{"pageNumber":"3915","pageRowStart":"97850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185159,"records":[{"id":2002239,"text":"2002239 - 1995 - Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:02","indexId":"2002239","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1","title":"Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Population biology of the Florida manatee.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, G.B., Reid, J., Bonde, R., and Powell, J.A., 1995, Reproduction in free-ranging Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris): Information and Technology Report 1, p. 135-156.","productDescription":"p. 135-156","startPage":"135","endPage":"156","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62cb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, J.P. 0000-0002-8497-1132","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8497-1132","contributorId":59372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powell, J. A.","contributorId":69916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":326257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174746,"text":"70174746 - 1995 - Black-Footed Ferrets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T15:51:16","indexId":"70174746","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Black-Footed Ferrets","docAbstract":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was a charter member of endangered species lists for North America, recognized as rare long before the passage of Endangered Species Act of 1973. This member of the weasel family is closely associated with prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) of three species, a specialization that contributed to its downfall. Prairie dogs make up 90% of the ferret diet; in addition, ferrets dwell in prairie dog burrows during daylight, venturing out mostly during darkness. Trappers captured black-footed ferrets during their quests for other species of furbearers. Although the species received increased attention as it became increasingly rare, the number of documented ferrets fell steadily after 1940 (Fig. 1), and little was learned about the animals before large habitat declines made studies of them difficult. These declines were brought about mainly by prairie dog control campaigns begun before 1900 and reaching high intensity by the 1920’s and 1930’s.

\n

 

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our Living Resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Biggins, D., and Godbey, J., 1995, Black-Footed Ferrets, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archive.org/details/ourlivingresourc00unit"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a092de4b0c1aacab7d3e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, D.","contributorId":79823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godbey, J. L.","contributorId":75464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godbey","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175202,"text":"70175202 - 1995 - Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T14:21:09","indexId":"70175202","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update","docAbstract":"

An article in the summer 1993 Newsletter described USGS work to continously monitor tidal flows in the delta using ultrasonic velocity meters.  This article updates progress since 1993, including new installations, results of data analysis, damage during this year's high flows, and the status of each site.

","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Oltmann, R., 1995, Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. Autumn 1995, p. 22-25.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1995/fall/page22.pdf"}],"volume":"Autumn 1995","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42ee4b006cb45552c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oltmann, Rick","contributorId":173343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Rick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175697,"text":"70175697 - 1995 - Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) in southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T10:57:34","indexId":"70175697","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1853,"text":"Great Basin Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) in southwestern United States","docAbstract":"

The exotic shrub Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) has replaced the native Populus fremontii(cottonwood) along many streams in southwestern United States. We used a controlled outdoor experiment to examine the influence of river salinity on germination and first year survival of P. fremontii var. wislizenii (Rio Grande cottonwood) and T. ramosissima on freshly deposited alluvial bars. We grew both species from seed in planters of sand subjected to a declining water table and solutions containing 0, 1, 3, and 5 times the concentrations of major ions in the Rio Grande at San Marcia, NM (1.2, 10.0, 25.7 and 37.4 meq 1-1; 0.11, 0.97, 2.37, and 3.45 dS m-1). Germination of P. fremontii declined by 35% with increasing salinity (P = .008). Germination of T. ramosissima was not affected. There were no significant effects of salinity on morality or above- and belowground growth of either species. In laboratory tests the same salinities had no effect onP. fremontii germination. P. fremontii germination is more sensitive to salinity outdoors than in covered petri dishes, probably because water scarcity resulting from eavaportion intensifies the low soil water potential associated with high salinity. River salinity appears to play only a minor role in determining relative numbers of P. fremontii and T. ramosissima seedlings on freshly deposited sandbars. However, over many years salt becomes concentrated on floodplains as a result of evaporation and salt extrusion from saltcedar leaves. T. ramosissima is known to be more tolerant of the resulting extreme salinities than P. fremontii. Therefore, increases in river salinities could indirectly contribute to decline of P. fremontii forests by exacerbating salt accumulation on floodplains.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., Friedman, J.M., and Ischinger, L.S., 1995, Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) in southwestern United States: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 55, no. 1, p. 58-65.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"65","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/wnan/article/view/28471"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc55e4b03fd6b7d94c33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ischinger, Lee S.","contributorId":34054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ischinger","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174589,"text":"70174589 - 1995 - A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:17:32","indexId":"70174589","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1523,"text":"Environment International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows","docAbstract":"

A two-level model of the residual circulation and tidally-averaged salinity in San Francisco Bay has been developed in order to interpret long-term (days to decades) salinity variability in the Bay. Applications of the model to biogeochemical studies are also envisaged. The model has been used to simulate daily-averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51-segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-y period 1967–1988. Observed, monthly-averaged surface salinity data and monthly averages of the daily-simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement, both near the Golden Gate and in the upper reaches, close to the delta. Agreement is less satisfactory in the central reaches of North Bay, in the vicinity of Carquinez Strait. Comparison of daily-averaged data at Station 5 (Pittsburg, in the upper North Bay) with modeled data indicates close agreement with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 for the 4110 daily values. The model successfully simulates the marked seasonal variability in salinity as well as the effects of rapidly changing freshwater inflows. Salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow. The sensitivity of the modeled salinity to variations in the longitudinal mixing coefficients is investigated. The modeled salinity is relatively insensitive to the calibration factor for vertical mixing and relatively sensitive to the calibration factor for longitudinal mixing. The optimum value of the longitudinal calibration factor is 1.1, compared with the physically-based value of 1.0. Linear time-series analysis indicates that the observed and dynamically-modeled salinity-inflow responses are in good agreement in the lower reaches of the Bay.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0160-4120(95)00075-V","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1995, A computer model of long-term salinity in San Francisco Bay: Sensitivity to mixing and inflows: Environment International, v. 21, no. 5, p. 647-656, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)00075-V.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"656","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bea63788c864113890cdbb00b337246","text":"External Repository"},{"id":325194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 38.23170796744926\n ],\n [\n -121.61865234375,\n 37.385435182627226\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.385435182627226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ce4b0d27deb36e16d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174939,"text":"70174939 - 1995 - Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70174939,"text":"70174939 - 1995 - Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies","indexId":"70174939","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T09:55:39","indexId":"70174939","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies","docAbstract":"

Biological conservation is increasingly moving toward an ecosystem and landscape approach, recognizing the prohibitive cost and difficulty of a species-by-species approach (LaRoe 1993). Also, statewide (e.g., Gap Analysis Program) and national surveys (e.g., Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program or EMAP) are conducted at a scale and level of resolution that do not meet the needs of most small land-management units that require detailed information at the ecosystem and landscape scale (Stohlgren 1994). The Colorado Rockies are an ideal outdoor laboratory for ecosystem science and management. The escalating environmental threats described in this article compelled us to design a landscape-scale assessment of the status and trends of biotic resources.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Baron, J., Kittel, T.G., and Binkley, D., 1995, Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 310-312.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"310","endPage":"312","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325552,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325551,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57934444e4b0eb1ce79e8be8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691921,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691922,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691923,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691924,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691925,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill S. 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill S.","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1007911,"text":"1007911 - 1995 - Habitat preferences of wintering shorebirds in a temporally changing environment: Western sandpipers in the San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T16:40:44","indexId":"1007911","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat preferences of wintering shorebirds in a temporally changing environment: Western sandpipers in the San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"

We examined habitat preferences of 106 radio-marked Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) in the San Francisco Bay estuary during winter and spring at two scales: comparing proportions of habitats in their home range with habitats available in the study area (second-order selection), and comparing proportions of radio locations in different habitats with their availability in the home range (third-order selection). Daily and seasonal habitat preferences differed significantly as habitat availability changed temporally. Under second-order selection, Western Sandpipers preferred tidal sloughs and mud flats on winter low tides, and salt-pond levees at high tides. They preferred salt-pond levees and mud flats at low tides, and salt-pond levees at high tides under third-order selection. During the spring, their preferred habitats were drained and tidal salt ponds, and seasonal wetlands at high tide. At low tide, their preferred habitats were tidal sloughs and tidal salt ponds. Salt-marsh plains were the least preferred habitats during both seasons. Adults were more selective than juveniles in use of low tide habitats, but salt-pond levees were the most preferred habitats for both. Habitat preferences varied considerably when different estimates of habitat availability and use were used. If mud-flat habitats were measured as linear foraging areas along the tide line, the preference for those habitats increased from second to first. When second-order selection was estimated from radio locations rather than home ranges, the resulting composition was similar to third-order selection. Our results suggest that regional conservation plans that restore salt marshes for the benefit of endangered species must consider the effects of losing artificial salt-pond habitats, which are locally important for sandpipers.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089023","usgsCitation":"Warnock, S., and Takekawa, J.Y., 1995, Habitat preferences of wintering shorebirds in a temporally changing environment: Western sandpipers in the San Francisco Bay estuary: The Auk, v. 112, no. 4, p. 920-930, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089023.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"920","endPage":"930","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479262,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089023","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64876b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warnock, S.E.","contributorId":67458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warnock","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003660,"text":"1003660 - 1995 - Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:22:54","indexId":"1003660","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota","docAbstract":"

During the summer of 1986, more than 400 California gulls (Larus californicus) and ring-billed gulls (Larvus delawarensis), primarily fledglings, died on an island in Lake Sakakawea near New Town, North Dakota (USA). Mortality was attributed largely to chlamydiosis. Necropsy findings in nine carcasses included splenomegaly (n = 9), hepatomegaly (n = 4), and pericarditis (n = 1). Livers from three California gulls and two ring-billed gulls, and spleens from the same five birds plus a third ring-billed gull were positive for Chlamydia psittaci by the direct immunofluorescence test. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from separate pools of liver and spleen from one California gull and one ring-billed gull. This is believed to be the first record of epizootic chlamydiosis in gulls and the second report of epizootic chlamydial mortality in wild birds in North America.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-31.3.424","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., and Pearson, J., 1995, Probable epizootic chlamydiosis in wild California (Larus californicus) and ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) gulls in North Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 31, no. 3, p. 424-427, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.3.424.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"424","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480208,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.3.424","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.095458984375,\n 49.0306652257167\n ],\n [\n -97.174072265625,\n 49.05227025601607\n ],\n [\n -96.99829101562499,\n 48.69821216562637\n ],\n [\n -97.05322265625,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -96.932373046875,\n 47.923704717745686\n ],\n [\n -96.866455078125,\n 47.7097615426664\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 47.62097541515849\n ],\n [\n -96.712646484375,\n 46.965259400349275\n ],\n [\n -96.65771484375,\n 46.475699386607516\n ],\n [\n -96.52587890625,\n 46.28622391806708\n ],\n [\n -96.492919921875,\n 45.98932892799953\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 45.90529985724796\n ],\n [\n -104.08447265624999,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -104.095458984375,\n 49.0306652257167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearson, J.E.","contributorId":85139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007878,"text":"1007878 - 1995 - Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:46:26","indexId":"1007878","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry","docAbstract":"

Foraging behavior was studied in 38 sea otters (Enhydra lutris) implanted with radio transmitters. The observed foraging behavior of instrumented individuals was similar to that of uninstrumented otters observed in previous studies: dive duration varied with prey type but not with prey size, dive success was highest for small prey, and the length of surface intervals increased with prey size. However, telemetry revealed that some otters foraged farther offshore and made longer dives than was indicated by visual observations. Individuals within age–sex classes varied in several aspects of foraging behavior, including the duration of dives and length of surface intervals. There were no overall differences between the dive durations or surface intervals during the day and during the night, though some individuals had longer dives or surface intervals during either the day or the night. There were differences in the foraging behavior of the various age–sex classes, the most striking being those between juvenile males and females. Juvenile males foraged much farther offshore (x̄ = 1280 m) in deeper water (x̄ = 30.1 m) than other otters and made long dives during both the day (x̄ = 104.4 s) and the night (x̄ = 122.7 s). Juvenile females fed for longer periods than other otters.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z95-060","usgsCitation":"Ralls, K., Hatfield, B.B., and Siniff, D.B., 1995, Foraging patterns of California sea otters as indicated by telemetry: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 73, no. 3, p. 523-531, https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-060.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"531","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralls, Katherine","contributorId":37900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralls","given":"Katherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatfield, Brian B. 0000-0003-1432-2660 brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-2660","contributorId":127457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Brian","email":"brian_hatfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siniff, Donald B.","contributorId":175050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siniff","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007852,"text":"1007852 - 1995 - Estimating ages of giant sequoias","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:19","indexId":"1007852","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating ages of giant sequoias","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, N., and Demetry, A., 1995, Estimating ages of giant sequoias: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 25, p. 223-233.","productDescription":"p. 223-233","startPage":"223","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc9a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, N.L.","contributorId":17559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Demetry, A.","contributorId":57013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demetry","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1007854,"text":"1007854 - 1995 - Environmental contaminants in eggs of California least terns (Sterna antillarum browni)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T12:10:34.121792","indexId":"1007854","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in eggs of California least terns (Sterna antillarum browni)","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00203750","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., and Zador, S., 1995, Environmental contaminants in eggs of California least terns (Sterna antillarum browni): Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 55, p. 658-665, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203750.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"658","endPage":"665","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.35534668286935,\n 32.86506426601764\n ],\n [\n -117.35534668286935,\n 32.50444434220013\n ],\n [\n -116.98181152661931,\n 32.50444434220013\n ],\n [\n -116.98181152661931,\n 32.86506426601764\n ],\n [\n -117.35534668286935,\n 32.86506426601764\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.22360655181949,\n 38.530199231167956\n ],\n [\n -123.22360655181949,\n 37.33443190964098\n ],\n [\n -121.48776670806956,\n 37.33443190964098\n ],\n [\n -121.48776670806956,\n 38.530199231167956\n ],\n [\n -123.22360655181949,\n 38.530199231167956\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60242f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zador, Stephani","contributorId":60992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zador","given":"Stephani","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008660,"text":"1008660 - 1995 - Determination of selection gradients using multiple regression versus Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-29T08:34:44","indexId":"1008660","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1038,"text":"Biometrical Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of selection gradients using multiple regression versus Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)","docAbstract":"

Selection studies involving multiple intercorrelated independent variables have employed multiple regression analysis as a means to estimate and partition natural and sexual selection's direct and indirect effects. These statistical models assume that independent variables are measured without error. Most would conclude that such is not the case in the field studies for which these methods are employed. We demonstrate that the distortion of estimates resulting from error variance is not trivial. When independent variables are intercorrelated, extreme distortions may occur. We propose to use Structural Equation Models (SEM), to estimate error variance and produce highly accurate coefficients for formulation of selection gradients. This method is particularly appropriate when the selection is viewed as happening at the level of the latent variables.

","language":"English","doi":"10.1002/bimj.4710370406","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B., and Tomer, A., 1995, Determination of selection gradients using multiple regression versus Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): Biometrical Journal, v. 37, no. 4, p. 449-462, https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710370406.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"462","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66794b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, B.H.","contributorId":45666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"B.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomer, A.","contributorId":80139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomer","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003817,"text":"1003817 - 1995 - Necropsy results and concentrations of mercury, lead, arsenic, and selenium in emaciated loons from the coast of North Carolina in 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-20T16:54:42","indexId":"1003817","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":433,"text":"Lake and Reservoir Management","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"title":"Necropsy results and concentrations of mercury, lead, arsenic, and selenium in emaciated loons from the coast of North Carolina in 1993","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lake and Reservoir Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Augspurger, T., Converse, K.A., Spitzer, P., and Miller, E., 1995, Necropsy results and concentrations of mercury, lead, arsenic, and selenium in emaciated loons from the coast of North Carolina in 1993: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 11, no. 2, p. 139.","productDescription":"p. 139","startPage":"139","numberOfPages":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.64562988281249,\n 33.90689555128866\n ],\n [\n -78.0743408203125,\n 34.020794936018724\n ],\n [\n -78.0413818359375,\n 34.347971491244955\n ],\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 34.71903991764788\n ],\n [\n -77.420654296875,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -77.1844482421875,\n 35.45619556834375\n ],\n [\n -76.95373535156249,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -76.88232421875,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -76.7010498046875,\n 36.56260003738548\n ],\n [\n -75.750732421875,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 35.77325759103725\n ],\n [\n -75.311279296875,\n 35.35321610123821\n ],\n [\n -75.4376220703125,\n 35.097439809364204\n ],\n [\n -75.794677734375,\n 35.05698043137265\n ],\n [\n -76.365966796875,\n 34.51560953848204\n ],\n [\n -76.61865234374999,\n 34.45674800347809\n ],\n [\n -76.8878173828125,\n 34.56538299699511\n ],\n [\n -77.3602294921875,\n 34.30714385628804\n ],\n [\n -77.750244140625,\n 33.792843773631844\n ],\n [\n -77.95898437499999,\n 33.55055114384406\n ],\n [\n -78.5467529296875,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -78.64562988281249,\n 33.90689555128866\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Augspurger, T.P.","contributorId":26657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Augspurger","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spitzer, P.R.","contributorId":57410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitzer","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, E.A.","contributorId":65799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1007853,"text":"1007853 - 1995 - Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in eggs of wading birds from San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T14:39:48.982304","indexId":"1007853","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in eggs of wading birds from San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"

Between 1989 and 1991, reproduction by black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and snowy egrets (Egretta thula) was studied at sites in San Francisco Bay. Eggs were collected from these and other bay sites and from South Wilbur Flood Area, a reference site in California's San Joaquin Valley. Eggs were analyzed for inorganic trace elements, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Results were compared among sites and years and with results of previous studies. There was some evidence of impaired reproduction, but concentrations of contaminants were generally lower than threshold levels for such effects. Egg hatchability was generally good, with predation being the factor that most limited reproductive success. Mean PCB concentrations were generally higher in eggs from the south end of San Francisco Bay than from the north, but the only temporal change, an increase, was observed at Alcatraz Island. There were spatial differences for p,p′-DDE in night-heron eggs in 1990, but the highest mean concentration of DDE was in night-heron eggs from South Wilbur in 1991. Temporal declines in maximum concentrations of DDE in eggs were observed in the bay, but means did not change significantly over time. At Bair Island in the southern end of the bay, mean concentrations of mercury decreased while selenium increased in night-heron eggs over time, but there were no clear bay-wide spatial or temporal trends for either element.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620140808","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., Marois, K.C., Wainwright, S., Roster, D., King, K.A., and Keldsen, T., 1995, Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in eggs of wading birds from San Francisco Bay, California: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 14, no. 8, p. 1319-1331, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620140808.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1319","endPage":"1331","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marois, Katherine C.","contributorId":10000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marois","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wainwright, S.E.","contributorId":53911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wainwright","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roster, D.L.","contributorId":16779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roster","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, Kirk A.","contributorId":9203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keldsen, T.J.","contributorId":23240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keldsen","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1007895,"text":"1007895 - 1995 - Historic distribution, current status and range extension of Bufo boreas in Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:17","indexId":"1007895","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic distribution, current status and range extension of Bufo boreas in Utah","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ross, D., Esque, T., Fridell, R., and Hovingh, P., 1995, Historic distribution, current status and range extension of Bufo boreas in Utah: Herpetological Review, v. 26, p. 187-188.","productDescription":"p. 187-188","startPage":"187","endPage":"188","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62efb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D.A.","contributorId":89089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fridell, R.A.","contributorId":35684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridell","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hovingh, P.","contributorId":55773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovingh","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000636,"text":"1000636 - 1995 - Fisheries management to reduce contaminant consumption","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T10:55:07","indexId":"1000636","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fisheries management to reduce contaminant consumption","docAbstract":"

This paper concludes that contaminants in Lake Michigan fishes are likely to remain above detectable levels for some time. Some interest groups have called for measures ranging from additional effluent controls to a ban on the industrial use of chlorine. Such measures, however well intended, are likely to have little impact on many of the contaminants of primary concern. PCBs, in particular, are largely the legacy of past activities and are not likely to be substantially affected by additional regulation. The authors review several options for reducing human exposure to PCBs, using relatively simple fisheries manipulations, although they do not propose that these measures are the ultimate solution to the contaminant problem. Of the options presented, the most promising is the replacement of lake trout with less-contaminated species, such as rainbow trout.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.2307/1312627","usgsCitation":"Stow, C., Carpenter, S.R., Madenjian, C.P., Eby, L.A., and Jackson, L.J., 1995, Fisheries management to reduce contaminant consumption: BioScience, v. 45, no. 11, p. 752-758, https://doi.org/10.2307/1312627.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"752","endPage":"758","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stow, Craig A.","contributorId":49733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stow","given":"Craig A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Stephen R.","contributorId":89477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":308975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eby, Lisa A.","contributorId":42910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jackson, Leland J.","contributorId":49734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Leland","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000655,"text":"1000655 - 1995 - Planktivory by alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) on microcrustacean zooplankton and dreissenid (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) veligers in southern Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T13:56:50","indexId":"1000655","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Planktivory by alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) on microcrustacean zooplankton and dreissenid (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) veligers in southern Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"

The objective of this study was to describe the diet of young-of-the-year and adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) in nearshore waters coincident with the colonization of Lake Ontario by Dreissena. Laboratory experiments and field observations indicated that alewife and rainbow smelt consumed dreissenid veligers and that the veligers remained intact and identifiable in the digestive tract for several hours. Dreissenid larvae were found in field-caught alewife and rainbow smelt in August 1992, even though veliger densities were low (<0.1/L). Zooplankton dominated the diet of all fish and veliger larvae were <0.1% of the biomass of prey eaten by these fish. Density of veligers and the distribution of settled dreissenids declined from west to east along the south shore of Lake Ontario. Based on veliger consumption rates we measured and the abundance of veligers and planktivores, we conclude that planktivory by alewife and smelt in the nearshore waters of Lake Ontario did not substantially reduce the number of veligers during 1991–1993. However, our results indicate that if the density of veligers in Lake Ontario decreases, and if planktivores remain abundant, planktivory on veliger populations could be significant.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f95-092","usgsCitation":"Mills, E.L., O’Gorman, R., Roseman, E., Adams, C., and Owens, R.W., 1995, Planktivory by alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) on microcrustacean zooplankton and dreissenid (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) veligers in southern Lake Ontario: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 52, no. 5, p. 925-935, https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-092.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"925","endPage":"935","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, Edward L.","contributorId":61387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roseman, Edward F.","contributorId":100334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseman","given":"Edward F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adams, Connie","contributorId":66647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Connie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owens, Randall W.","contributorId":23871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000720,"text":"1000720 - 1995 - Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in Lake Superior and their restoration in 1959-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T11:44:13","indexId":"1000720","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in Lake Superior and their restoration in 1959-1993","docAbstract":"

Naturally-reproducing populations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) have been reestablished in most of Lake Superior, but have not been restored to 1929-1943 average abundance. Progress toward lake trout restoration in Lake Superior is described, management actions are reviewed, and the effectiveness of those actions is evaluated; especially stocking lake trout as a tool for building spawning stocks, and subsequently, populations of wild recruits. Widespread destruction of lake trout stocks in the 1950s due to an intense fishery and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation resulted in lower overall phenotypic diversity than was previously present. Stocking of yearling lake trout, begun in the 1950s, produced high densities of spawners that reproduced wherever inshore spawning habitat was widespread. Sea lampreys were greatly reduced, beginning in 1961, using selective chemical toxicants and barrier dams, but continue to exert substantial mortality. Fishery regulation was least effective in Wisconsin, where excessive gillnet effort caused high by-catch of lake trout until 1991, and in eastern Michigan, where lake trout restoration was deferred in favor of a tribal fishery for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) in 1985. Restoration of stocks was quicker in offshore areas where remnant wild lake trout survived and fishing intensity was low, and was slower in inshore areas where stocked lake trout reproduced successfully and fishing intensity was high. Inshore stocks of wild lake trout are currently about 61 % of historic abundance in Michigan and 53% in Wisconsin. Direct comparison of modern and historic abundances of inshore lake trout stocks in Minnesota and Ontario is impossible due to lack of historic stock assessment data. Stocks in Minnesota are less abundant at present than in Michigan or Wisconsin, and stocks in Ontario are similar to those in Michigan. Further progress in stock recovery can only be achieved if sea lampreys are depressed and if fisheries are constrained further than at present.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71088-7","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M.J., Peck, J.W., Schorfhaar, R.G., Selgeby, J.H., Schreiner, D.R., Schram, S.T., Swanson, B.L., MacCallum, W.R., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Curtis, G.L., Heinrich, J.W., and Young, R.J., 1995, Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in Lake Superior and their restoration in 1959-1993: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, no. Supplement 1, p. 152-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71088-7.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"152","endPage":"175","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4316","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peck, James W.","contributorId":78277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schorfhaar, Richard G.","contributorId":76258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schorfhaar","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreiner, Donald R.","contributorId":108051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schram, Stephen T.","contributorId":59384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Swanson, Bruce L.","contributorId":105660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"MacCallum, Wayne R.","contributorId":53727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCallum","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, Mary K.","contributorId":78267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Curtis, Gary L.","contributorId":16356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Heinrich, John W.","contributorId":63754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinrich","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Young, Robert J.","contributorId":31356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70175292,"text":"70175292 - 1995 - Viewpoints and practices - numerical modeling of 3-D estuarine hydrodynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-04T09:13:02","indexId":"70175292","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Viewpoints and practices - numerical modeling of 3-D estuarine hydrodynamics","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in hydroscience and engineering, V. II, Part B","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cheng, R.T., 1995, Viewpoints and practices - numerical modeling of 3-D estuarine hydrodynamics, chap. of Advances in hydroscience and engineering, V. II, Part B, p. 1361-1367.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1367","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a4674fe4b0ebae89b63ce7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000749,"text":"1000749 - 1995 - An evaluation of lake trout reproductive habitat on Clay Banks Reef, northwestern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T09:19:12","indexId":"1000749","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of lake trout reproductive habitat on Clay Banks Reef, northwestern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"The extinction of the native populations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Michigan in about 1956 has been followed by a decades-long attempt to reestablish self-sustaining populations of this valuable species in habitats it formerly occupied throughout the lake. One of the most recent management strategies designed to facilitate recovery was to make a primary management objective the establishment of sanctuaries where stocked lake trout could be protected and self-sustaining populations reestablished. In the present study we employed habitat survey and mapping techniques, field and laboratory bioassays, egg traps, sediment traps, and gill nets to examine the potential for successful natural reproduction by stocked lake trout on Clay Banks Reef in the Door-Kewaunee sanctuary in Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan. Our study revealed (1) there was suitable habitat on the reef to support the production of viable fry, (2) spawner abundance on the reef was the highest recorded in the great lakes, and (3) eggs taken from spawners on the reef and held on the reef in plexiglas incubators hatched and produced fry that survived through swim-up. We conclude that Clay Banks Reef has the potential to support successful natural reproduction by stocked lake trout.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71114-5","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., Holey, M.E., Manny, B.A., and Kennedy, G.W., 1995, An evaluation of lake trout reproductive habitat on Clay Banks Reef, northwestern Lake Michigan: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, p. 418-432, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71114-5.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"418","endPage":"432","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266969,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71114-5"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68497b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holey, Mark E.","contributorId":13174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holey","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000750,"text":"1000750 - 1995 - Availability of lake trout reproductive habitat in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T14:36:06","indexId":"1000750","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Availability of lake trout reproductive habitat in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"A decades-long program to reestablish self-sustaining stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the four lower Great Lakes produced excellent fisheries supported by stocked fish. These fish spawned widely and small numbers of their offspring were collected intermittently from Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Ontario, but no self-sustaining stocks were established. Irt this paper we address habitat sufficiency as a factor in the failure of stocked lake trout to established self-sustaining populations in the four lower Great Lakes. We present the previously unpublished results of lake trout spawning habitat surveys conducted at seven sites in the Great Lakes since 1987 and we compare them with the published results of similar surveys conducted at 24 other sites in the four lower lakes since 1981. Our evaluation indicates all but two of these sites can support the production of viable fry from spawnings by the shallow-water strains of lake trout that are stocked in the Great Lakes. However, some of the best spawning, egg, and fry habitat in the lower Great Lakes seems to be at deeper offshore sites that may be unattractive to these shallow-water strains. Thus, we suggest also stocking the lower four lakes with strains from Lake Superior that might more fully exploit the best spawning habitat at these deeper, offshore sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71103-0","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., and Kennedy, G.W., 1995, Availability of lake trout reproductive habitat in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, p. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71103-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"301","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267040,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71103-0"}],"volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ad95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Gregory W. 0000-0003-1686-6960 gkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1686-6960","contributorId":3700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Gregory","email":"gkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000782,"text":"1000782 - 1995 - Effect of gear selectivity on recommended allowable harvest with application to the Lake Erie yellow perch fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T11:42:24","indexId":"1000782","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of gear selectivity on recommended allowable harvest with application to the Lake Erie yellow perch fishery","docAbstract":"
Because the 57-mm-mesh gill net is the predominant gear in the Lake Eric fishery for yellow perch Perca flavescens, gear selectivity is an important factor operating in that fishery. The selectivity curve for age-groups 2–6 is roughly symmetrical with peak vulnerability at age 4; younger and older perch are substantially less susceptible to the gear. The Beverton-Holt yield-per-recruit and Ricker equilibrium yield models were applied to the west-central Lake Erie yellow perch fishery to examine the effect of gear selectivity on yield-per-recruit analysis. All fish older than a specified recruitment age are assumed to he equally vulnerable in the Beverton-Holt yield-per-recruit analysis, but the Ricker equilibrium yield model can explicitly accommodate gear selectivity. Optimal fishing rate was estimated with both models, and then recommended allowable harvests were generated based on yellow perch population size estimates. Inclusion of gear selectivity in the yield-per-recruit analysis resulted in a 12% decrease in recommended allowable harvest. When skewed gear selectivity curves were investigated, gear selectivity had a still more pronounced effect on recommended allowable harvest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0079:EOGSOR>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., and Ryan, P.A., 1995, Effect of gear selectivity on recommended allowable harvest with application to the Lake Erie yellow perch fishery: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 15, no. 1, p. 79-83, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0079:EOGSOR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"83","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6254e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, Philip A.","contributorId":99103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000637,"text":"1000637 - 1995 - Winter diet of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) in western Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T10:59:09","indexId":"1000637","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter diet of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) in western Lake Superior","docAbstract":"

Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and zooplankton samples were simultaneously collected through the ice in the Apostle Islands region of western Lake Superior to provide information on the winter feeding ecology of lake herring. Zooplankton constituted the entire diet of the 38 lake herring collected for this study. We found no evidence of piscivory, although it has been reported by anglers. Diet selectivities were calculated using a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and showed a preference of lake herring for larger zooplankton, especially Diaptomus sicilis, whereas the smaller copepod,Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, and immature copepod stages were selected against. These data document that overwintering copepods are food for a broad size range of lake herring in winter.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71050-4","usgsCitation":"Link, J., Selgeby, J.H., Hoff, M.H., and Haskell, C., 1995, Winter diet of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) in western Lake Superior: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, no. 3, p. 395-399, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71050-4.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"399","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47dae4b07f02db4b64d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, Jason","contributorId":8793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"Jason","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haskell, Craig","contributorId":51686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haskell","given":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000748,"text":"1000748 - 1995 - Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T11:46:35","indexId":"1000748","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"

Attempts to maintain the native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) population in Lake Ontario by stocking fry failed and the species was extirpated by the 1950s. Hatchery fish stocked in the 1960s did not live to maturity because of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) predation and incidental commercial harvest. Suppression of sea lampreys began with larvicide treatments of Lake Ontario tributaries in 1971 and was enhanced when the tributaries of Oneida Lake and Lake Erie were treated in the 1980s. Annual stocking of hatchery fish was resumed with the 1972 year class and peaked at about 1.8 million yearlings and 0.3 million fingerlings from the 1985–1990 year classes. Survival of stocked yearlings declined over 50% in the 1980 s and was negatively correlated with the abundance of lake trout > 550 mm long (r = −0.91, P < 0.01, n = 12). A slot length limit imposed by the State of New York for the 1988 fishing season reduced angler harvest. Angler harvest in Canadian waters was 3 times higher in eastern Lake Ontario than in western Lake Ontario. For the 1977–1984 year classes, mean annual survival rate of lake trout age 6 and older was 0.45 (range: 0.35–0.56). In U.S. waters during 1985–1992, the total number of lake trout harvested by anglers was about 2.4 times greater than that killed by sea lampreys. The number of unmarked lake trout < 250 mm long in trawl catches in 1978–1992 was not different from that expected due to loss of marks and failure to apply marks at the hatchery, and suggested that recruitment of naturally-produced fish was nil. However, many of the obstacles which may have impeded lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Ontario during the 1980s are slowly being removed, and there are signs of a general ecosystem recovery. Significant recruitment of naturally produced lake trout by the year 2000, one interim objective of the rehabilitation plan for the Lake, may be achieved.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71085-1","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., O’Gorman, R., Schneider, C.P., Eckert, T.H., Schaner, T., Bowlby, J.N., and Schleen, L.P., 1995, Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 21, no. Supplement 1, p. 83-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71085-1.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"107","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"Supplement 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b104a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eckert, Thomas H.","contributorId":58585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckert","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schaner, Ted","contributorId":69939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaner","given":"Ted","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowlby, James N.","contributorId":97863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowlby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schleen, Larry P.","contributorId":27016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schleen","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1000783,"text":"1000783 - 1995 - Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie: a bioenergetics model application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-14T13:59:32","indexId":"1000783","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie: a bioenergetics model application","docAbstract":"

To better understand the role of piscivorous waterbirds in the food web of western Lake Erie, we applied a bioenergetics model to determine their total fish consumption, The important nesting species included the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Ring-billed Gull (L. delawarensis), Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), and Great Egret (Casmerodius albus). The impact of migrant waterbirds, including the Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), on western Lake Erie fish biomass was also considered in the analysis. According to the modeling results, during the early 1990s, piscivorous waterbirds consumed 13,368 tonnes of fish from western Lake Erie each year. This tonnage was equivalent to 15.2% of the prey fish biomass needed to support the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) population in western Lake Erie during a single growing season. The model application was useful in quantifying energy flow between birds and fish in a large lake ecosystem.

","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1368992","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., and Gabrey, S.W., 1995, Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie: a bioenergetics model application: Condor, v. 97, no. 1, p. 141-153, https://doi.org/10.2307/1368992.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gabrey, Steven W.","contributorId":40927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabrey","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}