Water retention times in the Finger Lakes, a group of 11 lakes in central New York with similar hydrologic and climatic characteristics, were estimated by use of a tritium-balance model. During July 1991, samples were collected from the 11 lakes and selected tributary streams and were analyzed for tritium, deuterium, and oxygen-18. Additional samples from some of the sites were collected in 1990, 1992 and 1993. Tritium concentration in lake water ranged from 24.6 Tritium Units (TU) (Otisco Lake) to 43.2 TU (Seneca Lake).The parameters in the model used to obtain water retention time (WRT) included relative humidity, evaporation rate, tritium concentrations of inflowing water and lake water, and WRT of the lake. A historical record of tritium concentrations in precipitation and runoff was obtained from rainfall data at Ottawa, Canada, analyses of local wines produced during 1977–1991, and streamflow samples collected in 1990–1991. The model was simulated in yearly steps for 1953–1991, and the WRT was varied to reproduce tritium concentrations measured in each lake in 1991. Water retention times obtained from model simulations ranged from 1 year for Otisco Lake to 12 years for Seneca Lake, and with the exception of Seneca Lake and Skaneateles Lake, were in agreement with earlier estimates obtained from runoff estimates and chloride balances. The sensitivity of the model to parameter changes was tested to determine possible reasons for the differences calculated for WRT's for Seneca Lake and Skaneateles Lake. The shorter WRT obtained from tritium data for Lake Seneca (12 years as compared to 18 years) can be explained by a yearly addition of less than 3% by lake volume of ground water to the lake, the exact percentage depending on tritium concentration in the ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02586-Z","usgsCitation":"Michel, R.L., and Kraemer, T.F., 1995, Use of isotopic data to estimate water residence times of the Finger Lakes, New York: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02586-Z.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338453,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Finger Lakes ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 42.86187308074834\n ],\n [\n -77.7886962890625,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -77.794189453125,\n 42.78532283730215\n ],\n [\n -77.640380859375,\n 42.63597933867727\n ],\n [\n -77.23663330078125,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -76.54998779296875,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -76.16546630859375,\n 42.82562425459303\n ],\n [\n -76.30279541015625,\n 43.018705515824635\n ],\n [\n -77.76123046875,\n 42.86187308074834\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7635e4b0ee37af29e4c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraemer, Thomas F. tkraemer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"Thomas","email":"tkraemer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189791,"text":"70189791 - 1995 - Release strategies for rehabilitated sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-25T16:08:04","indexId":"70189791","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Release strategies for rehabilitated sea otters","docAbstract":"According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services’ (USFWS) Response Plan for sea otters (USFWS, in preparation), in the event of an oil spill, the decision to release sea otters from rehabilitation centers following treatment will be linked to the decision on whether to capture sea otters for treatment. Assuming a scenario similar to the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), once the decision to capture sea otters is made, the ultimate goal is to return as many sea otters to the wild as possible, even though the rescue may not be expected to produce results significant at the population level. The decision by the USFWS to proceed with capture, rehabilitation, and release will be made on a case-by-case basis (USFWS, in preparation). Many factors will influence the decision. Perhaps the most important factors in deciding when and where to release sea otters are the location and availability of suitable release sites and verification that the otters are free of diseases that might be transmitted to the wild population.
Alternative release strategies for sea otters will be contained in the sea otter response portion of the USFWS’s oil spill contingency plans for Alaska and California that are being developed as required by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Public review of these plans before they are implemented will help to reduce public concern about the survival of rehabilitated otters, their biological effect on the release area, and the potential introduction or spread of disease into the wild sea otter population.
The objective of this chapter is to review alternative strategies for the disposition of rehabilitated sea otters. Our assumption is that returning as many animals to the wild as possible, whether it be for humanitarian or biological reasons, is the ultimate goal of this effort (Figure 10.1).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Emergency care and rehabilitation of oiled sea otters: A guide for oil spils involving fur-bearing marine mammals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska Press","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","isbn":"0-912006-77-3","usgsCitation":"DeGange, A.R., Ballachey, B.E., and Bayha, K., 1995, Release strategies for rehabilitated sea otters, chap. 10 of Emergency care and rehabilitation of oiled sea otters: A guide for oil spils involving fur-bearing marine mammals, p. 141-151.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"151","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"597858b5e4b0ec1a488a0915","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Terrie M.","contributorId":191735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Terrie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706392,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Randall W.","contributorId":131160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706393,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":706394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayha, Keith","contributorId":30270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayha","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185718,"text":"70185718 - 1995 - Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: Interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:51:28","indexId":"70185718","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: Interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction ","docAbstract":"Acid mine drainage streams in the Rocky Mountains typically have few algal species and abundant iron oxide deposits which can sorb phosphate. An instream injection of radiolabeled phosphate (32P0,) into St. Kevin Gulch, an acid mine drainage stream, was used to test the ability of a dominant algal species, Ulothrix sp., to rapidly assimilate phosphate. Approximately 90% of the injected phosphate was removed from the water column in the 175-m stream reach. When shaded stream reaches were exposed to full sunlight after the injection ended, photoreductive dissolution of iron oxide released sorbed 32P, which was then also removed downstream. The removal from the stream was modeled as a first-order process by using a reactive solute transport transient storage model. Concentrations of 32P mass-’ of algae were typically lo-fold greater than concentrations in hydrous iron oxides. During the injection, concentrations of 32P increased in the cellular P pool containing soluble, low-molecular-weight compounds and confirmed direct algal uptake of 32P0, from water. Mass balance calculations indicated that algal uptake and sorption on iron oxides were significant in removing phosphate. We conclude that in stream ecosystems, PO, sorbed by iron oxides can act as a dynamic nutrient reservoir regulated by photoreduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.0938","usgsCitation":"Tate, C.M., Broshears, R.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1995, Phosphate dynamics in an acidic mountain stream: Interactions involving algal uptake, sorption by iron oxide, and photoreduction : Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, no. 5, p. 938-946, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.0938.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"938","endPage":"946","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Kevin's Gulch ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4150333404541,\n 39.27817818049477\n ],\n [\n -106.33752822875977,\n 39.27817818049477\n ],\n [\n -106.33752822875977,\n 39.32394034012386\n ],\n [\n -106.4150333404541,\n 39.32394034012386\n ],\n [\n -106.4150333404541,\n 39.27817818049477\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7635e4b0ee37af29e4c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tate, Cathy M. cmtate@usgs.gov","contributorId":3438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Cathy","email":"cmtate@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Broshears, Robert E.","contributorId":40675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187050,"text":"70187050 - 1995 - Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:21:14","indexId":"70187050","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho","docAbstract":"This study was initiated to determine the general effects of potential flow reductions in the middle Snake River (Swan Falls Dam downstream to the Idaho-Oregon border) on its riparian vegetation. Considerable water from the river is currently used to irrigate the adjacent Snake River Plain, and increased demand for water in the future is likely. The problem was subdivided into several research components including: field investigation of the existing riparian vegetation and river environment, hydrological modeling to calculate the effects of one flow scenario on hydrological regime, and integration of vegetation and hydrological modeling results with a Geographic Information System (GIs) to map the riverbed, island, and bank conditions under the scenario flow. Field work was conducted in summer 1990. Riparian vegetation along 40 U.S. Geological Survey cross-sections was sampled at approximately 1.25 mile intervals within the 50 mile long study area. Cross-section and flow data were provided by the U.S. Geological. Survey. GIs mapping of land/water cover using ARC/INFO was based on 1987 aerial photographs. Riverbed contour maps were produced by linking cross-section data, topographic contouring software (anudem), and GIs. The maps were used to spatially display shallow areas in the channel likely to become vegetated under reduced flow conditions. The scenario would reduce flow by approximately 20% (160 MAF) and lower the river an average of 0.5 ft. The scenario flow could cause a drop in the elevation of the riparian zone comparable to the drop in mean river level and expansion of the lower riparian zone into shallow areas of the channel. The GIs maps showed that the shallow areas of the channel more likely to become vegetated under the scenario flow are located in wide reaches near islands. Some possible ecological consequences of the scenario flow include a greater area of riparian habitat, reduced flow velocity and sedimentation in shallow channels leading to channel deactivation, increased island visitation and nest predation by predatory mammals due to loss of a water barrier between some islands and banks, and larger populations of alien plant species in the new riparian vegetation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00048-A","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W.C., Dixon, M.D., Simons, R.W., Jenson, S., and Larson, K., 1995, Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho: Geomorphology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00048-A.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.135065496929165\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 43.135065496929165\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 43.78299262890581\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.78299262890581\n ],\n [\n -117.2900390625,\n 43.135065496929165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8d8e4b0b7ea5452410b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, W. Carter","contributorId":189219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dixon, Mark D.","contributorId":48055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simons, Robert W.","contributorId":33632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenson, Susan","contributorId":191180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenson","given":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larson, Kevin","contributorId":191179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larson","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184677,"text":"70184677 - 1995 - Characteristics of vegetation phenology over the Alaskan landscape using AVHRR time-series data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T11:10:06","indexId":"70184677","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3095,"text":"Polar Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of vegetation phenology over the Alaskan landscape using AVHRR time-series data","docAbstract":"Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data were acquired and composited into twice-a-month periods from 1 May 1991 to 15 October 1991 in order to map vegetation characteristics of the Alaskan landscape. Unique spatial and temporal qualities of the AVHRR data provide information that leads to a better understanding of regional biophysical characteristics of vegetation communities and patterns. These data provided synoptic views of the landscape and depicted phenological diversity, temporal vegetation phenology (green-up, peak of green, and senescence), photosynthetic activity, and regional landscape patterns. Products generated from the data included a phenological class map, phenological composite maps (onset, peak, and duration), and photosynthetic activity maps (mean and maximum greenness). The time-series data provide opportunities to study phenological processes at small landscape scales over time periods of weeks, months, and years. Regional patterns identified on some of the maps are unique to specific areas; others correspond to biophysical or ecoregional boundaries. The data provide new insights to landscape processes, ecology, and landscape physiognomy that allow scientists to look at landscapes in ways that were previously difficult to achieve.
This article proposes a simple new logic for classifying global vegetation. The critical features of this classification are that 1) it is based on simple, observable, unambiguous characteristics of vegetation structure that are important to ecosystem biogeochemistry and can be measured in the field for validation, 2) the structural characteristics are remotely sensible so that repeatable and efficient global reclassifications of existing vegetation will be possible, and 3) the defined vegetation classes directly translate into the biophysical parameters of interest by global climate and biogeochemical models. A first test of this logic for the continental United States is presented based on an existing 1 km AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index database. Procedures for solving critical remote sensing problems needed to implement the classification are discussed. Also, some inferences from this classification to advanced vegetation biophysical variables such as specific leaf area and photosynthetic capacity useful to global biogeochemical modeling are suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(94)00063-S","usgsCitation":"Running, S.W., Loveland, T.R., Pierce, L.L., Nemani, R., and Hunt, E.R., 1995, A remote sensing based vegetation classification logic for global land cover analysis: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 51, no. 1, p. 39-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00063-S.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"48","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":688006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":688007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, Lars L.","contributorId":190275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nemani, R.R.","contributorId":51133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nemani","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hunt, E. Raymond Jr.","contributorId":60557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Raymond","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018897,"text":"70018897 - 1995 - Principal component analysis of interseismic deformation in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:13:04.386433","indexId":"70018897","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Principal component analysis of interseismic deformation in southern California","docAbstract":"Eight trilateration networks along the San Andreas fault in southern California have been surveyed repeatedly (8 to 19 times) within an approximately 15-year interval between 1971 and 1992. The data for each network were analyzed by principal component analysis to represent the observed changes in line length as a superposition of individual modes: Lij - Li = ∑k Aik Ck (tj), where Lij is the length of the ith line measured at the time tj, Li is the average length of the ith line, and AikCk(tj) is the kth mode. Each mode is described by a common time function Ck(tj) that is evaluated only at the times tj of the surveys, and the participation of each line in that mode is described by a constant amplitude Aik for that line. For all networks the deformation is largely described by the first mode, and the first-mode time function is essentially linear in time. That is, the deformation in each of the networks appears to be steady. Two anomalies in the accumulation of deformation were observed: In the network near Palmdale a transient strain event occurred in the second mode in early 1982, and in the network within Cajon Pass, fluctuations in the accumulation of deformation somewhat greater than would be attributed to measurement error were found. Although both anomalies are formally significant given the estimated measurement error, I am not confident that either anomaly is real. The principal conclusion is that the accumulation of interseismic deformation in the southern California trilateration networks is steady within the precision of measurement.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.90.5.999","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Goldhaber, M., and Rowan, E., 1995, The potential role of magmatic gases in the genesis of Illinois- Kentucky fluorspar deposits: Implications from chemical reaction path modeling: Economic Geology, v. 90, no. 5, p. 999-1011, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.5.999.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"999","endPage":"1011","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baebae4b08c986b3242cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019038,"text":"70019038 - 1995 - Economics of mining law","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:14","indexId":"70019038","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economics of mining law","docAbstract":"Modern mining law, by facilitating socially and environmentally acceptable exploration, development, and production of mineral materials, helps secure the benefits of mineral production while minimizing environmental harm and accounting for increasing land-use competition. Mining investments are sunk costs, irreversibly tied to a particular mineral site, and require many years to recoup. Providing security of tenure is the most critical element of a practical mining law. Governments owning mineral rights have a conflict of interest between their roles as a profit-maximizing landowner and as a guardian of public welfare. As a monopoly supplier, governments have considerable power to manipulate mineral-rights markets. To avoid monopoly rent-seeking by governments, a competitive market for government-owned mineral rights must be created by artifice. What mining firms will pay for mineral rights depends on expected exploration success and extraction costs. Landowners and mining firms will negotlate respective shares of anticipated differential rents, usually allowing for some form of risk sharing. Private landowners do not normally account for external benefits or costs of minerals use. Government ownership of mineral rights allows for direct accounting of social prices for mineral-bearing lands and external costs. An equitable and efficient method is to charge an appropriate reservation price for surface land use, net of the value of land after reclamation, and to recover all or part of differential rents through a flat income or resource-rent tax. The traditional royalty on gross value of production, essentially a regressive income tax, cannot recover as much rent as a flat income tax, causes arbitrary mineral-reserve sterilization, and creates a bias toward development on the extensive margin where marginal environmental costs are higher. Mitigating environmental costs and resolving land-use conflicts require local evaluation and planning. National oversight ensures that the relative global avaliability of minerals and other values are considered, and can also promote adaptive efficiency by publicizing creative local solutions, providing technical support, and funding useful research. ?? 1995 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02257018","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Long, K.R., 1995, Economics of mining law: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 4, no. 1, p. 74-83, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257018.","startPage":"74","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205816,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257018"},{"id":226944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0590e4b0c8380cd50e4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, K. R.","contributorId":94658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":85959,"text":"85959 - 1995 - Movements, distribution, and population dynamics of polar bears in the Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:00","indexId":"85959","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Movements, distribution, and population dynamics of polar bears in the Beaufort Sea","language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., 1995, Movements, distribution, and population dynamics of polar bears in the Beaufort Sea, 299.","productDescription":"299","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648696","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187652,"text":"70187652 - 1995 - Effects of empirical versus model-based reflectance calibration on automated analysis of imaging spectrometer data: a case study from the Drum Mountains, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T10:30:59","indexId":"70187652","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of empirical versus model-based reflectance calibration on automated analysis of imaging spectrometer data: a case study from the Drum Mountains, Utah","docAbstract":"Data collected by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) have been calibrated to surface reflectance using an empirical method and an atmospheric model-based method. Single spectra extracted from both calibrated data sets for locations with known mineralogy compared favorably with laboratory and field spectral measurements of samples from the same locations. Generally, spectral features were somewhat subdued in data calibrated using the model-based method when compared with those calibrated using the empirical method. Automated feature extraction and expert system analysis techniques have been successfully applied to both data sets to produce similar endmember probability images and spectral endmember libraries. Linear spectral unmixing procedures applied to both calibrated data sets produced similar image maps. These comparisons demonstrated the utility of the model-based approach for atmospherically correcting imaging spectrometer data prior to extraction of scientific information. The results indicated that imaging spectrometer data can be calibrated and analyzed without a priori knowledge of the remote target.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Dwyer, J.L., Kruse, F.A., and Lefkoff, A.B., 1995, Effects of empirical versus model-based reflectance calibration on automated analysis of imaging spectrometer data: a case study from the Drum Mountains, Utah: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 61, no. 10, p. 1247-1254.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1247","endPage":"1254","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bfe4b044b359e486d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dwyer, John L. 0000-0002-8281-0896 dwyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-0896","contributorId":3481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"John","email":"dwyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kruse, Fred A.","contributorId":26811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruse","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lefkoff, Adam B.","contributorId":191981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lefkoff","given":"Adam","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":93733,"text":"93733 - 1995 - Baseline risk assessment for aquatic life for the Buffalo River, New York, Area of Concern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"93733","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Baseline risk assessment for aquatic life for the Buffalo River, New York, Area of Concern","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes National Program Office of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program to address concerns of environmental degradation at 43 Areas of Concern in the Great Lakes. In our first report (Passino-Reader et al. 1992), we developed a generic approach for baseline hazard evaluation of aquatic life in the Great Lakes Areas of Concern. In this report, we demonstrate the application of the generic approach to the Buffalo River (New York) Area of Concern. Using available historical data on residues in sediments, water, and biota, we evaluated exposure for 41 contaminants from the Buffalo River for eight taxa of fish and invertebrates representing the major trophic levels in the Buffalo River. By comparing exposure concentrations with reference toxicities, we calculated risk to the eight receptor organisms for typical and worst cases of exposure to the 41 contaminants. For mixtures of the contaminants present at the Buffalo River, primarily metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, we compared sediment concentrations with effects range-low (EL-R) values as reference values for toxicity of mixtures to estimate risk to aquatic biota.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office","publisherLocation":"Chicago, IL","usgsCitation":"Passino-Reader, D.R., Hudson, P.L., and Hickey, J.P., 1995, Baseline risk assessment for aquatic life for the Buffalo River, New York, Area of Concern, 112 p.","productDescription":"112 p.","startPage":"112","numberOfPages":"112","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Passino-Reader, Dora R.","contributorId":50839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickey, James P.","contributorId":83460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":85746,"text":"85746 - 1995 - Reptiles and amphibians in the endangered longleaf pine ecosystem","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85746,"text":"85746 - 1995 - Reptiles and amphibians in the endangered longleaf pine ecosystem","indexId":"85746","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Reptiles and amphibians in the endangered longleaf pine ecosystem"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T16:08:48","indexId":"85746","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Reptiles and amphibians in the endangered longleaf pine ecosystem","docAbstract":"The Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States contains a rich diversity of reptiles and amphibians (herpetofauna). Of the 290 species native to the Southeast, 170 (74 amphibians, 96 reptiles) are found within the range of the remnant longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem (Fig. 1). Many of these species are not found elsewhere, particularly those amphibians that require temporary ponds for reproduction. Many Coastal Plain species are listed federally or by states as endangered or threatened or are candidates for listing (Fig. 1). Examples include the flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum), striped newt (Notophthalmus perstriatus), Carolina and dusky gopher frogs (Rana capito capito and R.c. sevosa), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi), gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), and Florida pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C.K., 1995, Reptiles and amphibians in the endangered longleaf pine ecosystem, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 129-131.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339896,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c9e2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504731,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504734,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504732,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504733,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504730,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr.","contributorId":89215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96607,"text":"96607 - 1995 - Final Report on Amphibians and Reptiles of the Natoma Unit, Folsom Lake State Recreational Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96607","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Final Report on Amphibians and Reptiles of the Natoma Unit, Folsom Lake State Recreational Area","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"Contract report to the California Department of Parks and Recreation","usgsCitation":"Quinn, J., and Fisher, R., 1995, Final Report on Amphibians and Reptiles of the Natoma Unit, Folsom Lake State Recreational Area.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67247c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, J.F.","contributorId":76251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":299929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018746,"text":"70018746 - 1995 - Interlaboratory study of a method for determining nonvolatile organic carbon in aquifer materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018746","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interlaboratory study of a method for determining nonvolatile organic carbon in aquifer materials","docAbstract":"The organic carbon fraction in aquifer materials exerts a major influence on the subsurface mobilities of organic and organic-associated contaminants. The spatial distribution of total organic carbon (TOC) in aquifer materials must be determined before the transport of hydrophobic organic pollutants in aquifers can be modeled accurately. Previous interlaboratory studies showed that it is difficult to measure TOC concentrations <0.1% in aquifer materials, when total inorganic carbon (TIC) concentrations are >1%. We have tested a new analytical method designed to improve the accuracy and precision of nonvolatile TOC quantitation in geologic materials that also contain carbonate minerals. Four authentic aquifer materials and one NIST standard reference material were selected as test materials for a blind collaborative study. Nonvolatile TOC in these materials ranged from 0.05 to 1.4%, while TIC ranged from 0.46 to 12.6%. Sample replicates were digested with sulfurous acid, dried at 40??C, and then combusted at 950??C using LECO or UIC instruments. For the three test materials that contained >2% TIC, incomplete acidification resulted in a systematic positive bias of TOC values reported by five of the six laboratories that used the test method. Participants did not have enough time to become proficient with the new method before they analyzed the test materials. A seventh laboratory successfully used an alternative method that analyzed separate liquid and solid fractions of the acidified sample residues. ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00770471","issn":"09430105","usgsCitation":"Caughey, M., Barcelona, M., Powell, R., Cahill, R., Gron, C., Lawrenz, D., and Meschi, P., 1995, Interlaboratory study of a method for determining nonvolatile organic carbon in aquifer materials: Environmental Geology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 211-219, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00770471.","startPage":"211","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479265,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/46768>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205957,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770471"},{"id":227624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d26e4b0c8380cd63337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caughey, M.E.","contributorId":83682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barcelona, M.J.","contributorId":33469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barcelona","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, R.M.","contributorId":27623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cahill, R.A.","contributorId":66393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gron, C.","contributorId":7435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gron","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lawrenz, D.","contributorId":37909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrenz","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meschi, P.L.","contributorId":42729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meschi","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":96608,"text":"96608 - 1995 - Tracing human impacts in natural systems: geckos in the Pacific and amphibians in the Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96608","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Tracing human impacts in natural systems: geckos in the Pacific and amphibians in the Central Valley","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"University of California-Davis","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Fisher, R., 1995, Tracing human impacts in natural systems: geckos in the Pacific and amphibians in the Central Valley, 124 p.","productDescription":"124 p.","startPage":"124","numberOfPages":"124","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627174","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":299931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96609,"text":"96609 - 1995 - Influence of cryptobiotic soil crusts on annual plants and foraging movements of the desert tortoise in the northeast Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96609","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Influence of cryptobiotic soil crusts on annual plants and foraging movements of the desert tortoise in the northeast Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"DeFalco, L., 1995, Influence of cryptobiotic soil crusts on annual plants and foraging movements of the desert tortoise in the northeast Mojave Desert, 48 p.","productDescription":"48 p.","startPage":"48","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFalco, L.A.","contributorId":46032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFalco","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018752,"text":"70018752 - 1995 - Ubiquitous tar balls with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T09:59:06","indexId":"70018752","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ubiquitous tar balls with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska","docAbstract":"Although the shorelines of Prince William Sound still bear traces of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, most of the flattened tar balls that can be found today on these shorelines are not residues of Exxon Valdez oil. Instead, the carbon-isotopic and hydrocarbon-biomarker signatures of 61 tar ball samples, collected from shorelines throughout the northern and western parts of the sound, are all remarkably similar and have characteristics consistent with those of oil products that originated from the Monterey Formation source rocks of California. The carbon-isotopic compositions of the tar balls are all closely grouped (??13CPDB = -23.7 ?? 0.2???), within the range found in crude oils from those rocks, but are distinct from isotopic compositions of 28 samples of residues from the Exxon Valdez oil spill (??13CPDB = -29.4 ?? 0.1???). Likewise, values for selected biomarker ratios in the tar balls are all similar but distinct from values of residues from the 1989 oil spill. Carbon-isotopic and biomarker signatures generally relate the tar balls to oil products used in Alaska before ???1970 for construction and pavements. How these tar balls with such similar geochemical characteristics became so widely dispersed throughout the northern and western parts of the sound is not known with certainty, but the great 1964 Alaska earthquake was undoubtedly an important trigger, causing spills from ruptured storage facilities of California-sourced asphalt and fuel oil into Prince William Sound.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00010a033","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Hostettler, F., Carlson, P., Rapp, J.B., Threlkeld, C.N., and Warden, A., 1995, Ubiquitous tar balls with a California-source signature on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 10, p. 2684-2694, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00010a033.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2684","endPage":"2694","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbf8e4b08c986b32893d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rapp, J. B.","contributorId":28987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Threlkeld, C. N.","contributorId":80271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Threlkeld","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Warden, A.","contributorId":41946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warden","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":85658,"text":"85658 - 1995 - Biota of the upper Mississippi River ecosystem","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85658,"text":"85658 - 1995 - Biota of the upper Mississippi River ecosystem","indexId":"85658","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Biota of the upper Mississippi River ecosystem"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T16:32:54","indexId":"85658","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Biota of the upper Mississippi River ecosystem","docAbstract":"The Mississippi River is one of the world's major river systems in size, habitat and biotic diversity, and biotic productivity. The navigable Upper Mississippi River, extending 1,370 km (850 mi) from St. Anthony Falls (Minnesota) to the confluence with the Ohio River, has been impounded by 27 locks and dams to enhance commercial navigation. The reach between two consecutive locks and dams is termed a \"pool.\" The upstream portions of many pools are similar to the unimpounded river, whereas the downstream reaches are similar to reservoirs.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wiener, J.G., Naimo, T.J., Korschgen, C.E., Dahlgren, R., Sauer, J.S., Lubinski, K.S., Rogers, S.J., and Brewer, S., 1995, Biota of the upper Mississippi River ecosystem, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 236-239.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"239","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504659,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504657,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504658,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504655,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Wiener, James G.","contributorId":93853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiener","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":17913,"text":"River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":296218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Naimo, Teresa J.","contributorId":8039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naimo","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Korschgen, Carl E.","contributorId":29354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dahlgren, Robert","contributorId":65584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlgren","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sauer, Jennifer S. 0000-0002-1563-1425 jsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-1425","contributorId":609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"Jennifer","email":"jsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lubinski, Kenneth S. klubinski@usgs.gov","contributorId":2468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lubinski","given":"Kenneth","email":"klubinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":296222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rogers, Sara J.","contributorId":85534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":296215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Brewer, Sandra","contributorId":55121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Sandra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70019039,"text":"70019039 - 1995 - Computational scheme for the prediction of metal ion binding by a soil fulvic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70019039","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computational scheme for the prediction of metal ion binding by a soil fulvic acid","docAbstract":"The dissociation and metal ion binding properties of a soil fulvic acid have been characterized. Information thus gained was used to compensate for salt and site heterogeneity effects in metal ion complexation by the fulvic acid. An earlier computational scheme has been modified by incorporating an additional step which improves the accuracy of metal ion speciation estimates. An algorithm is employed for the prediction of metal ion binding by organic acid constituents of natural waters (once the organic acid is characterized in terms of functional group identity and abundance). The approach discussed here, currently used with a spreadsheet program on a personal computer, is conceptually envisaged to be compatible with computer programs available for ion binding by inorganic ligands in natural waters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analytica Chimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0003-2670(94)00491-4","issn":"00032670","usgsCitation":"Marinsky, J., Reddy, M., Ephraim, J., and Mathuthu, A., 1995, Computational scheme for the prediction of metal ion binding by a soil fulvic acid: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 302, no. 2-3, p. 309-322, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00491-4.","startPage":"309","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205696,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00491-4"},{"id":226271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"302","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f952e4b0c8380cd4d576","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marinsky, J.A.","contributorId":42706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marinsky","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ephraim, J.H.","contributorId":28381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ephraim","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mathuthu, A.S.","contributorId":51927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathuthu","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018756,"text":"70018756 - 1995 - Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:44:15","indexId":"70018756","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures","docAbstract":"An investigation of the strong-acid characteristics (pKa 3.0 or less) of fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia, was conducted. Quantitative determinations were made for amino acid and sulfur-containing acid structures, oxalate half-ester structures, malonic acid structures, keto acid structures, and aromatic carboxyl-group structures. These determinations were made by using a variety of spectrometric (13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and ultraviolet spectrometry) and titrimetric characterizations on fulvic acid or fulvic acid samples that were chemically derivatized to indicate certain functional groups. Only keto acid and aromatic carboxyl-group structures contributed significantly to the strong-acid characteristics of the fulvic acid; these structures accounted for 43% of the strong-acid acidity. The remaining 57% of the strong acids are aliphatic carboxyl groups in unusual and/or complex configurations for which limited model compound data are available.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00002a015","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Wershaw, R., and Reddy, M., 1995, Strong-acid, carboxyl-group structures in fulvic acid from the Suwannee River, Georgia. 1. Minor structures: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 2, p. 393-398, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00002a015.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"398","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b8de4b08c986b31cf76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":87316,"text":"87316 - 1995 - Desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":87316,"text":"87316 - 1995 - Desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts","indexId":"87316","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T14:53:20","indexId":"87316","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts","docAbstract":"The desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) is a widespread species of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Within the United States, desert tortoises live in the Mojave, Colorado, and Sonoran deserts of southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and western Arizona (Fig. 1). A substantial portion of the habitat is on lands administered by the U.S. Department of the Interior.
The U.S. government treats the desert tortoise as an indicator or umbrella species to measure the health and well-being of the ecosystems it inhabits. The tortoise functions well as an indicator because it is long-lived, takes 12-20 years to reach reproductive maturity, and is sensitive to changes in the environment. In 1990 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the species as threatened in the northern and western parts of its geographic range (Fig. 1) because of widespread population declines and overall habitat loss, deterioration, and fragmentation.
Because some populations exhibit significant genetic, morphologic (see glossary), and behavioral differences, the Desert Tortoise Recovery Team identified six distinctive population segments (Fig. 1) for critical habitat protection and long-term conservation within the Mojave and Colorado deserts (e.g., Lamb et al. 1989; USFWS 1994). The population segments are representative of distinctive climatic, floristic, and geographic regions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Berry, K.H., and Medica, P.A., 1995, Desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 135-137.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":128187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265982,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667ede","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504962,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":504963,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":504964,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691745,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691746,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Berry, Kristin H. 0000-0003-1591-8394 kristin_berry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1591-8394","contributorId":437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"Kristin","email":"kristin_berry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medica, Philip A.","contributorId":55780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medica","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":96568,"text":"96568 - 1995 - Long-term ecological trend monitoring at Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton: Bird community study, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:56","indexId":"96568","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Long-term ecological trend monitoring at Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton: Bird community study, 1994","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., 1995, Long-term ecological trend monitoring at Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton: Bird community study, 1994, 33 p.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"33","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6de4b07f02db63ede9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018753,"text":"70018753 - 1995 - Origins, characteristics, controls, and economic viabilities of deep- basin gas resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:15:31","indexId":"70018753","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origins, characteristics, controls, and economic viabilities of deep- basin gas resources","docAbstract":"Dry-gas deposits (methane ???95% of the hydrocarbon (HC) gases) are thought to originate from in-reservoir thermal cracking of oil and C2+ HC gases to methane. However, because methanes from Anadarko Basin dry-gas deposits do not carry the isotopic signature characteristics of C15+ HC destruction, an origin of these methanes from this process is considered improbable. Instead, the isotopic signature of these methanes suggests that they were cogenerated with C15+ HC's. Only a limited resource of deep-basin gas deposits may be expected by the accepted model for the origin of dry-gas deposits because of a limited number of deep-basin oil deposits originally available to be thermally converted to dry gas. However, by the models of this paper (inefficient source-rock oil and gas expulsion, closed fluid systems in petroleum-basin depocenters, and most dry-gas methane cogenerated with C15+ HC's), very large, previously unrecognized, unconventional, deep-basin gas resources are expected. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00126-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Price, L., 1995, Origins, characteristics, controls, and economic viabilities of deep- basin gas resources: Chemical Geology, v. 126, no. 3-4, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00126-3.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266049,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00126-3"},{"id":227046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a711fe4b0c8380cd7647e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, L.C.","contributorId":48575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}