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These unfrozen zones, forming depressions in the upper surface of permafrost, are maintained by flow of heat from bodies of surface water into subjacent alluvium and bedrock. \r\n\r\nBrackish or saline ground water occurs in bedrock beneath as much as 1,055 feet of permafrost in the Arctic foothills and beneath 750 to 800 feet of permafrost beneath low terraces of the Colville River valley. The foothill area is unfavorable for developing supplies of potable ground water because of the great depth to water, predominance of brackish or saline water, and low potential yield of the bedrock. In the Colville River valley, shallow unfrozen alluvium beneath the river and deep lakes will yield abundant year-round supplies of ground water, but the bedrock below permafrost yields less than 10 gpm (gallons per minute) of saline or brackish water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir636","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.R., 1970, A review of water resources of the Umiat area, northern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 636, iii, 8 p. :maps ;27 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir636.","productDescription":"iii, 8 p. :maps ;27 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0636/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30247,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1970/0636/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a76fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John R.","contributorId":107260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":146517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21431,"text":"ofr70370 - 1970 - Analyses of stream-sediment samples from the McCarthy C-8 quadrangle, southern Wrangell Mountains, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr70370","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-370","title":"Analyses of stream-sediment samples from the McCarthy C-8 quadrangle, southern Wrangell Mountains, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr70370","usgsCitation":"Winkler, G., and MacKevett, E., 1970, Analyses of stream-sediment samples from the McCarthy C-8 quadrangle, southern Wrangell Mountains, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-370, 45 p. :col. map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70370.","productDescription":"45 p. :col. map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106487,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8534.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8534"},{"id":154725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0370/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50999,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0370/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0370/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"48000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680d57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winkler, Gary R.","contributorId":75513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"Gary R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKevett, E.M. Jr.","contributorId":58613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKevett","given":"E.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6528,"text":"pp696 - 1970 - Ground water in the permafrost regions of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:01","indexId":"pp696","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"696","title":"Ground water in the permafrost regions of Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp696","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.R., 1970, Ground water in the permafrost regions of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 696, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp696.","productDescription":"83 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0696/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":34007,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0696/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d756","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John R.","contributorId":107260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13647,"text":"ofr70127 - 1970 - Analyses of stream-sediment and rock samples from the southwestern and central parts of the Eagle quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr70127","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-127","title":"Analyses of stream-sediment and rock samples from the southwestern and central parts of the Eagle quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70127","usgsCitation":"Foster, H.L., 1970, Analyses of stream-sediment and rock samples from the southwestern and central parts of the Eagle quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-127, 136 p. :2 col. maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70127.","productDescription":"136 p. :2 col. maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106462,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8467.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8467"},{"id":147279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db680d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Helen Laura","contributorId":21936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19373,"text":"ofr70163 - 1970 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19373,"text":"ofr70163 - 1970 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70163","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission quadrangle, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59762,"text":"mf444 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf444","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission Quadrangle, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59762,"text":"mf444 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf444","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission Quadrangle, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:38","indexId":"ofr70163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-163","title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr70163","usgsCitation":"Hoare, J., and Cobb, E.H., 1970, Metallic mineral resources map of the Russian Mission quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-163, 5 p. :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70163.","productDescription":"5 p. :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111682,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10863","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6284ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoare, J. M.","contributorId":52143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoare","given":"J. 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1970 - Geologic map of the Teller quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15760,"text":"ofr70283 - 1970 - Geologic map of the Teller quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70283","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Teller quadrangle, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":67011,"text":"i685 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Teller Quadrangle, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"i685","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Teller Quadrangle, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":67011,"text":"i685 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Teller Quadrangle, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"i685","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Teller Quadrangle, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:04","indexId":"ofr70283","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-283","title":"Geologic map of the Teller quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70283","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., 1970, Geologic map of the Teller quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-283, 15 p. :folded ill., folded map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70283.","productDescription":"15 p. :folded ill., folded map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106482,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8509.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8509"},{"id":148934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a600","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15592,"text":"ofr70271 - 1970 - Reconnaissance geologic map, analyses of bedrock and stream sediment samples, and an aeromagnetic map of parts of the southern Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:01","indexId":"ofr70271","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-271","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map, analyses of bedrock and stream sediment samples, and an aeromagnetic map of parts of the southern Alaska Range","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70271","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Elliott, R.L., 1970, Reconnaissance geologic map, analyses of bedrock and stream sediment samples, and an aeromagnetic map of parts of the southern Alaska Range: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-271, 145 p. :4 folded col. maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70271.","productDescription":"145 p. :4 folded col. maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106479,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8503.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8503"},{"id":147711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0271/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44549,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0271/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44550,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0271/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44551,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0271/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44552,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0271/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44553,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0271/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641106","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5682,"text":"pp534 - 1970 - Mississippian rugose corals, Peratrovich Formation, west coast, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:54","indexId":"pp534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"534","title":"Mississippian rugose corals, Peratrovich Formation, west coast, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Fifteen zones were tested; minor amounts of water bypassed the packers during five of the tests. The tested intervals ranged in length from 37.5 meters (123 feet) to 211.5 meters (694 feet). For purposes of comparison relative specific capacities were calculated from comparable 60.4-meter (198-foot) intervals of tested rock, and ranged from 0.1162 cubic meters per day per meter (0.0065 gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown to 0.0039 cubic meters per day per meter (0.0002 gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown.
The interval 1,745.0 to 1,836.4 meters (5,725 to 6,025 feet) appears to be the best location for mining a chamber so far as water inflow is concerned. This interval, 91.4 meters (300 feet), consists of about 27.4 meters (90 feet) of breccia and 64.0 meters (210 feet) of basalt.
The inflow to a spherical chamber 18.3 meters (60 feet) in diameter and placed in the center of the proposed 91.4-meter (300-foot) interval, was calculated to be about 175 cubic meters per day (32 gallons per minute) after the first day and would stabilize at about 57 cubic meters per day (10.5 gallons per minute) after about 200 days.
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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp664","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, A.K., 1970, Carbonate facies and the lithostrotionid corals of the Mississippian Kogruk Formation, Delong Mountains, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 664, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp664.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0664/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0664/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0179","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, Augustus K.","contributorId":68282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Augustus","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13324,"text":"ofr70101 - 1970 - Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr70101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-101","title":"Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Analysis of 88 samples from the Shublik formation on Fire Creek, Mt. Michelson Quadrangle, Alaska, are presented in tabular form. The results include the determination of elements by semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, phosphate by X-ray fluorescence, carbon dioxide by acid decomposable carbonate, total carbon by induction furnace, carbonate carbon by conversion using the conversion factor of 0.2727 for amount of carbon in carbon dioxide, and organic carbon by difference. \r\n\r\nA seven- cycle semilogarithmic chart presents the data graphically and illustrates the range, mode, and mean for some of the elements. The chart shows, also, the approximate concentration of the same elements in rocks similar to the black shale and limestone of the Shublik Formation. \r\n\r\nEach sample represents 5 feet of section and is composed of rock chips taken at 1 - foot intervals. The samples are keyed into a stratigraphic column of the formation. \r\n\r\nRocks of the Shublik Formation contain anomalously high concentrations of some of the elements. These same elements might be expected to be high in some of the petroleum from northern Alaska if the Shublik Formation is a source for this petroleum. Several of the stratigraphic intervals may represent, also, a low-grade phosphate deposit.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr70101","usgsCitation":"Detterman, R.L., 1970, Analysis of Shublik Formation rocks from Mt. Michelson quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-101, 4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70101.","productDescription":"4 sheets, ill., folded map ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147375,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41748,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41749,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41750,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41751,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680b42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Detterman, Robert L.","contributorId":71526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detterman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32614,"text":"pp545D - 1970 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","indexId":"pp545D","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048241,"text":"pp545 - 1967 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities","indexId":"pp545","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on transportation, communications, and utilities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:33:33.73754","indexId":"pp545D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad","docAbstract":"In the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the federally owned Alaska Railroad sustained damage of more than $35 million: 54 percent of the cost for port facilities; 25 percent, roadbed and track; 9 percent, buildings and utilities; 7 percent, bridges and culverts; and 5 percent, landslide removal. Principal causes of damage were: (1) landslides, landslide-generated waves, and seismic sea waves that destroyed costly port facilities built on deltas; (2) regional tectonic subsidence that necessitated raising and armoring 22 miles of roadbed made susceptible to marine erosion; and (3), of greatest importance in terms of potential damage in seismically active areas, a general loss of strength experienced by wet waterlaid unconsolidated granular sediments (silt to coarse gravel) that allowed embankments to settle and enabled sediments to undergo fiowlike displacement toward topographic depressions, even in fiat-lying areas. The term “landspreading” is proposed for the lateral displacement and distension of mobilized sediments; landspreading appears to have resulted largely from liquefaction. Because mobilization is time dependent and its effects cumulative, the long duration of strong ground motion (timed as 3 to 4 minutes) along the southern 150 miles of the rail line made landspreading an important cause of damage. Sediments moved toward natural and manmade topographic depressions (stream valleys, gullies, drainage ditches, borrow pits, and lakes). Stream widths decreased, often about 20 inches but at some places by as much as 6.5 feet, and sediments moved upward beneath stream channels. Landspreading toward streams and even small drainage ditches crushed concrete and metal culverts. Bridge superstructures were compressed and failed by lateral buckling, or more commonly were driven into, through, or over bulkheads. Piles and piers were torn free of superstructures by moving sediments, crowded toward stream channels, and lifted in the center. The lifted piles arched the superstructures. Vertical pile displacement was independent of the depth of the pile penetration in the sediment and thus was due to vertical movement of the sediments, rather than to differential compaction. The fact that bridge piles were carried laterally without notable tilting suggests that mobilization exceeded pile depths, which averaged about 20 feet. Field observations, largely duplicated by vibrated sandbox models of stream channels, suggest that movement was distributed throughout the sediments, rather than restricted to finite failure surfaces. Landspreading generated stress that produced cracks in the ground surface adjacent to depressions. The distribution of this stress controlled the crack patterns: tension cracks parallel to straight or concave streambanks, shear cracks intersecting at 45° to 70° on convex banks where there was some component of radial spreading, and orthogonal cracks on the insides of tight meander bends or islands where spreading was omnidirectional. Ground cracks of these kinds commonly extended 500 feet, and occasionally about 1,000 feet, back from streams, which indicates that landspreading occurred over large areas. In areas of landspreading, highway and railroad embankments, pavements, and rails were pulled apart endways and were displaced laterally if they lay at an angle to the direction of sediment displacement. Sediment movement commonly skewed bridges that crossed streams obliquely. The maximum horizontal skew was 10 feet. Embankment settlement, nearly universal in areas of landspreading, also occurred in areas where there was no evidence for widespread loss of strength in the unconsolidated sediments. In the latter areas embankments themselves clearly caused the loss of bearing strength in the underlying sediment. In both areas, settlement was accompanied by the formation of ground cracks approximately parallel to the embankment in the adjacent sediments. Sediment-laden ground water was discharged from the cracks, and extreme local settlements (as much as 6 ft) were associated with large discharges. Landspreading was accompanied by transient horizontal displacement of the ground that pounded bridge ends with slight or considerable force. The deck of a 105-foot bridge was repeatedly arched up off its piles by transient compression. Bridges may also have developed high horizontal accelerations. One bridge deck, driven through its bulkhead, appears to have had an acceleration of at least 1.1 to 1.7 g; however, most evidence for high accelerations is ambiguous. Limited standard penetration data show that landspreading damage was not restricted to soft sediments. Some bridges were severely damaged by displacement of piles driven in sediments classified as compact and dense. Total thickness of unconsolidated sediments strongly controlled the degree of damage. In areas underlain by wet water-laid sediments the degree of damage to uniformly designed and built wooden railroad bridges shows a closer correlation with total sediment thickness at the bridge site than with the grain size of the material in which the piles were driven. Local geology and physiography largely controlled the kind, distribution, and severity of damage to the railroad. This relationship is so clear that maps of surficial geology and physiography of damaged areas of the rail belt show that only a few geologic-physiographic units serve to identify these areas: 1. Bedrock and glacial till on bedrock. No foundation displacements, but ground vibration increased toward the area of maximum strain-energy release. 2. Glacial outwash terraces. Landspreading and damage ranged from none where the water table was low and the terrace undissected to severe where the water table was near the surface and the terrace dissected by streams. 3. Inactive flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, flooding by ejected ground water, and damage were generally slight but increased to severe toward lower, wetter active flood plains or river channels. 4. Active flood plains. Landspreading, ground cracking, and flooding were nearly universal and were greater than on adjacent inactive flood plains. 5. Fan deltas. Radial downhill spreading and ground cracking were considerable near the lower edges of the fan deltas and were accompanied by ground-water discharge. Landslides were common from edges of deltas. Damage, landspreading, ground crack-ing, vibration, and flooding by ground water generally increased with (1) increasing thickness of unconsolidated sediments, (2) decreasing depth to the water table, (3) proximity to topographic depressions, and (4) proximity to the area of maximum strain-energy release.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on transportation, communications, and utilities (Professional Paper 545)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp545D","usgsCitation":"McCulloch, D.S., and Bonilla, M.G., 1970, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, on the Alaska Railroad: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 545, Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp545D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 161 p.; 4 Plates: 42.15 inches x 12.39 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"173","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396000,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99039.htm"},{"id":277819,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate4.pdf"},{"id":277818,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate3.pdf"},{"id":277817,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate2.pdf"},{"id":277816,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_plate1.pdf"},{"id":277815,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/index.html"},{"id":277814,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/pp545d_text.pdf"},{"id":121756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0545d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -149.5,\n 60\n ],\n [\n -149.5,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 60\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610609","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCulloch, David S. dmccullo@usgs.gov","contributorId":3100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCulloch","given":"David","email":"dmccullo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":208797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonilla, Manuel G.","contributorId":74384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"Manuel","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15346,"text":"ofr70257 - 1970 - Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15346,"text":"ofr70257 - 1970 - Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","indexId":"ofr70257","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042736,"text":"70042736 - 1971 - Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1","indexId":"70042736","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70042736,"text":"70042736 - 1971 - Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1","indexId":"70042736","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Petroleum possibilities of Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: region 1"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T20:32:08.220514","indexId":"ofr70257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-257","title":"Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska","docAbstract":"The recent discovery of major oil resources on Alaska's North Slope has rekindled interest in the petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk province, a vast tract of Cretaceous rocks stretching along the west coast of Alaska from the Brooks Range to the Yukon delta. Attention was first focused on this region in the early 1950's, after oil and gas were discovered in the Cretaceous of the North Slope by the U.S. Navy. The presence of similar Cretaceous strata in the Yukon-Koyukuk province and the possibility that some of the broad alluviated lowlands within the province might be underlain by Tertiary basins were pointed out by Gryc and others (1951) and Payne (1955). Between 1954 and 1961 large parts of the province were reconnoitered by oil company surface parties and a small amount of geophysical work was carried out in the Nulato-Kateel and Bethel areas. The explorational activity culminated in 1960-61 with the drilling of two deep tests, a 12,000-foot hole near Nulato on the Yukon River and a 15,000-foot hole at Napatuk Creek in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland. Apparently neither test revealed oil shows or favorable reservoir rocks, as exploration and leasing activity in the province declined sharply thereafter.
Since 1954 the U.S. Geological Survey has maintained a modest but continuing program of reconnaissance geologic mapping of the province and its borderlands. Nearly all parts of this vast area have been visited either by helicopter or river boat. Although information in many places is still sketchy, the broad outlines of the surface geology are now known. Subsurface data, however, are almost totally lacking.
The mapping indicates that the petroleum possibilities over most of the province are limited because of complex structure and scarcity of promising reservoir rocks. Two areas where further exploration seems warranted are the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland and the western part of the Kobuk-Selawik Lowland.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70257","collaboration":"This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., 1970, Petroleum possibilities of the Yukon-Koyukuk Province, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-257, Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70257.","productDescription":"Report: 13 p.; 1 Plate: 23.96 x 14.54 inches","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422021,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0257/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"5000000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Koyukuk Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.73174908925813,\n 66.77942177184187\n ],\n [\n -160.73174908925813,\n 60.34875981757247\n ],\n [\n -156.1810191082801,\n 60.34875981757247\n ],\n [\n -156.1810191082801,\n 66.77942177184187\n ],\n [\n -160.73174908925813,\n 66.77942177184187\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, William Wallace Jr.","contributorId":72346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wallace","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}