An extensive review of geologic and tectonic features of western North America suggests that the interaction of oceanic plates with the continent follows a broad cyclical pattern. In a typical cycle, periods of rapid subduction (7–15 cm/yr), andesitic volcanism, and trench-normal contraction are followed by a shift to trench-normal extension, the onset of voluminous silicic volcanism, formation of large calderas, and the creation of major batholiths. Extension becomes pervasive in metamorphic core complexes, and there is a shift to fundamentally basaltic volcanism, formation of flood basalts, widespread rifting, rotation of terranes, and extensive circulation of fluids throughout the plate margin. Strike-slip faulting becomes widespread with the creation of new tectonostratigraphic terranes. A new subduction zone forms and the cycle repeats. Each cycle is 50–80 m.y. long; cycles since the Triassic have ended and begun at approximately 225, 152, 92, 44, and 15 Ma. The youngest two cycles are diachronous, one from Oregon to Alaska, the other from central Mexico to California. The transitions from one cycle to the next cycle are characterized by rapid and pervasive changes termed, in this chapter, “major chaotic tectonic events.” These events appear to be related to the necking or breaking apart of the formerly subducted slab at shallow depth, the resulting delamination of the plate margin, and the onset of a new subduction cycle. These are times of the most rapid apparent and true polar wander of the North American plate, when the plate appears most free to move relative to surrounding plates and relative to the mantle below the asthenosphere. In western North America, magmatism and tectonics during the Jurassic period are quite similar to magmatism and tectonics since mid-Cretaceous time except strike-slip faulting shifted in sense from left lateral to right lateral.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p1","usgsCitation":"Ward, P.L., 1995, Subduction cycles under western North America during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 1-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p1.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States","otherGeospatial":"North America, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -177.78699286055368,\n 52.25188137647572\n ],\n [\n -179.82176347779043,\n 51.83879790762251\n ],\n [\n -177.594296299463,\n 49.45767874399317\n ],\n [\n -152.02114168165667,\n 50.414520527671954\n ],\n [\n -139.75964848008385,\n 47.114152954180554\n ],\n [\n -133.272375608714,\n 39.839320520355585\n ],\n [\n -122.64953990333328,\n 29.810528161543857\n ],\n [\n -112.0261150855668,\n 18.567934573385998\n ],\n [\n -107.04539958056142,\n 16.487000578293845\n ],\n [\n -87.9812223506957,\n 7.364465547113994\n ],\n [\n -79.74841548731554,\n 4.1488071426910125\n ],\n [\n -77.19604503024772,\n 8.0594833416243\n ],\n [\n -79.36492820584874,\n 9.395767803687605\n ],\n [\n -80.68016778989231,\n 8.61338815739316\n ],\n [\n -82.45159886739621,\n 9.133824658347933\n ],\n [\n -84.33511589805352,\n 11.26315675863286\n ],\n [\n -87.10405943458215,\n 14.385764648657442\n ],\n [\n -91.43377150909859,\n 17.436666367013885\n ],\n [\n -94.6652530938623,\n 17.419885222842098\n ],\n [\n -99.15189202715379,\n 19.884973470357096\n ],\n [\n -102.00094310286613,\n 21.611641762239202\n ],\n [\n -104.18419320270493,\n 24.799918491303686\n ],\n [\n -107.91799154540757,\n 30.37395169266442\n ],\n [\n -111.96111479801684,\n 31.314380395734688\n ],\n [\n -115.0809761340904,\n 32.76834122511366\n ],\n [\n -117.28966950685972,\n 36.267551892180876\n ],\n [\n -119.77550738589503,\n 39.188931810322515\n ],\n [\n -120.73401263309813,\n 42.0637266135798\n ],\n [\n -119.84597741848228,\n 45.86482481763423\n ],\n [\n -119.11811024741314,\n 50.10367018811692\n ],\n [\n -124.60387080410644,\n 53.30814435527196\n ],\n [\n -127.93325973105868,\n 57.534796165347075\n ],\n [\n -136.49254932907186,\n 62.87678396020135\n ],\n [\n -149.2818009152614,\n 65.24427857496096\n ],\n [\n -156.39777981418695,\n 62.11720193249451\n ],\n [\n -158.9963384527772,\n 57.53698834847688\n ],\n [\n -170.1022920626318,\n 53.34777828764027\n ],\n [\n -177.78699286055368,\n 52.25188137647572\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875413,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875414,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Peter L.","contributorId":86324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70244285,"text":"70244285 - 1995 - Intrusive volcanic rocks in western Pacific forearcs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-12T18:40:04.007436","indexId":"70244285","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:15:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":12608,"text":"Geophysical Monograph Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Intrusive volcanic rocks in western Pacific forearcs","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Active margins and marginal basins of the western Pacific","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM088p0031","usgsCitation":"Taylor, R.N., Marlow, M.S., Johnson, L.E., Taylor, B., Bloomer, S.H., and Mitchell, J.G., 1995, Intrusive volcanic rocks in western Pacific forearcs, chap. of Active margins and marginal basins of the western Pacific: Geophysical Monograph Series, v. 88, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM088p0031.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Izu-Bonin Arc, Lau Basin, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean, Tofua Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 136.07998932540414,\n 31.234770897746515\n ],\n [\n 136.07998932540414,\n 25.546197930283\n ],\n [\n 144.40393522716573,\n 25.546197930283\n ],\n [\n 144.40393522716573,\n 31.234770897746515\n ],\n [\n 136.07998932540414,\n 31.234770897746515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 134.56156023706308,\n 18.282418001091187\n ],\n [\n 134.56156023706308,\n 10.400347968340029\n ],\n [\n 142.59128749141115,\n 10.400347968340029\n ],\n [\n 142.59128749141115,\n 18.282418001091187\n ],\n [\n 134.56156023706308,\n 18.282418001091187\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.82886485909916,\n -14.04717587221434\n ],\n [\n 179.82886485909916,\n -21.05528809553445\n ],\n [\n 188.7525026381365,\n -21.05528809553445\n ],\n [\n 188.7525026381365,\n -14.04717587221434\n ],\n [\n 179.82886485909916,\n -14.04717587221434\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","edition":"31","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Taylor, Brian","contributorId":77448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875185,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Natland, James H.","contributorId":299498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Natland","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875186,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Rex N.","contributorId":306236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Rex","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Lynne E. lejohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Lynne","email":"lejohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":875181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Brian","contributorId":77448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bloomer, Sherman H.","contributorId":306237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bloomer","given":"Sherman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mitchell, John G.","contributorId":306238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitchell","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70094997,"text":"70094997 - 1995 - Airborne electromagnetic resistivity mapping in Everglades National Park, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-26T13:23:07","indexId":"70094997","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Airborne electromagnetic resistivity mapping in Everglades National Park, Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems: SAGEEP '95","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems: SAGEEP '95","conferenceDate":"1995-04-23T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D., Fennema, R., Fraser, D., and Labson, V., 1995, Airborne electromagnetic resistivity mapping in Everglades National Park, Florida, p. 657-670.","productDescription":"p. 657-670","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.5212,24.85 ], [ -81.5212,25.8918 ], [ -80.3887,25.8918 ], [ -80.3887,24.85 ], [ -81.5212,24.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c0ee4b0b290850f0bc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, D.V. 0000-0001-5600-3401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-3401","contributorId":70386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fennema, R.J.","contributorId":10846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fennema","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fraser, D.C.","contributorId":35732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Labson, V.F.","contributorId":20506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Labson","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70133679,"text":"70133679 - 1995 - Conservation of geographically disjunct large mammals. A review of bison: mating and conservation in small populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-18T13:05:30","indexId":"70133679","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3807,"text":"Zoo Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation of geographically disjunct large mammals. A review of bison: mating and conservation in small populations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Zoo and Aquarium Association","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1002/zoo.1430140409","usgsCitation":"Meagher, M., 1995, Conservation of geographically disjunct large mammals. A review of bison: mating and conservation in small populations: Zoo Biology, v. 14, no. 4, p. 381-383, https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430140409.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"383","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":296168,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296167,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zoo.1430140409/abstract"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c75fee4b0f4a3478a6109","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meagher, Mary","contributorId":23467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148573,"text":"70148573 - 1995 - Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148573,"text":"70148573 - 1995 - Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian","indexId":"70148573","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:42:04","indexId":"70148573","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian","docAbstract":"The North American group of shorebirds includes 48 kinds of sandpipers, plovers, and their allies, many of which live for most of the year in coastal marine habitats; other live principally in nonmarine habitats including grasslands, freshwater wetlands, and even second-growth woodlands. Most North American shorebirds are highly migratory, while others are weakly migratory, and even nonmigratory in some parts of their range. Here we discuss shorebirds east of the 105th meridian (roughly east of the Rocky Mountains). Historically, populations of many North American species were dramatically reduces by excessive gunning (Forbush 1912). Most populations recovered after the passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, although some species never recovered and others have declined again.
\nHigh proportions of entire populations of shorebirds migrate by visiting one or a small number of \"staging sites\", areas where the birds accumulate fat to provide fuel before continuing with their long-distance, nonstop flights to the next site (Morrison and Harrington 1979; Senner and Howe 1984; Harrington et al. 1991). Growing evidence (Schneider and Harrington 1981) indicates that staging areas are unusually productive sites with highly predictable but seasonally ephemeral \"blooms\" of invertebrates, which shorebirds use for fattening. In some cases, especially for \"obligate\" coastal species, specific sites are traditionally used; even other species sites may shift between years. Because pf this, conservationists believe some species are at risk through loss of strategic migration site (Myers et al. 1987). Other species are threatened by the less of breeding and wintering habitats (Page et al. 1991; Haig and Plissner 1993; B. Leachman and B. Osmundsom, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data).
\nThe predicted consequences of global warming, such as sea-level change, will also strongly affect the intertidal marine habitats, which many species of shorebirds depend upon. Some of the strongest warming effects will be at high latitudes, including those where many shorebirds migrate to breed, as well as south temperate latitudes, where many of them winter.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Harrington, B.A., 1995, Shorebirds: East of the 105th meridian, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 57-60.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339883,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"},{"id":301227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557ff73de4b023124e8ef98f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691802,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691803,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691804,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691805,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691806,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Harrington, Brian A.","contributorId":58989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrington","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70148557,"text":"70148557 - 1995 - North American ducks","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148557,"text":"70148557 - 1995 - North American ducks","indexId":"70148557","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"North American ducks"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:21:56","indexId":"70148557","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"North American ducks","docAbstract":"Increased predation and habitat degradation and destruction coupled with drought, especially on breeding grounds, have caused the declines of some duck populations. More than 30 species of fucks breed in North America, in areas as diverse as the Arctic tundra and the subtropics of Florida and Mexico. For many of these species, however, the Prairie Pothole region of the north-central United States and south-central Canada is the most important breeding area, although migratory behavior and the life histories of different species lead them to use many wetland habitats.
\nNumerous sources of information are available on the status of duck populations in North America. The two most comprehensive and reliable sources are the Breeding Population and Habitat Survey, conducted since 1955 and encompassing the Prairie Pothole region, boreal forests, and tundra habitats from South Dakota to Alaska (Caithammer et al. 1993), and the Midwinter Survey, encompassing the United States and portions of Canada and Mexico at regular intervals. Results from these surveys are the basis for this article.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Caithamer, D.F., and Smith, G.W., 1995, North American ducks, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 34-37.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339877,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","text":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557c02dae4b023124e8edf2e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691787,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691788,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691789,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691790,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691791,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Caithamer, David F.","contributorId":24888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caithamer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Graham W.","contributorId":63088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148572,"text":"70148572 - 1995 - Seabirds in Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148572,"text":"70148572 - 1995 - Seabirds in Alaska","indexId":"70148572","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Seabirds in Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:35:21","indexId":"70148572","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seabirds in Alaska","docAbstract":"About 100 million seabirds reside in marine waters of Alaska during some part of the year. Perhaps half this population is composed of 50 species of nonbreeding residents, visitors, and breeding species that use marine habitats only seasonally (Gould et al. 1982). Another 30 species include 40-60 million individuals that breed in Alaska and spend most of their lives in U.S. territorial waters (Sowls et al. 1978). Alaskan populations account for more than 95% of the breeding seabirds in the continental United States, and eight species nest nowhere else in North America (USFWS 1992).
\nSeabird nest sites include rock ledges, open ground, underground burrows, and crevices in cliffs or talus. Seabirds take a variety of prey from the ocean, including krill, small fish, and squid. Suitable nest sites and oceanic prey are the most important factors controlling the natural distribution and abundance of seabirds.
\nThe impetus for seabird monitoring is based partly on public concern for the welfare of these birds, which are affected by a variety of human activities like oil pollution and commercial fishing. Equally important is the role seabirds serve as indicators of ecological change in the marine environment. Seabirds are long-lived and slow to mature, so parameters such as breeding success, diet, or survival rates often give earlier signals of changing environmental conditions that population size itself. Seabird survival data are of interest because they reflect conditions affecting seabirds in the nonbreeding season, when most annual mortality occurs.
\nTechniques for monitoring seabird populations vary according to habitat types and the breeding behavior of individual species (Hatch and Hatch 1978, 1989; Byrd et al. 1983). An affordable monitoring program can include but a few of the 1,300 seabird colonies identified in Alaska, and since the mid-1970's, monitoring effotrts have emphasized a small selection of surface-feeding and diving species, primarily kittiwakes (Rissa spp.) and murres (Uria spp.). Little or no information on trends is available for other seabirds (Hatch 1993a). The existing monitoring program occurs largely on sites within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, which was established primarily for the conservation of marine birds. Data are collected by refuge staff, other state and federal agencies, private organizations, university faculty, and students.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., and Piatt, J.F., 1995, Seabirds in Alaska, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 49-52.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557ff73ce4b023124e8ef98d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691797,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691798,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691799,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691800,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691801,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148459,"text":"70148459 - 1995 - Canada geese in the Atlantic Flyway","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148459,"text":"70148459 - 1995 - Canada geese in the Atlantic Flyway","indexId":"70148459","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Canada geese in the Atlantic Flyway"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:18:46","indexId":"70148459","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Canada geese in the Atlantic Flyway","docAbstract":"Large changes have occurred in the geographic wintering distribution and subspecies composition of the Atlantic Flyway population of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) over the last 40 years. The Atlantic Flyway can be thought of as being partitioned into four regions: South, Chesapeake, mid-Atlantic, and New England. Wintering numbers have declined in the southern states (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), increased then decreased in the Chesapeake region (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia), and increased markedly in the mid-Atlantic region (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia) (Serie 1993; Fig. 1). In the New England region (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut), wintering numbers increased from around 6,000 during 1948-50 to between 20,000 and 30,000 today (Serie 1993).
\nOverall, the total number of wintering geese reaching a peak of 955,000 in 1981 and has since declined 40% to 569,000 in 1993. Compounding these distributional changes in wintering numbers, the subspecies composition has also changed. The Canada goose population is composed of migrant geese (primarily B.c. canadensis and B.c. interior) that breed in the subarctic regions of Canada and resident geese (primarily B.c. maxima and B.c. moffitti) that breed in southern Canada and the United States (Stotts 1983). The number of resident geese in Maine to Virginia has increased considerable from maybe 50,000 to 100,000 in 1981 (Conover and Chasko 1985) to an average of 560,000 in 1992-93 (H. Heusman, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, personal communication). This rapid increase in resident geese suggests that the migrant population has declined more than the 40% decline observed in total wintering geese from 1981 to 1993.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hestbeck, J.B., 1995, Canada geese in the Atlantic Flyway, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Flyway","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5576bcaee4b032353cb54ed5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691782,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691783,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691784,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691785,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691786,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hestbeck, Jay B. jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"Jay","email":"jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":548269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4842,"text":"4842 - 1995 - Information and technology report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T12:40:41","indexId":"4842","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:39:57","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Information and technology report","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/4842","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Information and technology report, https://doi.org/10.3133/4842.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc37e4b0b58d96eeb5c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70100277,"text":"70100277 - 1995 - Earthquake triggering: a review of evidence from the 1992 Landers, California, sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-31T12:42:43","indexId":"70100277","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:39:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Earthquake triggering: a review of evidence from the 1992 Landers, California, sequence","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on inducing of earthquakes by underground nuclear explosions: environmental and ecological problems","conferenceTitle":"NATO Advanced Research Workshop on inducing of earthquakes by underground nuclear explosions: environmental and ecological problems","conferenceDate":"1994-11-09T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Moscow, Russia","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","isbn":"9783540601852","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., 1995, Earthquake triggering: a review of evidence from the 1992 Landers, California, sequence, p. 225-234.","productDescription":"p. 225-234","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":285147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559430e4b0120853e8bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural and anthropogenic influences in fluvial geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM089p0177","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, J.C., and Rubin, D.M., 1995, Regulated streamflow, fine-grained deposits, and effective discharge in canyons with abundant debris fans, chap. of Natural and anthropogenic influences in fluvial geomorphology: Geophysical Monograph Series, v. 89, p. 177-195, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM089p0177.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"195","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.9462583812428,\n 40.77616798260604\n ],\n [\n -109.63577873571579,\n 40.82766979657464\n ],\n [\n -110.64588617346199,\n 40.74959632230514\n ],\n [\n -111.79867998191345,\n 40.73412341807352\n ],\n [\n -111.93633710782139,\n 39.88449928882483\n ],\n [\n -112.52304946656928,\n 39.03080209428023\n ],\n [\n -112.81782923713384,\n 38.69138491765483\n ],\n [\n -114.04211237156154,\n 37.865888664888345\n ],\n [\n -114.09055182091815,\n 36.34777579852674\n ],\n [\n -114.3094004444239,\n 35.289937021759286\n ],\n [\n -113.82269273332507,\n 34.73643647348396\n ],\n [\n -113.16530597737513,\n 34.468784782358156\n ],\n [\n -112.61169315556499,\n 34.508551557335196\n ],\n [\n -112.17026130439983,\n 33.99925435042367\n ],\n [\n -111.23564502192018,\n 33.64122877756674\n ],\n [\n -109.31408805956453,\n 33.24860678287237\n ],\n [\n -108.69169828058155,\n 33.12616319598628\n ],\n [\n -108.11297645494115,\n 32.80519831449861\n ],\n [\n -107.65771814239072,\n 32.78225807497243\n ],\n [\n -106.91487890346873,\n 33.842830482177106\n ],\n [\n -106.1159115413629,\n 34.696531853938325\n ],\n [\n -106.20076797499708,\n 36.12180196922169\n ],\n [\n -106.47749523202386,\n 36.92344889386638\n ],\n [\n -106.48165232506211,\n 37.45963079454232\n ],\n [\n -106.79424563000775,\n 37.96697904485711\n ],\n [\n -106.6015734322226,\n 38.449334909434015\n ],\n [\n -107.17910139070752,\n 39.20524809523687\n ],\n [\n -107.065738531507,\n 39.97344173031192\n ],\n [\n -106.80561404304599,\n 40.251606028174734\n ],\n [\n -107.08344249832824,\n 40.81999921069763\n ],\n [\n -108.9462583812428,\n 40.77616798260604\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Costa, J. E.","contributorId":304712,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costa","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":66149,"text":"Buzzards Bay Coalition","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":875175,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, A.J.","contributorId":70119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875176,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, K. W.","contributorId":306235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Potter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875177,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilcock, P.R.","contributorId":36709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcock","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875178,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, John C. 0000-0002-2988-3869 jcschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-3869","contributorId":1983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"John","email":"jcschmidt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148556,"text":"70148556 - 1995 - Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148556,"text":"70148556 - 1995 - Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations","indexId":"70148556","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:22:44","indexId":"70148556","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations","docAbstract":"North American populations of most goose species have remained stable or have increased in recent decades (USFWS and Canadian Wildlife Service 1986). Some populations, however, have declined or historically have had small numbers of individuals, and thus are of special concern. Individual populations of geese should be maintained to ensure that they provide aesthetic, recreational, and ecological benefits to the nation. Monitoring and management efforts for geese should focus on individual populations to ensure that genetic diversity is maintain (Anderson et al. 1992).
Alaska is the only state with viable breeding populations of arctic geese. Five species (11 subspecies) nest in Alaska, and although these species also breed in arctic regions of Canada or Russia, most geese of the Pacific Flyway originate in Alaska or use Alaskan habitats during migration. Alaskan geese are often hunted for subsistence by Alaskan natives.
While data for some areas are lacking, populations of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) and medium-sized Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in interior and northern Alaska appear stable or have increased (King and Derksen 1986). Although only a small number of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) nest in Alaska, substantial populations occur in Canada and Russia. Populations of Pacific black brant (B. bernicla nigricans), emperor geese (C. canagica), greater white-fronted geese, and cackling Canada geese (B.c. minima) on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) of western Alaska have declined from their historical numbers and are the focus of special management efforts (USFWS 1989). In addition, populations of tule white-fronted geese (A.a. gambeli), Aleutian Canada geese (B.c. leucopareia), Vancouver Canada Geese (B.c. fulva), and dusky Canada geese (B.c. occidentalis) are of special concern because of their limited geographic distributions and small numbers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Stehn, R.A., Ely, C.R., and Derksen, D.V., 1995, Arctic nesting geese: Alaskan populations, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 30-34.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":301195,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339870,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"557c02bde4b023124e8edeff","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691755,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691756,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691757,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691758,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691759,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehn, Robert A.","contributorId":83986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223101,"text":"5223101 - 1995 - A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an Arctic wolf pack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:47:58.286674","indexId":"5223101","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an Arctic wolf pack","docAbstract":"A pack of two to eight adult wolves (Canis lupus arctos) and their pups was observed during ten summers (1986-95) on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. The author habituated the wolf pack to his presence in the first summer and reinforced the habituation each summer thereafter. The first alpha female produced four to six pups each year between 1986 and 1989. However, her daughter, who succeeded her as the alpha female, produced only one to three pups each year between 1990 and 1992 and in 1994, and apparently did not whelp in 1993 or in 1995. The tenure of the first alpha male was at least two years, and his successor was alpha male for the remaining eight years of the study. The wolf pack was characterized by highly variable annual productivity. The second alpha male-and-female breeding pair likely was an older brother and a younger sister. Early survival of wolf pups was high and constant, with all pups surviving through August of their first year. The pack's demography was consistent with what is known for wolf packs in other regions of North America, but its productivity was more typical of arctic packs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1255","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., 1995, A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an Arctic wolf pack: Arctic, v. 48, no. 4, p. 329-332, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1255.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"332","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1255","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Ellesmere Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.5811513223311,\n 76.82297619841967\n ],\n [\n -89.2014451937311,\n 76.3215487290854\n ],\n [\n -81.41013183979067,\n 76.09128987431768\n ],\n [\n -77.58850899120095,\n 76.63629705443725\n ],\n [\n -73.01226792019128,\n 79.18603851003371\n ],\n [\n -60.293629036818345,\n 82.35971025747855\n ],\n [\n -68.82416150731625,\n 83.15278958450986\n ],\n [\n -80.54056932401815,\n 82.93468308194096\n ],\n [\n -91.80048503847394,\n 81.6755603503411\n ],\n [\n -88.07624843842454,\n 80.61862365776216\n ],\n [\n -86.93658092892795,\n 80.31219537257954\n ],\n [\n -86.3270206049004,\n 79.82207624965858\n ],\n [\n -84.17887533916945,\n 79.19718245636574\n ],\n [\n -85.17836103420198,\n 78.85781222177903\n ],\n [\n -86.99511797117627,\n 78.71047709315377\n ],\n [\n -87.32470631808317,\n 78.04410993832832\n ],\n [\n -87.7630582227282,\n 77.81940378182117\n ],\n [\n -88.39852598399844,\n 77.48983442717872\n ],\n [\n -87.4604318539433,\n 77.22171830758921\n ],\n [\n -89.5811513223311,\n 76.82297619841967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5c9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222722,"text":"5222722 - 1995 - Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:44:29.561553","indexId":"5222722","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology","docAbstract":"Comparative demographic studies of terrestrial vertebrates have included few samples of species from tropical forests. We analyzed 9 yr of mark—recapture data and estimated demographic parameters for 25 species of birds inhabiting lowland forests in central Panama. These species were all songbirds (Order Passeriformes) ranging in mass from 7 to 57 g. Using Jolly—Seber stochastic models for open populations, we estimated annual survival rate, population size, and recruitment between sampling periods for each species. We then explored relationships between these parameters and attributes such as body size, phylogenetic affiliation, foraging guild, and social behavior. Larger birds had comparatively long life—spans and low recruitment, but body size was not associated with population size. After adjusting for effects of body size, we found no association between phylogenetic affiliation and any demographic trait. Ecological attributes, especially foraging guild, were more clearly associated with interspecific variation in all demographic traits. Ant—followers had comparatively long life—spans, but species that participate in flocks did not live longer than solitary species. The allometric associations we observed were consistent with those demonstrated in other studies of vertebrates; thus, these relationships appear to be robust. Our findings that ecological factors were more influential than phylogenetic affiliation contrasts with comparative studies of temperate—zone birds and suggests that the relative importance of environmental vs. historical factors varies geographically.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1940630","usgsCitation":"Brawn, J.D., Karr, J.R., and Nichols, J.D., 1995, Demography of birds in a neotropical forest: Effects of allometry, taxonomy, and ecology: Ecology, v. 76, no. 1, p. 41-51, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940630.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5cad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brawn, J. D.","contributorId":31850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brawn","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karr, James R.","contributorId":176566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karr","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":200533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70148456,"text":"70148456 - 1995 - Canada geese in North America","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70148456,"text":"70148456 - 1995 - Canada geese in North America","indexId":"70148456","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Canada geese in North America"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:16:52","indexId":"70148456","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Canada geese in North America","docAbstract":"Canada geese (Branta canadensis) are probably more abundant now than at any time in history. They rank first among wildlife watchers and second among harvests of waterfowl species in North America. Canada geese are also the most widely distributed and phenotypically (visible characteristics of the birds) variable species of bird in North America. Breeding populations now exist in every province and territory of Canada and in 49 of the 50 United States. The size of the 12 recognized subspecies range from 1.4 kg (3-lb) cackling Canada goose (B.c. minima) to the 5.0 kg (11-lb) giant Canada goose (B.c. maxima; Delacour 1954; Bellrose 1976).
\nMarket hunting and poor stewardship led to record low numbers of geese in the early 1900's, but regulated seasons including closures, refuges, and law enforcement led to restoration of most populations. Winter surveys were begun to study population trends and set responsible harvest regulations for these long-lived and diverse birds. Winter surveys begun in 1936-37 probably represent the oldest continuing index of migratory birds in North America.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Rusch, D.H., Malecki, R.E., and Trost, R.E., 1995, Canada geese in North America, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 26-28.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":301063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339875,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5576bcade4b032353cb54ed0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691777,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691778,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691779,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691780,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691781,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Rusch, Donald H.","contributorId":111715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusch","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malecki, Richard E.","contributorId":141081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malecki","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trost, Robert E.","contributorId":114181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trost","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":548255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006551,"text":"70006551 - 1995 - Biology and status of the shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi Koelz in the Laurentian Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T12:01:02","indexId":"70006551","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:58:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Biology and status of the shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi Koelz in the Laurentian Great Lakes","docAbstract":"The shortnose cisco, Coregonus reighardi, a member of the endemic species assemblage of Coregoninae in the Laurentian Great Lakes, was commercially important until overfishing and competition pressures from induced planktivores extirpated the species in Lakes Michigan and Ontario. Spawning shortnose ciscoes have been collected from Lake Huron and Georgian Bay of Lake Huron since 1956, however, no individuals have been collected from these habitats since 1985. Shortnose ciscoes were not collected during surveys of the cisco fishery of Georgian Bay during the summer of 1992 and spring of 1993. The lack of captures in the last eight years coupled with captures of only lone individuals in the last 16 years suggests the species may be extinct in all of the Laurentian system. The life history traits examined for Lake Huron shortnose ciscoes were similar to the conditions recorded for Lake Michigan and Ontario shortnose ciscoes, although Lake Huron fish were smaller.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archiv fur Hydrobiologie; Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes -- 1993","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung","publisherLocation":"Stuttgart, Germany","usgsCitation":"Webb, S.A., and Todd, T.N., 1995, Biology and status of the shortnose cisco Coregonus reighardi Koelz in the Laurentian Great Lakes, chap. of Archiv fur Hydrobiologie; Biology and Management of Coregonid Fishes -- 1993, v. 46, p. 71-77.","productDescription":"p. 71-77","startPage":"71","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.11,41.4 ], [ -92.11,48.85 ], [ -76.3,48.85 ], [ -76.3,41.4 ], [ -92.11,41.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae764be4b0abf75cf2bf03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Shane A.","contributorId":83445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Todd, Thomas N.","contributorId":42547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244283,"text":"70244283 - 1995 - Geology, hydrology, and mechanics of a slow-moving, clay-rich landslide, Honolulu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-12T17:30:24.477655","indexId":"70244283","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:52:06","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geology, hydrology, and mechanics of a slow-moving, clay-rich landslide, Honolulu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The Alani-Paty landslide has damaged streets, utilities, and homes built on a debris apron in Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. Failure of weathered, crudely stratified, highly plastic, debris-apron deposits has created several similar landslides in southeastern Oahu. The Alani-Paty landslide affects about 60 residential lots. It is about 300 m long, 160 m wide, 7-10 m thick, and consists of two main kinematic elements that are separated by a right-lateral shear zone. One element has moved about 4 m, mainly by translation, down a slope of about 12°, and the adjacent element has moved about 3 m down a slope of 9°. Longitudinal stretching in the upslope third and shortening in the downslope two-thirds characterize deformation in each element; landslides in Ohio, Utah, and Colorado have deformed similarly. Smectite-rich clay layers within the deposits are medium to stiff, and measured angles of residual friction range from 6° to 11° with cohesion intercepts less than 12.5 kPa. Saturated hydraulic conductivity within the landslide decreases with depth; below the slip surface, the hydraulic conductivity increases. Rainfall infiltrates at the ground surface, percolates downward and perches on the zone of low hydraulic conductivity near the slip surface, keeping the slide mostly saturated year round. The main body of the landslide moves during rainy periods, when the ten-day average rainfall exceeds 25 mm/day and the pore-water pressures in the upslope quarter of the landslide increase 10-30 kPa. Pore pressure increases within the landslide occur 1-2 days following the onset of rainfall and result from infiltration of rainfall and runoff; after materials above the perennial water table become saturated, downward propagating pressure waves triggered by bursts of intense rainfall produce further, short-lived increases in pore pressure. This elevated pore pressure at the slip surface triggers movement. The ground-water response in the upslope quarter of the landslide is relatively rapid compared to responses in other landslides described in the literature.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Clay and shale slope instability","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG10-p79","usgsCitation":"Baum, R.L., and Reid, M.E., 1995, Geology, hydrology, and mechanics of a slow-moving, clay-rich landslide, Honolulu, Hawaii, chap. of Clay and shale slope instability, v. 10, p. 79-106, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG10-p79.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","city":"Honolulu","otherGeospatial":"Manoa Valley, Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.8184109527665,\n 21.30543555795343\n ],\n [\n -157.80371619605586,\n 21.292522388713877\n ],\n [\n -157.79353005788158,\n 21.303568663893586\n ],\n [\n -157.78818650998676,\n 21.31259176540368\n ],\n [\n -157.78685062301315,\n 21.32488096016111\n ],\n [\n -157.79236115677952,\n 21.329391925400714\n ],\n [\n -157.8184109527665,\n 21.30543555795343\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Haneberg, William C.","contributorId":57121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haneberg","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875171,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Scott A. 0000-0003-1678-5204 swanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1678-5204","contributorId":150073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Scott","email":"swanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":875172,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Baum, Rex L. 0000-0001-5337-1970 baum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1970","contributorId":1288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"Rex","email":"baum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129035,"text":"70129035 - 1995 - Planning long-term vegetation studies at landscape scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T11:52:26","indexId":"70129035","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:50:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Planning long-term vegetation studies at landscape scales","docAbstract":"Long-term ecological research is receiving more attention now than ever before. Two recent books, Long-term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives, edited by Gene Likens (1989), and Long-term Ecological Research: An International Perspective, edited by Paul Risser (1991), prompt the question, “Why are these books so thin?” Except for data from paleoecological, retrospective studies (see below), there are exceptionally few long-term data sets in terrestrial ecology (Strayer et al. 1986; Tilman 1989; this volume). In a sample of 749 papers published in Ecology, Tilman (1989) found that only 1.7% of the studies lasted at least five field seasons. Only one chapter in each of the review books dealt specifically with expanding both the temporal and the spatial scales of ecological research (Berkowitz et al. 1989; Magnuson et al. 1991). Judging by the growing number of landscape-scale long-term studies, however, such as the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program (Callahan 1991), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP; Palmer et al. 1991), the U.S. Army’s Land Condition-Trend Analysis (LCTA) Program (Diersing et al. 1992), and various agencies’ global change research programs (CEES 1993), there is a growing interest to expand ecological research both temporally and spatially.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Time Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Chapman & Hall","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_13","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., 1995, Planning long-term vegetation studies at landscape scales, chap. of Ecological Time Series, v. II, p. 209-241, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_13.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"241","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295397,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1769-6_13"}],"volume":"II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de3be4b0b0a643c732fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70246655,"text":"70246655 - 1995 - Chronology and dynamics of a large silicic magmatic system: Central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-12T17:02:29.762198","indexId":"70246655","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:46:47","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronology and dynamics of a large silicic magmatic system: Central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand","docAbstract":"The central Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand is a region of intense Quaternary silicic volcanism accompanying rapid extension of continental crust. At least 34 caldera-forming ignimbrite eruptions have produced a complex sequence of relatively short-lived, nested, and/or overlapping volcanic centers over 1.6 m.y. Silicic volcanism at Taupo is similar to the Yellowstone system in size, longevity, thermal flux, and magma output rate. However, Taupo contrasts with Yellowstone in the exceptionally high frequency, but small size, of caldera-forming eruptions. This contrast reflects the thin, rifted nature of the crust, which precludes the development of long-term magmatic cycles at Taupo.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0013:CADOAL>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Houghton, B.F., Wilson, C.J., McWilliams, M., Lanphere, M.A., Weaver, S., Briggs, R.M., and Pringle, M.S., 1995, Chronology and dynamics of a large silicic magmatic system: Central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Geology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 13-16, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0013:CADOAL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":"Bay of Plenty, Taupo Volcanic Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 175.65726196177928,\n -39.162400268739425\n ],\n [\n 175.78128645885653,\n -39.26489988795724\n ],\n [\n 176.16162824989829,\n -39.12392434499019\n ],\n [\n 176.3187259461967,\n -39.19444747184981\n ],\n [\n 176.6246530389921,\n -38.911931062040054\n ],\n [\n 176.88923863275835,\n -38.49898333319587\n ],\n [\n 177.65819051464553,\n -37.46277869040055\n ],\n [\n 176.41794554386064,\n -36.90946196285717\n ],\n [\n 176.0293354530151,\n -37.364269626546154\n ],\n [\n 175.58284726353088,\n -38.03808396566127\n ],\n [\n 175.673798561389,\n -38.23968141214442\n ],\n [\n 175.49189596567288,\n -38.80247448898083\n ],\n [\n 175.65726196177928,\n -39.162400268739425\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houghton, B. F.","contributorId":211904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":38350,"text":"University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":877801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McWilliams, M.O.","contributorId":7840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWilliams","given":"M.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":877804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weaver, S.D.","contributorId":20914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Briggs, R. M.","contributorId":316271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briggs","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pringle, M. S.","contributorId":107712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":25033,"text":"25033 - 1995 - Biological science report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T11:40:05","indexId":"25033","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:38:50","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Biological science report","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/25033","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Biological science report, https://doi.org/10.3133/25033.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289901,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fbf3e4b0b58d96eeb552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70100267,"text":"70100267 - 1995 - Deep tunnel detection using crosshole radar tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:21:39","indexId":"70100267","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:35:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Deep tunnel detection using crosshole radar tomography","docAbstract":"As part of continuing research aimed at the detection of subsurface tunnels and voids, the U.S. Bureau of Mines\nrecently completed a cooperative study with the U.S. Geological Survey at a surface gold mine in the Black\nHills mining district of South Dakota. The occurrence of older, poorly mapped mine workings in the section\ncreate a consistent health and safety concern for mine employees as well as economic concerns about potential\ndamage to equipment during daily operations at the mine. Accurate knowledge regarding the location of these\nabandoned tunnels prior to interception by the current mining operation would be beneficial. Previous research\nefforts on site have demonstrated the suitability of several surface geophysical technologies in detecting shallow\nworkings which present an immediate problem in the safe conduct of the mine operation. Another concern is\nthe existence of deeper abandoned mine tunnels, which occur further in advance of the surface mining operation.\nIn the design and development of a new mine pit, the placement of access roads over a tunnel would be\nhazardous, due to the volume of traffic and the weight these haulage trucks can carry. In this study we evaluate\ncross borehole radar tomography methods which might be used to image mine openings in the deep subsurface,\nand lead to more prudent placement of pit haulage roadways. A pulsed radar system was used to collect both\nvelocity and amplitude information about local rock conditions, and multiple borehole data allowed for the use\nof 3-D imaging techniques.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the Application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems: SAGEEP '95","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"8th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"1995","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hauser, K., Jackson, M., Lane, J., and Hodges, R., 1995, Deep tunnel detection using crosshole radar tomography, in Proceedings of the symposium on the Application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems: SAGEEP '95, Orlando, FL, 1995, p. 853-857.","productDescription":"5 p. 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559002e4b0120853e8beb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauser, Ken","contributorId":93824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauser","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jackson, Michael","contributorId":74742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, John","contributorId":38060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hodges, 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ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:14:44","indexId":"70148455","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Breeding productivity and adult survival in nongame birds","docAbstract":"Populations of many North American land-birds, including forest-inhabiting species that winter in the Neotropics, seem to be declining (Robbins et al. 1989; Terborgh 1989). These declines have been identified through broad-scale, long-term survey programs that identify changes in abundance pf species, but provide little information about causes of changes in abundance or the health of specific populations in different geographic locations.
\nPopulation health is a measure of a population's ability to sustain itself over time as determined by the balance between birth and death rates. Indices of population size do not always provide an accurate measure of population health because population size can be maintained in unhealthy populations by immigration of recruits from health populations (Pulliam 1988). Poor population health across many populations in a species eventually results in the decline of that species. Early detection of population declines allows managers to correct problems before they are critical and widespread.
\nDemographic data (breeding productivity and adult survival) provide the kind of early warning signal that allows detection of unhealthy populations in terms of productivity or survival problems (Martin and Guepel 1993). In addition, demographic data can help determine whether population declines are the result of low breeding productivity or low survival in migration or winter. Breeding productivity data also can help identify habitat conditions associated with successful and failed breeding attempts. Such information is critical for developing habitat- and land-management practices (Martin 1992). Here, we provide examples of the kinds of information that can be obtained by broad-scale demographic studies.
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