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At the Cliffs Shaft Mines, for many years the premiere hard iron ore mine of Michigan, bodies of ore typically are localized in the upper part of the Negaunee iron-formation, close beneath Goodrich Quartzite in the axial part of the Marquette synclinorium. Individual ore bodies may be as much as 100 feet thick and extend laterally for many hundreds of feet. The cluster of ore bodies making up the Cliffs Shaft deposit has an overall length of about 4,500 feet from east to west parallel to the axis of the syncliorium and a width of 1,500 feet from north to south. The deposit extends beneath much of the City of Ishpeming, from a short distance west of the city limits to almost the east edge of the city.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr74227","usgsCitation":"Gair, J.E., 1974, Hard iron ore at the Cliffs Shaft Mines, Ishpeming, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-227, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74227.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422766,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147420,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0227/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","city":"Ishpeming","otherGeospatial":"Cliffs Shaft Mines","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.72071958635472,\n 46.49679965272563\n ],\n [\n -87.72071958635472,\n 46.46933892121058\n ],\n [\n -87.637519822388,\n 46.46933892121058\n ],\n [\n -87.637519822388,\n 46.49679965272563\n ],\n [\n -87.72071958635472,\n 46.49679965272563\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644b9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gair, Jacob Eugene","contributorId":14387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gair","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68226,"text":"ha528 - 1974 - Water resources of the Crow River watershed, south-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:16:20","indexId":"ha528","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"528","title":"Water resources of the Crow River watershed, south-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Crow River watershed, an area of about 2,760 square miles, is covered entirely by glacial deposits. A topographically high, east-west-trending end moraine divides most of the watershed into two drainage areas of approximately equal size. The North Fork Crow River drains a mixture of glacial outwash and till deposits, whereas the South Fork Crow River drains chiefly till deposits. Local relief is greatest in morainal areas and least in surficial outwash areas.

\n

Cambrian and Precambrian sedimentary rocks underlie the glacial drift in the eastern part of the watershed. Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, though discontinuous, are present in part of the western two-thirds of the watershed. Where sedimentary bedrock is absent, the glacial drift is directly underlain by Precambrian igneous or metamorphic rocks.

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Forested areas are sparse and occur mainly in steeply sloping morainal areas. Most land is used for agriculture, and slightly more than half the total population is rural.

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D.F.","contributorId":91163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helgesen, John O.","contributorId":101630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68227,"text":"ha490 - 1974 - Water resources of the lower St. Croix river watershed, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:16:38","indexId":"ha490","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"490","title":"Water resources of the lower St. Croix river watershed, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The lower St. Croix River watershed is an elongate area of about 930 square miles bounded on the east by the St. Croix River.

\n

The St. Croix River forms the Minnesota-Wisconsin boundary along the eastern side of the watershed. Additional drainage to the St. Croix River includes areas of about 2,500 square miles upstream in Minnesota and about 4,340 square miles in Wisconsin. At the southern tip of the watershed, the St. Croix joins the Mississippi River.

\n

Because part of the St. Croix River is deeply entrenched, topography in the watershed ranges from relatively rugged in highly dissected areas near the river to nearly flat in the west-central area.

\n

In the southern third of the watershed and along the St. Croix River, many outcrops of Ordovician, Cambrian, and Precambrian bedrock occur. The remainder of the watershed is covered by glacial deposits whose maximum thickness is about 400 feet.

\n

Much of the original forest cover, primarily hardwoods, has been removed; the largest concentrations remaining are long the St. Croix River and in the west-central area.

\n

The proximity of the watershed to the expanding Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area emphasizes the importance of defining water resources essential for future growth.

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The 1,462 square miles of land surface in the Cannon River watershed varies considerably from areas of low hills and plains to areas dominated by streams deeply incised into bedrock. Much of the south-central part of the area consists of a till plain that ranges in altitude from 1,100 to 1,200 feet above mean sea level. This plain is bordered by end moraines that form ridges on the east, west, and south. The eastern moraine marks the maximum eastward extend of the Wisconsin glacier, rising to more than 1,300 feet above sea level and forming ridges 50 to 100 feet above the till plain. In the northwest, the end moraine ridges are less obvious but extend directly north across the Cannon River valley.

\n

The end moraine ridges were cut by glacial melt water, which also deepened the pre-existing Cannon River valley. This deeply incised valley captures some of the streams that flow westward off the end moraines.

\n

East of the end moraines, pre-Wisconsin age glacial deposits are relatively thin and deeply weathered and eroded.

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Lard glacial melt-water valleys, around Cannon Falls and extending several miles to the west and south west, are characterized by broad valley floors underlain by outwash sand and gravel. The Cannon River flows out of the watershed and enters the Mississippi River at about 660 feet altitude.

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Jr.","contributorId":11187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrell, D.F.","contributorId":91163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrell","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broussard, W.L.","contributorId":35334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broussard","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Felsheim, P.E.","contributorId":39395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felsheim","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":68592,"text":"ha525 - 1974 - Water resources of the Blue Earth River watershed, south-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T10:17:14","indexId":"ha525","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"525","title":"Water resources of the Blue Earth River watershed, south-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Blue Earth River Watershed in Minnesota includes 3,106 square miles of land surface, which varies from fairly flat to gently rolling. The drainage extends south to include an additional 450 square miles in Iowa. The western, southern, and eastern boundaries are end moraines formed by Pleistocene glaciers. Major streams have eroded channels 40 to 75 feet deep in headwater regions and 150 to 200 feet deep near the mouth of the Blue Earth River at Mankato. In their lower reaches major streams have cut through glacial deposits and into underlying bedrock (described on ground-water sheet).

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Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:00:31","indexId":"ha509","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"509","title":"Water resources of the Rum River Watershed, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The Rum River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, drains an elongate area of about 1,550 square miles. The source of the Rum River is Mille Lacs Lake. Much of the northern half of the watershed is forested, and there are large areas of swampland. Population is most concentrated in the southern half, where agriculture is the dominant economic activity.

\n

Except for scattered Precambrian igneous rock outcrops in the central third of the watershed, bedrock is covered by glacial drift. In the southern third, the drift includes considerable amounts of outwash and is directly underlain by Cambrian and Precambrian sedimentary rocks.

\n

Greatest topographic relief is in morainal areas around Mille Lacs Lake. The central third of the watershed slopes gradually southward, grading into the relatively flat area of surficial outwash. 

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Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:17:05","indexId":"ha488","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"488","title":"Water resources of the Snake River watershed, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"

Glacial drift overlies sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks in the Snake River watershed.

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The Snake River, which drains an area of about 1,030 square miles, originates in an extensive area of peat bogs in the northern part of the watershed. It flows southward across gently rolling glacial terrain in which the major relief is near the river. Near the southern boundary of the watershed, the Snake River turns eastward to its confluence with the St. Croix River. The northwest half of the watershed is heavily forested, whereas much of the southeast half has been cleared. The largest communities in the watershed, Mora and Pine City, had 1970 populations of 2,582 and 2,143, respectively.

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Available ground water in much of central Wisconsin is limited to discharge through wells of low yield. Aquifers that yield small amounts of water to wells include fractured crystalline rock at or near surface in the eastern part of the area, sandstone overlying crystalline rock in the southern and western parts, and glacial till that covers the area north and west of the Marshfield moraine. Many wells in crystalline rock yield less than 2 gpm (gallons per minute). About 90 percent of the wells in sandstone and most wells in glacial till yield 5-9.0 gpm. Outwash sand and gravel in segments of some bedrock channels, however, yield large supplies of water to wells. Wells in surficial sand and gravel in the lower valleys of major tributaries to the Wisconsin River yield as much as 450 gpm. Sand and gravel in segments of bedrock channels, many of which were delineated during this project, are covered by till or alluvium; wells in these sand and gravel deposits yield 100-400 gpm. Induced recharge to buried aquifers by infiltration of water through the beds of overlying streams is feasible at six sites within 8 miles of Marshfield. Infiltration through the streambed of Little Eau Pleine River about 7 miles northeast of Marshfield was about 200 gpm when the ground-water level was lowered temporarily. Additional recharge through ponding is possible at other sites. Streamflows in the area generally are not dependable sources of municipal or industrial supplies without storage. Nearly one-third of the flows measured in August 1969 were less than 0.01 cubic foot per second per square mile. Annual flows, however, would provide adequate within-year storage. Chemical quality of water in the area is suitable for most uses. Ground water is hard, contains objectionable concentrations of iron, and locally is high in nitrate content. Surface water has an average dissolved-solids content of about 100 milligrams per liter.

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No abstract available. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr741030","usgsCitation":"Espenshade, G., Rankin, D., Shaw, K., and Neuman, R.B., 1974, Preliminary geologic map of the east half of the Winston-Salem Quadrangle, North Carolina-Virginia-Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1030, 2 Plates: 20.66 x 27.24 inches and 31.07 x 18.16 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr741030.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 20.66 x 27.24 inches and 31.07 x 18.16 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412570,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1030/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":412569,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1030/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":135364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1030/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"200000","country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Winston-Salem Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0,\n 36.0\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 36.0\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 36.5794\n ],\n [\n -82.0,\n 36.5794\n ],\n [\n -82.0,\n 36.0\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Espenshade, G.H.","contributorId":49374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espenshade","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rankin, D.W.","contributorId":32579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaw, K.W.","contributorId":95952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neuman, R. 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Histograms of the concentrations of these elements are also given. The geometric-mean concentrations (ppm) in the samples, grouped by area, are as follows: \r\n\r\nSelenium-- Entire United States, 0.31; Western United States, 0.25; and Eastern United States, 0.39. \r\n\r\nFluorine-- Entire United States, 180; Western United States, 250; and Eastern United States, 115. \r\n\r\nArsenic-- Entire United States, 5.8; Western United States, 6.1; and Eastern United States, 5.4.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/cir692","usgsCitation":"Shacklette, H.T., Boerngen, J.G., and Keith, J.R., 1974, Selenium, fluorine, and arsenic in surficial materials of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 692, iii, 14 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir692.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. :ill., maps ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0692/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30471,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0692/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7b2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shacklette, Hansford T.","contributorId":43339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shacklette","given":"Hansford","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boerngen, Josephine G.","contributorId":31750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boerngen","given":"Josephine","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, John R. 0000-0002-4665-227X jkeith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-227X","contributorId":4252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"John","email":"jkeith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":212,"text":"wsp2142 - 1974 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1969, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp2142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2142","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1969, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2152","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1970, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2152, x, 668 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2152.","productDescription":"x, 668 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30033,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db65196f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14686,"text":"ofr7439 - 1974 - Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-23T00:04:19.391593","indexId":"ofr7439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-39","title":"Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina","docAbstract":"

The Dismal Swamp, on the border between eastern Virginia and North Carolina is one of the few remaining large (approximately 210,000 acres) areas of wet wilderness in the eastern United States. There has been much speculation concerning the hydrologic conditions that led to the formation of the swamp.

Oaks and Coch (1973) recently completed a detailed investigation of the geology and morphology of the area. An analysis of their geology and the pollen work of Whitehead (1972) has lead the authors to the following hypothesis concerning the hydrologic conditions that led to the formation of the peat in the swamp.

A permeable sand facies of the Norfolk Formation underlies Dismal Swamp. This facies was originally completely covered by the Sand Bridge Formation, which is a confining layer, and underlain by the impermeable Yorktown Formation. Movement of water eastward within the Norfolk Formation from the outcrop area on the top of the Suffolk Scarp was further restricted by a less permeable facies of the Norfolk east of the swamp; thereby creating an artesian head within the permeable sand facies of the Norfolk Formation.

Erosion during the Pleistocene age breached the Sand Bridge confining layer and allowed upward seepage of water along the shallow stream valleys. This seepage, combined with the abundant rainfall and naturally sluggish surface drainage, may have been sufficient to trigger the formation of peat along stream valleys about 9,000 years ago. The peat further inhibited surface drainage, which in turn, accelerated the accumulation of peat until the interfluve areas were covered. The present role of the Norfolk Formation in the hydrology of the swamp is not clear, but it is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the hydrology to be studied in future investigations.

Surface inflow is from small streams draining from the west. The flow of these streams varies widely, being generally less in the summer than in winter. Outflow is primarily through the Feeder Ditch-Dismal Swamp Canal system, which discharges at South Mills and Deep Creek locks.

Rates and direction of surface flow within the swamp are partly controlled by gates on many of the ditches. Inadequately controlled ditches penetrating the Norfolk Formation plus withdrawal of water from wells along Suffolk Scarp have altered the flow of ground water under the swamp. These modifications and the loss of water through the Dismal Swamp Canal have probably resulted in a generally drier swamp as indicated by changes in the vegetation. It is feasible to preserve Dismal Swamp, but more detailed studies of the hydrology are needed to aid in future management.

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The purpose of a seismotectonic map is to describe the distribution of historic seismic activity in relation to geologic structures and tectonic provinces and to identify structures or regions that are characterized by consistent relations between seismic activity and structural features. An experimental study to test the feasibility of preparing such a map and its usefulness in evaluating earthquake hazards was initiated jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey and the former Seismology Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; financial support was provided by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. It was hoped that the study would develop evidence for the existence of tectonic regions or structural provinces that are useful in defining parameters of seismic hazard in relation to engineered structures. As with many experiments, this one did not produce the results envisioned at the outset, but it did result, we think, in assembling seismic and structural data useful in evaluating the distribution and origin of earthquakes in the eastern part of the United States and in delimiting areas of relative seismic activity.

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Water is used in producing energy for mining and reclamation of mined lands, onsite processing, transportation, refining, and conversion of fuels to other forms of energy. In the East, South, Midwest, and along the seacoasts, most water problems are related to pollution rather than to water supply. West of about the 100th meridian, however, runoff is generally less than potential diversions, and energy industries must compete with other water users. Water demands for extraction of coal, oil shale, uranium, and oil and gas are modest, although large quantities of water are used in secondary recovery operations for oil. The only significant use of water for energy transportation, aside from in-stream navigation use, is for slurry lines. Substantial quantities of water are required in the retorting and the disposal of spent oil shale. The conversion of coal to synthetic gas or oil or to electric power and the generation of electric power with nuclear energy require large quantities of water, mostly for cooling. Withdrawals for cooling of thermal-electric plants is by far the largest category of water use in energy industry, totaling about 170 billion gallons (644 million m3) per day in 1970. Water availability will dictate the location and design of energy-conversion facilities, especially in water deficient areas of the West.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir703","usgsCitation":"Davis, G.H., and Wood, L., 1974, Water demands for expanding energy development: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 703, iv, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir703.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill. ;26 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0703/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1974/0703/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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H.","contributorId":40963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Leonard A.","contributorId":102862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Leonard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14270,"text":"ofr7496 - 1974 - Search for geothermal seismic noise in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T18:41:28.204236","indexId":"ofr7496","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-96","title":"Search for geothermal seismic noise in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California","docAbstract":"

The U. S. Geological Survey made seismic noise measurements in the East Mesa area of Imperial Valley, California, to find out if a noise anomaly was associated with the Mesa thermal anomaly. Thirty-three locations were occupied in the area using slow-speed tape-recording seismic systems. One of the stations (CEN) was operated close to where a geothermal test well was subsequently drilled by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Several sources of cultural noise are present in the area. Large fluctuations in noise level, superposed on a constant high level of noise, occur from traffic on a freeway to the south of the region. There is noise generated by canals to the west and south and agricultural activity to the west of the region. Noise at 2.5 Hz frequency generated by a small waterfall (power drop) on the All American Canal propagates as far as 10 km. Average noise levels were computed at each station using several quiet samples selected from 4-hour sections of data recorded at night and contoured. Spatial distribution of 2-3 Hz noise show noise radiating from the power drop. Noise in 0-2, 3-5, and 5-10 Hz bands show high levels extending along the freeway to the south and East High Line Canal to the west of the area. The Mesa thermal anomaly is centered about 2.5 km from the freeway and canal and does not seem to have any anomalous noise amplitudes associated with it. Additional results using data from two arrays of closely-spaced instruments extending from the freeway to the Mesa thermal anomaly also show no indications of high noise levels over the anomaly. This conclusion differs from the results of two previous surveys in the area (Douze and Sorrells, 1972; Geothermal Staff of Teledyne-Geotech, 1972) which show well defined noise anomalies in the 0-2, and 3-5 Hz frequency bands. A search was also made for anomalous features in noise spectra and for coherent wave trains indicating the presence of discrete sources of noise. The only predominant feature in the spectra is the 2.5 Hz peak seen at most stations, from noise generated by the power drop. Records from several three-element, L-shaped arrays with 0.3 km instrument spacing show very little visual coherence. Measurements using a cross-spectral method, however, show that highly coherent waves are found at 0.4 and 2.5 Hz; coherence is less, though significant, at 3.4 and 4.4 Hz; direction studies using phase delays from the arrays give many non-unique solutions, as the array spacing is larger than the wavelengths involved. Using the knowledge that 2.5 Hz waves are generated by the power drop, the velocity of seismic noise waves in the East Mesa area is estimated to be 0.5 km/sec.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7496","usgsCitation":"Iyer, H.M., 1974, Search for geothermal seismic noise in the East Mesa area, Imperial Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-96, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7496.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0096/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":429673,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"East Mesa area, Imperial Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.83977020389776,\n 33.06510438800386\n ],\n [\n -115.83977020389776,\n 32.72142318642486\n ],\n [\n -114.51595622644872,\n 32.72142318642486\n ],\n [\n -114.51595622644872,\n 33.06510438800386\n ],\n [\n -115.83977020389776,\n 33.06510438800386\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iyer, Hariharaiyer Mahadeva","contributorId":14822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iyer","given":"Hariharaiyer","email":"","middleInitial":"Mahadeva","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15441,"text":"ofr7486 - 1974 - Response of ground-water levels of flood control operations in three basins, south-eastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T17:44:08.754532","indexId":"ofr7486","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-86","title":"Response of ground-water levels of flood control operations in three basins, south-eastern Florida","docAbstract":"Three basins in southeastern Florida were investigated to determine the changes in ground-water levels and canal flows that occurred in response to operation of coastal water-control structures in each canal. All three basins are underlain by the Biscayne aquifer. They are, Snapper Creek Canal basin, where the Biscayne aquifer is of high permeability; the Snake Creek Canal basin, where the aquifer is of moderate permeability; and the Pompano-Cypress Canal basin, where the aquifer is of low permeability. In each basin, drainage is a function of permeability; thus, where the permeability of the aquifer is high, drainage is excellent. The coastal water-conrol structures are intended to afford flood protection in the three basins. In general the control operation criteria for flood control in newly developing areas in southeastern Florida do not provide adequate protection from flooding because of the time required for the aquifer to respond to changes in the controls. Adequate protection would require increasing the density of secondary drainage canals, but this could achieved only by reducing the quantity of water available for recharging those segments of the Biscayne aquifer adjacent to the canals. (Woodrad-USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7486","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District","usgsCitation":"Pitt, W.A., 1974, Response of ground-water levels of flood control operations in three basins, south-eastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-86, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7486.","productDescription":"71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493444,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0086/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6283ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitt, William A.J.","contributorId":50904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13495,"text":"ofr74158 - 1974 - Geologic and hydrologic considerations for various concepts of high-level radioactive waste disposal in conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:37","indexId":"ofr74158","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-158","title":"Geologic and hydrologic considerations for various concepts of high-level radioactive waste disposal in conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate and identify which geohydrologic environments in conterminous United States are best suited for various concepts or methods of underground disposal of high-level radioactive wastes and to establish geologic and hydrologic criteria that are pertinent to high-level waste disposal. The unproven methods of disposal include (1) a very deep drill hole (30,000-50,000 ft or 9,140-15,240 m), (2) a matrix of (an array of multiple) drill holes (1,000-20,000 ft or 305-6,100 m), (3) a mined chamber (1,000-10,000 ft or 305-3,050 m), (4) a cavity with separate manmade structures (1,000-10,000 ft or 305-3,050 m), and (5) an exploded cavity (2,000-20,000 ft or 610-6,100 m) o \r\n\r\nThe geohydrologic investigation is made on the presumption that the concepts or methods of disposal are technically feasible. Field and laboratory experiments in the future may demonstrate whether or not any of the methods are practical and safe. All the conclusions drawn are tentative pending experimental confirmation. The investigation focuses principally on the geohydrologic possibilities of several methods of disposal in rocks other than salt. Disposal in mined chambers in salt is currently under field investigation, and this disposal method has been intensely investigated and evaluated by various workers under the sponsorship of the Atomic Energy Commission. \r\n\r\nOf the various geohydrologic factors that must be considered in the selection of optimum waste-disposal sites, the most important is hydrologic isolation to assure that the wastes will be safely contained within a small radius of the emplacement zone. To achieve this degree of hydrologic isolation, the host rock for the wastes must have very low permeability and the site must be virtually free of faults. In addition, the locality should be in (1) an area of low seismic risk where the possibility of large earthquakes rupturing the emplacement zone is very low, (2) where the possibility- of flooding by rise is very low, (3) where a possible return of glacial or pluvial climate will not cause potentially hazardous changes in surface- or ground-water regimens, and (4) where danger of exhumation by erosion is nil. The geographic location for an optimum site is one that is far removed from major drainages, lakes, and oceans, where population density is low, and where the topographic relief is gentle in order to avoid steep surface-water drainage gradients that would allow rapid distribution of contaminants in case of accident. \r\n\r\nThe most suitable medium for the unproven deep drill-hole, matrix-holes, and exploded-cavity methods appears to be crystalline rocks, either intrusive igneous or metamorphic because of their potentially low permeabilities and high mechanical strengths. Salt (either in thick beds or stable domes), tuff, and possibly shale appear to be suitable for mined chambers and cavities with separate manmade structures. Salt appears to be suitable because of its very low permeability, high thermal conductivity, and natural plasticity. Tuff and shale appear suitable because of their very low permeabilities and high ion-exchange capacities. Sedimentary rocks other than shale and volcanic rocks, exclusive of tuff, are considered to be generally unsuitable for waste emplacement because of their potentially high permeabilities. \r\n\r\nAreas that appear to satisfy most geohydrologic requirements for the deep drill hole and the matrix holes include principally (1) the stable continental interior where the sedimentary cover is thin or absent, (2) the shield area of the North-Central States, and (3) the metamorphic belt of Eastern United States--primarily the Piedmont. These areas are possibly suitable also for the exploded cavity and the mined chamber because the possibility of finding rock with very- permeability at depths from 1,000? feet (305? m) to 20,000 feet (6,100 m) appears to be high. \r\n\r\nThe Basin and Range province of Western United States, particula","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr74158","usgsCitation":"Ekren, E.B., Dinwiddie, G., Mytton, J., Thordarson, W., Weir, J.E., Hinrichs, E., and Schroder, L., 1974, Geologic and hydrologic considerations for various concepts of high-level radioactive waste disposal in conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-158, x, 219 p. :ill., maps; (229 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr74158.","productDescription":"x, 219 p. :ill., maps; (229 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0158/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0158/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41974,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0158/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41975,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ekren, E. B.","contributorId":14371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekren","given":"E.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dinwiddie, G.A.","contributorId":49798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinwiddie","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mytton, J. W.","contributorId":38994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mytton","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thordarson, William","contributorId":23539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordarson","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weir, J. E. Jr.","contributorId":102476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weir","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hinrichs, E. N.","contributorId":98717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinrichs","given":"E. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":167892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":66509,"text":"i878 - 1974 - Availability of ground water for irrigation, municipal, or industrial use in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-13T19:30:55.69324","indexId":"i878","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"878","title":"Availability of ground water for irrigation, municipal, or industrial use in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah","docAbstract":"

The Navajo and Hopi Indian reservations are located mainly in northeastern Arizona, although the Navajo Indian reservation extends into northwestern New Mexico and southeastern Utah (see location map). The area of this report coincides with the areas of the Navajo and Hopi Indian reservations except in part of New Mexico, where the areas was extended eastward to longitude 108° and southward to Interstate Highway 40 and in southeastern Utah.

This investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at the request of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The study was undertaken to evaluate the potential for large-scale ground-water development in the Navajo and Hope Indian Reservations. The results given in this report are intended as preliminary guidelines for the development of ground water in sufficient quantity and of suitable quality for irrigation, municipal, and industrial uses. Data are not included for areas in which less than 25 gal min-1 (gallons per minute) or 95 l min-1 (litres per minute) can be developed.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i878","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"McGavock, E.H., and Edmonds, R.J., 1974, Availability of ground water for irrigation, municipal, or industrial use in the Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 878, 4 Sheets: 48.74 x 34.30 inches or smaller; Cover: 9.15 x 11.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i878.","productDescription":"4 Sheets: 48.74 x 34.30 inches or smaller; Cover: 9.15 x 11.92 inches","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":494052,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9778.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":255953,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0878/plate-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2: Areas where wells will yield at least 200 gallons per minute","size":"18.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0878/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":255956,"rank":2,"type":{"id":8,"text":"Cover"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0878/report.pdf","text":"Folio Cover","size":"30 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255955,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0878/plate-4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4: Areas where wells will yield at least 25 gallons per minute","size":"14.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255952,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0878/plate-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1: Areas where wells will yield at least 500 gallons per minute","size":"19.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":255954,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0878/plate-3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3: Areas where wells will yield at least 75 gallons per minute","size":"17.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"375000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Navajo Indian Reservations, Hopi Indian Reservations","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,35 ], [ -112,37.5 ], [ -108,37.5 ], [ -108,35 ], [ -112,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667eda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGavock, E. H.","contributorId":40679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGavock","given":"E.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edmonds, R. J.","contributorId":78825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48270,"text":"ofr7457 - 1974 - Geology and ground water for land-use planning in the Eagle River-Chugiak area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-20T22:14:25.979311","indexId":"ofr7457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-57","title":"Geology and ground water for land-use planning in the Eagle River-Chugiak area, Alaska","docAbstract":"

The Eagle River — Chugiak area is a rapidly growing residential part of the Greater Anchorage Area Borough, south-central Alaska. High-density, urban development in some parts of the area may be restricted because of the nature of the surficial geologic materials and their hydrologic characteristics. This report assembles all information collected by the U.S. Geological Survey on the geology and ground-water resources of the Eagle River — Chugiak area.

The study area lies mostly within the Cook Inlet — Susitna Lowland and consists of low hills and intervening channels, hummocky ridges, sloping alluvial fans, and low-lying tidal flats that border Knik Arm. The eastern part of the area lies on the steep slopes of the Chugach Mountains. Drainage is generally to the west and northwest, except that locally the slopes drain southwesterly to the Eagle River, the major stream of the area.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7457","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough","usgsCitation":"Zenone, C., Schmoll, H.R., and Dobrovolny, E., 1974, Geology and ground water for land-use planning in the Eagle River-Chugiak area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-57, Report: 25 p.; 1 Plate: 21.71 x 29.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7457.","productDescription":"Report: 25 p.; 1 Plate: 21.71 x 29.76 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418257,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":418256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0057/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15072.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":172286,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0057/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eagle River-Chugiak area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.625,\n 61.267\n ],\n [\n -149.403,\n 61.267\n ],\n [\n -149.403,\n 61.427\n ],\n [\n -149.625,\n 61.427\n ],\n [\n -149.625,\n 61.267\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db686072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zenone, Chester","contributorId":8094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenone","given":"Chester","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmoll, Henry R. schmoll@usgs.gov","contributorId":3793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"Henry","email":"schmoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":237069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dobrovolny, Ernest","contributorId":45288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobrovolny","given":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":237071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":42043,"text":"ofr741102 - 1974 - Aeromagnetic map of eastern half of the Beaver quadrangle, northeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-01T20:10:01.397291","indexId":"ofr741102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1102","title":"Aeromagnetic map of eastern half of the Beaver quadrangle, northeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr741102","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1974, Aeromagnetic map of eastern half of the Beaver quadrangle, northeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1102, 1 Plate: 25.26 x 25.86 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr741102.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 25.26 x 25.86 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":79795,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/1102/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"},{"id":404600,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8857.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaver quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -148,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -147,\n 66\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":530793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68322,"text":"ha527 - 1974 - Reconnaissance of the upper Au Sable River a cold-water river in the north-central part of Michigan's southern peninsula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T18:30:55.84899","indexId":"ha527","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"527","title":"Reconnaissance of the upper Au Sable River a cold-water river in the north-central part of Michigan's southern peninsula","docAbstract":"

The Au Sable River is one of Michigan’s most popular trout streams and canoe trails. Its riverside campgrounds are enjoyed by thousands of campers each year, and many cabins and homes have been built on its banks. At present, interests of the different recreationists – fishermen, canoers, campers, and riverside property owners – conflict. The conflict results from the face that the recreational potential is limited by the hydrologic characteristics of the river – its streamflow, quality of water, and character of stream channel, bed, and banks. The purpose of this report is to describe these characteristics and to show how they relate to the recreational potential of the stream.

From its headwaters near Frederic the Au Sable flows southward to Grayling, then generally eastward to Lake Huron at Oscoda. Recreational use of the river is concentrated in the segment starting at Grayling and extending downstream to Wakeley Bridge, about 15 river miles. This report is concerned mainly with this part of the river.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha527","usgsCitation":"Hendrickson, G.E., and Doonan, C.J., 1974, Reconnaissance of the upper Au Sable River a cold-water river in the north-central part of Michigan's southern peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 527, 1 Plate: 41.94 × 34.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha527.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.94 × 34.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":185892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ha527.JPG"},{"id":406163,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_15917.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":89784,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/527/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Au Sable River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.74,\n 44.7\n ],\n [\n -84.74,\n 44.64\n ],\n [\n -84.5,\n 44.64\n ],\n [\n -84.5,\n 44.7\n ],\n [\n -84.74,\n 44.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a64e4b07f02db637c19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hendrickson, G. E.","contributorId":99958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrickson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doonan, C. J.","contributorId":62592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doonan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27039,"text":"wri7358 - 1974 - Mathematical model of San Juan Valley ground-water basin, San Benito County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T15:09:54","indexId":"wri7358","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-58","title":"Mathematical model of San Juan Valley ground-water basin, San Benito County, California","docAbstract":"

A mathematical model study of the San Juan Valley ground-water basin in San Benito County, Calif., has quantitatively described the ground-water hydrology of the basin under past, present, and future conditions of development. An analysis of conditions in the basin prior to large-scale ground-water development indicates that net recharge equaled 9.23 cubic feet per second and occurred as subsurface flow to the eastern part of the basin and infiltration of rain, direct runoff, and minor streamflows. Net predevelopment discharge equaled 9.23 cubic feet per second and occurred as aquifer discharge to the San Benito River. The 9.23 cubic feet per second of predevelopment recharge is considered to be perennial recharge to the basin.

Large-scale ground-water development occurred in the area during the period 1945-68 and caused water levels to decline throughout most of the basin. Progressive depletion of aquifer storage during this period changed the San Benito River from a gaining (perennial) stream to a losing stream along most of its reach in the basin area. Net discharge from the basin during the period 1945-68 averaged 18.10 cubic feet per second. Of this amount 17.82 cubic feet per second occurred as pumpage from wells, and
0.28 cubic foot per second occurred as basin discharge to the San Benito River. Net recharge to the basin during the same period averaged 13.57 cubic feet per second. Of this amount 4.34 cubic feet per second occurred as infiltration from the San Benito River and 9.23 cubic feet per second occurred as perennial recharge.

Use of the calibrated mathematical model to simulate quantities of imported water entering the basin from the San Benito River indicates that water levels in San Juan Valley will stabilize or recover when additional recharge equals or exceeds 3,000 acre-feet per year.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7358","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., 1974, Mathematical model of San Juan Valley ground-water basin, San Benito County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-58, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7358.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358981,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1973/0058/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Benito County","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.5833,\n 36.4167\n ],\n [\n -121.4167,\n 36.4167\n ],\n [\n -121.4167,\n 36.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5833,\n 36.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.5833,\n 36.4167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27849,"text":"wri743 - 1974 - A water-quality reconnaissance of Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County, California, 1972-1973","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-26T19:56:01.138971","indexId":"wri743","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-3","title":"A water-quality reconnaissance of Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County, California, 1972-1973","docAbstract":"

A water-quality reconnaissance study of the Big Bear Lake area in southern California was made by the U.S. Geological Survey from April 1972 through April 1973. The primary purpose of the study was to measure the concentration and distribution of selected primary nutrients, organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, phytoplankton, and water temperature in the lake. Estimates of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica loading to the lake from surface-water tributaries and precipitation were also made.

Results of the study indicate that Big Bear Lake is moderately eutrophic, at least in regard to nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic content. Nitrate was found in either trace concentrations or below detectable limits; however, ammonia nitrogen was usually detected in concentrations greater than 0.05 milligrams per liter. Orthophosphate phosphorus was detected in mean concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 milligrams per liter. Organic nitrogen and phosphorus were also detected in measurable concentrations.

Seasonal levels of dissolved oxygen indicated that the nutrients and other controlling factors were optimum for relatively high primary productivity. However, production varied both seasonally and areally in the lake. Primary productivity seemed highest in the eastern and middle parts of the lake. The middle and western parts of the lake exhibited severe oxygen deficits in the deeper water during the warmer summer months of June and July 1972.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri743","usgsCitation":"Irwin, G.A., and Lemons, M., 1974, A water-quality reconnaissance of Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County, California, 1972-1973: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-3, v, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri743.","productDescription":"v, 40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158611,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358908,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1974/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Big Bear Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.00714111328125,\n 34.214357361365884\n ],\n [\n -116.8234634399414,\n 34.214357361365884\n ],\n [\n -116.8234634399414,\n 34.29636658456932\n ],\n [\n -117.00714111328125,\n 34.29636658456932\n ],\n [\n -117.00714111328125,\n 34.214357361365884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4d87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irwin, George A.","contributorId":35363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lemons, Michael","contributorId":24390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemons","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}