Acute oral (po) and 24-hr percutaneous (perc) LD50 values for 21 common pesticides (19 anticholinesterases, of which 18 were organophosphates, and one was a carbamate; one was an organochlorine central nervous system stimulant; and one was an organonitrogen pneumotoxicant) were determined in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Three of the pesticides tested were more toxic percutaneously than orally. An index to the percutaneous hazard of a pesticide, the dermal toxicity index (DTI = po LD50/perc LD50 × 100), was also calculated for each pesticide. These toxicity values in mallards were compared with toxicity data for rats from the literature. Significant positive correlations were found between log po and log percutaneous LD50 values in mallards (r = 0.65, p < 0.01), between log po LD50 values in mallards and in rats (r = 0.71, p < 0.01), and between log DTI values in mallards and in rats (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). Percutaneous toxicity values were not significantly correlated between mallards and rats (r = 0.36, p > 0.10). Variations in percutaneous methodologies are discussed with reference to interspecies variation in toxicity values. It is recommended that a mammalian DTI value approaching 30 be used as a guideline for the initiation of percutaneous toxicity studies in birds, when the po LD50 and/or projected percutaneous LD50 are less than expected field exposure levels.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(79)90515-5","usgsCitation":"Hudson, R.H., Haegele, M.A., and Tucker, R.K., 1979, Acute oral and percutaneous toxicity of pesticides to mallards: Correlations with mammalian toxicity data: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 47, no. 3, p. 451-460, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(79)90515-5.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, R. H.","contributorId":29534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haegele, M. A.","contributorId":107010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haegele","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tucker, R. K.","contributorId":96383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5200331,"text":"5200331 - 1979 - Canada geese of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: family relationships, behavior and productivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5200331","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Canada geese of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: family relationships, behavior and productivity","docAbstract":"Geese described are non-migratory, free-flying Todd's Canada geese (Branta canadensis interior). The genealogy of 261 of these geese was traced by archival research and three years of field observations. Nest locations and densities, preferences for various types of artificial nest structures, clutch sizes, hatching success, brood survival to flight stage, and food habits were recorded. Resul ts indicate geese may:,pair as yearlings, but these bonds may be broken and re-formed before breeding. Pair bonding generally resulted in geese of similar ages remaining together until the death of one partner, although re-pairing, polygamy, and pairing between broodmates also occurred. The dominance hierarchy of related birds strongly influenced the position of 'outsiders' pairing with indigenous females. Dominant status passed not only from male to male, but, upon the death of the dominant male, in at least one instance, the surviving female retained dominant status. Gang broods were composed of progeny of the rearing pair, plus goslings relinquished by female offspring or siblings of the rearing pair. Among indentifiable geese, gang broods were reared by the dominant pair on each impoundment. Geese retained their family integrity both in flight and during the post-molt dispersion. Female and males paired with local females, nested in their natal areas. No significant relationship (P < 0.05) was found between clutch size and age of the female. Twelve-year productivity of the Patuxent geese appeared related to the reproductive success of a specific resident family. Collars, legbands, and telemetry were initially used to distinguish conspecifics. It was subsequently discovered that individual geese could be recognized by cheek-patch patterns, unusual plumage, or mannerisms. It is suggested that cheek-patch similarities in related Canada geese might be used to trace gene flow within flocks, and may be used for individual recognition by other Canada geese.","language":"English","publisher":"Thesis (M.S.)--University of Maryland","collaboration":"OCLC: 10342153","usgsCitation":"Rummel, L., 1979, Canada geese of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center: family relationships, behavior and productivity, ix, 179.","productDescription":"ix, 179","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f774e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rummel, L.H.","contributorId":94766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rummel","given":"L.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012515,"text":"70012515 - 1979 - Small-scale slump deposits, Middle Atlantic Continental Slope, off eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:29:03.341509","indexId":"70012515","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small-scale slump deposits, Middle Atlantic Continental Slope, off eastern United States","docAbstract":"Analyses of 24 high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles that were collected during local and regional surveys show that small-scale slump deposite are ubiquitous whthin the intercanyon areas of the Continental Slope of the Middle Atlantic Bight. The deposits involve the upper 10-90 m of sediments, extend downslops for 1.8-7.2 km, and are present at water depths ranging from 545 to 1500 m. The characteristics of the deposits vary from thin, homogeneous or fairly regularly bedded lenses of sediment, to masses of intermediate thickness with contorted bedding, to relatively large slump blocks. A detailed survey of one slump mass just south of Hudson Canyon (by means of close-spaced Minisparker profiles and sediment cores) showed that it had a thickness of about 30 m and a volume of at least 0.4 km3 and consisted of homogeneous clay which accumulated rapidly during the late Pleistocene or Holocene. Although some of the slump deposits undoubtedly are relict, stemming from sediment instability porduced by rapid deposition during Pleistocene sea-level regressions, others were formed relatively recently. Possible causes of modern slumps include gas generation in the sediments, bottom-water turbulence on the upper slope, and shallow faulting. This study indicates that small-scale slumping in the intercanyon areas may be an important process in transporting sediments to the deep sea and suggests that recent mass movements may constitute a geologic hazard to future economic development of this part of the Continental Slope.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(79)90110-5","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Knebes, H., and Carson, B., 1979, Small-scale slump deposits, Middle Atlantic Continental Slope, off eastern United States: Marine Geology, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 221-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90110-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Middle Atlantic Bight","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.88771708896576,\n 40.263326615601756\n ],\n [\n -74.45922882846764,\n 38.633058616550365\n ],\n [\n -75.58169389106907,\n 37.103688088321874\n ],\n [\n -72.89701653441095,\n 36.7128742895589\n ],\n [\n -71.92570445520803,\n 40.263326615601756\n ],\n [\n -73.88771708896576,\n 40.263326615601756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b919ae4b08c986b3199c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebes, H.J.","contributorId":19291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebes","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carson, Bobb","contributorId":38285,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carson","given":"Bobb","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012531,"text":"70012531 - 1979 - A radiographic scanning technique for cores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:32:23.758193","indexId":"70012531","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A radiographic scanning technique for cores","docAbstract":"A radiographic scanning technique (RST) can produce single continuous radiographs of cores or core sections up to 1.5 m long and up to 30 cm wide. Changing a portable industrial X-ray unit from the normal still-shot mode to a scanning mode requires simple, inexpensive, easily constructed, and highly durable equipment. Additional components include a conveyor system, antiscatter cylinder-diaphragm, adjustable sample platform, developing tanks, and a contact printer. Complete cores, half cores, sample slabs or peels may be scanned. Converting the X-ray unit from one mode to another is easy and can be accomplished without the use of special tools. RST provides the investigator with a convenient, continuous, high quality radiograph, saves time and money, and decreases the number of times cores have to be handled.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(79)90104-X","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.W., Dorsey, M., Woods, J., and Miller, R.J., 1979, A radiographic scanning technique for cores: Marine Geology, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 93-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90104-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221829,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e528e4b0c8380cd46b80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, G. W.","contributorId":85551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, M.E.","contributorId":73997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woods, J.C.","contributorId":93770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, R. J.","contributorId":9225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70010376,"text":"70010376 - 1979 - Earthquakes and fault creep on the northern San Andreas fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-03T16:43:52.933574","indexId":"70010376","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes and fault creep on the northern San Andreas fault","docAbstract":"At present there is an absence of both fault creep and small earthquakes on the northern San Andreas fault, which had a magnitude 8 earthquake with 5 m of slip in 1906. The fault has apparently been dormant after the 1906 earthquake. One possibility is that the fault is ‘locked’ in some way and only produces great earthquakes. An alternative possibility, presented here, is that the lack of current activity on the northern San Andreas fault is because of a lack of sufficient elastic strain after the 1906 earthquake. This is indicated by geodetic measurements at Fort Ross in 1874, 1906 (post-earthquake), and 1969, which show that the strain accumulation in 1969 (69 · 10−6 engineering strain) was only about one-third of the strain release (rebound) in the 1906 earthquake (200 · 10−6 engineering strain).
The large difference in seismicity before and after 1906, with many strong local earthquakes from 1836 to 1906, but only a few strong earthquakes from 1906 to 1976, also indicates a difference of elastic strain.
The geologic characteristics (serpentine, fault straightness) of most of the northern San Andreas fault are very similar to the characteristics of the fault south of Hollister, where fault creep is occurring. Thus, the current absence of fault creep on the northern fault segment is probably due to a lack of sufficient elastic strain at the present time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90278-6","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Nason, R., 1979, Earthquakes and fault creep on the northern San Andreas fault: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 604-604, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90278-6.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"604","endPage":"604","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.1499918292879,\n 41.06933328404864\n ],\n [\n -121.84407885980457,\n 38.105716092362385\n ],\n [\n -119.29367963965812,\n 34.41809055699687\n ],\n [\n -118.21710522193753,\n 34.83484578736363\n ],\n [\n -122.06386648472477,\n 40.96790016170016\n ],\n [\n -123.1499918292879,\n 41.06933328404864\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a050fe4b0c8380cd50c45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nason, R.","contributorId":94032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nason","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012207,"text":"70012207 - 1979 - Late Cenozoic uplift of the southwestern Colorado Plateau and adjacent lower Colorado River region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-02T16:43:13.240404","indexId":"70012207","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cenozoic uplift of the southwestern Colorado Plateau and adjacent lower Colorado River region","docAbstract":"Rocks deposited near sea level under marine, estuarine, and lacustrine conditions, and located along the course of the lower Colorado River from the mouth of the Grand Canyon as far as the Mexican border, have been displaced to present positions as high as 880 m a.s.l. and as low as 1600 m b.s.l. The rocks include the marine and estuarine Bouse Formation and the lacustrine or marine Hualapai Limestone Member of the Muddy Creek Formation. A profile joining spot elevations that represent the highest erosional remnants of these rocks preserved at any one locality gives an approximation (in most cases a minimum value) for the uplift or downdropping of the region relative to sea level since about 5.5 m.y. ago, the K/Ar age of the most widespread and critical unit. The profile shows that most of the lower Colorado region has risen at least 550 m through broad and rather uniform upwarping and at an average rate of about 100 m/m.y. In addition to these 550 m, the nearby Colorado Plateau has risen by discrete movement along Wheeler fault, which is parallel to and about 8 km west of the plateau's edge, to a total uplift of at least 880 m, at a rate that may be as high as 160 m/m.y. Before warping and faulting, the top of the plateau was about 1100 m above the fill of adjacent basins; the top of this fill probably was at or a little below sea level. The profile shows two major south-facing rises in slope. The bigger one, near Yuma, occurs where the profile intersects the northwest-trending San Andreas-Salton trough system of faults; it is interpreted as rifting resulting from transcurrent movement along the faults. At the Mexican border, the base of the Bouse Formation is 1600 m b.s.l., which corresponds to a rate of subsidence since the beginning of Bouse time that may be as high as 290 m/.m.y. The top of the Bouse is at 1000 m b.s.l., corresponding to a rate of subsidence of about 180 m/m.y. In this area, the “older marine sedimentary rocks” of Olmsted et al., (1973) occur as much as 2100 m b.s.l. These rocks are evidence for marine invasion and deformation that predate the Bouse Formation. The second rise in slope occurs at the intersection with a regional northwest-trending lineament that separates widely different geologic terranes and is associated with extensive Miocene volcanism. This lineament may represent an old transform fault similar in geologic function to the present San Andreas system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90292-0","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, I., 1979, Late Cenozoic uplift of the southwestern Colorado Plateau and adjacent lower Colorado River region: Tectonophysics, v. 61, no. 1-3, p. 63-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90292-0.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"95","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.9408782399043,\n 38.844788908296735\n ],\n [\n -114.9408782399043,\n 32.199963398730716\n ],\n [\n -108.69541610940806,\n 32.36496801287734\n ],\n [\n -108.85250768215414,\n 36.85087011455222\n ],\n [\n -103.6331527855288,\n 37.334529578686464\n ],\n [\n -103.9722485436863,\n 40.78887688227549\n ],\n [\n -108.87501297416733,\n 40.92333340337099\n ],\n [\n -109.12890852443115,\n 37.103318707956426\n ],\n [\n -114.44844110582223,\n 38.313677510457254\n ],\n [\n -114.9408782399043,\n 38.844788908296735\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4546e4b0c8380cd6719a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Ivo","contributorId":94291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Ivo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012441,"text":"70012441 - 1979 - Evidence for the recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes along the Makran coast of Iran and Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-04T15:52:06.302636","indexId":"70012441","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for the recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes along the Makran coast of Iran and Pakistan","docAbstract":"The presence of raised beaches and marine terraces along the Makran coast indicates episodic uplift of the continental margin resulting from large-magnitude earthquakes. The uplift occurs as incremental steps similar in height to the 1–3 m of measured uplift resulting from the November 28, 1945 (M 8.3) earthquake at Pasni and Ormara, Pakistan. The data support an E—W-trending, active subduction zone off the Makran coast.
The raised beaches and wave-cut terraces along the Makran coast are extensive with some terraces 1–2 km wide, 10–15 m long and up to 500 m in elevation. The terraces are generally capped with shelly sandstones 0.5–5 m thick. Wave-cut cliffs, notches, and associated boulder breccia and swash troughs are locally preserved. Raised Holocene accretion beaches, lagoonal deposits, and tombolos are found up to 10 m in elevation. The number and elevation of raised wave-cut terraces along the Makran coast increase eastward from one at Jask, the entrance to the Persian Gulf, at a few meters elevation, to nine at Konarak, 250 km to the east. Multiple terraces are found on the prominent headlands as far east as Karachi. The wave-cut terraces are locally tilted and cut by faults with a few meters of displacement.
Long-term, average rates of uplift were calculated from present elevation, estimated elevation at time of deposition, and 14C and U–Th dates obtained on shells. Uplift rates in centimeters per year at various locations from west to east are as follows: Jask, 0 (post-Sangamon); Konarak, 0.031–0.2 (Holocene), 0.01 (post-Sangamon); Ormara 0.2 (Holocene).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90269-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Page, W., Alt, J.N., Cluff, L., and Plafker, G., 1979, Evidence for the recurrence of large-magnitude earthquakes along the Makran coast of Iran and Pakistan: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 533-547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90269-5.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"533","endPage":"547","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iran, Pakistan","otherGeospatial":"Makran coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 56.93988761081735,\n 26.31424458821168\n ],\n [\n 56.93988761081735,\n 20.70437454508202\n ],\n [\n 72.46275584520896,\n 20.70437454508202\n ],\n [\n 72.46275584520896,\n 26.31424458821168\n ],\n [\n 56.93988761081735,\n 26.31424458821168\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d55e4b0c8380cd52f67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, W.D.","contributorId":52725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alt, J. N.","contributorId":44667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cluff, L.S.","contributorId":93902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cluff","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plafker, George 0000-0003-3972-0390","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3972-0390","contributorId":36603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012412,"text":"70012412 - 1979 - Vertical crustal movements in the Charleston, South Carolina-Savannah, Georgia area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T16:31:15.061746","indexId":"70012412","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical crustal movements in the Charleston, South Carolina-Savannah, Georgia area","docAbstract":"First-order vertical level surveys (National Geodetic Survey) repeated between 1955 and 1975 suggest that modern vertical crustal movements have taken place in the Atlantic Coastal Plain between Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia. The relative sense of these movements correlates with the sense of displacement of Tertiary strata on known geologic structures. Whereas regional dip of strata in most of the Atlantic Coastal Plain is southeasterly, the regional dip of Tertiary strata in this part of the Coastal Plain averages 2 m/km to the south or southwest. Positive structural features disturb this regional dip along a poorly defined zone, about 25 km wide, parallel to the coast between Savannah and Charleston. Structural relief on these features is as much as 20 m. Repeated level lines that cross the Atlantic Coastal Plain elsewhere generally show an increase in modern relative subsidence from west to east. However, in the Charleston—Savannah area, the amount of relative subsidence remains fairly constant or decreases from west to east across the structural highs. At two localities near Charleston, where Tertiary beds are offset by faults roughly on strike with one another, an abrupt break in a repeated level line occurs where the level line crosses the probable extensions of these faults. The average modern rates of relative uplift and subsidence (assuming they are constant) are compatible with rates noted throughout the Coastal Plain. Long-term extrapolation of modern rates appears unreasonable; episodic or oscillatory movements are much more likely.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90223-3","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Lyttle, P.T., Gohn, G., Higgins, B., and Wright, D., 1979, Vertical crustal movements in the Charleston, South Carolina-Savannah, Georgia area: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 183-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90223-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.89939091011503,\n 33.56449440727431\n ],\n [\n -81.89939091011503,\n 31.94598797126214\n ],\n [\n -79.42308747915132,\n 31.94598797126214\n ],\n [\n -79.42308747915132,\n 33.56449440727431\n ],\n [\n -81.89939091011503,\n 33.56449440727431\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc22fe4b08c986b32a9a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyttle, Peter T.","contributorId":244786,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyttle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":363478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gohn, Gregory S. ggohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":147414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gohn","given":"Gregory S.","email":"ggohn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, Brenda","contributorId":106106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Brenda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.S.","contributorId":56799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70012504,"text":"70012504 - 1979 - Two areas of probable holocene deformation in southwestern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-04T16:18:27.471378","indexId":"70012504","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two areas of probable holocene deformation in southwestern Utah","docAbstract":"Recent geologic studies in southwestern Utah indicate two areas of probable Holocene ground deformation.
1. (1) A narrow arm of Lake Bonneville is known to have extended southward into Escalante Valley as far as Lund, Utah. Remnants of weakly developed shoreline features, which we have recently found, suggest that Lake Bonnevile covered an area of about 800 km2 beyond its previously recognized limits near Lund. Shoreline elevations show a gradual increase from 1553 m near Lund to 1584 m at a point 50 km further southwest, representing a reversal of the pattern that would result from isostatic rebound. The conspicuously flat floor of Escalante Valley covers an additional 100 km2 southward toward Enterprise, where its elevation is greater than 1610 m, but no shoreline features are recognizable; therefore, the former presence of the lake is only suspected. The measured 31-m rise over 50 km and the suspected 57-m rise in elevation over 70 km apparently occurred after Lake Bonnevile abandoned this area. The abandonment could have occurred as recently as 13,000 years ago, in which case the uplift is mainly of Holocene age. It probably has a deep-seated tectonic origin because it is situated above an inferred 9-km upwarp of the mantle that has been reported beneath the southern part of Escalante Valley on the basis of teleseismic P-wave residuals.
2. (2) Numerous closed topographic basins, ranging from a few hundred square meters to 1 km2 in area, are found at various elevations along the west margin of the Colorado Plateau northeast of Cedar City. Geologic mapping in that area indicates that the basins are located over complex structural depressions in which the rocks are faulted and folded. Several of the depressions are perched along the walls of the West Fork of Braffits Creek, one of a few north-draining creeks that have incised deeply into the plateau margin. Extremely active modern erosion by the creek has produced a 6-km-long gorge along which excellent exposures provide good evidence that the topographic depressions, as well as the entire valley, are located over a north-trending structural graben in which rocks of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary age are complexly deformed. The trough appears to be actively subsiding, as evidenced by inward-dipping youthful scarps and V-shaped trenches found along both walls of the valley. The scarp on the east side is continuous for 1.5 km, and that on the west is discontinuous for the same distance. Charcoal-bearing alluvium from a sequence of faulted sedimentary debris in the inner gorge has yielded discordant dates by the 14C technique, but the dates suggest that at least 6 m of fault displacement occurred during the Late Holocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90257-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R., and Bucknam, R., 1979, Two areas of probable holocene deformation in southwestern Utah: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 417-430, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90257-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"430","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"southwestern Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.13988686177788,\n 38.76852920061029\n ],\n [\n -112.13988686177788,\n 36.95389428410948\n ],\n [\n -109.0304136471782,\n 36.95389428410948\n ],\n [\n -109.0304136471782,\n 38.76852920061029\n ],\n [\n -112.13988686177788,\n 38.76852920061029\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb94be4b08c986b327baf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R.E.","contributorId":91479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bucknam, R.C.","contributorId":35744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bucknam","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010440,"text":"70010440 - 1979 - Changes in rate of fault creep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-04T16:06:32.354124","indexId":"70010440","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in rate of fault creep","docAbstract":"Aseismic slip or fault creep is occurring on many faults in California. Although the creep rates are generally less than 10 mm/yr in most regions, the maximum observed rate along the San Andreas fault between San Juan Bautista and Gold Hill in central California exceeds 30 mm/yr. Changes in slip rates along a 162 km segment of the San Andreas fault in this region have occurred at approximately the same time at up to nine alinement array sites. Rates of creep on the fault near the epicenters of moderate earthquakes (ML 4–6) vary for periods of several years, decreasing before the main shocks and increasing thereafter, in agreement with prior observations based on creepmeter results. The change of surface slip rate is most pronounced within the epicentral region defined by aftershocks, but records from sites at distances up to 100 km show similar variations. Additionally, some variations in rate, also apparently consistent among many sites, have a less obvious relation with seismic activity and have usually taken place over shorter periods. Not all sites exhibit a significant variation in rate at the time of a regional change, and the amplitudes of the change at nearby sites are not consistently related. The time intervals between measurements at the nine array sites during a given period have not always been short with respect to the intervals between surveys at one site; hence, uneven sampling intervals may bias the results slightly. Anomalies in creep rates thus far observed, therefore, have not been demonstrably consistent precursors to moderate earthquakes; and in the cases when an earthquake has followed a long period change of rate, the anomaly has not specified time, place, or magnitude with a high degree of certainty. The consistency of rate changes may represent a large scale phenomenon that occurs along much of the San Andreas transform plate boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90266-X","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Harsh, P., 1979, Changes in rate of fault creep: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 519-519, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90266-X.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"519","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218647,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.49111683709873,\n 41.23845484514334\n ],\n [\n -121.22954609997186,\n 37.147723728935766\n ],\n [\n -117.44018054284913,\n 33.754578338292035\n ],\n [\n -116.1951646206461,\n 33.81034080556368\n ],\n [\n -119.83129934259983,\n 37.519569891913555\n ],\n [\n -122.23061585176441,\n 41.35680615153203\n ],\n [\n -123.49111683709873,\n 41.23845484514334\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f421e4b0c8380cd4bb6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harsh, P.","contributorId":59175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harsh","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010335,"text":"70010335 - 1979 - Earthquake recurrence on the Calaveras fault east of San Jose, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-03T16:51:14.982934","indexId":"70010335","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake recurrence on the Calaveras fault east of San Jose, California","docAbstract":"Occurrence of small (3 ⩽ ML < 4) earthquakes on two 10-km segments of the Calaveras fault between Calaveras and Anderson reservoirs follows a simple linear pattern of elastic strain accumulation and release. The centers of these independent patches of earthquake activity are 20 km apart. Each region is characterized by a constant rate of seismic slip as computed from earthquake magnitudes, and is assumed to be an isolated locked patch on a creeping fault surface. By calculating seismic slip rates and the amount of seismic slip since the time of the last significant (M ⩾ 3) earthquake, it is possible to estimate the most likely date of the next (M ⩾- 3) event on each patch. The larger the last significant event, the longer the time until the next one. The recurrence time also appears to be increased according to the moment of smaller (2 < ML < 3) events in the interim. The anticipated times of future larger events on each patch, on the basis of preliminary location data through May 1977 and estimates of interim activity, are tabulated below with standard errors. The occurrence time for the southern zone is based on eight recurrent events since 1969, the northern zone on only three. The 95% confidence limits can be estimated as twice the standard error of the projected least-squares line. Events of M ⩾ 3 should not occur in the specified zones at times outside these limits. The central region between the two zones was the locus of two events (M = 3.6, 3.3) on July 3, 1977. These events occurred prior to a window based on the three point, post-1969 slip-time line for the central region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90277-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Bufe, C.G., Harsh, P., and Burford, R.O., 1979, Earthquake recurrence on the Calaveras fault east of San Jose, California: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 603-603, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90277-4.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"603","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Jose","otherGeospatial":"Calaveras fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.86532830653152,\n 37.52332164696976\n ],\n [\n -121.86532830653152,\n 37.42278769737207\n ],\n [\n -121.73138190198938,\n 37.42278769737207\n ],\n [\n -121.73138190198938,\n 37.52332164696976\n ],\n [\n -121.86532830653152,\n 37.52332164696976\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04ffe4b0c8380cd50bea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bufe, Charles G. cbufe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"Charles","email":"cbufe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":358663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harsh, Philip W.","contributorId":18028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harsh","given":"Philip W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burford, Robert O.","contributorId":52560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burford","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012482,"text":"70012482 - 1979 - Early 20th-century uplift of the northern Peninsular Ranges province of southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T16:19:29.965797","indexId":"70012482","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early 20th-century uplift of the northern Peninsular Ranges province of southern California","docAbstract":"Repeated leveling in the northern Peninsular Ranges province identifies an early 20thcentury episode of crustal upwarping in southern California. The episodic vertical movement is broadly bracketed between 1897 and 1934, and the main deformation is bracketed within 1906–1914 and involved regional up-to-the-northeast tilting of the Santa Ana block of as much as 4 · 10−6 rad and elevation changes exceeding 0.4 m in the Perris block and parts of the San Jacinto block, Transverse Ranges, and the Mohave block. Primary tide station records containing occasional entries since 1853 at San Pedro and San Diego show no evidence of episodic crustal movement, suggesting that the uplifted area hinged along coastal fault zones forming the west boundary of the Santa Ana block.
Physiographic features and recent studies of Quaternary marine terraces by others show that this episode of regional tilting and uplift is a part of the continuing tectonic process in southern California. A crude, questionable coincidence exists between the uplift episode and a period of increased seismicity (1890–1923) in the northern Peninsular Ranges characterized by a number of moderate-size (M > 6) earthquakes on NW-trending strike-slip faults. However, releveling data are too sparse to associate the uplift development clearly with any one event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90230-0","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Wood, S.H., and Elliott, M.R., 1979, Early 20th-century uplift of the northern Peninsular Ranges province of southern California: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 249-265, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90230-0.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"249","endPage":"265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222082,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.7291858900493,\n 35.46353030675584\n ],\n [\n -120.7291858900493,\n 32.603965801918534\n ],\n [\n -114.22074772045107,\n 32.603965801918534\n ],\n [\n -114.22074772045107,\n 35.46353030675584\n ],\n [\n -120.7291858900493,\n 35.46353030675584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0473e4b0c8380cd509c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Spencer H. 0000-0002-5794-2619","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5794-2619","contributorId":16111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Spencer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":363723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Michael R.","contributorId":291274,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliott","given":"Michael","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":62651,"text":"Department of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Hull and International Estuarine & Coastal Specialists (IECS)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":363722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010272,"text":"70010272 - 1979 - Initiation and development of the southern California uplift along its northern margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-05T16:14:37.25027","indexId":"70010272","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initiation and development of the southern California uplift along its northern margin","docAbstract":"Analysis of three first-order leveling lines that traverse the White Wolf fault (site of the 1952 M = 7.7 earthquake), each resurveyed nine times between 1926 and 1974, reveals probable preseismic tilting, major coseismic movements, and a spatial association between these movements and the subsequently recognized southern California uplift. In examining the vertical control record, we have both searched for evidence of systematic errors and excluded from consideration portions of the lines contaminated by subsurface fluid and gas extraction. Movements have been referred to an invariant datum based on the 1926 position of tidal BM 8 in San Pedro, corrected for subsequent eustatic sea-level change.
An 8 μrad up-to-the-north preseismic tilt (6 cm/7.5 km) was apparently recorded on two adjacent line segments within 10 km of the 1952 epicenter between 1942 and 1947. It is possible, however, that this tilt was in part caused by extraction-induced subsidence at one of the six releveled benchmarks. Data also show evidence of episodic tilts that are not earthquake related. At the junction of the Garlock and San Andreas faults, for example, an ≥5 μrad up-to-the-north tilt (7.2 cm/≤16 km) took place between Lebec and Grapevine within three months during 1964.
Comparison of the 1947 and 1953 surveys, which includes the coseismic interval, shows that the SW-fault end (nearest the epicenter) and the central fault reach sustained four times the uplift recorded at the NE end of the fault (+72 cm SW, +53 cm Central, +16 cm NE). A regional postseismic uplift of 4 cm extended ≥25 km to either side of the fault after the main event, from 1953 to 1956. An interval of relative quiescence followed at least through 1959, in which the elevation change did not exceed ±3 cm.
The detailed pattern of aseismic uplift demonstrates that movement proceeded in space—time pulses: one half of the uplift at the SW-fault end and extending southward occurred between 1959 and 1961, one half of the uplift at the NE-fault end and extending eastward occurred between 1961 and 1965, while the central fault reach sustained successive pulses of subsidence, uplift, and collapse (−4 cm, 1953–1960; +7 cm, 1960–1965; −2 cm, 1965–1970). In addition, the number of aftershocks concentrated near the fault ends increased in the NE relative to the SW from 1952 to 1974. These observations suggest that the aseismic uplift may have migrated northeastward from 1959 to 1965 at an approximate rate of 7–16 km/yr.
Evidence for a mechanical coupling between the earthquake and the subsequent aseismic uplift is equivocal. At both fault ends, the major NWbounding flexure or tilted front of the southern California uplift is spatially coincident with the coseismic flexure that preceded it. In addition, the postulated migration of vertical deformation is similar to the 1952 seismic event in which the rupture initiated at the SW end of the fault and then propagated to the NE-fault end. However, the spatial distribution of aseismic uplift, nearly identical at both fault ends and to the south and east, and near zero in the central fault reach, is distinctly different from the nonuniform and localized coseismic deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90234-8","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Stein, R., Thatcher, W., and Castle, R.O., 1979, Initiation and development of the southern California uplift along its northern margin: Tectonophysics, v. 52, no. 1-4, p. 301-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90234-8.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218858,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.7291858900493,\n 35.46353030675584\n ],\n [\n -120.7291858900493,\n 32.603965801918534\n ],\n [\n -114.22074772045107,\n 32.603965801918534\n ],\n [\n -114.22074772045107,\n 35.46353030675584\n ],\n [\n -120.7291858900493,\n 35.46353030675584\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3befe4b0c8380cd62948","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thatcher, W.","contributorId":32669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thatcher","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castle, R. O.","contributorId":79880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012472,"text":"70012472 - 1979 - The gravity field of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-03T16:06:30.132828","indexId":"70012472","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The gravity field of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin","docAbstract":"Approximately 39,000 km of marine gravity data collected during 1975 and 1976 have been integrated with U.S. Navy and other available data over the U.S. Atlantic continental margin between Florida and Maine to obtain a 10 mgal contour free-air gravity anomaly map. A maximum typically ranging from 0 to +70 mgal occurs along the edge of the shelf and Blake Plateau, while a minimum typically ranging from −20 to −80 mgal occurs along the base of the continental slope, except for a −140 mgal minimum at the base of the Blake Escarpment. Although the maximum and minimum free-air gravity values are strongly influenced by continental slope topography and by the abrupt change in crustal thickness across the margin, the peaks and troughs in the anomalies terminate abruptly at discrete transverse zones along the margin. These zones appear to mark major NW—SE fractures in the subsided continental margin and adjacent deep ocean basin, which separate the margin into a series of segmented basins and platforms. Rapid differential subsidence of crustal blocks on either side of these fractures during the early stages after separation of North America and Africa (Jurassic and Early Cretaceous) is inferred to be the cause of most of the gravity transitions along the length of margin. The major transverse zones are southeast of Charleston, east of Cape Hatteras, near Norfolk Canyon, off Delaware Bay, just south of Hudson Canyon and south of Cape Cod.
Local Airy isostatic anomaly profiles (two-dimensional, without sediment corrections) were computed along eight multichannel seismic profiles. The isostatic anomaly values over major basins beneath the shelf and rise are generally between −10 and −30 mgal while those over the platform areas are typically 0 to +20 mgal. While a few isostatic anomaly profiles show local 10–20 mgal increases seaward of the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA: inferred to mark the ocean-continent boundary), the lack of a consistent correlation indicates that the relationship of isostatic gravity anomalies to the magnetic anomalies and the ocean—continent transition is variable.
Two-dimensional gravity models have been computed for two profiles off Cape Cod, Massachusetts and Cape May, New Jersey, where excellent reflection, refraction and magnetic control appear to define 10 and 12 km deep sedimentary basins beneath the shelf, respectively and 10 km deep basins beneath the rise. The basins are separated by a 6–8 km deep basement ridge which underlies the ECMA and appears to mark the landward edge of oceanic crust. The gravity models suggest that the oceanic crust is between 11 and 18 km thick beneath the ECMA, but decreases to a thickness of less than 8 km within the first 20–90 km to the southeast. In both profiles, the derived crustal thickness variations support the interpretation that the ECMA occurs over the ocean-continent boundary. The crust underlying the sedimentary cover appears to be 12 to 15 km thick on the landward side of the ECMA and gradually thickens to normal continental values of greater than 25 km within the first 60 to 110 km to the northwest. Multichannel seismic profiles across platform areas, such as Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod, indicate the ocean-continent transition zones there are much narrower than profiles across major sedimentary basins, such as the one off New Jersey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(79)90037-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Grow, J.A., Bowin, C., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1979, The gravity field of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin: Tectonophysics, v. 59, no. 1-4, p. 27-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90037-4.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"U.S. Atlantic continental margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.3769109686547,\n 39.78365013639498\n ],\n [\n -76.7034359894871,\n 37.07447487187042\n ],\n [\n -81.91877362199935,\n 31.350346802537274\n ],\n [\n -80.98101607241426,\n 26.60548891457786\n ],\n [\n -80.61122194437507,\n 25.264459213874005\n ],\n [\n -79.29052020696197,\n 25.630663811699932\n ],\n [\n -79.9948730788135,\n 31.089394752519226\n ],\n [\n -68.34285225345012,\n 43.53401396846341\n ],\n [\n -66.85337779049772,\n 44.84520951820939\n ],\n [\n -69.5879551017428,\n 44.22504950316685\n ],\n [\n -71.56290526975728,\n 42.06077869142243\n ],\n [\n -75.3769109686547,\n 39.78365013639498\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac97e4b08c986b3235db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":25943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowin, C.O.","contributorId":44618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowin","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":363691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2129,"text":"wsp2057 - 1979 - Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10049,"text":"ofr7818 - 1977 - Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley playa, Utah","indexId":"ofr7818","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley playa, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2129,"text":"wsp2057 - 1979 - Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah","indexId":"wsp2057","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-03T10:07:56","indexId":"wsp2057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2057","title":"Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah","docAbstract":"The Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley are in the western part of the Great Salt Lake Desert in northwest Utah. The areas are separate, though similar, hydrologic basins, and both contain a salt crust. The Bonneville salt crust covered about 40 square miles in the fall of 1976, and the salt crust in Pilot Valley covered 7 square miles. Both areas lack any noticeable surface relief (in 1976, 1.3 feet on the Bonneville salt crust and 0.3 foot on the Pilot Valley salt crust).
The salt crust on the Salt Flats has been used for many years for automobile racing, and brines from shallow lacustrine deposits have been used for the production of potash. In recent years, there has been an apparent conflict between these two major uses of the area as the salt crust has diminished in both thickness and extent. Much of the Bonneville Racetrack has become rougher, and there has also been an increase in the amount of sediment on the south end of the racetrack. The Pilot Valley salt crust and surrounding playa have been largely unused.
Evaporite minerals on the Salt Flats and the Pilot Valley playa are concentrated in three zones: (1) a carbonate zone composed mainly of authigenic clay-size carbonate minerals, (2) a sulfate zone composed mainly of authigenic gypsum, and (3) a chloride zone composed of crystalline halite (the salt crust). Five major types of salt crust were recognized on the Salt Flats, but only one type was observed in Pilot Valley. Geomorphic differences in the salt crust are caused by differences in their hydrologic environments. The salt crusts are dynamic features that are subject to change because of climatic factors and man's activities.
Ground water occurs in three distinct aquifers in much of the western Great Salt Lake Desert: (1) the basin-fill aquifer, which yields water from conglomerate in the lower part of the basin fill, (2) the alluvial-fan aquifer, which yields water from sand and gravel along the western margins of both playas, and (3) the shallow-brine aquifer, which yields water from near-surface carbonate muds and crystalline halite and gypsum. The shallow-brine aquifer is the main source of brine used for the production of potash on the Salt Flats.
Recharge to that part of the shallow-brine aquifer north of Interstate Highway 80 on the Salt Flats is mainly by infiltration of precipitation and wind-driven floods of surface brine. Discharge was mainly by evaporation at the playa surface and withdrawals from brine-collection ditches. Some water was transpired by phreatophytes, and some leaked into the alluvial fan along the western edge of the playa.
Salt-scraping studies indicate that the amount of halite on the Salt Flats is directly related to the amount of recharge through the surface (which causes re-solution of halite) and the amount of evaporation at the surface (which causes crystallization of halite). Evaporation rates through sediment-covered salt crust and the gypsum surface were estimated at between 3x10-4 and 4x10-3 inches per day during the summer and fall of 1976. Evaporation rates through the surface of thick perennial salt crust were much higher.
The concentration of dissolved solids in brine in the shallow-brine aquifer varies, but it generally increases from the edges of the playas toward areas of salt crust. Dissolved-solids concentration in the shallow brine ranges from less than 100,000 to more than 300,000 milligrams per liter on both playas. The increase in salinity toward areas of salt crust reflects the natural direction of brine movement through the aquifer toward the natural discharge area.
On the Salt Flats, the percentages of dissolved potassium chloride and magnesium chloride in the shallow-brine aquifer generally increase from the edge of the playa to- ward the salt crust. The relative enrichment in potassium and magnesium reflects the many years of subsurface drainage toward the main discharge area (the salt crust) prior to man's withdrawal of brine. By artificially extracting brines from the carbonate muds, the percentages of potassium and magnesium have decreased while brine salinity has been maintained by re-solution of the salt crust.
The configuration of the density-corrected potentiometric surface in the fall of 1976 indicates that brine in the shallow-brine aquifer under the Bonneville Racetrack was draining toward brine-collection ditches or a well field to the west. Ground-water divides have no effect on the movement of dissolved salt across the surface in wind-driven floods, and salt in surface brine was carried from the racetrack into the area of influence of the ditches by such surface movement. During 1976 on the Salt Flats, some brine was moving through the shallow-brine aquifer across lease and property boundaries.
An evaluation of suggested remedial measures indicates that none will completely eliminate the conflict between uses or transform the Bonneville Salt Flats to its original state prior to man's activities in the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1979, Hydrology and surface morphology of the Bonneville Salt Flats and Pilot Valley Playa, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2057, vii, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2057.","productDescription":"vii, 107 p.","numberOfPages":"117","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27729,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bonneville Salt Flats, Pilot Valley Playa","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e898","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6164,"text":"pp1095 - 1979 - Thermoluminescence dating of Hawaiian basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:55","indexId":"pp1095","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1095","title":"Thermoluminescence dating of Hawaiian basalt","docAbstract":"The thermoluminescence (TL) properties of plagioclase separates from 11 independently dated alkalic basalts 4,500 years to 3.3 million years old and 17 tholeiitic basalts 16 years to 450,000 years old from the Hawaiian Islands were investigated for the purpose of developing a TL dating method for young volcanic rocks. Ratios of natural to artificial TL intensity, when normalized for natural radiation dose rates, were used to quantify the thermoluminescence response of individual samples for age-determination purposes. The TL ratios for the alkalic basalt plagioclase were found to increase with age at a predictable exponential rate that permits the use of the equation for the best-fit line through a plot of the TL ratios relative to known age as a TL age equation. The equation is applicable to rocks ranging in composition from basaltic andesite to trachyte over the age range from about 2,000 to at least 250,000 years before present (B.P.). The TL ages for samples older than 50,000 years have a calculated precision of less than :t 10 percent and a potential estimated accuracy relative to potassium-argon ages of approximately :t 10 percent. An attempt to develop a similar dating curve for the tholeiitic basalts was not as successful, primarily because the dose rates are on the average lower than those for the alkalic basalts by a factor of 6, resulting in lower TL intensities in the tholeiitic basalts for samples of equivalent age, and also because the age distribution of dated material is inadequate. The basic TL properties of the plagioclase from the two rock types are similar, however, and TL dating of tholeiitic basalts should eventually be feasible over the age range 10,000 to at least 200,000 years B.P. \r\n\r\nThe average composition of the plagioclase separates from the alkalic basalts ranges from oligoclase to andesine; compositional variations within this range have no apparent effect on the TL ratios. The average composition of the plagioclase from the tholeiitic basalts is labradorite. \r\n\r\nThe natural radiogenic dose rates for the alkalic basalts calculated on the basis of assumed secular equilibrium range from 0.228 to 0.462 rad per year and average 0.335 rad per year exclusive of the cosmic-ray energy dose and with the alpha-particle component equal to one-tenth of the total alpha decay energy. The TL measurements were made using material of a 37 to 44-micrometer size range; the crushing required during sample preparation was found to have a negligible effect on natural TL. \r\n\r\nBoth natural and artificial TL were filtered to the bandwidth 3,500 A to 5,000 A to restrict the light detected to that from the plagioclase emission peak centered at about 4,500 A and associated with structural defects. Within this bandwidth, the natural TL from both the alkalic and tholeiitic basalt plagioclase consists of a single peak with a maximum amplitude at about 350?C; the artificial TL glow curves produced by an exposure of the drained samples to a standard dose of X-radiation consist of four broad, variably overlapping peaks with maxima at about 110?C, 150?C, 225?C, and 300?C. The maximum amplitude of the 350?C natural and 300?C artificial TL peaks, both produced by the same general activation energy distribution of trapping centers, were used for TL dating. The high-temperature artificial TL peak occurs at a lower temperature than the corresponding natural TL peak owing to the presence of a large number of electrons retained in traps near the lower end of the trap-depth energy range in samples whose TL is measured a short time after intense artificial irradiation. These traps remain essentially empty in the natural environment owing to spontaneous decay and do not produce measurable low-temperature natural TL peaks. With prolonged storage after irradiation, the 300?C artificial TL peak migrates to higher temperatures and decreases in amplitude.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1095","usgsCitation":"May, R.J., 1979, Thermoluminescence dating of Hawaiian basalt: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1095, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1095.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124317,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c448","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"May, Rodd James","contributorId":21949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Rodd","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29088,"text":"wri78101 - 1979 - Water resources of the Nisqually Lake area, Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T14:14:03","indexId":"wri78101","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"78-101","title":"Water resources of the Nisqually Lake area, Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents data assembled during a July 1975 to August 1977 study of the water resources of an area within, and adjacent to, a part of the Fort Lewis Military Reservation that prior to 1917 was included in the Nisqually Indian Reservation. Because the area is within or near the artillery ranges of the U.S. Army, the existing water resources of the study area are almost undeveloped.
The only surface-water bodies of significance in the study area are Muck Creek, Nisqually Lake, and springs. The flow of Muck Creek as measured at a gaging station at Roy, east of the study area, ranged from no flow to a maximum discharge of 692 cubic feet per second during the period 1956-77. No flow occurred there about 9 percent of the time during the period 19.56-71. A large spring discharged from 0.12 to 4.56 cubic feet per second during the study period.
Development or diversion of Muck Creek near its mouth would provide sufficient water for a small- to medium-sized fish-rearing facility. The highest water temperature recorded at this site during the study was 14.0°C, in August 1977, with a stream discharge of 7.12 cubic feet per second.
Nisqually Lake, with a surface area of about 89 acres, is shallow with a flat bottom. The existing lake water is relatively high with dissolved solids, organic nitrogen and phosphorus, and biologically productive. Species of warm-water fish are probably best suited for the lake.
Ground water beneath the study area occurs in unconsolidated glacial drift or outwash of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. One of the permeable rock units is the Steilacoom Gravel of Pleistocene age. Yields to wells from this material in a nearby area are from 100 to 250 gallons per minute. Drilling of test wells in the study area would provide more reliable data on ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri78101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nisqually Community Council","usgsCitation":"Pearson, H.E., and Dion, N.P., 1979, Water resources of the Nisqually Lake area, Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-101, ix, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri78101.","productDescription":"ix, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0101/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":363797,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1978/0101/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","otherGeospatial":"Nisqually Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.77256011962889,\n 47.00132908676542\n ],\n [\n -122.58132934570311,\n 47.00132908676542\n ],\n [\n -122.58132934570311,\n 47.095837806027205\n ],\n [\n -122.77256011962889,\n 47.095837806027205\n ],\n [\n -122.77256011962889,\n 47.00132908676542\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0410","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearson, H. E.","contributorId":52970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112368,"text":"70112368 - 1979 - Surveying Antarctica: from dogsled to satellite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-26T15:35:24","indexId":"70112368","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T16:43:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":685,"text":"Air and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surveying Antarctica: from dogsled to satellite","docAbstract":"Base maps of Antarctica are needed at scales of 1:250,000 to plot scientific data, yet after 20 years of a major mapping effort, only about 20 percent of the continent has been accurately mapped using aerial photographs and ground surveys. Encompassing nearly 14.3 million square kilometers (5.5 million square miles), Antarctica still presents a formidable mapping task. Except for the area around the geographic South Pole, Landsat could, in just a few years, provide the images to planimetrically map Antarctica at such scales as 1:250,000. Just 11 Landsat images would encompass the same area mapped to date at a 1:250,000 scale. Navigation satellite data from ground stations can provide the necessary horizontal and vertical ground control in many areas. Other polar orbiting satellites could be used to establish elevation profiles of the ice surfaces on Antarctica. If this presently available space technology is fully utilized, the scientific exploration of the huge Antarctic continent will be greatly accelerated, fulfilling one of the goals Commander Byrd began to work toward 50 years ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Air and Space Museum","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., 1979, Surveying Antarctica: from dogsled to satellite: Air and Space, v. 3, no. 1, p. 3-4.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288577,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-60.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc18e4b0e83db6d09013","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70137293,"text":"70137293 - 1979 - The productivity of San Cristobal Reef, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-07T13:43:04","indexId":"70137293","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The productivity of San Cristobal Reef, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"San Cristobal Reef, Puerto Rico, was the site of a community metabolism study based on a new upstream-downstream method with experimental channels 4 m deep. Net productivity rates varied from 0.03 to 1.85 g O2m–2 reef area·h–1 (x = 0.39; n = 59). Respiration measurements of one reef section from which light was excluded ranged from 0.26 to 0.48 g O2·m–2 reef area·h–1. The linear regression equation y = 0.58x – 0.18, where y = g O2·m–2 reef area·h–1 and x = mEin·m–2·s–1, describes the correlation between light and metabolism at this site. Net primary productivity was 2.45 g O2·m–2 reef area and gross primary productivity 5.42. The ratio of gross primary productivity to 24-h respiration was 0.7. Productivity rates of this heterotrophic zone are lower than those reported for shallower reef zones with greater algal cover.
","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","doi":"10.4319/lo.1979.24.2.0342","usgsCitation":"Rogers, C.S., 1979, The productivity of San Cristobal Reef, Puerto Rico: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 24, no. 2, p. 342-349, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1979.24.2.0342.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"342","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1979.24.2.0342","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"San Cristobal Reef","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.08020210266113,\n 17.94068491090045\n ],\n [\n -67.08020210266113,\n 17.946523307932928\n ],\n [\n -67.07440853118896,\n 17.946523307932928\n ],\n [\n -67.07440853118896,\n 17.94068491090045\n ],\n [\n -67.08020210266113,\n 17.94068491090045\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6fe4b08de9379b37e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, Caroline S. 0000-0001-9056-6961 caroline_rogers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-6961","contributorId":3126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Caroline","email":"caroline_rogers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174588,"text":"70174588 - 1979 - A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of a tidal estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T15:43:25","indexId":"70174588","displayToPublicDate":"1980-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of a tidal estuary","docAbstract":"A finite element model is described which is used in the computation of tidal currents in an estuary. This numerical model is patterned after an existing algorithm and has been carefully tested in rectangular and curve-sided channels with constant and variable depth. One of the common uncertainties in this class of two-dimensional hydrodynamic models is the treatment of the lateral boundary conditions. Special attention is paid specifically to addressing this problem. To maintain continuity within the domain of interest, ‘smooth’ curve-sided elements must be used at all shoreline boundaries. The present model uses triangular, isoparametric elements with quadratic basis functions for the two velocity components and a linear basis function for water surface elevation. An implicit time integration is used and the model is unconditionally stable. The resultant governing equations are nonlinear owing to the advective and the bottom friction terms and are solved iteratively at each time step by the Newton-Raphson method. Model test runs have been made in the southern portion of San Francisco Bay, California (South Bay) as well as in the Bay west of Carquinez Strait. Owing to the complex bathymetry, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Bay system are dictated by the generally shallow basins which contain deep, relict river channels. Great care must be exercised to ensure that the conservation equations remain locally as well as globally accurate. Simulations have been made over several representative tidal cycles using this finite element model, and the results compare favourably with existing data. In particular, the standing wave in South Bay and the progressive wave in the northern reach are well represented.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0309-1708(79)90033-2","usgsCitation":"Walters, R.A., and Cheng, R.T., 1979, A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of a tidal estuary: Advances in Water Resources, v. 2, p. 177-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(79)90033-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"184","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325192,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ce4b0d27deb36e16f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walters, Roy A.","contributorId":74877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162279,"text":"70162279 - 1979 - Tolerance of developing salmonid eggs and fry to nitrate exposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T18:58:21.240187","indexId":"70162279","displayToPublicDate":"1979-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tolerance of developing salmonid eggs and fry to nitrate exposure","docAbstract":"This paper reports on tests which show significant effects on early salmonid life stages of nitrates at levels commonly found in groundwaters in geographical areas that are influenced by fertilizer application. It has long been known, from fish cultural experience, that in certain site specific locations, chronic problems can be expected with salmonid egg development and early fry mortality. However, fingerlings which survive usually grow normally. A complete explanation is lacking although several environmental factors have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. One, which has so far received little attention, is that nitrate levels in the ground and surface waters of many areas have been increasing significantly over historical background levels. Ammonia, urea, and other potential sources of nitrate can enter natural waters from a variety of sources, such as domestic or industrial sewage, animal feedlots, or seepage and return flows from agricultural lands. The latter may be the largest contributor, since billions of tons of nitrate fertilizers are applied to agricultural crops on a worldwide basis each year. In addition, intensive forest management techniques include the aerial application of nitrate fertilizer to increase the yield of wood products, while range management practices call for use of nitrates to increase forage production. The nitrate that is not taken up by plants ultimately appears in ground or surface waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01770006","usgsCitation":"Kincheloe, J.W., Wedemeyer, G.A., and Koch, D.L., 1979, Tolerance of developing salmonid eggs and fry to nitrate exposure: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 23, no. 1, p. 575-578, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01770006.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"578","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"569f6c55e4b0961cf27fd1d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincheloe, John W.","contributorId":152375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincheloe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wedemeyer, Gary A.","contributorId":30668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedemeyer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koch, David L.","contributorId":152376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koch","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012458,"text":"70012458 - 1979 - The Galilean satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 imaging science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-13T16:49:15.253682","indexId":"70012458","displayToPublicDate":"1979-11-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Galilean satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 imaging science results","docAbstract":"Temperature profiling has been used to predict the rate and direction of groundwater movement. A controlled field experiment was conducted to ascertain the validity of the rate calculations made using this method. The vertical velocity, or leakage, of groundwater between two aquifers was calculated utilizing both hydrologic and temperature measurements in a well drilled into the Paw Paw buried bedrock valley in northern Illinois.
The experiment showed that accurate estimates of leakage can be made in stable boreholes where there are no geologic complications. Estimates utilizing temperature and hydrologic methods produced similar results for one of two aquicludes. However, the methods produced dissimilar results for the second aquiclude. It is speculated that the presence of a thin organic silt caused most of the problem; other complicating factors were lithologic variation and a very low hydraulic gradient. Nevertheless, the method appears to have great promise in many geologic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(79)90172-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, K., 1979, Measurement of fluid velocity using temperature profiles: Experimental verification: Journal of Hydrology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 185-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90172-0.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"194","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"northern Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 42.55447369305182\n ],\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 40.57720848844366\n ],\n [\n -87.46773625767648,\n 40.57720848844366\n ],\n [\n -87.46773625767648,\n 42.55447369305182\n ],\n [\n -90.79287269233468,\n 42.55447369305182\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5303e4b0c8380cd6c801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70129660,"text":"70129660 - 1979 - Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-24T14:47:59","indexId":"70129660","displayToPublicDate":"1979-09-01T14:38:32","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite","docAbstract":"Calcite cementation of aragonite ooid sand is producing oolite on Joulters Cays, Bahamas. During the last 1,000 years, calcite cement has formed at an average rate of between 27 and 55 cm3 /m3 /yr and is derived from dissolution of ooid aragonite in fresh water. The dissolution-reprecipitation of carbonate minerals in the aquifer results in ground waters of unusually high Sr content. Sea water and mixtures of fresh and sea water appear to inhibit cementation. A pronounced cement fabric change occurs across the water table and has produced an obvious petrographic record of fresh-water diagenesis. Above the water table, cement is typically near grain contact positions, where water is held by capillarity; below the water table, cement is more randomly distributed around grains. At the water table a transition zone, 1 meter thick, marks the boundary between cement textures. No porosity reduction is associated with cementation; calcite cement precipitation is apparently compensated by an equal or greater amount of aragonite dissolution in the interval undergoing cementation. Permeability is more variable above the water table than below it, reflecting early channelling of flow patterns in the vadose zone. Effective permeability below the water table is one to two orders of magnitude higher than above the water table because of entrained gas in the vadose zone. This permeability difference promotes preservation of unstable minerals above the water table and continued diagenetic alteration below the water table.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","doi":"10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Halley, R.B., and Harris, P.M., 1979, Fresh-water cementation of a 1,000-year-old oolite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, no. 3, p. 969-987, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"969","endPage":"987","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295739,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/212F7892-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D"},{"id":295740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","otherGeospatial":"Joulters Cays","volume":"49","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544b6a1fe4b03653c63fb1ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halley, R. B.","contributorId":9984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, P. M.","contributorId":27377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}