The purpose of this chapter is to review two aspects of the geochemistry of the Sterling Hill and Franklin zinc-ironmanganese deposits and the Furnace magnetite bed that underlies the Franklin deposit. These are (1) oxidation and sulfidation states determined from heterogeneous phase equilibria, and (2) stable isotopic compositions determined from analyses of carbonate, silicate, oxide, and sulfide minerals. The data place constraints on the genesis of the ores, which is the topic of the final section of the chapter. This review draws heavily from the results of my own dissertation research on Sterling Hill (Johnson, 1990; Johnson et al., 1990a) and from recent and continuing projects (Johnson et al., 1990b, Johnson, 1994, 1996, 1997; Volkert et al., 2000); it also includes the sulfur isotope results obtained by Ault (1957). For a complete review of the geology of the deposits, the reader is referred to the chapter by Metsger (2001), and to Metsger et al. (1958) and Frondel and Baum (1974). A complete catalog of the extensive literature on the deposits is given by Dunn (1995).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Part I. Proterozoic Iron and Zinc Deposits of the Adirondack Mountains of New York and the New Jersey Highlands Part II. Environmental Geochemistry and Mining History of Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Vermont Copper Belt","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C.A., 2001, Geochemical constraints on the origin of the Sterling Hill and Franklin zinc deposits, and the furnace magnetite bed, northwestern New Jersey, chap. of Part I. Proterozoic Iron and Zinc Deposits of the Adirondack Mountains of New York and the New Jersey Highlands Part II. Environmental Geochemistry and Mining History of Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Vermont Copper Belt, v. 35.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"97","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":371296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1846/chapter/107708849/Geochemical-Constraints-on-the-Origin-of-the"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.696044921875,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -73.927001953125,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -73.927001953125,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -74.696044921875,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -74.696044921875,\n 40.07807142745009\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","edition":"89","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Craig A. 0000-0002-1334-2996 cjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-2996","contributorId":909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Craig","email":"cjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023315,"text":"70023315 - 2001 - Analysis of radiation-induced small Cu particle cluster formation in aqueous CuCl2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023315","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2207,"text":"Journal of Chemical Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of radiation-induced small Cu particle cluster formation in aqueous CuCl2","docAbstract":"Radition-induced small Cu particle cluster formation in aqueous CuCl2 was analyzed. It was noticed that nearest neighbor distance increased with the increase in the time of irradiation. This showed that the clusters approached the lattice dimension of bulk copper. As the average cluster size approached its bulk dimensions, an increase in the nearest neighbor coordination number was found with the decrease in the surface to volume ratio. Radiolysis of water by incident x-ray beam led to the reduction of copper ions in the solution to themetallic state.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Chemical Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1063/1.1379758","issn":"00219606","usgsCitation":"Jayanetti, S., Mayanovic, R.A., Anderson, A.J., Bassett, W.A., and Chou, I., 2001, Analysis of radiation-induced small Cu particle cluster formation in aqueous CuCl2: Journal of Chemical Physics, v. 115, no. 2, p. 954-962, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1379758.","startPage":"954","endPage":"962","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207618,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1379758"},{"id":232723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb2ae4b0c8380cd48c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jayanetti, Sumedha","contributorId":84114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jayanetti","given":"Sumedha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayanovic, Robert A.","contributorId":88528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayanovic","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Alan J.","contributorId":28770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bassett, William A.","contributorId":47533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023394,"text":"70023394 - 2001 - Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, western United States: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to Magmatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023394","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, western United States: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to Magmatism","docAbstract":"Numerous important Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal Au-Ag deposits are present in the northern Great Basin. Most deposits are spatially and temporally related to two magmatic assemblages: bimodal basalt-rhyolite and western andesite. These magmatic assemblages are petrogenetic suites that reflect variations in tectonic environment of magma generation. The bimodal assemblage is a K-rich tholeiitic series formed during continental rifting. Rocks in the bimodal assemblage consist mostly of basalt to andesite and rhyolite compositions that generally contain anhydrous and reduced mineral assemblages (e.g., quartz + fayalite rhyolites). Eruptive forms include mafic lava flows, dikes, cinder and/or spatter cones, shield volcanoes, silicic flows, domes, and ash-flow calderas. Fe-Ti oxide barometry indicates oxygen fugacities between the magnetite-wustite and fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffers for this magmatic assemblage. The western andesite assemblage is a high K calc-alkaline series that formed a continental-margin are related to subduction of oceanic crust beneath the western coast of North America. In the northern Great Basin, most of the western andesite assemblage was erupted in the Walker Lane belt, a zone of transtension and strike-slip faulting. The western andesite assemblage consists of stratovolcanoes, dome fields, and subvolcanic plutons, mostly of andesite and dacite composition. Biotite and hornblende phenocrysts are abundant in these rocks. Oxygen fugacities of the western andesite assemblage magmas were between the nickel-nickel oxide and hematite-magnetite buffers, about two to four orders of magnitude greater than magmas of the bimodal assemblage. Numerous low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits in the bimodal assemblage include deposits in the Midas (Ken Snyder), Sleeper, DeLamar, Mule Canyon, Buckhorn, National, Hog Ranch, Ivanhoe, and Jarbidge districts; high-sulfidation gold and porphyry copper-gold deposits are absent. Both high- and low-sulfidation gold-silver and porphyry copper-gold deposits are affiliated with the western andesite assemblage and include the Comstock Lode, Tonopah, Goldfield, Aurora, Bodie, Paradise Peak, and Rawhide deposits. Low-sulfidation Au-Ag deposits in the bimodal assemblage formed under relatively low oxygen and sulfur fugacities and have generally low total base metal (Cu + Pb + Zn) contents, low Ag/Au ratios, and notably high selenide mineral contents compared to temporally equivalent low-sulfidation deposits in the western andesite assemblage. Petrologic studies suggest that these differences may reflect variations in the magmatic-tectonic settings of the associated magmatic assemblages-deposits in the western andesite assemblage formed from oxidized, water-rich, subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas, whereas deposits in the bimodal assemblage were associated with reduced, water-poor tholeiitic magmas derived from the lithospheric mantle during continental extension. The contrasting types and characteristics of epithermal deposits and their affinities with associated igneous rocks suggest that a genetic relationship is present between these Au-Ag deposits and their temporally associated magmatism, although available data do not prove this relationship for most low-sulfidation deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/96.8.1827","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"John, D., 2001, Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, western United States: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to Magmatism: Economic Geology, v. 96, no. 8, p. 1827-1853, https://doi.org/10.2113/96.8.1827.","startPage":"1827","endPage":"1853","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207318,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/96.8.1827"}],"volume":"96","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b2fe4b0c8380cd6f3b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023646,"text":"70023646 - 2001 - Effects of acidic recharge on groundwater at the St. Kevin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T09:59:17","indexId":"70023646","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of acidic recharge on groundwater at the St. Kevin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado","docAbstract":"The acid rock drainage-affected stream of St. Kevin Gulch recharges the Quaternary sand and gravel aquifer of Tennessee Park, near Leadville, Colorado, lowering pH and contributing iron, cadmium, copper, zinc and sulphate to the ground-water system. Dissolved metal mobility is controlled by the seasonal spring runoff as well as oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions in the aquifer. Oxidizing conditions occur in the unconfined portions of the aquifer whilst sulphate-reducing conditions are found down gradient where semi-confined groundwater flow occurs beneath a natural wetland. Iron-reducing conditions occur in the transition from unconfined to semi-confined groundwater flow. Dissolved iron concentrations are low to not detectable in the alluvial fan recharge zone and increase in a down gradient direction. The effects of low-pH, metal-rich recharge are pronounced during low-flow in the fall when there is a defined area of low pH groundwater with elevated concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium, copper and sulphate adjacent to St. Kevin Gulch. Dissolved metal and sulphate concentrations in the recharge zone are diluted during spring runoff, although the maximum concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium, copper and sulphate occur at selected down gradient locations during high flow. Dissolved zinc, cadmium and copper concentrations are low to not detectable, whereas dissolved iron concentrations are greatest, in groundwater samples from the sulphate-reducing zone. Attenuation of zinc, cadmium and copper beneath the wetland suggests sulphide mineral precipitation is occurring in the semi-confined aquifer, in agreement with previous site investigations and saturation index calculations. Adsorption of dissolved zinc, cadmium and copper onto iron hydroxides is a minor attenuation process due to the low pH of the groundwater system.","language":"English","publisher":"GSW","doi":"10.1144/geochem.1.1.3","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Paschke, S., Harrison, W., and Walton-Day, K., 2001, Effects of acidic recharge on groundwater at the St. Kevin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 1, no. 1, p. 3-14, https://doi.org/10.1144/geochem.1.1.3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.45923614501953,\n 39.273992339346364\n ],\n [\n -106.29718780517578,\n 39.273992339346364\n ],\n [\n -106.29718780517578,\n 39.381548769326415\n ],\n [\n -106.45923614501953,\n 39.381548769326415\n ],\n [\n -106.45923614501953,\n 39.273992339346364\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a067be4b0c8380cd51278","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paschke, S.S.","contributorId":76423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paschke","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, W.J.","contributorId":34263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrison","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, K.","contributorId":14054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023539,"text":"70023539 - 2001 - Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for ground motions and fault displacement at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T10:03:44","indexId":"70023539","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for ground motions and fault displacement at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses were conducted to estimate both ground motion and fault displacement hazards at the potential geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The study is believed to be the largest and most comprehensive analyses ever conducted for ground-shaking hazard and is a first-of-a-kind assessment of probabilistic fault displacement hazard. The major emphasis of the study was on the quantification of epistemic uncertainty. Six teams of three experts performed seismic source and fault displacement evaluations, and seven individual experts provided ground motion evaluations. State-of-the-practice expert elicitation processes involving structured workshops, consensus identification of parameters and issues to be evaluated, common sharing of data and information, and open exchanges about the basis for preliminary interpretations were implemented. Ground-shaking hazard was computed for a hypothetical rock outcrop at -300 m, the depth of the potential waste emplacement drifts, at the designated design annual exceedance probabilities of 10-3 and 10-4. The fault displacement hazard was calculated at the design annual exceedance probabilities of 10-4 and 10-5.","language":"English","publisher":"EERI","doi":"10.1193/1.1586169","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Stepp, J., Wong, I., Whitney, J.W., Quittmeyer, R., Abrahamson, N., Toro, G., Young, S., Coppersmith, K., Savy, J., and Sullivan, T., 2001, Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for ground motions and fault displacement at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Earthquake Spectra, v. 17, no. 1, p. 113-151, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586169.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"151","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232452,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207471,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586169"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8c99e4b0c8380cd7e79f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stepp, J.C.","contributorId":62639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stepp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wong, Ivan","contributorId":174687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wong","given":"Ivan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitney, John W. 0000-0003-3824-3692 jwhitney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3692","contributorId":804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"John","email":"jwhitney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quittmeyer, R.","contributorId":78911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quittmeyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abrahamson, N.","contributorId":60358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrahamson","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Toro, G.","contributorId":29165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toro","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Young, S.R.","contributorId":83643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Coppersmith, K.","contributorId":29994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coppersmith","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Savy, J.","contributorId":74547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savy","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sullivan, T.","contributorId":86530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70023765,"text":"70023765 - 2001 - Changes in sample collection and analytical techniques and effects on retrospective comparability of low-level concentrations of trace elements in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T12:31:08","indexId":"70023765","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in sample collection and analytical techniques and effects on retrospective comparability of low-level concentrations of trace elements in ground water","docAbstract":"Ground-water sampling techniques were modified to reduce random low-level contamination during collection of filtered water samples for determination of trace-element concentrations. The modified sampling techniques were first used in New Jersey by the US Geological Survey in 1994 along with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to determine the concentrations of 18 trace elements at the one microgram-per-liter (μg/L) level in the oxic water of the unconfined sand and gravel Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. The revised technique tested included a combination of the following: collection of samples (1) with flow rates of about 2L per minute, (2) through acid-washed single-use disposable tubing and (3) a single-use disposable 0.45-μm pore size capsule filter, (4) contained within portable glove boxes, (5) in a dedicated clean sampling van, (6) only after turbidity stabilized at values less than 2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), when possible. Quality-assurance data, obtained from equipment blanks and split samples, indicated that trace element concentrations, with the exception of iron, chromium, aluminum, and zinc, measured in the samples collected in 1994 were not subject to random contamination at 1μg/L.Results from samples collected in 1994 were compared to those from samples collected in 1991 from the same 12 PVC-cased observation wells using the available sampling and analytical techniques at that time. Concentrations of copper, lead, manganese and zinc were statistically significantly lower in samples collected in 1994 than in 1991. Sampling techniques used in 1994 likely provided trace-element data that represented concentrations in the aquifer with less bias than data from 1991 when samples were collected without the same degree of attention to sample handling.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00094-X","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Ivahnenko, T., Szabo, Z., and Gibs, J., 2001, Changes in sample collection and analytical techniques and effects on retrospective comparability of low-level concentrations of trace elements in ground water: Water Research, v. 35, no. 15, p. 3611-3624, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00094-X.","startPage":"3611","endPage":"3624","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207393,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00094-X"}],"volume":"35","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f423e4b0c8380cd4bb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ivahnenko, T.","contributorId":20495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Z. 0000-0002-0760-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":44302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibs, J.","contributorId":91632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023051,"text":"70023051 - 2001 - Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T20:19:20","indexId":"70023051","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles","docAbstract":"We examined bird and plant communities among forest stands with different levels of spruce mortality following a large outbreak of spruce beetles (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) in the Copper River Basin, Alaska. Spruce beetles avoided stands with black spruce (Picea mariana) and selectively killed larger diameter white spruce (Picea glauca), thereby altering forest structure and increasing the dominance of black spruce in the region. Alders (Alnus sp.) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) were more abundant in areas with heavy spruce mortality, possibly a response to the death of overstory spruce. Grasses and herbaceous plants did not proliferate as has been recorded following outbreaks in more coastal Alaskan forests. Two species closely tied to coniferous habitats, the tree-nesting Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) and the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), a major nest predator, were less abundant in forest stands with high spruce mortality than in low-mortality stands. Understory-nesting birds as a group were more abundant in forest stands with high levels of spruce mortality, although the response of individual bird species to tree mortality was variable. Birds breeding in stands with high spruce mortality likely benefited reproductively from lower squirrel densities and a greater abundance of shrubs to conceal nests from predators.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/cjz-79-9-1678","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Matsuoka, S.M., Handel, C.M., and Ruthrauff, D.R., 2001, Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1678-1690, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-79-9-1678.","startPage":"1678","endPage":"1690","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208051,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-79-9-1678"},{"id":233436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe9de4b0c8380cd4ee22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Matsuoka, Steven M. 0000-0001-6415-1885 smatsuoka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6415-1885","contributorId":184173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matsuoka","given":"Steven","email":"smatsuoka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":4181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022782,"text":"70022782 - 2001 - Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T08:53:40","indexId":"70022782","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado","docAbstract":"The water quality, habitats, and biota of streams in the upper Animas River watershed of Colorado, USA, are affected by metal contamination associated with acid drainage. We determined metal concentrations in components of the food web of the Animas River and its tributaries - periphyton (aufwuchs), benthic invertebrates, and livers of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) - and evaluated pathways of metal exposure and hazards of metal toxicity to stream biota. Concentrations of the toxic metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in periphyton, benthic invertebrates, and trout livers from one or more sites in the upper Animas River were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Periphyton from sites downstream from mixing zones of acid and neutral waters had elevated concentrations of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) reflecting deposition of colloidal Fe and Al oxides, and reduced algal biomass. Metal concentrations in benthic invertebrates reflected differences in feeding habits and body size among taxa, with greatest concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the small mayfly Rhithrogena, which feeds on periphyton, and greatest concentrations of Pb in the small stonefly Zapada, a detritivore. Concentrations of Zn and Pb decreased across each trophic linkage, whereas concentrations of Cu and Cd were similar across several trophic levels, suggesting that Cu and Cd were more efficiently transferred via dietary exposure. Concentrations of Cu in invertebrates and trout livers were more closely associated with impacts on trout populations and invertebrate communities than were concentrations of Zn, Cd, or Pb. Copper concentrations in livers of brook trout from the upper Animas River were substantially greater than background concentrations and approached levels associated with reduced brook trout populations in field studies and with toxic effects on other salmonids in laboratory studies. These results indicate that bioaccumulation and transfer of metals in stream food webs are significant components of metal exposure for stream biota of the upper Animas River watershed and suggest that chronic toxicity of Cu is an important factor limiting the distribution and abundance of brook trout populations in the watershed.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010147","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Besser, J., Brumbaugh, W.G., May, T., Church, S.E., and Kimball, B.A., 2001, Bioavailability of metals in stream food webs and hazards to brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the upper Animas River watershed, Colorado: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 48-59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010147.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"59","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208228,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010147"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,41.0 ], [ -102.0,37.0 ], [ -109.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f13de4b0c8380cd4ab07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, J.M.","contributorId":91569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022763,"text":"70022763 - 2001 - Contaminant sensitivity of threatened and endangered fishes compared to standard surrogate species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T14:00:14","indexId":"70022763","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminant sensitivity of threatened and endangered fishes compared to standard surrogate species","docAbstract":"Standard environmental assessment procedures are designed to protect terrestrial and aquatic species. However, it is not known if endangered species are adequately protected by these procedures. At present, toxicological data obtained from studies with surrogate test fishes are assumed to be applicable to endangered fish species, but this assumption has not been validated. Static acute toxicity tests were used to compare the sensitivity of rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and sheepshead minnows to several federally listed fishes (Apache trout, Lahontan cutthroat trout, greenback cutthroat trout, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, razorback sucker, Leon Springs pupfish, and desert pupfish). Chemicals tested included carbaryl, copper, 4-nonylphenol, pentachlorophenol, and permethrin. Results indicated that the surrogates and listed species were of similar sensitivity. In two cases, a listed species had a 96-h LC50 (lethal concentration to 50% of the population) that was less than one half of its corresponding surrogate. In all other cases, differences between listed and surrogate species were less than twofold. A safety factor of two would provide a conservative estimate for listed cold-water, warm-water, and euryhaline fish species.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620201229","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Sappington, L., Mayer, F., Dwyer, F., Buckler, D., Jones, J., and Ellersieck, M.R., 2001, Contaminant sensitivity of threatened and endangered fishes compared to standard surrogate species: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 20, no. 12, p. 2869-2876, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620201229.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2869","endPage":"2876","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa38e4b0c8380cd4d9b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sappington, L.C.","contributorId":76907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sappington","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, F.L.","contributorId":79418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"F.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buckler, D.R.","contributorId":54699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, J.R.","contributorId":15967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellersieck, Mark R.","contributorId":80841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellersieck","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":58064,"text":"wri014019 - 2001 - Characteristics of water, sediment, and benthic communities of the Wolf River, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, water years 1986-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T22:01:53.759974","indexId":"wri014019","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4019","title":"Characteristics of water, sediment, and benthic communities of the Wolf River, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, water years 1986-98","docAbstract":"Analyses and interpretation of water quality, sediment, and biological data from water years 1986 through 1998 indicated that land use and other human activities have had only minimal effects on water quality in the Wolf River upstream from and within the Menominee Indian Reservation in northeastern Wisconsin. Relatively high concentrations of calcium and magnesium (natural hardness), iron, manganese, and aluminum were measured in Wolf River water samples during water years 1986-98 from the three sampled sites and attributed to presence of highly mineralized geologic materials in the basin. Average calcium and magnesium concentrations varied from 22-26 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and 11-13 mg/L, respectively. Average iron concentrations ranged from 290-380 micrograms per liter (μg/L); average manganese concentrations ranged from 53-56 mg/L. Average aluminum concentrations ranged from 63-67 μg/L. Mercury was present in water samples but concentrations were not at levels of concern. Levels of Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite plus nitrate, total phosphorus, and orthophosphorus in water samples were often low or below detection limits (0.01- 0.10 mg/L). Trace amounts of atrazine (maximum concentration of 0.031 μg/L), deethylatrazine (maximum 0.032 μg/L), and alachlor (maximum of 0.002 μg/L) were detected. Low concentrations of most trace elements were found in streambed sediment.
Tissues of fish and aquatic invertebrates collected once each year from 1995 through 1998 at the Langlade and Keshena sites, near the northern and southern boundaries of the Reservation, respectively, were low in concentrations of most trace elements. Arsenic and silver in fish livers from both sites were less than or equal to 2 μg/g arsenic and less than 1 μg/g silver for dry weight analysis, and concentrations of antimony, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, nickel, and uranium were all below detection limits (less than 1 μg/g dry weight). Concentrations of most other trace elements in fish were low, with the exceptions of chromium, copper, mercury, and selenium; however, these concentrations are not at levels of concern. Concentrations of all trace elements analyzed in whole caddisfly larvae also were low compared to those reported in the literature.
During 1998, a total of 48 species of macroinvertebrates were identified at each of two sampled sites, with similar numbers of genera represented at both: 41 at Keshena and 44 at Langlade. The percentage EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) was 52 at Keshena and 77 at Langlade; these relatively large percentages suggest very good to excellent water quality at these sites. A total of 52 algal taxa were identified at the Wolf River near Langlade. Diatoms made up 96 percent of the algal biomass. A total of 58 algal taxa were identified at Keshena, including 48 diatom taxa (83 percent). Although diatoms accounted for just 22 percent of the algal relative abundance, in cells per square centimeter, diatoms contributed 91 percent of the total algal biomass. The overall biological integrity of the Keshena and Langlade sites, based on diversity, siltation, and pollution indexes for diatoms is excellent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Garn, H.S., Scudder, B.C., Richards, K.D., and Sullivan, D.J., 2001, Characteristics of water, sediment, and benthic communities of the Wolf River, Menominee Indian Reservation, Wisconsin, water years 1986-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4019, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014019.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37622.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":88304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Menominee Indian Reservation, Wolf River","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6399,45.1171],[-88.6109,45.1174],[-88.5598,45.1175],[-88.4836,45.117],[-88.4862,45.0302],[-88.4881,44.9435],[-88.4894,44.8554],[-88.6117,44.8563],[-88.736,44.8561],[-88.7356,44.9429],[-88.7982,44.9432],[-88.8588,44.943],[-88.9516,44.943],[-88.9812,44.9427],[-88.9812,45.0299],[-88.9818,45.118],[-88.9301,45.1182],[-88.8623,45.1175],[-88.8118,45.1177],[-88.7343,45.1172],[-88.6826,45.1174],[-88.6574,45.1172],[-88.6399,45.1171]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Menominee\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ebc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garn, Herbert S. hsgarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garn","given":"Herbert","email":"hsgarn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scudder, Barbara C.","contributorId":100319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, Kevin D. krichard@usgs.gov","contributorId":280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Kevin","email":"krichard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023648,"text":"70023648 - 2001 - Sediment quality in Burlington Harbor, Lake Champlain, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023648","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment quality in Burlington Harbor, Lake Champlain, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Surface samples and cores were collected in 1993 from the Burlington Harbor region of Lake Champlain. Sediment samples were analyzed for trace metals (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc), simultaneously extracted metal/acid volatile sulfide (SEM-AVS), grain size, nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) and organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)). The concentrations of cadmium, copper, silver and zinc from the partial sediment digestion of the surface samples correlated well with each other (r2 > 0.60) indicating that either a common process, or group of processes determined the sediment concentrations of these metals. In an analysis of the spatial distribution of the trace metals and PAHs, high surficial concentrations were present in the southern portion of the Harbor. The trace metal trend was strengthened when the concentrations were normalized by grain size. A sewage treatment plant outfall discharge was present in the southeastern portion of the Harbor at the time of this study and is the major source of trace metal and PAH contamination. Evaluation of sediment cores provides a proxy record of historical trace metal and organic inputs. The peak accumulation rate for copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc was in the late 1960s and the peak silver accumulation rate was later. The greatest accumulation of trace metals occurred in the late 1960s after discharges from the STP began. Subsequent declines in trace metal concentrations may be attributed to increased water and air regulations. The potential toxicity of trace metals and organic contaminants was predicted by comparing contaminant concentrations to benchmark concentrations and potential trace metal bioavailability was predicted with SEM-AVS results. Surface sample results indicate lead, silver, ???PAHs and ???PCBs are potentially toxic and/or bioavailable. These predictions were supported by studies of biota in the Burlington Harbor watershed. There is a clear trend of decreasing PAH and trace metal contaminant concentrations with distance from the STP outfall.Surface samples and cores were collected in 1993 from the Burlington Harbor region of Lake Champlain. Sediment samples were analyzed for trace metals (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc), simultaneously extracted metal/acid volatile sulfide (SEM-AVS), grain size, nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) and organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)). The concentrations of cadmium, copper, silver and zinc from the partial sediment digestion of the surface samples correlated well with each other (r2>0.60) indicating that either a common process, or group of processes determined the sediment concentrations of these metals. In an analysis of the spatial distribution of the trace metals and PAHs, high surficial concentrations were present in the southern portion of the Harbor. The trace metal trend was strengthened when the concentrations were normalized by grain size. A sewage treatment plant outfall discharge was present in the southeastern portion of the Harbor at the time of this study and is the major source of trace metal and PAH contamination. Evaluation of sediment cores provides a proxy record of historical trace metal and organic inputs. The peak accumulation rate for copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc was in the late 1960s and the peak silver accumulation rate was later. The greatest accumulation of trace metals occurred in the late 1960s after discharges from the STP began. Subsequent declines in trace metal concentrations may be attributed to increased water and air regulations. The potential toxicity of trace metals and organic contaminants was predicted by comparing contaminant concentrations to benchmark concentrations and potential trace metal bioavailability was predicted with SEM-AVS results. Surface sample results indicate lead, silver, ??PAHs and ??PCBs are potentially toxic and/or bi","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1005271101398","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Lacey, E., King, J., Quinn, J., Mecray, E., Appleby, P., and Hunt, A., 2001, Sediment quality in Burlington Harbor, Lake Champlain, U.S.A.: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 126, no. 1-2, p. 97-120, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005271101398.","startPage":"97","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487470,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1740","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207411,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005271101398"},{"id":232339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89abe4b08c986b316e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacey, E.M.","contributorId":27228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacey","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quinn, J.G.","contributorId":14936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Appleby, P.G.","contributorId":23254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appleby","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hunt, A.S.","contributorId":72976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170493,"text":"70170493 - 2001 - Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile Chinook salmon and selected fish-forage organisms (aquatic insects) in the upper Sacramento River, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:48:50","indexId":"70170493","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile Chinook salmon and selected fish-forage organisms (aquatic insects) in the upper Sacramento River, California","docAbstract":"This study assessed the downstream extent andseverity of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn)contamination from acid mine drainage on juvenile chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and aquatic insects over aroughly 270-km reach of the Sacramento River below KeswickReservoir. During April–May 1998, salmon were collected fromfour sites in the river and from a fish hatchery that receiveswater from Battle Creek. Salmon from river sites were examinedfor gut contents to document their consumption of variousinvertebrate taxa, whereas salmon from river sites and thehatchery were used for metal determinations. Midge(Chironomidae) and caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae and mayfly(Ephemeroptera) nymphs were collected for metal determinationsduring April–June from river sites and from Battle and Buttecreeks. The fish hatchery and Battle and Butte creeks served asreference sites because they had no history of receiving minedrainage. Salmon consumed mostly midge larvae and pupae (44.0%,damp-dry biomass), caddisfly larvae (18.9%), Cladocera (5.8%),and mayfly nymphs (5.7%). These results demonstrated thatinsects selected for metal determinations were important as fishforage. Dry-weight concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn weregenerally far higher in salmon and insects from the river thanfrom reference sites. Within the river, high metalconcentrations persisted as far downstream as South Meridian (thelowermost sampling site). Maximum concentrations of Cd (30.7 μg g-1) and Zn (1230 μg g-1),but not Cu (87.4 μg g-1), in insects exceeded amounts that other investigators reported as toxic when fed for prolonged periods to juvenile salmonids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1012096321425","usgsCitation":"Saiki, M.K., Martin, B.A., Thompson, L.D., and Walsh, D., 2001, Copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile Chinook salmon and selected fish-forage organisms (aquatic insects) in the upper Sacramento River, California: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 132, no. 1, p. 127-139, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012096321425.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320390,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.31628417968749,\n 40.707710007867334\n ],\n [\n -122.45361328124999,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -122.36572265625,\n 40.306759936589636\n ],\n [\n -122.10205078125,\n 39.7240885773337\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 39.2407625100131\n ],\n [\n -121.71478271484375,\n 38.700515838688716\n ],\n [\n -121.50329589843749,\n 38.865374851611634\n ],\n [\n -121.57745361328125,\n 39.2407625100131\n ],\n [\n -121.51702880859374,\n 39.51251701659638\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 39.871803651624425\n ],\n [\n -122.10479736328125,\n 40.373751366720505\n ],\n [\n -122.31628417968749,\n 40.707710007867334\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5719f9b0e4b071321fe22bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saiki, Michael K.","contributorId":54671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Barbara A. 0000-0002-9415-6377 barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-6377","contributorId":2855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Barbara","email":"barbara_ann_martin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Larry D.","contributorId":168839,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walsh, Daniel","contributorId":168840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walsh","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":45056,"text":"wri004170 - 2001 - Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-22T18:33:22.425813","indexId":"wri004170","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4170","title":"Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97","docAbstract":"A comprehensive water-quality sampling network was implemented by the U.S. Geological Survey from 1995 through 1997 at 12 tributary sites to the Alamosa River. The network was designed to address data gaps identified in the initial ecological risk assessment of the Summitville Superfund site. Tributaries draining hydrothermally altered areas had higher median values for nearly all measured properties and constituents than tributaries draining unaltered areas. Colorado instream standards for pH, copper, iron, and zinc were in attainment at most tributary sites. Instream standards for pH and chronic aquatic-life standards for iron were not attained in Jasper Creek. Toxicological reference values were most often exceeded at Iron Creek, Alum Creek, Bitter Creek, Wightman Fork, and Burnt Creek. These tributaries all drain hydrothermally altered areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004170","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Ferguson, S.A., 2001, Characterization of water quality in selected tributaries of the Alamosa River, southwestern Colorado, including comparisons to instream water-quality standards and toxicological reference values, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4170, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004170.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":171745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414559,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_37094.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3911,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4170","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Alamosa River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.367,\n 37.464\n ],\n [\n -106.667,\n 37.464\n ],\n [\n -106.667,\n 37.342\n ],\n [\n -106.367,\n 37.342\n ],\n [\n -106.367,\n 37.464\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl A.","contributorId":78698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28963,"text":"wri004160 - 2001 - Diurnal variations in metal concentrations in the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri004160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4160","title":"Diurnal variations in metal concentrations in the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, 1995-97","docAbstract":"A comprehensive sampling network was implemented in the Alamosa River Basin from 1995 to 1997 to address data gaps identified as part of the ecological risk assessment of the Summitville Superfund site. Aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc were identified as the constituents of concern for the risk assessment. Water-quality samples were collected at six sites on the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork by automatic samplers. Several discrete (instantaneous) samples were collected over 24 hours at each site during periods of high diurnal variations in streamflow (May through September). The discrete samples were analyzed individually and duplicate samples were composited to produce a single sample that represented the daily-mean concentration. The diurnal variations in concentration with respect to the theoretical daily-mean concentration (maximum minus minimum divided by daily mean) are presented. Diurnal metal concentrations were highly variable in the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork. The concentration of a metal at a single site could change by several hundred percent during one diurnal cycle. The largest percent change in metal concentrations was observed for aluminum and iron. Zinc concentrations varied the least of the four metals. No discernible or predictable pattern was indicated in the timing of the daily mean, maximum, or minimum concentrations. The percentage of discrete sample concentrations that varied from the daily-mean concentration by thresholds of plus or minus 10, 25, and 50 percent was evaluated. Between 50 and 75 percent of discrete-sample concentrations varied from the daily-mean concentration by more than plus or minus 10 percent. The percentage of samples exceeding given thresholds generally was smaller during the summer period than the snowmelt period. Sampling strategies are critical to accurately define variability in constituent concentration, and conversely, understanding constituent variability is important in determining appropriate sampling strategies. During nonsteady-state periods, considerable errors in estimates of daily-mean concentration are possible if based on one discrete sample. Flow-weighting multiple discrete samples collected over a diurnal cycle provides a better estimate of daily-mean concentrations during nonsteady-state periods. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004160","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Stogner, 2001, Diurnal variations in metal concentrations in the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4160, iv, 14 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004160.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2260,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri00-4160","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":200696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53881,"text":"bsr20010001 - 2001 - Evaluation of Metal Toxicity in Streams Affected by Abandoned Mine Lands, Upper Animas River Watershed, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:11","indexId":"bsr20010001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2001-0001","title":"Evaluation of Metal Toxicity in Streams Affected by Abandoned Mine Lands, Upper Animas River Watershed, Colorado","docAbstract":"Acid drainage from abandoned mines and from naturally-acidic rocks and soil in the upper Animas River watershed of Colorado generates elevated concentrations of acidity and dissolved metals in stream waters and deposition of metal-contaminated particulates in streambed sediments, resulting in both toxicity and habitat degradation for stream biota. High concentrations of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) occur in acid streams draining headwaters of the upper Animas River watershed, and high concentrations of some metals, especially Zn, persist in circumneutral reaches of the Animas River and Mineral Creek, downstream of mixing zones of acid tributaries. Seasonal variation of metal concentrations is reflected in variation in toxicity of stream water. Loadings of dissolved metals to the upper Animas River and tributaries are greatest during summer, during periods of high stream discharge from snowmelt and monsoonal rains, but adverse effects on stream biota may be greater during winter low-flow periods, when stream flows are dominated by inputs of groundwater and contain greatest concentrations of dissolved metals. Fine stream-bed sediments of the upper Animas River watershed also contain elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals. Greatest sediment metal concentrations occur in the Animas River upstream from Silverton, where there are extensive deposits of mine and mill tailings, and in mixing zones in the Animas River and lower Mineral Creek, where precipitates of Fe and Al oxides also contain high concentrations of other metals.\r\n\r\nThis report summarizes the findings of a series of toxicity studies in streams of the upper Animas River watershed, conducted on-site and in the laboratory between 1998 and 2000. The objectives of these studies were: (1) to determine the relative toxicity of stream water and fine stream-bed sediments to fish and invertebrates; (2) to determine the seasonal range of toxicity in stream water; (3) to develop site-specific thresholds for toxicity of Zn and Cu in stream water; and (4) to develop models of the contributions of Cu and Zn to toxicity of stream water, which may be used to characterize toxicity before and after planned remediation efforts.\r\n\r\nWe evaluated the toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments by conducting sediment\r\ntoxicity tests with two species of benthic invertebrates, the midge, Chironomus tentans. and the amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Laboratory toxicity tests with both taxa, exposed to fine stream-bed sediments collected in September 1997, showed some evidence of sediment toxicity, as survival of midge larvae in sediments from Cement Creek (C48) and lower Mineral Creek (M34), and growth of amphipods in sediments from these sites and three Animas River sites (A68, Animas at Silverton; A72, Animas below Silverton, and A73, Animas at Elk Park) were significantly reduced compared to a reference site, South Mineral Creek (SMC) . Amphipods were also exposed to site water and fine stream-bed sediment, separately and in combination, during the late summer low flow period (August-September) of 1998. In these studies, stream water, with no sediment present, from all five sites tested (same sites as above, except C48) caused 90% to 100% mortality of amphipods. In contrast, significant reductions in survival of amphipods occurred at two sites (A72 and SMC) in exposures with field-collected sediment plus stream water, and at only one site (A72) in exposures with sediments and clean overlying water. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd were high in both sediment and pore water (interstitial water) from most sites tested, but greatest sediment toxicity was apparently associated with greater concentrations of Fe and/or Al in sediments. These results suggest that fine stream-bed sediments of the more contaminated stream reaches of the upper Animas River watershed are toxic to benthic invertebrates, but that these impacts are less serious than tox","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Allert, A., Hardesty, D., Ingersoll, C.G., May, T.W., Wang, N., and Leib, K.J., 2001, Evaluation of Metal Toxicity in Streams Affected by Abandoned Mine Lands, Upper Animas River Watershed, Colorado: Biological Science Report 2001-0001, v, 72 p.","productDescription":"v, 72 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2000/0001/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2000/0001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.83333333333333,37.75 ], [ -107.83333333333333,38 ], [ -107.5,38 ], [ -107.5,37.75 ], [ -107.83333333333333,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb01c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allert, Ann L. aallert@usgs.gov","contributorId":494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allert","given":"Ann L.","email":"aallert@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hardesty, Douglas K. dhardesty@usgs.gov","contributorId":3281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardesty","given":"Douglas K.","email":"dhardesty@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wang, Ning 0000-0002-2846-3352 nwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-3352","contributorId":2818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Ning","email":"nwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":50390,"text":"ofr01105 - 2001 - Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin: water year 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-14T14:37:12","indexId":"ofr01105","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-105","title":"Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin: water year 1999","docAbstract":"The objective of the watershed-management evaluation monitoring program in Wisconsin is to evaluate the effectiveness of best-management practices (BMPs) for controlling nonpoint-source pollution in rural and urban watersheds. This progress report provides a summary of the data collected by the U.S Geological Survey for the program and a discussion of the results from several different detailed analyses conducted within this program.
\nA land-use and best-management-practice inventory is ongoing for each evaluation monitoring project to track the different sources of nonpointsource pollution in each watershed and to document implementation of best-management programs that may cause changes in the water quality of streams. Updated information is gathered each year, mapped, and stored in a geographic-information-system database. Summaries of BMP-implementation data collected through the 1999 water year are presented in this report.
\nSuspended sediment and total phosphorus storm-load and annual-load data are summarized for eight rural sites. For all 8 rural sites a sufficient number of pre-BMP storm samples have been collected; for two of the sites (Brewery and Garfoot Creeks), a sufficient number of post-BMP storm samples have been collected to allow for a final assessment of the effectiveness of the BMPs. For the remaining sites, numerous transitional storm samples have been collected, but in all cases BMP implementation has lagged such that there are insufficient post-BMP storm samples for final analysis. For two sites (Rattlesnake and Kuenster Creeks) there are not enough planned BMPs to warrant further data collection.
\nContinuous dissolved-oxygen data collected at 5 rural sites are summarized. In terms of instantaneous concentrations when comparing pre-BMP data to transitional and post-BMP data, the general trend is a reduction in the number of days that the dissolved oxygen concentration was less than the state standard. These results are anecdotal, however; the differences have not been rigorously tested statistically. For a level of dissolved oxygen sustained over a continuous hour, the results are mixed. In general the number of days with standard violations has decreased, but there are notable exceptions.
\nFor the four urban streams, the pre-BMP data were examined to determine the level of improvement that could potentially be detected with a statistical analysis. Regression analyses were performed relating constituent loads of suspended solids, total phosphorus and total copper to various independent variables, including seasonal terms and variables related to rainfall. On the basis of the residuals from the regressions, there is a wide range of potential change that could be detected with an analysis of pre- and post-BMP loads. This is likely a result of the high degree of variability in the data, particularly from site to site. For suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total recoverable copper the minimum detectable changes ranges from 20-80, 30-70 and 30-90 percent, respectively.
\nFor two of the eight rural streams (Rattlesnake and Kuenster Creeks) minimal BMP implementation has occurred, hence a comparison of pre- BMP and data collected after BMP implementation began is not warranted. For two other rural streams (Brewery and Garfoot Creeks), BMP implementation is complete. For the four remaining rural streams (Bower, Otter, Eagle, and Joos Valley Creeks), the pre-BMP load data were compared to the transitional data to determine if significant reductions in the loads have occurred as a result of the BMP implementation to date. For all sites, the actual constituent loads for suspended solids and total phosphorus exhibit no statistically significant reductions after BMP installation. Multiple regressions were used to remove some of the natural variability in the data. Based on the residual analysis, for Otter Creek, there is a significant difference in the suspended-solids regression residuals between the pre-BMP and transitional periods, indicating a potential reduction as a result of the BMP implementation after accounting for natural variability. For Joos Valley Creek, the residuals for suspended solids and total phosphorus both show a significant reduction after accounting for natural variability. It is possible that the other sites will also show statistically significant reductions in suspended solids and total phosphorus if additional BMPs are implemented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01105","usgsCitation":"Walker, J.F., Graczyk, D., Corsi, S., Wierl, J., and Owens, D., 2001, Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin: water year 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-105, iv, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01105.","productDescription":"iv, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86320,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/0105/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Bower Creek, Black Earth Creek, Brewery Creek, Eagle Creek, Garfoot Creek, Joos Valley Creek, Kuenster Creek, Lincoln Creek, Menonminee River, Nine Springs Creek, Otter Creek, Rattlesnake Creek,","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5facae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corsi, Steven R. srcorsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corsi","given":"Steven R.","email":"srcorsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wierl, J.A.","contributorId":32944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wierl","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owens, D.W.","contributorId":28994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":45055,"text":"wri004154 - 2001 - Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:22:03","indexId":"wri004154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4154","title":"Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997","docAbstract":"Spatial determinations of the metal loads in Wightman Fork can be used to identify potential source areas to the stream. In September 1997, a chloride tracer-injection study was done concurrently with synoptic water-quality sampling in Wightman Fork near the Summitville Mine site. Discharge was determined and metal concentrations at 38 sites were used to generate mass-load profiles for dissolved aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had previously identified these metals as contaminants of concern.Metal loads increased substantially in Wightman Fork near the Summitville Mine. A large increase occurred along a 60-meter reach that is north of the North Waste Dump and generally corresponds to a region of radial faults. Metal loading from this reach was equivalent to 50 percent or more of the dissolved aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc load upstream from the outfall of the Summitville Water Treatment Facility (SWTF). Overall, sources along the entire reach upstream from the SWTF were equivalent to 15 percent of the iron, 33 percent of the copper and manganese, 58 percent of the zinc, and 66 percent of the aluminum load leaving the mine site. The largest increases in metal loading to Wightman Fork occurred as a result of inflow from Cropsy Creek. Aluminum, iron, manganese, and zinc loads from Cropsy Creek were equivalent to about 40 percent of the specific metal load leaving the mine site. Copper, iron, and manganese loads from Cropsy Creek were nearly as large or larger than the load from sources upstream from the SWTF. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004154","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., and Bencala, K.E., 2001, Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4154, iv, 26 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004154.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":171744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3910,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004154","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Wightman 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6676b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":231010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45037,"text":"wri014034 - 2001 - Review and analysis of available streamflow and water-quality data for Park County, Colorado, 1962-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:58","indexId":"wri014034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4034","title":"Review and analysis of available streamflow and water-quality data for Park County, Colorado, 1962-98","docAbstract":"Information on streamflow and surface-water and ground-water quality in Park County, Colorado, was compiled from several Federal, State, and local agencies. The data were reviewed and analyzed to provide a perspective of recent (1962-98) water-resource conditions and to help identify current and future water-quantity and water-quality concerns. Streamflow has been monitored at more than 40 sites in the county, and data for some sites date back to the early 1900's. Existing data indicate a need for increased archival of streamflow data for future use and analysis. In 1998, streamflow was continuously monitored at about 30 sites, but data were stored in a data base for only 10 sites. Water-quality data were compiled for 125 surface-water sites, 398 wells, and 30 springs. The amount of data varied considerably among sites; however, the available information provided a general indication of where water-quality constituent concentrations met or exceeded water-quality standards. Park County is primarily drained by streams in the South Platte River Basin and to a lesser extent by streams in the Arkansas River Basin. In the South Platte River Basin in Park County, more than one-half the annual streamflow occurs in May, June, and July in response to snowmelt in the mountainous headwaters. The annual snowpack is comparatively less in the Arkansas River Basin in Park County, and mean monthly streamflow is more consistent throughout the year. In some streams, the timing and magnitude of streamflow have been altered by main-stem reservoirs or by interbasin water transfers. Most values of surface-water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within recommended limits set by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Specific conductance (an indirect measure of the dissolved-solids concentration) generally was lowest in streams of the upper South Platte River Basin and higher in the southern one-half of the county in the Arkansas River Basin and in the South Platte River downstream from Antero Reservoir. Historical nitrogen concentrations in surface water were small. Nitrite was not detected, most un-ionized ammonia concentrations were less than 0.02 milligram per liter, and all nitrate concentrations were less than 1.2 milligrams per liter. Nitrate concentrations were higher in urban and built-up areas than in rangeland and forest areas. Most median concentrations of total phosphorus at individual sites were less than 0.05 milligram per liter, and concentrations were not significantly different among urban and built-up, rangeland, and forest areas. An upward trend in total phosphorus concentration was determined for flow from the East Portal of the Harold D. Roberts Tunnel, but the slope of the trend line was small and the concentrations were equal or nearly equal to the detection limit of 0.01 milligram per liter. Using median phosphorus loads for two South Platte River sites, the annual phosphorus load transported out of Park County in the South Platte River was calculated to be about 10,000 pounds. Median iron and manganese concentrations for most areas of Park County were less than in-stream water-quality standards, even though several individual concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude larger than the standards. The largest concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc were from the upper North Fork South Platte River Basin or the Mosquito Creek Basin. All ground-water concentrations of chloride and most ground-water concentrations of sulfate were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water standard of 250 milligrams per liter. Median dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water ranged from 160 milligrams per liter in the crystalline-rock aquifers to 257 milligrams per liter in the sedimentary-rock aquifers. Dissolved-solids concentrations greater than the USEPA drinking-water standard of 500 milligrams per liter were detected in abo","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014034","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, R.A., 2001, Review and analysis of available streamflow and water-quality data for Park County, Colorado, 1962-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4034, v, 66 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014034.","productDescription":"v, 66 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3900,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014034","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604254","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, Robert A. rakimbro@usgs.gov","contributorId":1627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"Robert","email":"rakimbro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45035,"text":"wri014027 - 2001 - Relations among rainstorm runoff, streamflow, pH, and metal concentrations, Summitville Mine area, upper Alamosa River basin, southwest Colorado, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:58","indexId":"wri014027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4027","title":"Relations among rainstorm runoff, streamflow, pH, and metal concentrations, Summitville Mine area, upper Alamosa River basin, southwest Colorado, 1995-97","docAbstract":"The upper Alamosa River Basin contains areas that are geochemically altered and have associated secondary sulfide mineralization. Occurring with this sulfide mineralization are copper, gold, and silver deposits that have been mined since the 1870's. Weathering of areas with sulfide mineralization produces runoff with anomalously low pH and high metal concentrations; mining activities exacerbate the condition. Summer rainstorms in the upper Alamosa River Basin produce a characteristic relation between streamflow and pH; streamflow suddenly increases and pH suddenly decreases (commonly by more than 1 pH unit). This report evaluates changes in pH in the upper Alamosa River Basin during July, August, and September 1995, 1996, and 1997 to examine possible adverse environmental effects due to rainstorm runoff. Ninety-three percent of the rainstorms occurring during 1995?97 produced runoff throughout the entire basin. Out of 54 storms, only 3 storms were isolated to the river reach upstream from the streamflow-gaging station Alamosa River above Wightman Fork, and only 1 storm was isolated to the river reach between the streamflow-gaging stations Alamosa River below Jasper and Alamosa River above Terrace Reservoir. Although most rainstorm runoff events occurred throughout the entire basin, pH changes were highest in parts of the basin that receive runoff from hydrothermally altered areas. The three principal altered areas within the basin are the Jasper, Stunner, and Summitville areas. Only limited mining occurred in the Stunner altered area, and yet significant decreases in pH values occur due to runoff from this area. Even after environmental restoration activities are completed at the Summitville Mine, the main stem of the Alamosa River may continue to be adversely affected by runoff from the Stunner and Jasper altered areas. A comparison of measured pH with Federal and State of Colorado water-quality standards and Toxicological Reference Values indicates pH was too low to support aquatic life in many parts of the basin for extended periods of time. Added stresses from sudden decreases in pH due to rainstorm runoff compound the adverse effects. Discharge of effluent from the Summitville Mine impoundment can significantly decrease pH in the Alamosa River downstream to Terrace Reservoir. A release of only 3 cubic feet per second from the impoundment decreased pH by at least 1 standard unit at all downstream sites. Low-flow years may pose a substantial risk to aquatic organisms within and downstream from Terrace Reservoir. During 1996, the basin had a low-flow year, and water storage and pool size of Terrace Reservoir were significantly reduced. The pH of water discharging from Terrace Reservoir was anomalously low during late August and September 1996, possibly due to geochemical interactions between sediment and the water column within the reservoir. In general, an inverse log-log relation exists between pH and the logarithm of dissolved metal concentrations, but the relations generally are not significant enough to confidently predict metal concentrations based upon measured pH values.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014027","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., 2001, Relations among rainstorm runoff, streamflow, pH, and metal concentrations, Summitville Mine area, upper Alamosa River basin, southwest Colorado, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4027, v, 33 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014027.","productDescription":"v, 33 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3898,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014027","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45032,"text":"wri20014022 - 2001 - Identification of water-quality trends using sediment cores from Dillon Reservoir, Summit County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-25T13:21:32","indexId":"wri20014022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4022","title":"Identification of water-quality trends using sediment cores from Dillon Reservoir, Summit County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Since the construction of Dillon Reservoir, in Summit County, Colorado, in 1963, its drainage area has been the site of rapid urban development and the continued influence of historical mining. In an effort to assess changes in water quality within the drainage area, sediment cores were collected from Dillon Reservoir in 1997. The sediment cores were analyzed for pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and trace elements. Pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs were used to determine the effects of urban development, and trace elements were used to identify mining contributions. Water-quality and streambed-sediment samples, collected at the mouth of three streams that drain into Dillon Reservoir, were analyzed for trace elements.\r\n\r\nOf the 14 pesticides and 3 PCBs for which the sediment samples were analyzed, only 2 pesticides were detected. Low amounts of dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichloro-diphenyldichloroethane (DDD), metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), were found at core depths of 5 centimeters and below 15 centimeters in a core collected near the dam.\r\n\r\nThe longest core, which was collected near the dam, spanned the entire sedimentation history of the reservoir. Concentrations of total combustion PAH and the ratio of fluoranthene to pyrene in the core sample decreased with core depth and increased over time. This relation is likely due to growth in residential and tourist populations in the region. Comparisons between core samples gathered in each arm of the reservoir showed the highest PAH concentrations were found in the Tenmile Creek arm, the only arm that has an urban area on its shores, the town of Frisco. All PAH concentrations, except the pyrene concentration in one segment in the core near the dam and acenaphthylene concentrations in the tops of three cores taken in the reservoir arms, were below Canadian interim freshwater sediment-quality guidelines.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc in sediment samples from Dillon Reservoir exceeded the Canadian interim freshwater sediment-quality guidelines. Copper, iron, lithium, nickel, scandium, titanium, and vanadium concentrations in sediment samples decreased over time. Other elements, while no trend was evident, displayed concentration spikes in the down-core profiles, indicating loads entering the reservoir may have been larger than they were in 1997. The highest concentrations of copper, lead, manganese, mercury, and zinc were detected during the late 1970's and early 1980's.\r\n\r\nElevated concentrations of trace elements in sediment in Dillon Reservoir likely resulted from historical mining in the drainage area. The downward trend identified for copper, iron, lithium, nickel, scandium, titanium, and vanadium may be due in part to restoration efforts in mining-affected areas and a decrease in active mining in the Dillon Reservoir watershed. Although many trace-element core-sediment concentrations exceeded the Canadian probable effect level for freshwater lakes, under current limnological conditions, the high core-sediment concentrations do not adversely affect water quality in Dillon Reservoir. The trace-element concentrations in the reservoir water column meet the standards established by the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission. \r\n\r\nAlthough many trace-element core-sediment concentrations exceeded the Canadian probable effect level for freshwater lakes, under current limnological conditions, the high core-sediment concentrations do not adversely affect water quality in Dillon Reservoir. The trace-element concentrations in the reservoir water column meet the standards established by the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri20014022","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Greve, A.I., Spahr, N.E., Van Metre, P., and Wilson, J.T., 2001, Identification of water-quality trends using sediment cores from Dillon Reservoir, Summit County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4022, vi, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014022.","productDescription":"vi, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"40","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4022/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":9851,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4022/wrir014022.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 02-4022"},{"id":340203,"rank":3,"type":{"id":12,"text":"Errata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4022/wrir014022_errata.pdf","text":"WRIR 01-4022 errata sheet","size":"102 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 02-4022 errata"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.25,39.333333333333336 ], [ -106.25,39.75 ], [ -105.75,39.75 ], [ -105.75,39.333333333333336 ], [ -106.25,39.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","tableOfContents":"The historical and current (1998) water-quantity, water-quality, and aquatic-ecology conditions in the Gore Creek watershed are described as part of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, done in cooperation with the Town of Vail, the Eagle River Water and Sanitation District, and the Upper Eagle Regional Water Authority. Interpretation of the available water-quantity, water-quality, and aquatic-ecology data collected by various agencies since 1968 showed that background geology and land use in the watershed influence the water quality and stream biota.
Surface-water nutrient concentrations generally increased as water moved downstream through the Town of Vail, but concentrations at the mouth of Gore Creek were typical when compared with national data for urban/undeveloped sites. Nitrate concentrations in Gore Creek were highest just downstream from a wastewater-treatment plant discharge, but concentrations decreased at sites farther downstream because of dilution and nitrogen uptake by algae. Recent total phosphorus concentrations were somewhat elevated when compared to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended level of 0.10 milligram per liter for control of eutrophication in flowing water. However, total phosphorus concentrations at the mouth of Gore Creek were relatively low when compared to a national study of phosphorus in urban land-use areas.
Historically, suspended sediment associated with construction of Interstate 70 in the early 1970's has been of primary concern; however, recent data indicate that streambed aggradation of sediment originating from Interstate 70 traction sanding currently is a greater concern. About 4,000 tons of coarse sand and fine gravel is washed into Black Gore Creek each year following application of traction materials to Interstate 70 during adverse winter driving conditions. Suspended-sediment concentrations were low in Black Gore Creek; however, bedload-transport rates of as much as 4 tons per day have been measured.
Water samples were collected during spring and fall of 1997 from five alluvial monitoring wells located throughout the Town of Vail. Nutrient concentrations generally were low in the alluvial monitoring wells. Specific-conductance values ranged from 265 to 557 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Concentrations of radon in monitoring-well samples exceeded the 300-picocuries-per-liter U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level (which has been suspended pending further review). Low levels of bacteria and methylene blue active substances indicate there is little or no wastewater contamination of shallow ground water in the vicinity of the monitoring wells and one of the municipal water-supply wells. Ground-water ages in the alluvial aquifer ranged from about 2 to about 50 years old. These ages indicate that changes in land-management practices may not have an effect on ground-water quality for many years.
Differences in macroinvertebrate-community structure were found among sites in Gore Creek by evaluating changes in relative abundance, total abundance, and dominant functional feeding groups of the major macroinvertebrate groups. Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), Trichoptera (caddisflies), and Coleoptera (beetles) exhibited relatively low tolerance to water-quality degradation when compared with Diptera (midges) and non-insects (sludge worms). More than 80 percent of the macroinvertebrate community at sites located farthest upstream was composed of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies, indicating favorable water-quality and habitat conditions. The relative percentages of midges and sludge worms greatly increased in the downstream reaches of Gore Creek, which drain relatively larger areas of urban and recreation land uses, indicating the occurrence of nutrient and organic enrichment in Gore Creek.
The macroinvertebrate community in Black Gore Creek indicated adverse effects from sediment deposition. Macroinvertebrate abundance was considerably reduced at the two sites where streambed sediment was more prevalent; however, differences in abundance also may have been related to differences in habitat and availability of food resources.
The lower 4 miles of Gore Creek, downstream from Red Sandstone Creek, have been designated a Gold Medal fishery in recognition of the high recreational value of the abundant brown trout community. Gore Creek contained twice as many trout as a reference site with similar habitat characteristics in Rocky Mountain National Park.
Moderate increases in nutrient concentrations above background conditions have increased the growth and abundance potential for aquatic life in Gore Creek, while at the same time, esthetic and water-quality conditions have remained favorable. The spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations was consistent with the observed spatial distribution of algal biomass and macroinvertebrate-community characteristics. Algal biomass was limited by available resources (sunlight and nutrients) in the upstream reaches of Gore Creek and limited by macroinvertebrate grazing and water-quality conditions in the downstream reaches. The fish community has benefited from enhanced biological production in the downstream reach of Gore Creek. Increases in algal biomass and macroinvertebrate abundance, in response to higher nutrient concentrations, provide ample food resources necessary to support the abundant fish community.
Trace-element data for surface water, ground water, streambed sediment, fish tissue, and macroinvertebrate tissue indicate that concentrations are generally low in the Gore Creek watershed. In streambed-sediment samples, cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations were below background levels reported for the Upper Colorado River Basin in Colorado. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, and silver in surface water have occasionally exceeded stream standards in the past, but recent surface-water data indicate these trace elements currently are not of concern. Manganese concentrations commonly exceeded the 50-microgram-per-liter stream standard in Black Gore Creek. Elevated manganese concentrations were primarily attributable to the sedimentary geology of the area.
Concentrations of organic constituents are low in the Gore Creek watershed. Pesticides were detected infrequently and at low concentrations in surface-water, ground-water, bed-sediment, and whole-body fish-tissue samples. Volatile organic compounds also were detected at low concentrations in surface- and ground-water samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994270","usgsCitation":"Wynn, K.H., Bauch, N.J., and Driver, N.E., 2001, Gore Creek watershed, Colorado — Assessment of historical and current water quantity, water quality, and aquatic ecology, 1968–98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4270, v, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994270.","productDescription":"v, 72 p.","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":395310,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_43712.htm"},{"id":3788,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994270","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Gore Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.45,\n 39.532\n ],\n [\n -106.176,\n 39.532\n ],\n [\n -106.176,\n 39.716\n ],\n [\n -106.45,\n 39.716\n ],\n [\n -106.45,\n 39.532\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6728bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Kirby H.","contributorId":37316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Kirby","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauch, Nancy J. 0000-0002-0302-2892 njbauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-2892","contributorId":1297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauch","given":"Nancy","email":"njbauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Driver, Nancy E.","contributorId":67858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}