conducted in July 1988, November 1988, March 1989, and May 1989 to define the concentrations and diel and seasonal variability in concentrations of DO. Synoptic surveys were conducted in July 1988 and July 1989 to define densities of E. coli. Ancillary data included measurements of specific conductance, pH, water temperature. barometric pressure, and concentrations of nutrients, total organic carbon, chlorophyll, and suspended sediment. Surveys were conducted during stable-flow, dry-weather conditions. During the July 1988 synoptic survey for DO, emphasis was placed on the measurement of DO under maximum stress (high water temperature, low streamflow, and predawn conditions). Of 31 sites sampled just before dawn, 5 had DO concentrations less than the 5.0-milligrams-perliter, l-day minimum warmwater criterion for early life stages as established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and 4 of these 5 sites had concentrations less than the 3.0-milligrams-per-liter criterion for all other life stages. For all four synoptic surveys, a total of 392 DO determinations were made, and 9 (2.3 percent) were less than water-quality criteria. Concentrations of DO less than water-quality criteria in the study unit are localized occurrences and do not reflect regional differences in DO. The most severe DO deficiencies are the result of discharges from wastewater-treatment plants into small tributary streams with inadequate assimilation capacity. Algal respiratory demand in combination with reduced physical reaeration associated with extreme low flow probably also contributes to temporary, localized deficiencies. Densities of E. coli were determined at 57 surface-water sampling sites during the syn- optic survey in July 1988. Results indicate large regional differences in E. coli densities within the study unit. Densities orE. coli in water at 19 sites in the Big Blue River subbasin, exclusive of the Little Blue River subbasin, ranged from 120 to 260,000 col/100 mL (colonies per 100 milliliters), with a median density of 2,400 col/100 mL. Densities at the 11 sites in the Little Blue River ranged from 100 to 30,000 col/100 mL, with a median density of 940 col/100 mL. Densities at the 27 sites in the Kansas River subbasin ranged from less than 1 to 1,000 col/100 mL, with a median density of 88 col/100 mL. Densities at 84 percent of the sites in the Big Blue River subbasin exceeded the USEPA E. coli criterion of 576 col/100 mL for infrequently used full-body contact recreation, and 53 percent exceeded the 2,000 cot/I00 mL fecal coliform criterion for uses other than full-body contact established by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Densities at 73 percent of the sites in the Little Blue River subbasin exceeded the 576 col/100 mL E. coli criterion, and 36 percent exceeded the 2,000 col/100 mL fecal coliform criterion. Densities at one of the sites in the Kansas River subbasin exceeded the 576 col/100 mL E. coli criterion, and none exceeded the 2,000 col/100 mL fecal-coliform criterion. The largest densities of E. coli in the study unit were the result of discharges from municipal wastewater-treatment plants; however, densities in the Big Blue and Little Blue River subbasins were generally larger than those in the Kansas River subbasin. These larger densities in the Big Blue and Little Blue River subbasins may have been the result of irrigation return flow from fields where manure was used as a soil","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944077","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the lower Kansas River basin, Kansas and Nebraska: Dissolved oxygen and Escherichia coli bacteria in streams during low flow, July 1988 through July 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4077, vi, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944077.","productDescription":"vi, 102 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4077/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":406352,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47973.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Kansas River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99,\n 38.650\n ],\n [\n -94.5597,\n 38.650\n ],\n [\n -94.5597,\n 41.2583\n ],\n [\n -99,\n 41.2583\n ],\n [\n -99,\n 38.650\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a43a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, L. M.","contributorId":71939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26748,"text":"wri944051 - 1995 - Irrigation water use for the Fort Lyon Canal, southeastern Colorado, 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri944051","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4051","title":"Irrigation water use for the Fort Lyon Canal, southeastern Colorado, 1989-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bent County Board of County Commissioners, began a study to evaluate irrigation water use quanti- tatively for about 91,630 acres of farmland irrigated from the 103.7-mile-long Fort Lyon Main Canal in the Arkansas River Valley of southeastern Colorado. This report provides information from 1980 and 1990 for four hydrologic components of irrigation water use: Surface-water withdrawals, conveyance losses, ground-water withdrawals, and estimates of threretical crop consumptive use. Surface-water withdrawals for the Fort Lyon Canal were 211,150 acre-feet (about 2.3 acre-feet per acre) during 1989 and 202,000 acre-feet (about 2.2 acre-feet per acre) during 1990. Conveyance losses occurred during the transport of water in the unlined Fort Lyon Canal. Conveyance losses were as much as 72 (acre-feet per day) per mile in the first division of the canal and generally decreased in the downstream canal divisions. Ground-water withdrawals for the Fort Lyon Canal were estimated to be 38,890 acre-feet (about 0.8 acre-foot per acre irrigated ground water) during 1989 and 33,970 acre-feet (about 0.7 acre-foot per acre irrigated by ground water) during 1990. Theoretical crop consumptive use was estimated to be 227,530 acre-feet (about 2.7 acre-feet per acre of cropland) during 1989 and 251, 130 acre-feet (about 2.9 acre-feet per acre of cropland) during 1990. The total crop irrigation requirement needed from irrigation withdrawals was 172,100 acre-feet (about 2.0 acre-feet per acre of cropland) during ` 1989 and 190,050 acre-feet (about 2.2 acre-feet per acre of cropland) during 1990. Crops cultivted in the five divisions of the canal were alfalfa, sorghum, corn, wheat, pasture, and spring grains.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944051","usgsCitation":"Dash, R.G., 1995, Irrigation water use for the Fort Lyon Canal, southeastern Colorado, 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4051, vii, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944051.","productDescription":"vii, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dash, R. G.","contributorId":106933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dash","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}