Industrial practices at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, in Fridley, Minnesota, caused soil and groundwater contamination. Some volatile organic compounds from the plant might have discharged to the Mississippi River, forced by the natural hydraulic gradient in the surficial aquifer system. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency included the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant on the Superfund National Priorities List in 1989.
\nThis report describes a preliminary characterization of trichloroethene transport in the surficial and Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer systems at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant. The characterization first involved simulation of 2001 conditions using a model, followed by an application of this 2001 simulator to 2011 conditions.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, used a steady-state, uniform-density groundwater flow model to simulate measured potentiometric heads in aquifer systems on August 20, 2001, and a single-phase, conservative, non-reactive, miscible transport model to simulate trichloroethene concentrations in aquifer systems measured in 2001. The U.S. Department of the Navy furnished trichloroethene source areas and trichloroethene source area concentrations to the U.S. Geological Survey for this model simulation. Furnished delineations were postulated and informed by data collected from 1995 to 2011. The groundwater flow simulation of August 20, 2001, was superior to the trichloroethene transport simulation at replicating measurements; simulated potentiometric heads matched 90 percent of measured potentiometric heads on August 20, within 2 feet at selected locations whereas simulated trichloroethene concentration contours of 3, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 micrograms per liter (µg/L) correctly bounded 52 percent of measured concentrations in 2001 at selected locations. The degree to which the simulated trichloroethene plume does not match trichloroethene measurements in the surficial aquifer system during the 2001 simulation may suggest that furnished trichloroethene source areas and trichloroethene source area concentrations did not accurately represent all trichloroethene sources in the hydrogeologic system.
\nDuring the model simulation of 2001, trichloroethene discharged to the Mississippi River. A simulated 900-foot-long zone of benthic trichloroethene discharge flux existed in the shallow flow zone, across which simulated trichloroethene discharged from the surficial aquifer system to the Mississippi River at simulated trichloroethene concentrations that ranged from 3 µg/L to more than 100 µg/L. The Mississippi River was not sampled for volatile organic compounds in Fridley, Minn., from 1999 to 2016 (the publication of this report). Trichloroethene concentrations were measured in wells close to the Mississippi River in the surficial aquifer system on the downgradient side of the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant groundwater flow field; for example, at well MS–43 in the shallow flow zone of the surficial aquifer system 280 feet east of the Mississippi River between December 1999 and August 2012, trichloroethene concentrations ranged from 130 to 220 µg/L. The 220-µg/L maximum concentration was reached in March 2003 and October 2006. The August 2012 concentration was 140 µg/L.
\nThe August 20, 2001, groundwater flow model simulator and the 2001 trichloroethene transport simulator were applied to a groundwater extraction and treatment system that existed in 2011. Furnished trichloroethene source areas and concentrations in the 2001 simulator were replaced with different, furnished, hypothetical source areas and concentrations. Forcing in 2001 was replaced with forcing in 2011. No trichloroethene concentrations greater than 3 µg/L were simulated as discharging to the Mississippi River during applications of the 2001 simulator to the 2011 groundwater extraction and treatment system. These applications were not intended to represent historical conditions. Differences between furnished and actual trichloroethene sources may explain differences between measurements and simulation results for the 2001 trichloroethene transport simulator. Causes of differences between furnished and actual trichloroethene sources may cause differences between hypothetical application results and the performance of the actual U.S. Department of the Navy groundwater extraction and treatment system at the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant. Other limitations may also cause differences between application results and performance.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command","usgsCitation":"King, J.N., and Davis, J.H., 2016, Preliminary investigation of groundwater flow and trichloroethene transport in the surficial aquifer system, Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, Fridley, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2016–1066, 120 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161066.","productDescription":"Report: x, 120 p.; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039553","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321042,"rank":3,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F798853M","text":"Data Release","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2016-1066"},{"id":321040,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1066/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":321041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1066/ofr20161066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12,1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1066"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fridley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.38172912597656,\n 45.09582203415993\n ],\n [\n -93.34877014160155,\n 45.03228854011639\n ],\n [\n -93.27735900878906,\n 45.02986219868277\n ],\n [\n -92.96905517578125,\n 45.180584858570136\n ],\n [\n -93.043212890625,\n 45.25652199219273\n ],\n [\n -93.38172912597656,\n 45.09582203415993\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Minnesota Water Science Center
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http://mn.water.usgs.gov/
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) staff in the Pacific Southwest Region and at the Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex requested technical assistance to improve their global positioning system (GPS) data acquisition, management, and archive in support of the California Condor Recovery Program. The USFWS deployed and maintained GPS units on individual Gymnogyps californianus (California condor) in support of long-term research and daily operational monitoring and management of California condors. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) obtained funding through the Science Support Program to provide coordination among project participants, provide GPS Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) transmitters for testing, and compare GSM/GPS with existing Argos satellite GPS technology. The USFWS staff worked with private companies to design, develop, and fit condors with GSM/GPS transmitters. The Movebank organization, an online database of animal tracking data, coordinated with each of these companies to automatically stream their GPS data into Movebank servers and coordinated with USFWS to improve Movebank software for managing transmitter data, including proofing/error checking of incoming GPS data. The USGS arranged to pull raw GPS data from Movebank into the USGS California Condor Management and Analysis Portal (CCMAP) (https://my.usgs.gov/ccmap) for production and dissemination of a daily map of condor movements including various automated alerts. Further, the USGS developed an automatic archiving system for pulling raw and proofed Movebank data into USGS ScienceBase to comply with the Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002. This improved data management system requires minimal manual intervention resulting in more efficient data flow from GPS data capture to archive status. As a result of the project’s success, Pinnacles National Park and the Ventana Wildlife Society California condor programs became partners and adopted the same workflow, tracking, and data archive system. This GPS tracking data management model and workflow should be applicable and beneficial to other wildlife tracking programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161030","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 8","usgsCitation":"Waltermire, R.G., Emmerich, C.U., Mendenhall, L.C., Bohrer, Gil, Weinzierl, R.P., McGann, A.J., Lineback, P.K., Kern, T.J., and Douglas, D.C., 2016, Improve wildlife species tracking—Implementing an enhanced global positioning system data management system for California condors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1030, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161030.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-066019","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320820,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1030/ofr20161030.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1032"},{"id":320819,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1030/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 37.07271048132946\n ],\n [\n -122.1240234375,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 36.87962060502676\n ],\n [\n -121.88232421875,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.63316209558658\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 36.2265501474709\n ],\n [\n -121.53076171875,\n 35.871246850027966\n ],\n [\n -121.201171875,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -120.9814453125,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -119.94873046875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 34.21634468843465\n ],\n [\n -118.91601562499999,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -118.19091796875,\n 33.63291573870476\n ],\n [\n -117.83935546874999,\n 33.486435450999885\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -116.23535156249999,\n 34.03445260967645\n ],\n [\n -116.25732421875,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -116.89453125,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -117.97119140625,\n 37.212831514455964\n ],\n [\n -118.47656249999999,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -118.95996093749999,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -119.77294921874999,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -120.34423828125,\n 37.28279464911045\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -121.31103515625,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -121.55273437499999,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -122.29980468749999,\n 37.07271048132946\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, USGS Fort Collins Science Center
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Patterns of nitrogen (N) concentrations in streams sampled by the National Rivers and Streams Assessment (NRSA) were examined semiquantitatively to identify regional differences in stream N levels. The data were categorized and analyzed by watershed size classes to reveal patterns of the concentrations that are consistent with the spatial homogeneity in natural and anthropogenic characteristics associated with regional differences in N levels. Ecoregions and mapped information on human activities including agricultural practices were used to determine the resultant regions. Marked differences in N levels were found among the nine aggregations of ecoregions used to report the results of the NRSA. We identified distinct regional patterns of stream N concentrations within the reporting regions that are associated with the characteristics of specific Level III ecoregions, groups of Level III ecoregions, groups of Level IV ecoregions, certain geographic characteristics within ecoregions, and/or particular watershed size classes. We described each of these regions and illustrated their areal extent and median and range in N concentrations. Understanding the spatial variability of nutrient concentrations in flowing waters and the apparent contributions that human and nonhuman factors have on different sizes of streams and rivers is critical to the development of effective water quality assessment and management plans. This semi-quantitative analysis is also intended to identify areas within which more detailed quantitative work can be conducted to determine specific regional factors associated with variations in stream N concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","doi":"10.2489/jswc.71.3.167","usgsCitation":"Omernik, J.M., Paulsen, S.G., Griffith, G.E., and Weber, M.H., 2016, Regional patterns of total nitrogen concentrations in the National Rivers and Streams Assessment: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 71, no. 3, p. 167-181, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.3.167.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"181","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057215","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500771e4b0ee97d51bb70e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omernik, James M.","contributorId":169740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Omernik","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25578,"text":"USGS -Volunteer","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paulsen, Steven G.","contributorId":169741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paulsen","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":13529,"text":"US Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffith, Glenn E. 0000-0001-7966-4720 ggriffith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-4720","contributorId":4053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Glenn","email":"ggriffith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weber, Marc H.","contributorId":169742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13529,"text":"US Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171382,"text":"70171382 - 2016 - Federal interagency nature‐like fishway passage design guidelines for Atlantic coast diadromous fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-03T16:08:51.655969","indexId":"70171382","displayToPublicDate":"2016-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Federal interagency nature‐like fishway passage design guidelines for Atlantic coast diadromous fishes","docAbstract":"The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) have collaborated to develop passage design guidance for use by engineers and other restoration practitioners considering and designing nature‐like fishways (NLFs). The primary purpose of these guidelines is to provide a summary of existing fish swimming and leaping performance data and the best available scientific information on safe, timely and effective passage for 14 diadromous fish species using Atlantic Coast rivers and streams. These guidelines apply to passage sites where complete barrier removal is not possible. This technical memorandum presents seven key physical design parameters based on the biometrics and swimming mode and performance of each target fishes for application in the design of NLFs addressing passage of a species or an assemblage of these species. The passage parameters include six dimensional guidelines recommended for minimum weir opening width and depth, minimum pool length, width and depth, and maximum channel slope, along with a maximum flow velocity guideline for each species. While\r\nthese guidelines are targeted for the design of step‐pool NLFs, the information may also have application in the design of other NLF types being considered at passage restoration sites and grade control necessary for infrastructure protection upstream of some dam removals, and in considering passage performance at sites such as natural bedrock features.","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service","usgsCitation":"Turek, J., Haro, A.J., and Towler, B., 2016, Federal interagency nature‐like fishway passage design guidelines for Atlantic coast diadromous fishes, iii., 48 p.","productDescription":"iii., 48 p.","ipdsId":"IP-064934","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321862,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/28919"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.53543042272173,\n 25.604386278077925\n ],\n [\n -78.9738695738202,\n 26.2643242769976\n ],\n [\n -77.65563187117027,\n 27.236312736346505\n ],\n [\n -77.71124176588978,\n 30.200566890880694\n ],\n [\n -75.63764563171657,\n 31.546671317157745\n ],\n [\n -72.88778473754125,\n 34.107153920647505\n ],\n [\n -71.80667946744646,\n 38.30485849898287\n ],\n [\n -68.12544832929673,\n 40.622781401735494\n ],\n [\n -66.51825275575436,\n 43.557615229438966\n ],\n [\n -66.93056853663478,\n 44.9924864367367\n ],\n [\n -70.50837479109403,\n 44.130583189469974\n ],\n [\n -71.56583190151437,\n 42.4531846455987\n ],\n [\n -71.04268393869013,\n 41.91302433499763\n ],\n [\n -73.12852497871336,\n 41.628116403040906\n ],\n [\n -74.47837257632011,\n 40.75996139502365\n ],\n [\n -74.85717819557229,\n 39.49615977300374\n ],\n [\n -75.36275241829512,\n 40.14818872121907\n ],\n [\n -76.70262042023853,\n 39.66328529391899\n ],\n [\n -77.26910128913559,\n 38.52431672198591\n ],\n [\n -76.80124506434308,\n 36.52548541174258\n ],\n [\n -77.48886662326828,\n 34.86340904706914\n ],\n [\n -78.19352283187868,\n 34.321846961811204\n ],\n [\n -79.02627770062944,\n 34.25764313694468\n ],\n [\n -79.67952029102847,\n 33.43439936645508\n ],\n [\n -81.32614282245044,\n 32.564707556457805\n ],\n [\n -82.03773749487134,\n 30.379248385899615\n ],\n [\n -80.44494631692717,\n 26.744769560981013\n ],\n [\n -80.53543042272173,\n 25.604386278077925\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b548c1e4b01ccd54fddfb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turek, James","contributorId":169721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turek","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25574,"text":"NOAA/NMFS Restoration Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, Alexander J. 0000-0002-7188-9172 aharo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":2917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alexander","email":"aharo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":630823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Towler, Brett","contributorId":141164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Towler","given":"Brett","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170354,"text":"fs20163024 - 2016 - Contaminants in urban waters—Science capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-29T13:40:15","indexId":"fs20163024","displayToPublicDate":"2016-04-29T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2016","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2016-3024","title":"Contaminants in urban waters—Science capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Streams and estuaries with urban watersheds commonly exhibit increased streamflow and decreased base flow; diminished stream-channel stability; excessive amounts of contaminants such as pesticides, metals, industrial and municipal waste, and combustion products; and alterations to biotic community structure. Collectively, these detrimental effects have been termed the “urban-stream syndrome.” Water-resource managers seek to lessen the effects on receiving water bodies of new urban development and remediate the effects in areas of existing urbanization. Similarly, the scientific community has produced extensive research on these topics, with researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) leading many studies of urban streams and the processes responsible for the urban-stream syndrome. Increasingly, USGS studies are evaluating the effects of management and restoration activities to better understand how urban waters respond to the implementation of management practices. The USGS has expertise in collecting and interpreting data for many physical, chemical, and ecological processes in urban waters and, thus, provides holistic assessments to inform managers of urban water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163024","collaboration":"Northeast Region Urban Landscape Capabilities Team","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, Contaminants in urban waters—Science capabilities of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3024, 2 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163024.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-074176","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320432,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3024/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320433,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3024/fs20163024.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3024"},{"id":320434,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163023","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3023","description":"FS 2016-3024"},{"id":320435,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163025","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3025","description":"FS 2016-3024"},{"id":320436,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163026","text":"Fact Sheet 2016-3026","description":"FS 2016-3024"}],"contact":"U.S. Geological Survey
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Email: GS-NE_ULCT@usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of the National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards project, conducts baseline and storm-response photography missions to document and understand the changes in vulnerability of the Nation's coasts to extreme storms (Morgan, 2009). On September 9-10, 2008, the USGS conducted an oblique aerial photographic survey from Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana, to Brownsville, Texas, aboard a Cessna C-210 (aircraft) at an altitude of 500 feet (ft) and approximately 1,000 ft offshore. This mission was flown to collect baseline data for assessing incremental changes of the beach and nearshore area, and the data can be used in the assessment of future coastal change.
The photographs provided in this report are Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. ExifTool was used to add the following to the header of each photo: time of collection, Global Positioning System (GPS) latitude, GPS longitude, keywords, credit, artist (photographer), caption, copyright, and contact information. The photograph locations are an estimate of the position of the aircraft at the time the photograph was taken and do not indicate the location of any feature in the images (see the Navigation Data page). These photographs document the state of the barrier islands and other coastal features at the time of the survey. Pages containing thumbnail images of the photographs, referred to as contact sheets, were created in 5-minute segments of flight time. These segments can be found on the Photos and Maps page. Photographs can be opened directly with any JPEG-compatible image viewer by clicking on a thumbnail on the contact sheet.
In addition to the photographs, a Google Earth Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is provided and can be used to view the images by clicking on the marker and then clicking on either the thumbnail or the link above the thumbnail. The KML file was created using the photographic navigation files. The KML file can be found in the kml folder.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds991","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K.L.M., and Westphal, K.A., 2016, Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana, to Brownsville, Texas, September 9-10, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 991, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds991.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-09-09","ipdsId":"IP-072328","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0991"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.657470703125,\n 25.849336891707605\n ],\n [\n -97.657470703125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -92.63671875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -92.63671875,\n 25.849336891707605\n ],\n [\n -97.657470703125,\n 25.849336891707605\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502–8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of the National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards project, conducts baseline and storm-response photography missions to document and understand the changes in vulnerability of the Nation's coasts to extreme storms (Morgan, 2009). On September 14-15, 2008, the USGS conducted an oblique aerial photographic survey along the Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana barrier islands and the north Texas coast, aboard a Beechcraft Super King Air 200 (aircraft) at an altitude of 500 feet (ft) and approximately 1,200 ft offshore. This mission was flown to collect post-Hurricane Ike data for assessing incremental changes in the beach and nearshore area since the last survey, flown on September 9-10, 2008, and the data can be used in the assessment of future coastal change.
The photographs provided in this report are Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. ExifTool was used to add the following to the header of each photo: time of collection, Global Positioning System (GPS) latitude, GPS longitude, keywords, credit, artist (photographer), caption, copyright, and contact information. The photograph locations are an estimate of the position of the aircraft at the time the photograph was taken and do not indicate the location of any feature in the images (see the Navigation Data page). These photographs document the state of the barrier islands and other coastal features at the time of the survey. Pages containing thumbnail images of the photographs, referred to as contact sheets, were created in 5-minute segments of flight time. These segments can be found on the Photos and Maps page. Photographs can be opened directly with any JPEG-compatible image viewer by clicking on a thumbnail on the contact sheet.
In addition to the photographs, a Google Earth Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is provided and can be used to view the images by clicking on the marker and then clicking on either the thumbnail or the link above the thumbnail. The KML file was created using the photographic navigation files. The KML file can be found in the kml folder.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds990","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K.L.M., Krohn, M.D., and Guy, K.K., 2016, Post-Hurricane Ike coastal oblique aerial photographs collected along the Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana barrier islands and the north Texas coast, September 14-15, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 990, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds990.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-070992","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320622,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0990/index.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -87.857666015625,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -87.857666015625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 29.075375179558346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 28.83504997263515\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 30.51494904517773\n ],\n [\n -89.835205078125,\n 30.51494904517773\n ],\n [\n -89.835205078125,\n 28.83504997263515\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 28.83504997263515\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.284423828125,\n 28.9023972285585\n ],\n [\n -95.284423828125,\n 30.268556249047727\n ],\n [\n -92.955322265625,\n 30.268556249047727\n ],\n [\n -92.955322265625,\n 28.9023972285585\n ],\n [\n -95.284423828125,\n 28.9023972285585\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502–8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov
The Shiprock Disposal Site is the location of the former Navajo Mill (Mill), a uranium ore-processing facility, located on a terrace overlooking the San Juan River in the town of Shiprock, New Mexico. Following the closure of the Mill, all tailings and associated materials were encapsulated in a disposal cell built on top of the former Mill and tailings piles. The milling operations, conducted at the site from 1954 to 1968, created radioactive tailings and process-related wastes that are now found in the groundwater. Elevated concentrations of constituents of concern—ammonium, manganese, nitrate, selenium, strontium, sulfate, and uranium—have also been measured in groundwater seeps in the nearby Many Devils Wash arroyo, leading to the inference that these constituents originated from the Mill. These constituents have also been reported in groundwater that is associated with Mancos Shale, the bedrock that underlies the site. The objective of this report is to increase understanding of the source of water and solutes to the groundwater beneath Many Devils Wash and to establish the background concentrations for groundwater that is in contact with the Mancos Shale at the site. This report presents evidence on three working hypotheses: (1) the water and solutes in Many Devils Wash originated from the operations at the former Mill, (2) groundwater in deep aquifers is upwelling under artesian pressure to recharge the shallow groundwater beneath Many Devils Wash, and (3) the groundwater beneath Many Devils Wash originates as precipitation that infiltrates into the shallow aquifer system and discharges to Many Devils Wash in a series of springs on the east side of the wash. The solute concentrations in the shallow groundwater of Many Devils Wash would result from the interaction of the water and the Mancos Shale if the source of water was upwelling from deep aquifers or precipitation.
In order to compare the groundwater from various wells to groundwater that has been affected by Mill activities, a classification system was developed to determine which wells were most likely to have been affected. Affects to groundwater by the Mill were determined by using the reported uranium alpha activity ratios measured in groundwater samples, along with the concentration of the uranium and the location of the wells relative to the Mill. Activity ratios of 1.2 or less were determined to be the most reliable indicator of Mill-affected groundwater. Wells with samples that had a reported activity ratio of 1.2 or less were classified as Mill affected. To compare groundwater with background water-quality, data from groundwater seeps and springs in the Upper Eagle Nest Arroyo and Salt Creek Wash, located north of the San Juan River, are also presented and analyzed.
Based on groundwater elevations and tritium concentrations measured in wells located between the disposal cell and Many Devils Wash, Mill water is not likely to reach Many Devils Wash. The tritium concentrations also indicate that groundwater from the Mill has not substantially affected Many Devils Wash in the past. Upwelling from deep aquifers was also determined to be an unlikely source, primarily by comparing the composition of the stable isotopes of water in the shallow groundwater with those reported in groundwater samples from the deeper aquifers. The stable-isotope compositions of the shallow groundwater around the site are enriched relative to the San Juan River and local meteoric lines, which suggests that most of the shallow groundwater has been influenced by evaporation and therefore was recharged at the surface. Several observations indicate that focused recharge is the likely source of groundwater in the area of Many Devils Wash. The visible erosional features in Many Devils Wash provide evidence of piping and groundwater sapping, and the distribution and type of vegetation in Many Devils Wash suggest that the focused recharge of precipitation is occurring. The estimated recharge from precipitation was calculated to be 0.0008 inches per year (in/yr) by using the mass-balance approach from reported seep discharge and 0.0011 in/yr using the chloride mass-balance approach.
A conceptual model of groundwater quality beneath Many Devils Wash is presented to explain the source of solutes in the groundwater beneath Many Devils Wash. The major-ion concentrations and geochemical evolution in the groundwater beneath Many Devils Wash and across the study area support the conceptual model that the underlying Mancos Shale is the source of solutes. Differences in the major-ion composition between groundwater samples collected around the site, result from the degree of weathering to the Mancos Shale. The cation distribution appears to be an indicator of effects from the Mill, with samples from the Mill-affected wells largely having a calcium/magnesium-sulfate composition that resembles the reported compositions of more weathered shale; however, that composition could change if the Mill-processed water flowed into areas where the Mancos Shale was less weathered. On the basis of the widespread presence of uranium in the Mancos Shale and the distribution of aqueous uranium in the analog sites and other sites in the region, it appears likely that uranium in the groundwater of Many Devils Wash is naturally sourced from the Mancos Shale.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Robertson, A.J., Ranalli, A.J., Austin, S.A., and Lawlis, B.R., 2016, The source of groundwater and solutes to Many Devils Wash at a former uranium mill site in Shiprock, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5031, 54 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165031.","productDescription":"x, 54 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051391","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5031/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":320373,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5031/sir20165031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5031"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Shiprock","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.74404907226562,\n 36.84775766525783\n ],\n [\n -108.74267578125,\n 36.70806354647625\n ],\n [\n -108.54766845703125,\n 36.71356812817935\n ],\n [\n -108.56552124023438,\n 36.869733528373395\n ],\n [\n -108.74542236328125,\n 36.87742358748459\n ],\n [\n -108.74404907226562,\n 36.84775766525783\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5338 Montgomery Blvd. NE
Suite 400
Albuquerque, NM 87109
http://nm.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of the National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards project, conducts baseline and storm-response photography missions to document and understand the changes in vulnerability of the Nation's coasts to extreme storms (Morgan, 2009). On September 2-3, 2012, the USGS conducted an oblique aerial photographic survey along the Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana barrier islands aboard a Cessna 172 (aircraft) at an altitude of 500 feet (ft) and approximately 1,000 ft offshore. This mission was flown to collect post-Hurricane Isaac data for assessing incremental changes in the beach and nearshore area since the last survey, flown in September 2008 (central Louisiana barrier islands) and June 2011 (Dauphin Island, Alabama, to Breton Island, Louisiana), and the data can be used in the assessment of future coastal change.
The photographs provided in this report are Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. ExifTool was used to add the following to the header of each photo: time of collection, Global Positioning System (GPS) latitude, GPS longitude, keywords, credit, artist (photographer), caption, copyright, and contact information. The photograph locations are an estimate of the position of the aircraft at the time the photograph was taken and do not indicate the location of any feature in the images (see the Navigation Data page). These photographs document the state of the barrier islands and other coastal features at the time of the survey. Pages containing thumbnail images of the photographs, referred to as contact sheets, were created in 5-minute segments of flight time. These segments can be found on the Photos and Maps page. Photographs can be opened directly with any JPEG-compatible image viewer by clicking on a thumbnail on the contact sheet.
In addition to the photographs, a Google Earth Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is provided and can be used to view the images by clicking on the marker and then clicking on either the thumbnail or the link above the thumbnail. The KML files were created using the photographic navigation files. These KML file(s) can be found in the kml folder.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds988","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K.L.M., and Westphal, K.A., 2016, Post-Hurricane Isaac coastal oblique aerial photographs collected along the Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana barrier islands, September 2–3, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 988, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ds988.\n","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2012-09-02","ipdsId":"IP-072305","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319988,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0988/index.html","text":"Report ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"DS 988"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 29.0273547804184\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 29.0273547804184\n ],\n [\n -91.175537109375,\n 29.0273547804184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
(727) 502–8000
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov
This report describes a method for estimating ecologically relevant low-flow metrics that quantify late‑season streamflow regime for ungaged sites in the upper Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon. The analysis presented here focuses on sites sampled by the Columbia River Inter‑Tribal Fish Commission as part of their efforts to monitor habitat restoration to benefit spring Chinook salmon recovery in the basin. Streamflow data were provided by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oregon Water Resources Department. Specific guidance was provided for selection of streamgages, development of probabilistic frequency distributions for annual 7-day low-flow events, and regionalization of the frequency curves based on multivariate analysis of watershed characteristics. Evaluation of the uncertainty associated with the various components of this protocol indicates that the results are reliable for the intended purpose of hydrologic classification to support ecological analysis of factors contributing to juvenile salmon success. They should not be considered suitable for more standard water-resource evaluations that require greater precision, especially those focused on management and forecasting of extreme low-flow conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165041","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission","usgsCitation":"Kelly, V.J., and White, Seth, 2016, A method for characterizing late-season low-flow regime in the upper Grand Ronde River Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5041, 41 p.,\nhttps://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165041.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 41 p.; Appendixes A-F","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-059110","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320198,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5041/sir20165041.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5041 Report PDF"},{"id":320199,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5041/sir20165041_appendixes.xlsx","text":"Appendixes A-F","size":"75 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2016-5041 Appendixes"},{"id":320197,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5041/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Grande Ronde River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
This report presents the annual and monthly minimum 1- and 7-day average streamflows with the 10-year recurrence interval (1Q10 and 7Q10) for 197 continuous-record streamgages in Georgia. Streamgages used in the study included active and discontinued stations having a minimum of 10 complete climatic years of record as of September 30, 2013. The 1Q10 and 7Q10 flow statistics were computed for 85 streamgages on unregulated streams with minimal diversions upstream, 43 streamgages on regulated streams, and 69 streamgages known, or considered, to be affected by varying degrees of diversions upstream. Descriptive information for each of these streamgages, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) station number, station name, latitude, longitude, county, drainage area, and period of record analyzed also is presented.
Kendall’s tau nonparametric test was used to determine the statistical significance of trends in annual and monthly minimum 1-day and 7-day average flows for the 197 streamgages. Significant negative trends in the minimum annual 1-day and 7-day average streamflow were indicated for 77 of the 197 streamgages. Many of these significant negative trends are due to the period of record ending during one of the recent droughts in Georgia, particularly those streamgages with record through the 2013 water year. Long-term unregulated streamgages with 70 or more years of record indicate significant negative trends in the annual minimum 7-day average flow for central and southern Georgia. Watersheds for some of these streamgages have experienced minimal human impact, thus indicating that the significant negative trends observed in flows at the long-term streamgages may be influenced by changing climatological conditions. A Kendall-tau trend analysis of the annual air temperature and precipitation totals for Georgia indicated no significant trends. A comprehensive analysis of causes of the trends in annual and monthly minimum 1-day and 7-day average flows in central and southern Georgia is outside the scope of this study. Further study is needed to determine some of the causes, including both climatological and human impacts, of the significant negative trends in annual minimum 1-day and 7-day average flows in central and southern Georgia.
To assess the changes in the annual 1Q10 and 7Q10 statistics over time for long-term continuous streamgages with significant trends in record, the annual 1Q10 and 7Q10 statistics were computed on a decadal accumulated basis for 39 streamgages having 40 or more years of record that indicated a significant trend. Records from most of the streamgages showed a decline in 7Q10 statistics for the decades of 1980–89, 1990–99, and 2000–09 because of the recent droughts in Georgia. Twenty four of the 39 streamgages had complete records from 1980 to 2010, and records from 23 of these gages exhibited a decline in the 7Q10 statistics during this period, ranging from –6.3 to –76.2 percent with a mean of –27.3 percent. No attempts were made during this study to adjust streamflow records or statistical analyses on the basis of trends.
The monthly and annual 1Q10 and 7Q10 flow statistics for the entire period of record analyzed in the study are incorporated into the USGS StreamStatsDB, which is a database accessible to users through the recently released USGS StreamStats application for Georgia. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system that provides users with access to an assortment of analytical tools that are useful for water-resources planning and management, and for engineering design applications, such as the design of bridges. StreamStats allows users to easily obtain streamflow statistics, basin characteristics, and other information for user-selected streamgages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165037","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Environmental Protection Division","usgsCitation":"Gotvald, A.J., 2016, Selected low-flow frequency statistics for continuous-record streamgages in Georgia, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016–5037, 20 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165037. 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
In this study, we examine rainfall datasets of varying temporal length, resolution, and spatial distribution to characterize rainfall depth, intensity, and seasonality for monitoring stations along the Colorado River within Marble and Grand Canyons. We identify maximum separation distances between stations at which rainfall measurements might be most useful for inferring rainfall characteristics at other locations. We demonstrate a method for applying relations between daily rainfall depth and intensity, from short-term high-resolution data to lower-resolution longer-term data, to synthesize a long-term record of daily rainfall intensity from 1950–2012. We consider the implications of our spatio-temporal characterization of rainfall for understanding local landscape change in sedimentary deposits and archaeological sites, and for better characterizing past and present rainfall and its potential role in overland flow erosion within the canyons. We find that rainfall measured at stations within the river corridor is spatially correlated at separation distances of tens of kilometers, and is not correlated at the large elevation differences that separate stations along the Colorado River from stations above the canyon rim. These results provide guidance for reasonable separation distances at which rainfall measurements at stations within the Grand Canyon region might be used to infer rainfall at other nearby locations along the river. Like other rugged landscapes, spatial variability between rainfall measured at monitoring stations appears to be influenced by canyon and rim physiography and elevation, with preliminary results suggesting the highest elevation landform in the region, the Kaibab Plateau, may function as an important orographic influence. Stations at specific locations within the canyons and along the river, such as in southern (lower) Marble Canyon and eastern (upper) Grand Canyon, appear to have strong potential to receive high-intensity rainfall that can generate runoff which may erode alluvium. The characterization of past and present rainfall variability in this study will be useful for future studies that evaluate more spatially continuous datasets in order to better understand the rainfall dynamics within this, and potentially other, deep canyons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20165012","usgsCitation":"Caster, Joshua, and Sankey, J.B., 2016, Variability in rainfall at monitoring stations and derivation of a long-term rainfall intensity record in the Grand Canyon region, Arizona, USA: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5012, 38 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165012.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-065524","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319918,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5012/cover.jpg"},{"id":319915,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5012/sir20165012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2016-5012 Report"},{"id":319916,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2016/5012/sir20165012_appendix4.csv","text":"Appendix 4","size":"400 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"SIR 2016-5012 Appendix 4"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.0655517578125,\n 35.68407153314097\n ],\n [\n -114.0655517578125,\n 37.02448395075965\n ],\n [\n -111.3629150390625,\n 37.02448395075965\n ],\n [\n -111.3629150390625,\n 35.68407153314097\n ],\n [\n -114.0655517578125,\n 35.68407153314097\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"SBSC Staff, Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
http://sbsc.wr.usgs.gov/
A one-dimensional step-backwater model was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina, to provide a means for predicting flood-plain inundation. The model was developed for selected reaches of the Pee Dee River, Brown Creek, and Rocky River, using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software. Multiple cross sections were defined on each modeled stream, and hydrologic data were collected between August 2011 and August 2013 at selected locations on the Pee Dee River and on its tributaries Brown Creek, Rocky River, and Thoroughfare Creek. Cross-section, stage, and flow data were used to develop the model and simulate water-surface profiles at 1.0-foot increments at the USGS streamgage Pee Dee River at Pee Dee Refuge near Ansonville, N.C. The profiles were produced for 31 selected water levels that ranged from approximately 193.0 feet to 223.0 feet in elevation at the Pee Dee River at Pee Dee Refuge streamgage.
\nA series of digital flood-inundation maps were developed on the basis of the water-surface profiles produced by the model. The inundation maps, which can be accessed through the USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Program Web site at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/flood_inundation, depict estimates of the areal extent and depth of flooding corresponding to selected water levels at the USGS streamgage Pee Dee River at Pee Dee Refuge near Ansonville, N.C. These maps, when combined with real-time water-level information from USGS streamgages, provide managers with critical information to help plan flood-response activities and resource protection efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.G., and Wagner, C.R., 2016, Hydraulic model and flood-inundation maps developed for the Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5137, 14 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155137.","productDescription":"Document: vi, 14 p.; Metadata: 3 downloadable files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069288","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319758,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5137/sir20155137.pdf","size":"1.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015-5137"},{"id":319789,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5137/sir20155137_peedee.xml","size":"15.6 KB xml","description":"SIR 2015-5137"},{"id":319787,"rank":3,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5137/sir20155137_peedee-grids.zip","size":"302 MB grids","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015-5137"},{"id":319788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5137/sir20155137_peedee-shapefiles.zip","size":"18.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":4,"text":"shapefile"},"description":"SIR 2015-5137"},{"id":319757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5137/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Pee Dee National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.266667,\n 35.233333\n ],\n [\n -80.266667,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -79.85,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -79.85,\n 35.233333\n ],\n [\n -80.266667,\n 35.233333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
720 Gracern Road
Columbia, SC 29210
http://www.usgs.gov/water/southatlantic/
A Decree of the Supreme Court of the United States, entered June 7, 1954, established the position of Delaware River Master within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, the Decree authorizes diversions of water from the Delaware River Basin and requires compensating releases from certain reservoirs, owned by New York City, to be made under the supervision and direction of the River Master. The Decree stipulates that the River Master will furnish reports to the Court, not less frequently than annually. This report is the 56th Annual Report of the River Master of the Delaware River. It covers the 2009 River Master report year, the period from December 1, 2008, to November 30, 2009.
During the report year, precipitation in the upper Delaware River Basin was 50.89 inches (in.) or 116 percent of the long-term average. Combined storage in Pepacton, Cannonsville, and Neversink Reservoirs remained high throughout the year and did not decline below 80 percent of combined capacity at any time. Delaware River operations during the year were conducted as stipulated by the Decree and the Flexible Flow Management Program (FFMP).
Diversions from the Delaware River Basin by New York City and New Jersey were in full compliance with the Decree. Reservoir releases were made as directed by the River Master at rates designed to meet the flow objective for the Delaware River at Montague, New Jersey, on 25 days during the report year. Releases were made at conservation rates—rates designed to relieve thermal stress and protect the fishery and aquatic habitat in the tailwaters of the reservoirs—on all other days.
During the report year, New York City and New Jersey complied fully with the terms of the Decree, and directives and requests of the River Master.
As part of a long-term program, the quality of water in the Delaware Estuary between Trenton, New Jersey, and Reedy Island Jetty, Delaware, was monitored at various locations. Data on water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH were collected continuously by electronic instruments at four sites. In addition, selected water-quality data were collected at 22 sites on a monthly basis.
The Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC) collects monthly samples from March through October at 22 sites between Biles Channel and South Brown Shoal. Samples were collected and analyzed by the State of Delaware for the DRBC. At each site, water samples were collected at a single point near the center of the channel near the surface and analyzed for selected physical properties, and chemical and biological constituents including routine chemical substances, nutrients and bacteria. These consist of analyses of field measurements and laboratory determinations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151231","usgsCitation":"Krejmas, B.E., Paulachok, G.N., Mason, R.R., Jr., and Owens, Marie, 2016, Report of the River Master of the Delaware River for the period December 1, 2008–November 30, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1231, 76 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151231.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-12-01","ipdsId":"IP-070813","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319219,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1231/ofr20151231.pdf","size":"1.22 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2015-1231"},{"id":319218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1231/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.4815673828125,\n 39.70296052957233\n ],\n [\n -74.498291015625,\n 39.8465036024177\n ],\n [\n -74.4927978515625,\n 40.26695230509781\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 40.75974059207392\n ],\n [\n -74.6685791015625,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -74.5806884765625,\n 41.335575973123895\n ],\n [\n -74.11376953125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -74.9432373046875,\n 42.44372793752476\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 42.00848901572399\n ],\n [\n -75.8880615234375,\n 41.244772343082104\n ],\n [\n -76.343994140625,\n 40.329795743702064\n ],\n [\n -76.04736328125,\n 39.73253798438173\n ],\n [\n -75.4815673828125,\n 39.70296052957233\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Deputy Delaware River Master
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Buist Road, Bldg. 3, Suite 304
Milford Professional Park
Milford, PA 18337
Fax: 570–296–9414
http://water.usgs.gov/osw/odrm/
The Chicago Department of Transportation’s Sustainable Streetscapes Program is an innovative program that strives to convert Chicago’s neighborhood commercial areas, riverwalks, and bicycle facilities into active, attractive places for Chicagoans to live, work, and play. The objective of each project is to create flourishing public places while improving the ability of infrastructure to support dense urban living. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC), and the Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT), is monitoring the pre- and postconstruction hydrologic characteristics of an urban corridor on the south side of Chicago that is being renovated using sustainable streetscapes technology.
The CDOT Sustainable Streetscapes Program utilizes urban stormwater best-management practices (BMPs) to reduce the storm runoff to the local combined sewer system. The urban stormwater BMPs include permeable pavement, bioswales, infiltration basins, and planters. The urban stormwater BMPs are designed to capture the first flush of storm runoff through features that enhance the infiltration of stormwater runoff to shallow groundwater.
The hydrology of the Sustainable Streetscapes Program area is being monitored to evaluate the impacts and effectiveness of the urban stormwater BMP’s. Continuous monitoring of rainfall, sewer flows, stormwater runoff, soil moisture, and groundwater levels will give engineers and scientists measured data to define baseline pre- and postconstruction conditions for the evaluation of the BMPs.
Three tipping-bucket rain gages are located along the project corridor. The data provide information on the intensity and volume of rainfall. Rainfall can be highly variable even over a small area like the project corridor.
Continuous recording meters are located at specific locations in the combined sewers to record water level and flow during both dry weather (mostly sanitary flow) and wet weather conditions (stormwater runoff in addition to the sanitary flow). Sanitary flow is the largest source of flow in the combined sewers during dry weather, and stormwater runoff and sanitary flow combine during wet weather. The sewer flow data allow engineers and scientists to calculate total runoff volume for selected storm events.
Wells are located within the project corridor to record water levels and help determine the direction of movement of groundwater in response to rainfall and snowmelt. In urban settings with aging sewer systems, groundwater can seep into the sewers or combined sewage can seep from the sewers into the local groundwater system. The groundwater data are also important in evaluating the overall impacts of increased infiltration resulting from BMPs.
Data from wells show the relative water levels of shallow groundwater, water levels in the combined sewer system, and nearby surface-water channels within the project corridor. In some aging urban sewer systems, the local combined sewer system lies below the water table and receives substantial amounts of groundwater inflow, which can significantly reduce the amount of additional water the sewer system can accept.
The bioswale along the south side of West Cermak Road near South Throop Street functions to infiltrate stormwater runoff from the road. Stormwater on the road surface initially drains to the curb and then flows along the curb until it reaches a curb cut-out. Materials within the bioswale allow stormwater to infiltrate and reduce the load to the combined sewer.
A common feature in urban areas are curbside catch basins that collect stormwater runoff from paved streets. Stormwater drains first to the curb and then flows along the curb to the catch basin. Lateral sewer pipe connects the catch basin to the combined sewer beneath the street. The use of permeable pavers along the curbs in the project study reach let stormwater infiltrate before it reaches the curb, thus reducing the amount of stormwater draining to the combined sewers.
Water-level data from catch basins in the project study area show the effects of permeable pavers in reducing the stormwater drainage to the combined sewers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20163014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC), and the Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT)","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J.J., and Morrow, W.S., 2016, Hydrologic monitoring for Chicago’s Sustainable Streetscapes Program. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3014, 6 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20163014.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054040","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3014/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3014/fs20163014.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2016-3014"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Chicago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.68531799316406,\n 41.8384904853889\n ],\n [\n -87.68531799316406,\n 41.86035637336661\n ],\n [\n -87.64274597167967,\n 41.86035637336661\n ],\n [\n -87.64274597167967,\n 41.8384904853889\n ],\n [\n -87.68531799316406,\n 41.8384904853889\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Illinois Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 N. Goodwin Ave
Urbana, IL 61801
http://il.water.usgs.gov/
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides streamflow characteristics and other related information needed by water-resource managers to protect people and property from floods, plan and manage water-resource activities, and protect water quality. Streamflow characteristics provided by the USGS, such as peak-flow and low-flow frequencies for streamflow-gaging stations, are frequently used by engineers, flood forecasters, land managers, biologists, and others to guide their everyday decisions. In addition to providing streamflow characteristics at streamflow-gaging stations, the USGS also develops regional regression equations and drainage area-adjustment methods for estimating streamflow characteristics at locations on ungaged streams. Regional regression equations can be complex and often require users to determine several basin characteristics, which are physical and climatic characteristics of the stream and its drainage basin. Obtaining these basin characteristics for streamflow-gaging stations and ungaged sites traditionally has been time consuming and subjective, and led to inconsistent results.
StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system application that was created by the USGS to provide users with access to an assortment of analytical tools that are useful for water-resource planning and management. StreamStats allows users to easily obtain streamflow and basin characteristics for USGS streamflow-gaging stations and user-selected locations on ungaged streams. The USGS, in cooperation with Montana Department of Transportation, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, completed a study to develop a StreamStats application for Montana, compute streamflow characteristics at streamflow-gaging stations, and develop regional regression equations to estimate streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites. Chapter A of this Scientific Investigations Report describes the Montana StreamStats application and the datasets, streamflow-gaging stations, streamflow characteristics, and regression equations (as described fully in Chapters B through G of this report) that are used for development of the StreamStats application for Montana.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Montana StreamStats (Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5019)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155019A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Transportation, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, P.M., Dutton, D.M., Sando, S.K., and Sando, Roy, 2016, Montana StreamStats—A method for retrieving basin and streamflow characteristics in Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–\n5019–A, 16 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155019A.","productDescription":"Report: v, 16 p.; 4 Tables","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-069671","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
Montana StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/) application that provides users with access to basin and streamflow characteristics for gaged and ungaged streams in Montana. Montana StreamStats was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Montana Departments of Transportation, Environmental Quality, and Natural Resources and Conservation. The USGS Scientific Investigations Report consists of seven independent but complementary chapters dealing with various aspects of this effort.
Chapter A describes the Montana StreamStats application, the basin and streamflow datasets, and provides a brief overview of the streamflow characteristics and regression equations used in the study. Chapters B through E document the datasets, methods, and results of analyses to determine streamflow characteristics, such as peak-flow frequencies, low-flow frequencies, and monthly and annual characteristics, for USGS streamflow-gaging stations in and near Montana. The StreamStats analytical toolsets that allow users to delineate drainage basins and solve regression equations to estimate streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites in Montana are described in Chapters F and G.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, and the Montana Department of Transportation","productDescription":"Chapters A-G","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319890,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5019/sir20155019_2.zip","text":"Complete Volume","size":"60.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"SIR 2015"},{"id":319889,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5019/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, completed a study to update methods for estimating peak-flow frequencies at ungaged sites in Montana based on peak-flow data at streamflow-gaging stations through water year 2011. The methods allow estimation of peak-flow frequencies (that is, peak-flow magnitudes, in cubic feet per second, associated with annual exceedance probabilities of 66.7, 50, 42.9, 20, 10, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.2 percent) at ungaged sites. The annual exceedance probabilities correspond to 1.5-, 2-, 2.33-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence intervals, respectively.
Regional regression analysis is a primary focus of Chapter F of this Scientific Investigations Report, and regression equations for estimating peak-flow frequencies at ungaged sites in eight hydrologic regions in Montana are presented. The regression equations are based on analysis of peak-flow frequencies and basin characteristics at 537 streamflow-gaging stations in or near Montana and were developed using generalized least squares regression or weighted least squares regression.
All of the data used in calculating basin characteristics that were included as explanatory variables in the regression equations were developed for and are available through the USGS StreamStats application (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/) for Montana. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system application that was created by the USGS to provide users with access to an assortment of analytical tools that are useful for water-resource planning and management. The primary purpose of the Montana StreamStats application is to provide estimates of basin characteristics and streamflow characteristics for user-selected ungaged sites on Montana streams. The regional regression equations presented in this report chapter can be conveniently solved using the Montana StreamStats application.
Selected results from this study were compared with results of previous studies. For most hydrologic regions, the regression equations reported for this study had lower mean standard errors of prediction (in percent) than the previously reported regression equations for Montana. The equations presented for this study are considered to be an improvement on the previously reported equations primarily because this study (1) included 13 more years of peak-flow data; (2) included 35 more streamflow-gaging stations than previous studies; (3) used a detailed geographic information system (GIS)-based definition of the regulation status of streamflow-gaging stations, which allowed better determination of the unregulated peak-flow records that are appropriate for use in the regional regression analysis; (4) included advancements in GIS and remote-sensing technologies, which allowed more convenient calculation of basin characteristics and investigation of many more candidate basin characteristics; and (5) included advancements in computational and analytical methods, which allowed more thorough and consistent data analysis.
This report chapter also presents other methods for estimating peak-flow frequencies at ungaged sites. Two methods for estimating peak-flow frequencies at ungaged sites located on the same streams as streamflow-gaging stations are described. Additionally, envelope curves relating maximum recorded annual peak flows to contributing drainage area for each of the eight hydrologic regions in Montana are presented and compared to a national envelope curve. In addition to providing general information on characteristics of large peak flows, the regional envelope curves can be used to assess the reasonableness of peak-flow frequency estimates determined using the regression equations.
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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.1: February 2018","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality and the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, developed regional regression equations based on basin and streamflow characteristics for streamflow-gaging stations through water year 2009 that can be used to estimate streamflow characteristics for ungaged sites in western Montana. The regression equations allow estimation of low-flow frequencies; mean annual and mean monthly streamflows; and the 20-, 50-, and 80-percent durations for annual and monthly duration streamflows for ungaged sites in western Montana that are unaffected by regulation.
\nRegression equations were developed for 54 streamflow characteristics in each of the 4 hydrologic regions generally located in western Montana. Exploratory data analyses determined that of the 40 basin characteristics used as explanatory variables, only 3 were significant in the final equations. These three basin characteristics are contributing drainage area, mean annual precipitation of the drainage basin, and percentage of basin with slopes greater than 50 percent. Low-flow frequency data and daily mean streamflow data from 152 streamflow-gaging stations were used to develop the regression equations. These 152 streamflow-gaging stations were considered to be unregulated (or only the unregulated period of record for regulated streamflow-gaging stations were used). For this study, a streamflow-gaging station is considered to be unregulated if cumulative drainage area upstream from all upstream dams is less than 20 percent of the drainage basin for the streamflow-gaging station, and if no large diversion canals are upstream from the streamflow-gaging station.
\nIn addition to the regional regression equations, two methods for estimating streamflow characteristics based on drainage areas of a nearby streamflow-gaging station are provided. Also, spreadsheet tools are provided for calculating streamflow characteristics based on regression equations or the drainage-area ratio method.
\nAll of the data used to calculate basin characteristics were derived from publicly available data sources and are available through the U.S. Geological Survey Streamstats program (http://water.usgs.gov/osw/streamstats/) for Montana. The primary purpose of the Montana StreamStats application is to provide estimates of basin characteristics and streamflow characteristics for user-selected ungaged sites on Montana streams. The regional regression equations presented in this report have been loaded to the Montana StreamStats application and can be used to derive streamflow characteristics for ungaged sites.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Montana StreamStats (Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5019)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155019G","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Environmental Quality and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, P.M., Sando, Roy, Sando, S.K., and Dutton, D.M., 2016, Methods for estimating streamflow characteristics at ungaged sites in western Montana based on data through water year 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5019–G, 19 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155019G.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 19 p.; 10 Tables","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-067085","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5019G/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":319661,"rank":3,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5019G/sir20155019G_tables.xlsx","text":"Tables 1 through 4, 1–1 through 1–4, and 2–1 through 2–2","size":"483 kB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"SIR 2015–5019–G Tables"},{"id":319660,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5019G/sir20155019G.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2015–5019–G"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.03759765625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ],\n [\n -116.08154296875001,\n 47.97521412341618\n ],\n [\n -115.6201171875,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -114.64233398437499,\n 46.66451741754235\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 46.52863469527167\n ],\n [\n -114.53247070312499,\n 46.14178273759234\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 45.87471224890479\n ],\n [\n -114.53247070312499,\n 45.79050946752472\n ],\n [\n -114.576416015625,\n 45.590978249451936\n ],\n [\n -114.334716796875,\n 45.4524242413431\n ],\n [\n -113.9501953125,\n 45.69850658738848\n ],\n [\n -113.7744140625,\n 45.57560020947799\n ],\n [\n -113.7744140625,\n 45.390735154248894\n ],\n [\n -113.433837890625,\n 45.0502402697946\n ],\n [\n -113.51074218749999,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -113.26904296874999,\n 44.78573392716592\n ],\n [\n -113.08227539062499,\n 44.66865287227321\n ],\n [\n -112.9833984375,\n 44.43377984606825\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -112.796630859375,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -112.47802734375,\n 44.4808302785626\n ],\n [\n -112.379150390625,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -112.291259765625,\n 44.574817404670306\n ],\n [\n -111.8408203125,\n 44.55133484083592\n ],\n [\n -111.52221679687499,\n 44.535674532413196\n ],\n [\n -111.42333984375,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -111.346435546875,\n 44.72332018895825\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n -107.22656249999999,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -107.57812499999999,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -108.12744140625,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -111.42333984375,\n 47.2195681123155\n ],\n [\n -112.7197265625,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.03759765625,\n 48.99463598353408\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
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The climatic conditions of the specific time period during which peak-flow data were collected at a given streamflow-gaging station (hereinafter referred to as gaging station) can substantially affect how well the peak-flow frequency (hereinafter referred to as frequency) results represent long-term hydrologic conditions. Differences in the timing of the periods of record can result in substantial inconsistencies in frequency estimates for hydrologically similar gaging stations. Potential for inconsistency increases with decreasing peak-flow record length. The representativeness of the frequency estimates for a short-term gaging station can be adjusted by various methods including weighting the at-site results in association with frequency estimates from regional regression equations (RREs) by using the Weighted Independent Estimates (WIE) program. Also, for gaging stations that cannot be adjusted by using the WIE program because of regulation or drainage areas too large for application of RREs, frequency estimates might be improved by using record extension procedures, including a mixed-station analysis using the maintenance of variance type I (MOVE.1) procedure. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Montana Department of Transportation and the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, completed a study to provide adjusted frequency estimates for selected gaging stations through water year 2011.
The purpose of Chapter D of this Scientific Investigations Report is to present adjusted frequency estimates for 504 selected streamflow-gaging stations in or near Montana based on data through water year 2011. Estimates of peak-flow magnitudes for the 66.7-, 50-, 42.9-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities are reported. These annual exceedance probabilities correspond to the 1.5-, 2-, 2.33-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence intervals, respectively.
The at-site frequency estimates were adjusted by weighting with frequency estimates from RREs using the WIE program for 438 selected gaging stations in Montana. These 438 selected gaging stations (1) had periods of record less than or equal to 40 years, (2) represented unregulated or minor regulation conditions, and (3) had drainage areas less than about 2,750 square miles.
The weighted-average frequency estimates obtained by weighting with RREs generally are considered to provide improved frequency estimates. In some cases, there are substantial differences among the at-site frequency estimates, the regression-equation frequency estimates, and the weighted-average frequency estimates. In these cases, thoughtful consideration should be applied when selecting the appropriate frequency estimate. Some factors that might be considered when selecting the appropriate frequency estimate include (1) whether the specific gaging station has peak-flow characteristics that distinguish it from most other gaging stations used in developing the RREs for the hydrologic region; and (2) the length of the peak-flow record and the general climatic characteristics during the period when the peak-flow data were collected. For critical structure-design applications, a conservative approach would be to select the higher of the at-site frequency estimate and the weighted-average frequency estimate.
The mixed-station MOVE.1 procedure generally was applied in cases where three or more gaging stations were located on the same large river and some of the gaging stations could not be adjusted using the weighted-average method because of regulation or drainage areas too large for application of RREs. The mixed-station MOVE.1 procedure was applied to 66 selected gaging stations on 19 large rivers.
The general approach for using mixed-station record extension procedures to adjust at-site frequencies involved (1) determining appropriate base periods for the gaging stations on the large rivers, (2) synthesizing peak-flow data for the gaging stations with incomplete peak-flow records during the base periods by using the mixed-station MOVE.1 procedure, and (3) conducting frequency analysis on the combined recorded and synthesized peak-flow data for each gaging station. Frequency estimates for the combined recorded and synthesized datasets for 66 gaging stations with incomplete peak-flow records during the base periods are presented. The uncertainties in the mixed-station record extension results are difficult to directly quantify; thus, it is important to understand the intended use of the estimated frequencies based on analysis of the combined recorded and synthesized datasets. The estimated frequencies are considered general estimates of frequency relations among gaging stations on the same stream channel that might be expected if the gaging stations had been gaged during the same long-term base period. However, because the mixed-station record extension procedures involve secondary statistical analysis with accompanying errors, the uncertainty of the frequency estimates is larger than would be obtained by collecting systematic records for the same number of years in the base period.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Montana StreamStats (Scientific Investigation Report 2015-5019)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155019D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Transportation, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., Sando, Roy, McCarthy, P.M., and Dutton, D.M., 2016, Adjusted peak-flow frequency estimates for selected streamflow-gaging stations in or near Montana based on data through water year 2011 (ver. 1.1, February 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5019–D, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155019D.","productDescription":"Report: v, 12 p.; 5 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\"}}]}","edition":"Version 1.0: April 6, 2016; Version 1.1: February 26, 2018","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
Chapter C of this Scientific Investigations Report documents results from a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Montana Department of Transportation and the Montana Department of Natural Resources, to provide an update of statewide peak-flow frequency analyses and results for Montana. The purpose of this report chapter is to present peak-flow frequency analyses and results for 725 streamflow-gaging stations in or near Montana based on data through water year 2011. The 725 streamflow-gaging stations included in this study represent nearly all streamflowgaging stations in Montana (plus some from adjacent states or Canadian Provinces) that have at least 10 years of peak-flow records through water year 2011. For 29 of the 725 streamflow-gaging stations, peak-flow frequency analyses and results are reported for both unregulated and regulated conditions. Thus, peak-flow frequency analyses and results are reported for a total of 754 analyses. Estimates of peak-flow magnitudes for 66.7-, 50-, 42.9-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, 0.5-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probabilities are reported. These annual exceedance probabilities correspond to 1.5-, 2-, 2.33-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence intervals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Montana StreamStats (Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5019)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155019C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Montana Department of Transportation and Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation","usgsCitation":"Sando, S.K., McCarthy, P.M., and Dutton, D.M., 2016, Peak-flow frequency analyses and results based on data through water year 2011 for selected streamflow-gaging stations in or near Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5019–C, 27 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155019C.","productDescription":"Report: v, 27 p.; 6 Tables","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-061583","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3162 Bozeman Ave
Helena, MT 59601
Groundwater-quality data collected from 1995 through 2013 from 106 monitoring wells open to the base of the Silurian aquifer surrounding the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) System in Cook County, Illinois, were analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, to assess the efficacy of the monitoring network and the effects of water movement from the tunnel system to the surrounding aquifer. Groundwater from the Silurian aquifer typically drains to the tunnel system so that analyte concentrations in most of the samples from most of the monitoring wells primarily reflect the concentration of the analyte in the nearby Silurian aquifer. Water quality in the Silurian aquifer is spatially variable because of a variety of natural and non-TARP anthropogenic processes. Therefore, the trends in analyte values at a given well from 1995 through 2013 are primarily a reflection of the spatial variation in the value of the analyte in groundwater within that part of the Silurian aquifer draining to the tunnels. Intermittent drainage of combined sewer flow from the tunnel system to the Silurian aquifer when flow in the tunnel systemis greater than 80 million gallons per day may affect water quality in some nearby monitoring wells. Intermittent drainage of combined sewer flow from the tunnel system to the Silurian aquifer appears to affect the values of electrical conductivity, hardness, sulfate, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, ammonia, and fecal coliform in samples from many wells but typically during less than 5 percent of the sampling events. Drainage of combined sewer flow into the aquifer is most prevalent in the downstream parts of the tunnel systems because of the hydraulic pressures elevated above background values and long residence time of combined sewer flow in those areas. Elevated values of the analytes emplaced during intermittent migration of combined sewer flow into the Silurian aquifer decrease through time as water from the aquifer drains back into the tunnels in response to typical hydraulic conditions. Of the analytes sampled, fecal coliform provides the clearest indication of the location and timing of combined sewer flow into the Silurian aquifer surrounding the tunnel system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20155186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., 2016, Hydrogeology and groundwater quality at monitoring wells installed for the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan System and nearby water-supply wells, Cook County, Illinois, 1995–2013 (ver 1.1, May 2016): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015–5186, 347 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155186.","productDescription":"vi, 347 p.","numberOfPages":"357","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","ipdsId":"IP-063316","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319409,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2015/5186/coverthb1.jpg"},{"id":321237,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version 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1.0: Originally posted April 4, 2016; Version 1.1: May 16, 2016","contact":"Director Illinois Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 N Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
http://il.water.usgs.gov/
We constructed a one-dimensional daily averaged water-temperature model to simulate Trinity River temperatures for 1980–2013. The purpose of this model is to assess effects of water-management actions on water temperature and to provide water temperature inputs for a salmon population dynamics model. Simulated meteorological data, observed streamflow data, and observed water temperatures were used as model inputs to simulate a continuous 34-year time series of historical daily mean water temperature at eight locations along 112.2 river miles from Lewiston Dam near Weaverville, California, downstream to the Klamath River confluence. To demonstrate the utility of the model to inform management actions, we simulated three management alternatives to assess the effects of bypass flow augmentation in a drought year, 1994, and compared those results to the simulated historical baseline, referred to as the “No Action” alternative scenario. Augmentation flows from the Lewiston Dam bypass consist of temperature-controlled releases capable of cooling downstream water temperatures in hot times of the year, which can reduce the probability of disease outbreaks in fish populations. Outputs from the Trinity River water-temperature model were then used as inputs to an existing water-temperature model of the Klamath River to evaluate the effect of augmentation flow releases on water temperatures in the lower Klamath River.
\nWe structured the Trinity River water-temperature model in River Basin Model-10 (RBM10), which uses a simple equilibrium flow model, assuming discharge in each river segment on each day is transmitted downstream instantaneously. The model uses a heat-budget formulation to quantify heat flux at the air-water interface. Inputs for the heat budget are calculated from daily mean meteorological data, including net shortwave solar radiation, net longwave atmospheric radiation, air temperature, wind speed, vapor pressure, and a psychrometric constant needed to calculate the Bowen ratio. The modeling domain was divided into eight reaches ranging in length from 8.8 to 20.6 miles, which were calibrated and validated separately with observed water temperature data collected irregularly from 1980 to 2013. Root mean square errors of observed and simulated water temperatures for the eight reaches ranged from 0.25 to 1.12 degrees Celsius (°C). Mean absolute errors ranged from 0.18 to 0.89 °C. For model validation, a k-fold cross-validation technique was used. Validation root mean square error and mean absolute error for the eight reaches ranged from 0.24 to 1.11 °C and from 0.18 to 0.89 °C, respectively.
\nAugmentation scenarios were based on historical hydrological and meteorological data, combined with prescribed flow and temperature releases from Lewiston Dam provided by the Bureau of Reclamation. Water releases were scheduled to achieve targeted flows of 2,500, 2,800, and 3,200 cubic feet per second in the lower Klamath River from mid-August through late September, coinciding with the upstream migration of adult fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Water temperatures simulated at river mile 5.7 on the Klamath River showed a 5 °C decrease from the No Action historical baseline, which was near or greater than 23 °C when augmentation began in mid-August. Thereafter, an approximate 1 °C difference among augmentation scenarios emerged, with the decrease in water temperature commensurate to the level of augmentation. All augmentation scenarios simulated water temperatures equal to or less than 21 °C from mid-August through late September. Water temperatures equal to or greater than 23 °C are of particular interest because of a thermal threshold known to inhibit upstream migration of salmon. When temperatures exceed this approximate 23 °C threshold, Chinook salmon are known to congregate in high densities in thermal refugias and show extended residence times, which can potentially trigger epizootic outbreaks such as of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (“Ich”) and Flavobacterium columnare (“Columnaris”) that were the causative factors of the Klamath River fish kill in 2002. A model with the ability to simulate water temperatures in response to management actions at the basin scale is a valuable asset for water managers who must make decisions about how best to use limited water resources, which directly affect the state of fisheries in the Klamath Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161056","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Jones, E.C., Perry, R.W., Risley, J.C., Som, N.A., and Hetrick, N.J., 2016, Construction, calibration, and validation of the RBM10 water temperature model for the Trinity River, northern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1056, 46 p., https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161056.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-070848","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research 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U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
http://wfrc.usgs.gov/
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within the limit of California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar data, acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
The Offshore of Santa Cruz map area is located in central California, on the Pacific Coast about 98 km south of San Francisco. The city of Santa Cruz (population, about 63,000), the largest incorporated city in the map area and the county seat of Santa Cruz County, lies on uplifted marine terraces between the shoreline and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains, part of California’s Coast Ranges. All of California’s State Waters in the map area is part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
The map area is cut by an offshore section of the San Gregorio Fault Zone, and it lies about 20 kilometers southwest of the San Andreas Fault Zone. Regional folding and uplift along the coast has been attributed to a westward bend in the San Andreas Fault Zone and to right-lateral movement along the San Gregorio Fault Zone. Most of the coastal zone is characterized by low, rocky cliffs and sparse, small pocket beaches backed by low, terraced hills. Point Santa Cruz, which forms the north edge of Monterey Bay, provides protection for the beaches in the easternmost part of the map area by sheltering them from the predominantly northwesterly waves.
The shelf in the map area is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 25 m) of upper Quaternary shelf, estuarine, and fluvial sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. The inner shelf is characterized by bedrock outcrops that have local thin sediment cover, the result of regional uplift, high wave energy, and limited sediment supply. The midshelf occupies part of an extensive, shore-parallel mud belt. The thickest sediment deposits, inferred to consist mainly of lowstand nearshore deposits, are found in the southeastern and northwestern parts of the map area.
Coastal sediment transport in the map area is characterized by northwest-to-southeast littoral transport of sediment that is derived mainly from ephemeral streams in the Santa Cruz Mountains and also from local coastal-bluff erosion. During the last approximately 300 years, as much as 18 million cubic yards (14 million cubic meters) of sand-sized sediment has been eroded from the area between Año Nuevo Island and Point Año Nuevo and transported south; this mass of eroded sand is now enriching beaches in the map area. Sediment transport is within the Santa Cruz littoral cell, which terminates in the submarine Monterey Canyon.
Benthic species observed in the Offshore of Santa Cruz map area are natives of the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian province” or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 300 km south of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. The kelp beds are the northernmost known habitat for the population of southern sea otters. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include lingcod and various species of rockfish and greenling.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20161024","usgsCitation":"Cochrane, G.R., Dartnell, P., Johnson, S.Y., Erdey, M.D., Golden, N.E., Greene, H.G., Dieter, B.E., Hartwell, S.R., Ritchie, A.C., Finlayson, D.P., Endris, C.A., Watt, J.T., Davenport, C.W., Sliter, R.W., Maier, K.L., and Krigsman, L.M. (G.R. Cochrane and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2016, California State Waters Map Series — Offshore of Santa Cruz, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1024, pamphlet 40 p., 10 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161024.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: iv, 40 p.; 10 Sheets: 60.0 x 36.0 inches or smaller; Data Catalog; Metadata","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-058743","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438627,"rank":21,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7TM785G","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog--Offshore of Santa Cruz, California"},{"id":318983,"rank":19,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20161025","text":"Open-File Report 2016–1025","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Aptos, California, by Guy R. 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Each GIS data file is listed with a brief description, a small image, and links to the metadata files and the downloadable data files."},{"id":318971,"rank":9,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet9.pdf","text":"Sheet 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 9 PDF","linkHelpText":"Local (Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area) and Regional (Offshore from Pigeon Point to Southern Monterey Bay) Shallow-Subsurface Geology and Structure, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, Janet T. Watt, Ray W. Sliter, and Katherine L. Maier"},{"id":318969,"rank":7,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet7.pdf","text":"Sheet 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 7 PDF","linkHelpText":"Potential Marine Benthic Habitats, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Bryan E. Dieter, Charles A. Endris, H. Gary Greene, and Mercedes D. Erdey"},{"id":318968,"rank":6,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet6.pdf","text":"Sheet 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 6 PDF","linkHelpText":"Ground-Truth Studies, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Nadine E. Golden, Guy R. Cochrane, and Lisa M. Krigsman"},{"id":318967,"rank":5,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet5.pdf","text":"Sheet 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 5 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seafloor Character, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Mercedes D. Erdey and Guy R. Cochrane"},{"id":318966,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet4.pdf","text":"Sheet 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 4 PDF","linkHelpText":"Data Integration and Visualization, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell"},{"id":318965,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet3.pdf","text":"Sheet 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 3 PDF","linkHelpText":"Acoustic Backscatter, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Andrew C. Ritchie, and David P. Finlayson"},{"id":318975,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Pamphlet"},{"id":318977,"rank":13,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_metadata.html"},{"id":318970,"rank":8,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet8.pdf","text":"Sheet 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 8 PDF","linkHelpText":"Seismic-Reflection Profiles, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California by Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Ray W. Sliter"},{"id":399098,"rank":20,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_104092.htm"},{"id":318976,"rank":12,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":318964,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 2 PDF","linkHelpText":"Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Andrew C. Ritchie, and David P. Finlayson"},{"id":318963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 1 PDF","linkHelpText":"Colored Shaded-Relief Bathymetry, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Peter Dartnell, Andrew C. Ritchie, and David P. Finlayson"},{"id":318979,"rank":15,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/","text":"Data Series 781","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series Data Catalog"},{"id":318972,"rank":10,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1024/ofr20161024_sheet10.pdf","text":"Sheet 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2016-1024 Sheet 10 PDF","linkHelpText":"Offshore and Onshore Geology and Geomorphology, Offshore of Santa Cruz Map Area, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Stephen R. Hartwell, and Clifton W. Davenport"},{"id":318980,"rank":16,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3306/","text":"Scientific Investigations Map 3306","linkHelpText":"California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of San Gregorio, California, by Guy R. Cochrane and others."}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Santa Cruz","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.1997,\n 36.8425\n ],\n [\n -122.0333,\n 36.8425\n ],\n [\n -122.0333,\n 37.0033\n ],\n [\n -122.1997,\n 37.0033\n ],\n [\n -122.1997,\n 36.8425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/
In 2007, the California Ocean Protection Council initiated the California Seafloor Mapping Program (CSMP), designed to create a comprehensive seafloor map of high-resolution bathymetry, marine benthic habitats, and geology within California’s State Waters. The CSMP approach is to create highly detailed seafloor maps through collection, integration, interpretation, and visualization of swath sonar bathymetric data (the undersea equivalent of satellite remote-sensing data in terrestrial mapping), acoustic backscatter, seafloor video, seafloor photography, high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, and bottom-sediment sampling data. The map products display seafloor morphology and character, identify potential marine benthic habitats, and illustrate both the surficial seafloor geology and shallow subsurface geology.
\nThe Offshore of Aptos map area is located on the Pacific Coast, on the north side of Monterey Bay, about 105 km southeast of San Francisco. The largest incorporated city in the map area, Capitola, and numerous unincorporated towns including Aptos, lie on uplifted marine terraces between the shoreline, and the northwest-trending Santa Cruz Mountains, part of California’s Coast Ranges. The map area includes the northernmost part of Santa Cruz Harbor, and Moss Landing Harbor is located about 10 km south of the map area. The offshore part of the map area is entirely within California’s State Waters and is also part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. In the southern part of the map area, the Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area extends eastward from the limit of California’s State Waters across Soquel Canyon.
\nThe Offshore of Aptos map area is on the western margin of North American Plate—the only continental margin in the world delineated largely by transform faults. The San Andreas Fault Zone cuts through the Santa Cruz Mountains just 3.5 km northeast of the map area. The San Gregorio Fault Zone, another major plate-boundary structure, cuts through Monterey Canyon about 13 km southwest of the map area. Ongoing deformation associated with and between these major fault zones has uplifted the Santa Cruz Mountains and formed well-developed sets of marine terraces that characterize almost the entire coastal zone of the map area.
\nThe offshore part of the map area consists of relatively flat and shallow continental shelf which is underlain by variable amounts (0 to 30 m) of upper Quaternary shelf, estuarine, and fluvial sediments deposited as sea level fluctuated in the late Pleistocene. Along the southern edge of the map area, the shelf is incised by the head of Soquel Canyon, a northeast-trending tributary to the west-trending Monterey Canyon. During the last sea-level lowstand (the Last Glacial Maximum [LGM], about 21,000 years ago) Soquel Creek flowed through a paleochannel across the emergent shelf into the head of Soquel Canyon. This canyon was disconnected from its onshore watershed during the post-LGM sea-level rise of about 125 m; the abandoned paleochannel was subsequently filled with marine sediment. Coastal sediment in the Offshore of Aptos map area is supplied by coastal watersheds and bluff erosion. Sediment transport in this part of the Santa Cruz littoral cell is primarily from the northwest to the southeast and terminates in the submarine Monterey Canyon. Longshore drift is impeded by jetties at Santa Cruz Harbor, resulting in high beach erosion rates east of the harbor. Sediment dredged from the harbor mouth (estimated 300,000 yds3/yr) is currently being used to nourish beaches directly to the east. Farther downcoast, the rapidly eroding beach at Capitola was stabilized by construction of an about 75-m-long groin.
\nThis part of central California is exposed to large North Pacific swells from the northwest throughout the year. North Pacific swell heights range from 2 to 10 meters, with larger swells occurring from October to May. During El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, winter storms track farther south than they do in normal (non-ENSO) years, thereby impacting the map area more frequently and with waves of larger heights. Bedrock exposed in coastal cliffs is relatively erosion-resistant, and significant erosional events primarily are restricted to storm-wave activity that also erodes the overlying unconsolidated marine-terrace sediments.
\nThe Offshore of Aptos map area lies within the cold-temperate biogeographic zone that is called either the “Oregonian” province or the “northern California ecoregion.” This biogeographic province is maintained by the long-term stability of the southward-flowing California Current, the eastern limb of the North Pacific subtropical gyre that flows from southern British Columbia to Baja California. At its midpoint off central California, the California Current transports subarctic surface (0–500 m deep) waters southward, about 150 to 1,300 km from shore. Seasonal northwesterly winds that are, in part, responsible for the California Current, generate coastal upwelling. The south end of the Oregonian province is at Point Conception (about 310 km southeast of the map area), although its associated phylogeographic group of marine fauna may extend beyond to the area offshore of Los Angeles in southern California. The ocean off of central California has experienced a warming over the last 50 years that is driving an ecosystem shift away from the productive subarctic regime towards a depopulated subtropical environment.
\nSeafloor habitats in the Offshore of Aptos map area lie within the “Shelf” Megahabitat class and include patchy rocky habitats, gravel-rich scour depressions, minor bedrock habitat, and predominantly sandy inner shelf. Sandy shelf habitats grade offshore to mud-dominated habitats on the midshelf in deeper water. Biological productivity resulting from coastal upwelling supports populations of Sooty Shearwater, Western Gull, Common Murre, Cassin’s Auklet, and many other less populous bird species. In addition, an observable recovery of Humpback and Blue Whales has occurred in the area; both species are dependent on coastal upwelling to provide nutrients. California sea lions and Pacific harbor seals are abundant in the map area. Common bottlenose dolphins are often observed very close to shore and in the surf zone. The large extent of exposed inner shelf bedrock supports large forests of “bull kelp,” which is well adapted for high-wave-energy environments. The kelp beds are the northernmost known habitat for the population of southern sea otters. Common fish species found in the kelp beds and rocky reefs include blue rockfish, black rockfish, olive rockfish, kelp rockfish, gopher rockfish, black-and-yellow rockfish, painted greenling, kelp greenling, and lingcod.
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Contact Information
Pacific Coastal & Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/