These geologic and topographic maps show a basin in the Elysium region of Mars that is thought to have been the site of a large paleolake during the most recent period (Amazonian) in Mars’ history (Scott and Chapman, 1991b). The basin, referred to as the Elysium basin, extends for more than 2,000 km across the lowland plains (fig. 1). It is important, not only geologically, but because the amount, location, and duration of liquid water that it may have contained would have been critical factors governing the possible origin and survival of life on Mars.
The Elysium basin is the only large depositional basin on Mars where direct evidence, both geologic and topographic, of former water levels and spillways has been found. However, indications of possible paleoshorelines have been observed in several other areas along the highland-lowland boundary (described under Geologic and Physiographic Setting; Parker and others, 1989; De Hon and Pani, 1992; Scott and others, 1992). Our study of the Elysium basin had two objectives, to determine (1) the maximum extent of the basin and (2) the former volume of water in the basin and the sources of this water. To fulfill these objectives, we have compiled this sets of maps. The geologic maps shows the source channels and circumbasin materials, and the topographic map of the paleolake, on a new topographic base, shows former shorelines and drainage channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2397","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.H., and Chapman, M.G., 1995, Geologic and topographic maps of the Elysium Paleolake basin, Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2397, 1 Plate: 55.00 x 42.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2397.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 55.00 x 42.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":438915,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CF5XO3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geologic and topographic maps of the Elysium Paleolake basin, Mars"},{"id":188098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101394,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2397/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"5000000","otherGeospatial":"Elysium Paleolake Basin, Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, M. G.","contributorId":105737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5013,"text":"fs05794 - 1995 - Water use in Virginia; surface-water and ground-water withdrawals during 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs05794","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"057-94","title":"Water use in Virginia; surface-water and ground-water withdrawals during 1992","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs05794","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Water use in Virginia; surface-water and ground-water withdrawals during 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 057-94, 1 sheet : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05794.","productDescription":"1 sheet : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31845,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4487,"text":"cir1120G - 1995 - Postflood occurrence of selected agricultural chemicals and volatile organic compounds in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T13:45:39","indexId":"cir1120G","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1120","chapter":"G","title":"Postflood occurrence of selected agricultural chemicals and volatile organic compounds in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993","docAbstract":"The historic stream flooding and intense rainfall across the upper Mississippi River Basin during summer 1993 had an immediate effect on near-surface unconsolidated aquifers by raising the water levels closer to the land surface . The objective of this study was to determine if this flooding also had immediate effects on groundwater quality . Water samples were collected during September and October 1993 from 110 wells completed in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers and were analyzed for herbicides, herbicide metabolites, inorganic nutrients, and volatile organic compounds. The results of these samples were compared with those obtained during summer 1991 or 1992. The difference was not statistically significant in the frequency of herbicide detection, total herbicide concentration, nitrate concentration, or the frequency of volatile organic compound detection between water samples collected in 1991 and 1992 and those collected in 1993 when all 110 wells were considered collectively . However, water samples from the Missouri River alluvial aquifer had a fourfold increase in the frequency of herbicide detection . There also appears to be a relation between increases in total herbicide concentration and the occurrence of stream flooding near a well. Water samples from wells that had at least a 20-percent increase in dissolved-oxygen concentration had the greatest frequency of substantial changes in total herbicide concentration and substantial increases in nitrate concentration . Increased dissolved-oxygen concentration could indicate areas where recharge has increased as a result of extensive stream flooding and intense rainfall . An inverse relation was determined between well depth and changes (increase or decrease) in total herbicide concentration . Water in shallow wells more quickly reflect changes in water quality in response to changes in recharge. Significantly more urban residential and industrial land use was within a 30-meter radius of the well for wells in which volatile organic compounds were detected. Because water moves more slowly along ground-water flow paths compared with surface-water runoff, additional information is required to determine long-term effects of the 1993 flood on ground-water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1120G","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., and Thurman, E.M., 1995, Postflood occurrence of selected agricultural chemicals and volatile organic compounds in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers in the upper Mississippi River basin, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120, vi, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1120G.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1120_G.bmp"},{"id":532,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Eight fish from Ashley Creek and three from Razorback Bar exhibited selenium concentrations exceeding 8 μg/g, a level associated with reproductive failure in fish. Concentrations of selenium in eggs and milt were significantly correlated with selenium concentrations in muscle plugs and together indicate a possible explanation for the decline of this species in the Colorado River basin. Muscle plugs (<50mg) and muscle tissue (20 g) were collected from dorsal, anterior, and posterior areas of common carp, flannelmouth sucker, and an archived razorback sucker and analyzed for selenium. Concentrations of selenium in muscle plugs were significantly correlated with selenium concentrations in muscle tissue from the same location and fish (r=0.97). Coefficients of variation for selenium concentrations in each fish were <6.5% for muscle tissue, but ranged from 1.5 to 32.4% for muscle plugs. Increased variation in muscle plugs was attributed to lower selenium concentrations found in the anterior muscle plugs of flannelmouth suckers. Mean selenium concentrations in muscle plugs and tissue from dorsal and posterior areas and muscle tissue from the anterior area were not significantly different. The non-lethal collection of a muscle plug from dorsal and posterior areas of the razorback sucker and other fish species may provide an accurate assessment of selenium concentrations that exist in adjacent muscle tissue.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00213109","usgsCitation":"Waddell, B., and May, T., 1995, Selenium concentrations in the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus): Substitution of non-lethal muscle plugs for muscle tissue in contaminant assessment: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 321-326, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213109.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324580,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb7e4b07657d1a90d60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waddell, B.","contributorId":17007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddell","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, T.","contributorId":16218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67173,"text":"i2504 - 1995 - Neogene geomorphic evolution of the central San Juan Mountains near Creede, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:15","indexId":"i2504","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2504","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Neogene geomorphic evolution of the central San Juan Mountains near Creede, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2504","usgsCitation":"Steven, T.A., Hon, K., and Lanphere, M.A., 1995, Neogene geomorphic evolution of the central San Juan Mountains near Creede, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2504, 2 maps :col. ;43 x 70 cm., on sheet 104 x 147 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2504.","productDescription":"2 maps :col. ;43 x 70 cm., on sheet 104 x 147 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107443,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10304.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10304"},{"id":188735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.25,37.75 ], [ -107.25,38 ], [ -106.75,38 ], [ -106.75,37.75 ], [ -107.25,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697dc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hon, Ken","contributorId":19163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"Ken","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":66908,"text":"i2464 - 1995 - Geologic map of late Cenozoic deposits and faults in parts of the Mt. 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These flows have periodically traveled more than 100 kilometers from the volcano to inundate parts of the now-populated Puget Sound Lowland. Meteorological floods also have caused damage, but future effects will be partly mitigated by reservoirs. Mount Rainier presents the most severe flow risks of any volcano in the United States. Volcanic debris flows (lahars) are of two types: (1) cohesive, relatively high clay flows originating as debris avalanches, and (2) noncohesive flows with less clay that begin most commonly as meltwater surges. Three case histories represent important subpopulations of flows with known magnitudes and frequencies. The risks of each subpopulation may be considered for general planning and design. A regional map illustrates the extent of inundation by the case-history flows, the largest of which originated as debris avalanches and moved from Mount Rainier to Puget Sound. The paleohydrologic record of these past flows indicates the potential for inundation by future flows from the volcano. A map of the volcano and its immediate vicinity shows examples of smaller debris avalanches and debris flows in the 20th century.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha729","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., and Vallance, J., 1995, Debris flow, debris avalanche, and flood hazards at and downstream from Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 729, Report: 9 p.; 2 Plates: 41.94 × 51.00 inches and 23.65 × 27.39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha729.","productDescription":"Report: 9 p.; 2 Plates: 41.94 × 51.00 inches and 23.65 × 27.39 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":89242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89241,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89240,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/729/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":395168,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16157.htm"}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 47.543163654317304\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 47.543163654317304\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 46.67582559793001\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6727ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Kevin M.","contributorId":88331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":277476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185362,"text":"70185362 - 1995 - Transport of chromium and selenium in a pristine sand and gravel aquifer: Role of adsorption processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:07:27","indexId":"70185362","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of chromium and selenium in a pristine sand and gravel aquifer: Role of adsorption processes","docAbstract":"Field transport experiments were conducted in an oxic sand and gravel aquifer using Br (bromide ion), Cr (chromium, injected as Cr(VI)), Se (selenium, injected as Se(VI)), and other tracers. The aquifer has mildly acidic pH values and low concentrations of dissolved salts. Within analytical errors, all mobile Cr was present as Cr(VI). All mobile Se was probably present as Se(VI). Adsorption of Cr and Se onto aquifer sediments caused retardation of both tracers. Breakthrough curves for Cr and Se had extensive tails, which caused large decreases in their maximum concentrations relative to the nonreactive Br tracer after only 2.0 m of transport. A surface complexation model was applied to the results of laboratory studies of Cr(VI) adsorption on aquifer solids from the site based on adsorption onto hydrous ferric oxide. The modeling results suggested that the dominant adsorbents in the aquifer solids have lower affinities for anion adsorption than pure hydrous ferric oxide. The steep rising limbs and extensive tails observed in most of the breakthrough curves are qualitatively consistent with the equilibrium surface complexation model; however, slow rates of adsorption and desorption may have contributed to these features. Variations during transport in the concentrations of Cr, Se, and other anions competing for adsorption sites likely gave rise to variations in the extent of adsorption. Adequate description of the observed retardation of Cr and Se would require a coupled transport-adsorption model that can account for these effects. Companion experiments in the mildly reducing zone of the aquifer (Kent et al., 1994) showed a loss of Cr mass, probably resulting from reduction to Cr(III), and little retardation of mobile Cr and Se during transport; this contrast illustrates the influence of aquifer chemistry on the transport of redox-sensitive solutes.
","language":"English ","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02981","usgsCitation":"Kent, D., Davis, J., Anderson, L., and Rea, B., 1995, Transport of chromium and selenium in a pristine sand and gravel aquifer: Role of adsorption processes: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1041-1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02981.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1041","endPage":"1050","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337923,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82929","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, L.C.D.","contributorId":61206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"L.C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207791,"text":"70207791 - 1995 - Effect of increased water depth on growth of a common perennial freshwater-intermediate marsh species in Coastal Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-10T12:50:00","indexId":"70207791","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-31T12:43:56","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of increased water depth on growth of a common perennial freshwater-intermediate marsh species in Coastal Louisiana","docAbstract":"The response of Sagittaria lancifolia to increased water depths of 7.5 and 15 cm was examined in this field study. Water-depth treatments were achieved by digging sods containing one or two individual plants or ramets of S. lancifolia from the marsh, removing sediment from the resulting hole, and replacing the sods in their original location at the appropriate lower elevation. Plants subjected to increased water depth of 15 cm had higher mean and maximum leaf heights than disturbed control plants. Aboveground biomass was not affected by water-depth treatment; however, 15-cm treatment plants had reduced root biomass and lowered leaf tissue concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn. Marsh sods at 15 cm below the marsh surface had the lowest redox potential and highest interstitial water sulfide concentration, indicating that this treatment created the most stressful belowground environment. Sagittaria lancifolia plants responded to the level of stress imposed by the experimental conditions with an altered growth form of increased leaf height.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03160683","usgsCitation":"Howard, R.J., and Mendelssohn, I.A., 1995, Effect of increased water depth on growth of a common perennial freshwater-intermediate marsh species in Coastal Louisiana: Wetlands, v. 15, no. 1, p. 82-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160683.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Preserve, Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.17938613891602,\n 29.759012697864655\n ],\n [\n -90.08926391601562,\n 29.759012697864655\n ],\n [\n -90.08926391601562,\n 29.849130910902968\n ],\n [\n -90.17938613891602,\n 29.849130910902968\n ],\n [\n -90.17938613891602,\n 29.759012697864655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Rebecca J. 0000-0001-7264-4364 howardr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4364","contributorId":2429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Rebecca","email":"howardr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendelssohn, Irving A.","contributorId":97203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"Irving","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180350,"text":"70180350 - 1995 - Development of a DNA probe for the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, using the polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T13:26:53.876966","indexId":"70180350","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of a DNA probe for the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, using the polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers","docAbstract":"The arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to generate a DNA marker specific for the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta. The [32P]-labeled marker hybridized to purified C. shasta DNA and to parasite DNA combined with salmonid DNA in a dot blot assay, demonstrating its potential as a diagnostic tool. The amplified DNA segment was cloned and sequenced, and primers specific for the marker were designed. When these primers were used in a standard PCR assay, DNA was amplified from C. shasta and from infected fish tissues, but not from uninfected fish tissues or from 2 other myxosporean parasites. The sensitivity of the PCR assay will permit detection of low levels of C. shasta from infected fish or oligochaetes and will be useful in defining the parasite's life cycle as well as examining its impact on salmonid populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao021215","usgsCitation":"Bartholomew, J.L., Rodriguez, R.J., and Arakawa, C.K., 1995, Development of a DNA probe for the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, using the polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 21, p. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao021215.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"220","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479222,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao021215","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa6e4b08c8121c9094a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomew, Jerri L","contributorId":148960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartholomew","given":"Jerri","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":17604,"text":"Dept. of Microbiology, OSU, 220 Nash Hall, 2820 Southwest Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Rusty J.","contributorId":62497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Rusty","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arakawa, Cindy K.","contributorId":178854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arakawa","given":"Cindy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209257,"text":"70209257 - 1995 - The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T14:18:28","indexId":"70209257","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-25T14:08:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","title":"The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","docAbstract":"As part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf Sediment Study (AMASSEDS), moored and shipboard current measurements made over the Amazon shelf during 1990–1991 have been analyzed to determine the dominant semidiurnal tidal constituent, the M2. These results have been combined with coastal sea level data from within the Amazon and Para Rivers, the adjacent shelf, and with satellite‐derived tidal elevation data from off the shelf to provide a more complete description of the M2 tide in this complex river/shelf system. Near the Amazon River mouth the M2 tide propagates across the shelf and through the mouth as a damped progressive wave, with its amplitude decreasing and phase increasing upriver. Over the adjacent shelf north of Cabo Norte, the M2 tide approaches a damped standing wave, with large amplitudes (greater than 1.5 m) near the coast due to near resonance within the coastal embayment formed by the Cabo Norte shoal to the south and Cabo Cassipore to the north. The observed M2 tidal currents are nearly rectilinear and oriented primarily across the local isobaths. Comparisons between tidal observations in both the North Channel and the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment and a simple variable‐width channel tidal model indicate that (1) most of the M2 tidal energy dissipation occurs over the mid‐ and inner shelf (in water depths less than 20 m) and (2) fluid muds found there cause a significant reduction (of order 50%) in the effective bottom friction felt by the M2 tide. The approximate resonant period of the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment is 11.9 hours, and at resonance the average energy dissipation per forcing period is roughly 2.2 times the average mechanical energy in the embayment. This damping rate is large enough that the tidal amplification is rather insensitive to forcing frequency, so that the response of the embayment to forcing over the semidiurnal band should be essentially the same. The vertical structure of the M2 tidal current is examined at one outer shelf site located in 65‐m water depth. The observed semimajor axis increases logarithmically with height above bottom within the lowest 1–2 m and reaches a maximum in excess of 0.5 m/s at approximately 11 m above bottom. The mean ellipticity is small (less than 0.1) and positive, indicating clockwise rotation of a nearly rectilinear current, and the semimajor axis is oriented within 10° of the local cross‐isobath direction. The M2 phase increases with height above bottom, with flood at the bottom leading flood at the surface by about 1 hour. A simple, local homogeneous tidal model with time‐ and space‐dependent eddy viscosity simulates the observed near‐bottom velocity reasonably well, however, the model suggests that stratification above the lowest few meters may significantly affect the tidal boundary layer structure at this site. The M2 energy flux onto the Amazon shelf and into the Amazon and Para Rivers has been estimated using current and surface elevation data and the best fit variable‐width channel model results. The net M2 energy flux into the mouths of the Amazon and Para Rivers is 0.47×1010W and 0.19×1010W, respectively. A net M2 energy flux of about 3.3×1010W occurs onto the shelf between the North Channel of the Amazon River and Cabo Cassipore. This stretch of the Amazon shelf accounts for about 1.3% of the global dissipation of the M2 tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94JC01688","usgsCitation":"Beardsley, R., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W.R., Lentz, S.J., Castro, B.M., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N., 1995, The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 100, no. C2, p. 2283-2319, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01688.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"2283","endPage":"2319","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amazon Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beardsley, R.C.","contributorId":106508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beardsley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Candela, J.L.","contributorId":6884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candela","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limeburner, R.","contributorId":104237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limeburner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geyer, W. Rockwell","contributorId":195908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lentz, Steven J.","contributorId":41687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lentz","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":785609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro, Belmiro M.","contributorId":223606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Belmiro","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Carneiro, Nelson","contributorId":223607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carneiro","given":"Nelson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70210157,"text":"70210157 - 1995 - Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T15:15:27.738989","indexId":"70210157","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-10T10:07:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","docAbstract":"We present an interpretation of crustal seismic refraction data from the Peninsular terrane, one of the many exotic terranes that have been accreted to the continental margin of southern Alaska in the past 200 m.y. A seismic refraction line was collected along the Glenn Highway in the Copper River Basin of south central Alaska in 1984 and 1985, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) program. P wave velocities of 2.7–3.5 km/s and thicknesses of 1–2 km characterize post‐Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks that underlie most of the seismic refraction line. An average crustal velocity structure includes the following five velocity divisions. Beneath the sedimentary rocks lie 1–2 km of 4.0–4.6 km/s materials, correlating with andesitic volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and lava flows of the Lower Jurassic Talkeetna Formation. Below these rocks, seismic velocity increases rapidly, from 5.0 to 6.1 km/s, in 2–3 km. At 7–8 km depth, velocity jumps to 6.3 km/s and increments to 6.6 km/s by 10–12 km depth. Velocities increase from 6.8 to 7.0 km/s between 12 to 20 km depth. At about 22 km depth, a jump in velocity from 7.0 to 7.4 km/s is inferred but is poorly resolved. Depth to the Moho discontinuity could not be determined from our data. The absence of clear PmP reflections may indicate that Moho is deeper than 40 km. Data from two offset shotpoints northeast of the line and within the Wrangellia terrane constrain the deep structure transition between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes. The 6.3–6.6 km/s material thickens to the northeast, toward the suture between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes, but southwest of its mapped trace at the West Fork fault. Peninsular terrane crustal structure appears dissimilar to that of continental interiors. It is similar to velocity structures determined for accreted island arc fragments in California, such as the basement of the Great Valley and the Klamath Mountains.
Measurements of the infrared linear dichroism of carboxylate groups of organic acids from compost leachate adsorbed to an alumina surface and the enthalpy of adsorption of this reaction have been made. The linear dichroism measurements indicated that the carboxylate groups are not free to rotate. This limited rotation probably results from bidentate binding of the carboxylate groups. The molar enthalpy of adsorption of the acids is approximately −100 kJ mol−1. This high value for enthalpy of adsorption may best be explained by assuming that two or more carboxylate groups on a single dissolved organic carbon (DOC) molecule coordinate to the surficial aluminium ions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0927-7757(94)03031-T","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Leenheer, J., Sperline, R., Song, Y., Noll, L., Melvin, R., and Rigatti, G., 1995, Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 1. Evidence for multidentate binding of organic acids from compost leachate on alumina: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 96, no. 1-2, p. 93-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(94)03031-T.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"93","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338459,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7633e4b0ee37af29e4bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sperline, R.P.","contributorId":20093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sperline","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Song, Yuan","contributorId":189938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Yuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Noll, L.A.","contributorId":189939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noll","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Melvin, R.L.","contributorId":50497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melvin","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rigatti, G.P.","contributorId":189940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rigatti","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70019013,"text":"70019013 - 1995 - Rapid deformation of the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T16:31:57.368805","indexId":"70019013","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid deformation of the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The south flank of Kilauea volcano has experienced two large [magnitude (M) 7.2 and M 6.1] earthquakes in the past two decades. Global Positioning System measurements conducted between 1990 and 1993 reveal seaward displacements of Kilauea's central south flank at rates of up to about 10 centimeters per year. In contrast, the northern side of the volcano and the distal ends of the south flank did not displace significantly. The observations can be explained by slip on a low-angle fault beneath the south flank combined with dilation deep within Kilauea's rift system, both at rates of at least 15 centimeters per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.267.5202.1328","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Owen, S., Segall, P., Freymueller, J., Mikijus, A., Denlinger, R., Arnadottir, T., Sako, M., and Burgmann, R., 1995, Rapid deformation of the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Science, v. 267, no. 5202, p. 1328-1332, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5202.1328.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1332","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495728,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1231037","text":"External Repository"},{"id":226489,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.25761237323513,\n 19.41841395715673\n ],\n [\n -155.25761237323513,\n 19.408071950307445\n ],\n [\n -155.24079870257532,\n 19.408071950307445\n ],\n [\n -155.24079870257532,\n 19.41841395715673\n ],\n [\n -155.25761237323513,\n 19.41841395715673\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"267","issue":"5202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94cbe4b0c8380cd81605","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen, S.","contributorId":56810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Denlinger, R.","contributorId":47925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arnadottir, T.","contributorId":80830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnadottir","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sako, M.","contributorId":28383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sako","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70068802,"text":"70068802 - 1995 - Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T11:44:00","indexId":"70068802","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T13:35:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California","docAbstract":"Since the late 1940s, snowmelt and runoff have come increasingly early in the water year in many basins in northern and central California. This subtle trend is most pronounced in moderate-altitude basins, which are sensitive to changes in mean winter temperatures. Such basins have broad areas in which winter temperatures are near enough to freezing that small increases result initially in the formation of less snow and eventually in early snowmelt. In moderate-altitude basins of California, a declining fraction of the annual runoff has come in April–June. This decline has been compensated by increased fractions of runoff at other, mostly earlier, times in the water year.
Weather stations in central California, including the central Sierra Nevada, have shown trends toward warmer winters since the 1940s. A series of regression analyses indicate that runoff timing responds equally to the observed decadal-scale trends in winter temperature and interannual temperature variations of the same magnitude, suggesting that the temperature trend is sufficient to explain the runoff-timing trends. The immediate cause of the trend toward warmer winters in California is a concurrent, long-term fluctuation in winter atmospheric circulations over the North Pacific Ocean and North America that is not immediately distinguishable from natural atmospheric variability. The fluctuation began to affect California in the 1940s, when the region of strongest low-frequency variation of winter circulations shifted to a part of the central North Pacific Ocean that is teleconnected to California temperatures. Since the late 1940s, winter wind fields have been displaced progressively southward over the central North Pacific and northward over the west coast of North America. These shifts in atmospheric circulations are associated with concurrent shifts in both West Coast air temperatures and North Pacific sea surface temperatures.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M., and Cayan, D.R., 1995, Large-scale atmospheric forcing of recent trends toward early snowmelt runoff in California: Journal of Climate, v. 8, no. 3, p. 606-623, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"606","endPage":"623","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:lsafor>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":280895,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280894,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0606:LSAFOR>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd641be4b0b290850ff3dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":31743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70248334,"text":"70248334 - 1995 - Graphical and PC-software analysis of volcano eruption precursors according to the Materials Failure Forecast Method (FFM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:42:34.029165","indexId":"70248334","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T13:34:03","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphical and PC-software analysis of volcano eruption precursors according to the Materials Failure Forecast Method (FFM)","docAbstract":"The Materials Failure Forecasting Method for volcanic eruptions (FFM) analyses the rate of precursory phenomena. Time of eruption onset is derived from the time of “failure” implied by accelerating rate of deformation. The approach attempts to fit data, Ω, to the differential relationship Ω
Several kinds of eruption precursory phenomena, all simulating accelerating creep during the mechanical deformation of the system, can be used with FFM. Among these are tilt data, slope-distance measurements, crater fault movements and seismicity. The use of seismic coda, seismic amplitude-derived energy release and time-integrated amplitudes or coda lengths are examined. Usage of cumulative coda length directly has some practical advantages to more rigorously derived parameters, and RSAM and SSAM technologies appear to be well suited to real-time applications.
One graphical and four numerical techniques of applying FFM are discussed. The graphical technique is based on an inverse representation of rate versus time. For α = 2, the inverse rate plot is linear; it is concave upward for α < 2 and concave downward for α > 2. The eruption time is found by simple extrapolation of the data set toward the time axis. Three numerical techniques are based on linear least-squares fits to linearized data sets. The “linearized least-squares technique” is most robust and is expected to be the most practical numerical technique. This technique is based on an iterative linearization of the given rate-time series. The hindsight technique is disadvantaged by a bias favouring a too early eruption time in foresight applications. The “log rate versus log acceleration technique”, utilizing a logarithmic representation of the fundamental differential equation, is disadvantaged by large data scatter after interpolation of accelerations. One further numerical technique, a nonlinear least-squares fit to rate data, requires special and more complex software.
PC-oriented computer codes were developed for data manipulation, application of the three linearizing numerical methods, and curve fitting. Separate software is required for graphing purposes. All three linearizing techniques facilitate an eruption window based on a data envelope according to the linear least-squares fit, at a specific level of confidence, and an estimated rate at time of failure.
A commercially available thermal-infrared scanning system was used to survey populations of several wildlife species. The system's ability to detect species of different sizes in varying habitats relative to conventional survey methods, to differentiate between species in the same habitat, and the influence of environmental factors on operational aspects of employing this technology in the field were evaluated. Total costs for the surveys were approximately $0.36/ha. There were marked discrepancies in the counts of untrained observers and those from trained analysis. Computer-assisted analysis of infrared imagery recorded 52% fewer deer than were estimated from drive counts, and densities of moose were five times those estimated from conventional aerial methods. By flying concentric circles and using telephoto, detailed counts of turkeys and deer were possible. With the aid of computer-assisted analysis, infrared thermography may become a useful wildlife population survey tool. More research is needed to verify the actual efficiency of detection by combining aerial scans with ground truthing for a variely of species and habitals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02471993","usgsCitation":"Garner, D., Underwood, H., and Porter, W., 1995, Use of modern infrared thermography for wildlife population surveys: Environmental Management, v. 19, no. 2, p. 233-238, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02471993.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6858c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garner, D.L.","contributorId":105823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H.B. 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":90849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70238331,"text":"70238331 - 1995 - Equable climates, mixed assemblages, and the regression fallacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-16T17:38:20.703522","indexId":"70238331","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T11:18:22","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12965,"text":"Scientific Papers","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Equable climates, mixed assemblages, and the regression fallacy","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkTitle":"Late Quaternary environments and deep history: A tribute to Paul S. Martin","conferenceDate":"September 23-25, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Inc","usgsCitation":"Cole, K.L., 1995, Equable climates, mixed assemblages, and the regression fallacy: Scientific Papers, v. 3, p. 131-138.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"138","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":409387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Steadman, David W.","contributorId":299112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steadman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857151,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mead, Jim I.","contributorId":87067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mead","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857152,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Kenneth L.","contributorId":48533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226965,"text":"70226965 - 1995 - The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T15:09:29.072557","indexId":"70226965","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T08:39:48","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9","docAbstract":"In 1968, USGS began a program of basic research in San Francisco Bay that has complemented the research and monitoring elements of the Interagency Program. Although the USGS program ranges its focus of study. From year to year, it has elements of continuity because some measurements have been made routinely for decades. One of these elements has been a study of the spring phytoplankton bloom in South San Francisco Bay. Here I present data from multiple sources to explain why such emphasis has been placed on this biological phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J., 1995, Ecosystem responses to phytoplankton blooms - examples from south San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 8, no. 2, p. 10-13.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325258,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325257,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1995/IEPNewsletterSpring1995.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.76420119453823\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 37.803273851858656\n ],\n [\n -122.21466064453125,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -122.14324951171874,\n 37.62945956107554\n ],\n [\n -122.05535888671875,\n 37.5249753680482\n ],\n [\n -121.9317626953125,\n 37.472678309670826\n ],\n [\n -121.98394775390625,\n 37.4356124041315\n ],\n [\n -122.08831787109375,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -122.19268798828126,\n 37.50318937824072\n ],\n [\n -122.28057861328124,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.6033522588369\n ],\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 37.67729913640427\n ],\n [\n -122.40142822265625,\n 37.751172385606196\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.76420119453823\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7b3e4b0d27deb386fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}