A large field of blocky sea-floor hills, up to 10 km long and 500 m high, are gigantic slide blocks derived from the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. These megablocks are embedded in the toe of the South Kona landslide, which extends ∼80 km seaward from the present coastline to depths of nearly 5 km. A 10–15-km-wide belt of numerous, smaller, 1–3-km-long slide blocks separates the area of giant blocks from two submarine benches at depths of 2600 and 3700 m depth that terminate seaward 20 to 30 km from the shoreline. Similar giant blocks are found on several other major submarine Hawaiian landslides, including those north of Oahu and Molokai, but the South Kona blocks are the first to be examined in detail using high-resolution bathymetry, dredging, and submersible diving. Dredging of two of the giant blocks brought up pillowed tholeiitic lava. Observations from the U.S. Navy submersible Sea Cliff on the asymmetrically steep eastern flank of one block 10 km long and 300 m high revealed a succession of fractured massive basalt, laminar lava flows, hyaloclastite, and pillow lavas. Chemical analyses of dredged lava identified 19 units that overlap compositionally with lavas from the south rift-zone ridge of Mauna Loa. Sulfur content indicates that most of the lavas were erupted in subaerial and shallow submarine (<200 m depth) sites, but some were erupted in deeper submarine sites. These results indicate that the megablocks were carried by a late Pleistocene giant landslide 40–80 km west from the ancestral shoreline of Mauna Loa volcano before growth of the midslope benches by later slump movement.
Thalassornectes (Alcidectes) aukletae, originally described from two species of auklets (Charadriiformes: Alcidae) from maritime eastern Russia, is reported from a third species of pelagic charadriiform (Stercorariidae), the pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius poinarinus (Temminck), from Florida. The specimens from the jaeger are slightly smaller, the genital apodeme is more heavily sclerotized, paired setae gm are twice as long and there are other minor variations in the idiosomal and leg chaetotaxy. These differences are not considered sufficient to warrant taxonomic separation at the species or subspecies level from the nominate species T. (A.) aukletae. The same hypopus occurring across different families of birds is unusual in the Hypoderatidae. The diversity in hosts from several orders of birds, low intensities of infection in the two species from Africa, low prevalences in alcids from Russia, and rarity of these hypoderatids in all surveyed hosts leads us to speculate that the true host affinities of species in the genus Thalassornectes are unknown. The alternative consideration is that these are simply uncommon species that are very host specific.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jmedent/32.3.394","usgsCitation":"Pence, D.B., and Cole, R.A., 1995, First record of an hypopus (Acari: Hypoderatidae) from a jaeger (Aves: Charadriiformes: Stercorariidae): Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 32, no. 3, p. 394-396, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/32.3.394.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"394","endPage":"396","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.7151,27.6479],[-82.7162,27.631],[-82.7064,27.6286],[-82.6989,27.6383],[-82.7028,27.6272],[-82.7335,27.6118],[-82.7428,27.6411],[-82.734,27.6438],[-82.7254,27.6209],[-82.7151,27.6479]]],[[[-82.7403,27.6764],[-82.7347,27.6744],[-82.7451,27.6531],[-82.7403,27.6764]]],[[[-82.725,27.695],[-82.7167,27.6886],[-82.7228,27.6722],[-82.7167,27.6558],[-82.7297,27.6672],[-82.725,27.695]]],[[[-82.7083,27.7167],[-82.7128,27.7007],[-82.7222,27.7075],[-82.7083,27.7167]]],[[[-82.7482,27.7452],[-82.7347,27.735],[-82.7393,27.7245],[-82.7305,27.725],[-82.7267,27.712],[-82.7366,27.7158],[-82.725,27.7044],[-82.7362,27.6833],[-82.7399,27.717],[-82.7588,27.7573],[-82.7482,27.7452]]],[[[-82.765,27.7869],[-82.7572,27.7778],[-82.7675,27.7722],[-82.7653,27.7611],[-82.7549,27.7406],[-82.7826,27.7817],[-82.765,27.7869]]],[[[-82.8333,27.9661],[-82.8236,27.96],[-82.8497,27.8725],[-82.8287,27.8279],[-82.8195,27.8293],[-82.793,27.7967],[-82.785,27.8039],[-82.7814,27.7844],[-82.8284,27.8219],[-82.8475,27.8567],[-82.8508,27.8925],[-82.8333,27.9661]]],[[[-82.8197,27.9975],[-82.8111,27.9703],[-82.8214,27.9761],[-82.8197,27.9975]]],[[[-82.815,28.0333],[-82.8131,28.0067],[-82.8206,28.0153],[-82.8264,28.0097],[-82.8275,27.9665],[-82.8282,28.0179],[-82.8197,28.0458],[-82.815,28.0333]]],[[[-82.8397,28.1139],[-82.8313,28.1071],[-82.8415,28.1119],[-82.8378,28.1281],[-82.8397,28.1139]]],[[[-82.6513,28.173],[-82.6486,28.0207],[-82.6574,27.9988],[-82.6638,27.9993],[-82.6653,28.0272],[-82.6933,28.0366],[-82.6761,28.0065],[-82.7044,27.9661],[-82.6908,27.9756],[-82.6953,27.9639],[-82.6575,27.9667],[-82.7156,27.9578],[-82.7261,27.9411],[-82.7025,27.9244],[-82.653,27.9087],[-82.6501,27.8959],[-82.6317,27.9083],[-82.6378,27.8911],[-82.6072,27.8737],[-82.5853,27.8797],[-82.6147,27.8631],[-82.5988,27.8652],[-82.5884,27.8311],[-82.5969,27.8264],[-82.6103,27.8417],[-82.6065,27.8267],[-82.59,27.8139],[-82.6122,27.7898],[-82.63,27.7989],[-82.6229,27.7677],[-82.6355,27.7623],[-82.6264,27.7487],[-82.6399,27.7385],[-82.625,27.735],[-82.6264,27.7233],[-82.6358,27.72],[-82.6403,27.7033],[-82.6731,27.7049],[-82.6772,27.6955],[-82.68,27.7136],[-82.6905,27.71],[-82.6979,27.7188],[-82.6925,27.7344],[-82.7139,27.7361],[-82.7336,27.7533],[-82.7503,27.7494],[-82.7422,27.7692],[-82.7475,27.7569],[-82.7564,27.7583],[-82.7475,27.7719],[-82.7619,27.8083],[-82.7564,27.8189],[-82.7783,27.8369],[-82.7794,27.8592],[-82.7843,27.8625],[-82.7836,27.8433],[-82.7657,27.8168],[-82.7697,27.8003],[-82.795,27.8092],[-82.8073,27.8278],[-82.8354,27.839],[-82.8405,27.8495],[-82.8488,27.8767],[-82.8301,27.8984],[-82.8272,27.9231],[-82.7933,27.9881],[-82.7861,28.0481],[-82.825,28.0568],[-82.8378,28.0814],[-82.8374,28.087],[-82.8342,28.0758],[-82.8279,28.0837],[-82.8281,28.0666],[-82.7994,28.0519],[-82.7786,28.0592],[-82.7844,28.0672],[-82.7719,28.0844],[-82.7837,28.0835],[-82.7839,28.1061],[-82.7758,28.1083],[-82.7989,28.1609],[-82.7936,28.1731],[-82.7706,28.16],[-82.7719,28.1519],[-82.7859,28.1737],[-82.6513,28.173]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pinellas\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ce1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pence, Danny B.","contributorId":64624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pence","given":"Danny","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":39719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003860,"text":"1003860 - 1995 - Application of brain cholinesterase reactivation to differentiate between organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in wild birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-10T00:00:11.785341","indexId":"1003860","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of brain cholinesterase reactivation to differentiate between organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in wild birds","docAbstract":"Brain cholinesterase activity was measured to evaluate pesticide exposure in wild birds. Thermal reactivation of brain cholinesterase was used to differentiate between carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide exposure. Brain cholinesterase activity was compared with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of stomach contents. Pesticides were identified and confirmed in 86 of 102 incidents of mortality from 29 states within the USA from 1986 through 1991. Thermal reactivation of cholinesterase activity was used to correctly predict carbamates in 22 incidents and organophosphates in 59 incidents. Agreement (P < 0.001) between predictions based on cholinesterase activities and GC/MS results was significant.
Lead poisoning was diagnosed in four spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) and one common eider (Somateria mollissima) found dead or moribund at the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (USA) in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Ingested lead shot was found in the lower esophagus of one spectacled eider and in the gizzard of the common eider. Lead concentrations in the livers of the spectacled eiders were 26 to 38 ppm wet weight, and 52 ppm wet weight in the liver of the common eider. A blood sample collected from one of the spectacled eiders before it was euthanized had a lead concentration of 8.5 ppm wet weight. This is the first known report of lead poisoning in the spectacled eider, recently listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-31.2.268","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., Petersen, M.R., Meteyer, C.U., and Smith, M.R., 1995, Lead poisoning of spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) and of a common eider (Somateria mollissima) in Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 31, no. 2, p. 268-271, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.2.268.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"271","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.2.268","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.94970703125,\n 63.75334975181205\n ],\n [\n -159.49951171875,\n 62.1655019058381\n ],\n [\n -158.57666015625,\n 61.72111756281976\n ],\n [\n -158.5986328125,\n 60.8663124746226\n ],\n [\n -159.45556640625,\n 59.567723306212955\n ],\n [\n -162.31201171874997,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -164.20166015625,\n 59.55659188568175\n ],\n [\n -166.92626953124997,\n 59.57885104663186\n ],\n [\n -167.89306640624997,\n 60.04290359809164\n ],\n [\n -167.6513671875,\n 60.56537850464181\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 60.823494332539646\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 61.19621314083867\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 62.103882522897855\n ],\n [\n -166.5087890625,\n 62.67414334669093\n ],\n [\n -165.6298828125,\n 63.174193604205094\n ],\n [\n -165.12451171875,\n 63.470144746565445\n ],\n [\n -164.15771484375,\n 63.558338036300746\n ],\n [\n -163.125,\n 63.80189351770543\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 63.918058296491104\n ],\n [\n -161.279296875,\n 63.90839622003119\n ],\n [\n -160.94970703125,\n 63.75334975181205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a874c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":127708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. 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The principal commercial dicofol product is known as Kelthane TM. More than 70% of dicofol product (about 3 million Ib or 1.4 million kg) sold annually in the U.S. is applied in California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida. Florida citrus and California cotton receive more than half the total (Clark 1990). In laboratory studies, dicofol, which is structurally similar to DDT, had adverse impacts on reproduction in fish (deformed larvae, delayed hatching), birds (reduced eggshell thickness, reduced hatchability), and mammals (reduced insemination rate, reduced pregnancy rate, failure to produce young) (see Clark 1990 for review). Overall, the reproduction of birds seems less sensitive to dicofol than to DDE. However, in birds, dietary concentrations of dicofol between 1 and 10 µg/g (wet weight) fed to captive adult females caused such problems as eggshell thinning, reduced hatching success, or reduced fertility in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (Fry et al. 1988, Clark et al. 1990) and eastern screech-owls (Otus asio) (Wiemeyer et al. 1989). In spite of these laboratory findings, there have been no intensive field investigations of possible reproductive effects of dicofol on wild birds. Such studies must wait until field residue data are sufficient to identify populations with high exposure. If dicofol accumulates in birds in the field and heavily exposed populations can be identified, then their reproduction can be studied. Residues have not been reported from reptiles. Analytical screening of wildlife tissue samples for organochlorine chemicals only rarely includes dicofol, and this may explain why the relative hazard of dicofol to wildlife populations is poorly known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00197964","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., Flickinger, E.L., White, D.H., Hothem, R.L., and Belisle, A.A., 1995, Dicofol and DDT residues in lizard carcasses and bird eggs from Texas, Florida, and California: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 54, no. 6, p. 817-824, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197964.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"817","endPage":"824","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Florida, Texas","volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.R.","contributorId":66654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belisle, A. A.","contributorId":77897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belisle","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1003976,"text":"1003976 - 1995 - Abnormal chemical element concentrations in lichens of Isle Royale National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T15:56:34.24803","indexId":"1003976","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abnormal chemical element concentrations in lichens of Isle Royale National Park","docAbstract":"Lichens have been used for many years to monitor changes in deposited airborne chemical elements in many areas, but few studies have focused on areas suspected of experiencing slightly elevated pollution. Detection of subtle patterns of slightly elevated pollutants calls for developing several lines of evidence as opposed to single line studies used in heavily polluted areas. This study of two lichen species, Hypogymnia physodes and Evernia mesomorpha, in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan compares the concentrations and ranks of elements with the concentrations and ranks of the elements in the earth's crust, changes in element concentrations over a nine year period, and the geography of element concentrations in the park. S, Zn, Pb, Cd and Se were elevated in both species and higher in rank compared to the concentrations and ranks in the earth's crust. Toxic elements increased 123% in Hypogymnia and 62% in Evernia over 9 years, compared to increases of 45% and 59% for non-toxic elements in each species, respectively. Geographically, the lichens at certain localities with higher exposures experienced higher than average element concentrations. Finally, tissue concentrations of Mn, S and Se at some localities were above levels known to be either toxic or similar to those found in polluted areas. These four lines of evidence suggest that Isle Royale National Park is experiencing the onset of chronic air pollution stress from a number of sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0098-8472(95)00026-8","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 1995, Abnormal chemical element concentrations in lichens of Isle Royale National Park: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 35, no. 3, p. 259-277, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(95)00026-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.285888671875,\n 47.90345483298757\n ],\n [\n -88.93844604492188,\n 48.039528693690556\n ],\n [\n -88.5772705078125,\n 48.18348549519126\n ],\n [\n -88.43719482421874,\n 48.19996433122713\n ],\n [\n -88.38912963867188,\n 48.19081007655071\n ],\n [\n -88.56353759765625,\n 48.08174889040687\n ],\n [\n -88.56491088867188,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -88.68026733398438,\n 47.99727386804474\n ],\n [\n -88.82308959960938,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -88.98239135742188,\n 47.907137219641115\n ],\n [\n -88.89999389648438,\n 47.907137219641115\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 47.898851481269304\n ],\n [\n -89.20898437499999,\n 47.79378398661931\n ],\n [\n -89.31610107421875,\n 47.88688085106898\n ],\n [\n -89.285888671875,\n 47.90345483298757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.3575439453125,\n 48.21826793405939\n ],\n [\n -88.32595825195312,\n 48.23656499525637\n ],\n [\n -88.341064453125,\n 48.244796538712365\n ],\n [\n -88.37677001953125,\n 48.231076563740906\n ],\n [\n -88.37539672851561,\n 48.21826793405939\n ],\n [\n -88.3575439453125,\n 48.21826793405939\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.87733459472656,\n 47.91035909306508\n ],\n [\n -88.75923156738281,\n 47.9554442623138\n ],\n [\n -88.75099182128906,\n 47.94670633179335\n ],\n [\n -88.82583618164062,\n 47.91588183802061\n ],\n [\n -88.87664794921875,\n 47.902073870452504\n ],\n [\n -88.87733459472656,\n 47.91035909306508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689d8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003522,"text":"1003522 - 1995 - Preface: Bridging the gap between theory and practice on the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:04:58","indexId":"1003522","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preface: Bridging the gap between theory and practice on the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"In July 1994, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) served as a nexus for coalescing scientific information and management issues related to worldwide floodplain river ecosystems. The objective of the conference ‘Sustaining the Ecological Integrity of Large Floodplain Rivers: Application of Ecological Knowledge to River Management’, was to provide presentations of current ideas from the scientific community. To translate the many lessons learned on other river systems to operational decisions on the UMR, a companion workshop for managers and the general public was held immediately after the conference.
An immediate local need for such sharing has existed for several years, as the U.S. Corps of Engineers is currently planning commercial navigation activities that will influence the ecological integrity of the river over the next half century. Recently, other equally important management issues have surfaced, including managing the river as an element of the watershed, and assessing its ecological value as a system instead of a collection of parts (Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, 1993). Regional and state natural resource agencies are becoming more convinced that they need to address these issues within their own authorities, however spatially limited, rather than relying on the U.S. Corps of Engineers to manage the ecosystem as an adjunct to its purpose of navigation support.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Windingstad, R.M., and Laitman, C.J., 1995, A primer on common avian diseases: Wildlife Rehabilitation Today, v. 6, no. 3, p. 27-31.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9189","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Windingstad, R. M.","contributorId":71124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Windingstad","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laitman, Cynthia J.","contributorId":9996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laitman","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019124,"text":"70019124 - 1995 - A new U-Ti-Ca-HREE hydrated oxide and associated niobian rutile from Topaz Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019124","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2749,"text":"Mineralogical Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new U-Ti-Ca-HREE hydrated oxide and associated niobian rutile from Topaz Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"In October of 1988, specimens of yellow and/or white acicular needles growing out of equant to platy hematite were collected from the east side of Topaz Valley. For the past five years, attempts have been made by all of the authors to completely characterize what is believed to be a new mineral species. Because of several major factors the space group, exact formula, and structure are still unknown. The potentially new mineral and some associated minerals are described here with the hope that elsewhere in the world better and more material exists that will allow complete characterization. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00264628","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Chirnside, W., Davis, A., Lichte, F., and Esposito, K., 1995, A new U-Ti-Ca-HREE hydrated oxide and associated niobian rutile from Topaz Valley, Utah: Mineralogical Record, v. 26, no. 2, p. 123-128.","startPage":"123","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e49ae4b0c8380cd46763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chirnside, W.","contributorId":20090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirnside","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, A.M.","contributorId":83279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esposito, K.J.","contributorId":75560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esposito","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019721,"text":"70019721 - 1995 - Impedance spectra of hot, dry silicate minerals and rocks: qualitative interpretation of spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70019721","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impedance spectra of hot, dry silicate minerals and rocks: qualitative interpretation of spectra","docAbstract":"Impedance spectroscopy helps distinguish the contributions that grain interiors and grain boundaries make to electrical resistance of silicate minerals and rocks. Olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxenes, and both natural and synthetic clinopyroxenite were measured. A network of electrical elements is presented for use in interpreting impedance spectra and conductive paths in hot or cold, wet or dry, minerals and rocks at any pressure. In dry rocks, a series network path predominates; in wet rocks, aqueous pore fluid and crystals both conduct. Finite resistance across the sample-electrode interface is evidence that electronic charge carriers are present at the surface, and presumably within, the silicate minerals and rocks measured. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Huebner, J., and Dillenburg, R., 1995, Impedance spectra of hot, dry silicate minerals and rocks: qualitative interpretation of spectra: American Mineralogist, v. 80, no. 1-2, p. 46-64.","startPage":"46","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3904e4b0c8380cd6178d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huebner, J.S.","contributorId":41422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huebner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillenburg, R.G.","contributorId":25715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillenburg","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014834,"text":"1014834 - 1995 - Influence of fish oils in production catfish feeds on selected disease resistance factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-01T16:40:17.421045","indexId":"1014834","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2161,"text":"Journal of Applied Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of fish oils in production catfish feeds on selected disease resistance factors","docAbstract":"Healthy channel calfish, Ictalurus punctatus (mean weight: 62.5g), were fed two production feeds that were identical except for the lipid portion, which was either catfish oil or menhaden oil. Fish were held at 18 or 28°C and fed the experimental feeds for four monlhs. A subsample of fish from each of the four treatments was then used to measure scrum antibody titers to Edwardsiella ictaluri, macrophage phagocytic index, phagocytic capacity, and production of intracellular and extracellular superoxide anion. The remaining fish were vaccinated with an E. icraluri bacterin, held for 18-24 days, and the assays were repeated. Fatty acid profiles of the diets indicated catfish oil had a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and slightly higher n-6 fatty acids. The menhaden oil diet had a higher percentage of the n-3 fatty acids. At 28°C, weight gain and feed conversion were slightly higher in calfish fed the feed containing menhaden oil. Weight gains and feed conversion were similar in fish maintained on the two feeds at 18°C. At the lower temperature, fish fed the diet containing menhaden oil appeared to have enhanced disease resistance factors, particularly phagocytic capacity. However, at 28°C, fish fed the diet containing catfish oil had enhanced phagocytic ability and intracellular superoxide production. Antibody titers were not sigmficantly (P > 0.05) affected by dietary lipid in this study. Vaccination amplified phagocytic ability in both diets at both temperatures and intensified the production of superoxide anion at 28°C.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J028v05n02_04","usgsCitation":"Lingenfelser, J., Blazer, V., and Gay, J., 1995, Influence of fish oils in production catfish feeds on selected disease resistance factors: Journal of Applied Aquaculture, v. 5, no. 2, p. 37-48, https://doi.org/10.1300/J028v05n02_04.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129064,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lingenfelser, J.T.","contributorId":87891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lingenfelser","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gay, J.","contributorId":40926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014815,"text":"1014815 - 1995 - Effect of seasonally changing feeding habits on whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-22T11:11:44.228873","indexId":"1014815","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of seasonally changing feeding habits on whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)","docAbstract":"Food habits, net-spinning activity, and whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa Hagan were examined monthly over a one year period on the South River, Virginia. Gut content analysis revealed seasonal patterns in the consumption of food that was correlated with net-spinning activity. Between April and October, when feeding nets were widespread, detritus represented between 72 and 94% of the total volume of food material found in the guts, while algae represented less than 18%. However, between November and March, when feeding nets were rare or absent, the relative contribution of each of the three food types (i.e., detritus, algae, and animal) changed significantly. Detritus declined to between 51 and 60%, and algae increased to between 39 and 47% of the total food volume. Whole-animal mercury concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 1.20 µg g−1 and were significantly higher in the summer. Seasonal differences were not related to environmental mercury levels and only weakly related to body size. In contrast, whole-animal mercury levels were strongly related to seasonal changes in diet. In summer, when H. morosa larvae were filtering highly contaminated seston, whole-animal mercury levels were high. Conversely, in winter, when larvae were grazing less contaminated algae, whole-animal mercury levels were significantly lower. The primary component of seston was detritus (>81%) throughout the year. Therefore, the high mercury concentration in seston was probably associated with detritus. As a result, a significant relationship was observed between whole-animal mercury concentration and the relative amount of detritus consumed. These patterns indicate that in streams with highly productive hydropsychid populations, the rate of processing of mercury and other heavy metals may be related to seasonal changes in feeding behavior.
The Pacific plate moved northwest relative to North America since 42 Ma. The rapid half rate of Pacific-Farallon spreading allowed the ridge to approach the continent at about 29 Ma. Extinct spreading ridges that occur offshore along 65% of the margin (Lonsdale, 1991) document that fragments of the subducted Farallon slab became captured by the Pacific plate and assumed its motion prior to the actual subduction of the spreading ridge. This plate-capture process can be used to explain much of the post–29 Ma Cordilleran North America extension, strike slip, and the inland jump of oceanic spreading in the Gulf of California. The Pacific and North American contact zone lengthened with each successive plate capture event, underpinning the parts of western North America directly inland with a strong plate undergoing Pacific relative motion. We suggest that much of the post–29 Ma continental tectonism is the result of the strong traction imposed on the deep part of the continental crust by the gently inclined slab of subducted oceanic lithosphere as it moved to the northwest relative to the overlying continent. The plate-capture hypothesis is distinctly different from theories involving shallow slab gaps. Kinematic problems associated with shallow slab-gap models cause us to question them. This conclusion is consistent with seismic refraction interpretations that suggest there is an inclined layer with high velocities like that of basalt or gabbro at the base of the continental crust beneath much of the Californian margin and the documented reduction of slab-pull forces and density associated with young subducting slabs. Thermal and rheologic modeling suggests that coastal California was a strong zone at all depths allowing it to be firmly linked to Pacific motion. Our model shows that deformed regions such as the basin and range and borderland provinces developed in predicted weak parts of the crustal section, but they have been incompletely linked to the deep plate across the ductile middle and lower crustal layer.
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were determined for white sturgeons (Acipenser transmontanus) fed purified diets containing different carbohydrates. White sturgeons were fed, at a rate of 1.0% body weight!d, diets containing one of nine carbohydrates, and feces were collected by manual stripping following a 2‐week feeding period; chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) was used as an external indicator. The ADCs of carbohydrates, lipid, and protein were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by carbohydrate source. The ADCs of carbohydrates ranked as follows: glucose, galactose, and maltose > dextrin > fructose and sucrose > lactose and raw corn starch > cellulose. Inclusion of dietary fructose and lactose significantly reduced lipid digestibility (P < 0.05). Although protein indigestibility was significantly affected, all ADCs were greater than 92%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0137:ADCOCF%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Herold, M., Hung, S.S., and Fynn-Aikins, K., 1995, Apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates for white sturgeon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 57, no. 2, p. 137-140, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0137:ADCOCF%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herold, M.A.","contributorId":48140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herold","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hung, S. S. O.","contributorId":76275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hung","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fynn-Aikins, K.","contributorId":34080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fynn-Aikins","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018842,"text":"70018842 - 1995 - Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T11:38:58","indexId":"70018842","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00006a039","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Capel, P.D., Ma, L., Schroyer, B., Larson, S., and Gilchrist, T., 1995, Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 29, no. 6, p. 1702-1705, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00006a039.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1702","endPage":"1705","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaf5e4b0c8380cd48b16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ma, Lin","contributorId":205169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ma","given":"Lin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroyer, B. R.","contributorId":54226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroyer","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, Steven J.","contributorId":29845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gilchrist, T.A.","contributorId":70127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilchrist","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018805,"text":"70018805 - 1995 - Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:21:07.26545","indexId":"70018805","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frictional slip of granite at hydrothermal conditions","docAbstract":"Sliding on faults in much of the continental crust likely occurs at hydrothermal conditions, i.e., at elevated temperature and elevated pressure of aqueous pore fluids, yet there have been few relevant laboratory studies. To measure the strength, sliding behavior, and friction constitutive properties of faults at hydrothermal conditions, we slid laboratory granite faults containing a layer of granite powder (simulated gouge). Velocity stepping experiments were performed at temperatures of 23° to 600°C, pore fluid pressures PH2O of 0 (“dry”) and 100 MPa (“wet”), effective normal stress of 400 MPa, and sliding velocities V of 0.01 to 1 μm/s (0.32 to 32 m/yr). Conditions were similar to those in earlier tests on dry granite to 845°C by Lockner et al. (1986). The mechanical results define two regimes. The first regime includes dry granite up to at least 845° and wet granite below 250°C. In this regime the coefficient of friction is high (μ = 0.7 to 0.8) and depends only modestly on temperature, slip rate, and PH2O. The second regime includes wet granite above ∼350°C. In this regime friction decreases considerably with increasing temperature (temperature weakening) and with decreasing slip rate (velocity strengthening). These regimes correspond well to those identified in sliding tests on ultrafine quartz. We infer that one or more fluid-assisted deformation mechanisms are activated in the second, hydrothermal, regime and operate concurrently with cataclastic flow. Slip in the first (cool and/or dry) regime is characterized by pervasive shearing and particle size reduction. Slip in the second (hot and wet) regime is localized primarily onto narrow shear bands adjacent to the gouge-rock interfaces. Weakness of these boundary shears may result either from an abundance of phyllosilicates preferentially aligned for easy dislocation glide, or from a dependence of strength on gouge particle size. Major features of the granite data set can be fit reasonably well by a rate- and temperature-dependent, three-regime friction constitutive model (Chester, this issue). We extrapolate the experimental data and model fit in order to estimate steady state shear strength versus depth along natural, slipping faults for sliding rates as low as 31 mm/yr. We do this for two end-member cases. In the first case, pore pressure is assumed hydrostatic at all depths. Shallow crustal strength in this case is similar to that calculated in previous work from room temperature friction data, while at depths below about 9–13 km (depending on slip rate), strength becomes less sensitive to depth but sensitive to slip rate. In the second case, pore pressure is assumed to be near-lithostatic at depths below ∼5 km. Strength is low at all depths in this case (<20 MPa, in agreement with observations of “weak” faults such as the San Andreas). The predicted depth of transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening lies at about 13 km depth for a slip rate of 31 mm/yr, in rough agreement with the seismic-aseismic transition depth observed on mature continental faults. These results highlight the importance of fluid-assisted deformation processes active in faults at depth and the need for laboratory studies on the roles of additional factors such as fluid chemistry, large displacements, higher concentrations of phyllosilicates, and time-dependent fault healing.
Many coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) contain features that are inconsistent with equilibrium liquid crystallization models of origin. Spinel-free islands (SFIs) in spinel-rich cores of Type B CAIs are examples of such features. One model previously proposed for the origin of Allende 5241, a Type B1 CAI containing SFIs, involves the capture and assimilation of xenoliths by a liquid droplet in the solar nebula (El Goresy et al., 1985; MacPherson et al., 1989). This study reports new textural and chemical zoning data from 5241 and identifies previously unrecognized chemical zoning patterns in the melilite mantle and in a SFI. These zoning patterns are identified by large-scale elemental mapping techniques. The compositional zoning is completely independent of, and cross-cuts individual melilite crystals in the mantle, a relation that suggests the mantle was deposited or accreted onto a preexisting core of the inclusion. Lack of correlation with individual mantle crystals also suggests that the mantle totally recrystallized at subsolidus temperatures. Sodium distribution maps demonstrate that most of the Na in 5241 was introduced during the secondary alteration process. Major- and trace-element data from the SFI boundary in a second type B1 CAI, Allende 3529Z, were obtained. The boundary bisects a large fassaite crystal. If the SFI is a relict xenolith, then chemical differences are likely to be present across the boundary. Electron microprobe analysis of the fassaite crystal reveals concentric zoning of Ti, which is unrelated to the SFI boundary, as well as distinct zones enriched in Al and depleted in Ti+3. Ion microprobe analyses at the SFI boundary show no significant variation in Ba, Sc, V, Cr, Sr, Zr, Nb and REE in fassaite. There is no evidence that requires the capture of a xenolith in 3529Z. Based on chemical zoning and textural arguments, it is suggested that both of these CAIs formed by a process of partial melting of precursors, which contained either vesicles or spinel-free grains. Allende 5241 shows evidence for vapor condensation and accretion and/or introduction of a second liquid to form the melilite mantle. Chemical zoning patterns in the mantles of the inclusions indicate that 3529Z experienced a higher degree of partial melting than 5241, but it was not high enough to melt spinel or completely melt and homogenize relict fassaite components.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01213.x","issn":"00261114","usgsCitation":"Meeker, G., 1995, Constraints on formation processes of two coarse-grained calcium- aluminum-rich inclusions: A study of mantles, islands and cores: Meteoritics, v. 30, no. 1, p. 71-84, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01213.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"84","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0be4b0c8380cd4d8d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018850,"text":"70018850 - 1995 - Digital photogrammetry at the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018850","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Digital photogrammetry at the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is converting its primary map production and revision operations to use digital photogrammetric techniques. The primary source of data for these operations is the digital orthophoto quadrangle derived from National Aerial Photography Program images. These digital orthophotos are used on workstations that permit comparison of existing vector and raster data with the orthophoto and interactive collection and revision of the vector data.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Integrating Photogrammetric Techniques with Scene Analysis and Machine Vision II","conferenceDate":"19 April 1995 through 21 April 1995","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","publisherLocation":"Bellingham, WA, United States","issn":"0277786X","isbn":"0819418390","usgsCitation":"Greve, C.W., 1995, Digital photogrammetry at the U.S. Geological Survey, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 2486, Orlando, FL, USA, 19 April 1995 through 21 April 1995, p. 136-139.","startPage":"136","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2486","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a017de4b0c8380cd4fc17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greve, Clifford W.","contributorId":19718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greve","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019571,"text":"70019571 - 1995 - Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:30:42.123685","indexId":"70019571","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies","docAbstract":"Holocene reactivation of the aseismic Meers fault in southwestern Oklahoma illustrates the limitation of using the historical seismic record for identifying hazardous faults in the central United States. The 26- to 37-km-long fault scarp is one of the few known scamps recording Holocene movement in the central and eastern United States. Two documented late Holocene slip events, each with about 2.5 m of net slip and estimated Ms ranging from 6¾ to 7¼, identify the Meers fault as a potentially hazardous fault.
During Carboniferous and Early Permian tectonism, the Meers fault displaced rocks of sharply contrasting magnetic properties. Analysis of aeromagnetic data and twelve ground-magnetic profiles provides a detailed look at the fault within the magnetic basement. Because subsequent reactivation has been minor and of an opposite sense, the pronounced magnetic anomaly associated with the Meers fault reflects Paleozoic structures in the magnetic basement. The location of the Holocene fault scarp corresponds to the strong horizontal magnetic gradient caused by Paleozoic offset of magnetic basement, indicating that the Paleozoic fault controlled Holocene displacement. Two features apparent in both sets of magnetic data are splays of the Meers fault northwest of the Holocene scarp and dikelike bodies immediately south of the fault.
Magnetic susceptibility measurements and rock magnetic data from unoriented core penetrating a dikelike body were incorporated into models of the ground-magnetic profiles. In most cases, secondary faults mapped or visible on low-sun-angle photographs correspond to faults modeled from magnetic data. This correlation shows that preexisting structures probably controlled secondary faulting. However, secondary faults at the southeastern end of the 26-km long continuous fault scarp, previously interpreted from low-sun-angle photography, are not apparent in the magnetic data.
Of importance to seismic hazard evaluation, the magnetic models show that the northwestern splays probably begin at the northwestern end of the reactivated segment and may indicate a persistent rupture propagation barrier to the west. In addition, the models show the dip of the Meers fault to be nearly vertical to about 0.5 km depth. This dip is consistent with the nearly straight fault trace, results of trenching studies, interpretation of shallow seismicreflection data, and regional gravity and aeromagnetic models. In the present-day strike-slip regional stress field, the observed up-to-the-north Holocene displacement suggests that either the fault continues to dip steeply at depth or the regional stress field is approaching a normal-faulting stress regime. If the former is true, the scarcity of near-vertical faults with similar orientation within the area of the southern Oklahoma aulacogen implies that few are likely candidates for reactivation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0098:SCOHRO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones-Cecil, M., 1995, Structural controls of Holocene reactivation of the Meers fault, southwestern Oklahoma, from magnetic studies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 1, p. 98-112, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0098:SCOHRO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bdae4b08c986b31d11a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones-Cecil, M.","contributorId":33471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones-Cecil","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018826,"text":"70018826 - 1995 - Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:42:50.133073","indexId":"70018826","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California","docAbstract":"Compositions of lavas from seven small to medium-sized seamounts, between lat 34.0°N and 30.5°N offshore southern and Baja California, include low-K2O tholeiitic, transitional, and mildly to moderately alkalic basalt and their differentiates. The low-K2O tholeiites resemble primitive (>9% MgO) mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB) with low incompatible element abundances and very depleted, concave-downward, chondrite-normalized rare-earth-element (REE) patterns and lower 87Sr/86Sr and higher 143Nd/144Nd ratios than typical MORB from the East Pacific Rise. The seamounts with these MORB-like lavas are inferred to have formed at or near the spreading center.
Transitional and mildly to moderately alkalic basalts have higher abundances of incompatible elements and steeper slopes for chondrite-normalized REE patterns with light REE enrichment up to 150 times chondrites. The alkalic compositions indicate more variably enriched mantle sources than those of most seamounts presently located near the East Pacific Rise, but the compositions are within the mantle array defined by other ocean-island basalts. Volcanic rocks from the upper part of Rocas Alijos, a much larger and morphologically more complex edifice than the northern seamounts, located offshore central Baja California at lat ∼25°N, are all highly differentiated trachyte and trachyandesite.
Based on 40Ar/39Ar laser fusion techniques, MORB-like lava from one of the northern edifices is as old as the underlying oceanic crust (>20 Ma), indicating that it originated at a spreading center. Other seamount lava ages are much younger than the oceanic crust on which they reside, ranging from 16.8 ± 0.3 to <7 Ma for some of the northern seamounts to 270 ± 16 ka for the trachyte from Rocas Alijos. Similar highly evolved lavas cap fossil spreading centers like Guadalupe and Socorro Islands, but Rocas Alijos, based on magnetic anomalies, is not an abandoned spreading center but may instead have formed on a leaky transform fault.
Some of the seamounts with transitional and alkalic lavas may have formed as part of a short, age-progressive chain formed by a short-lived mantle plume. Many others, aligned along abandoned spreading centers or faults and fracture zones which are abundant in the tectonically complex region offshore southern and peninsular California, may have resulted from upwelling mantle diapirs in response to localized extension. Some of the episodes of volcanism appear to have been contemporaneous with volcanism in the continental borderland and coastal southern California, suggesting linkage between extension along the continental margin and the seamount province farther offshore. The data available for the abundant volcanic edifices of varying sizes, shapes, and orientations in this region suggest that the seamounts formed from multiple episodes of chemically diverse volcanism, tapping variably enriched, heterogeneous mantle, which occurred sporadically from early Miocene to late Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0554:CDSVAS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Gunn, S., Bohrson, W., Gray, L., and Hein, J., 1995, Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 5, p. 554-570, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0554:CDSVAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"554","endPage":"570","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Baja California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 34.53395613447239\n ],\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 20.72556757224477\n ],\n [\n -105.28083112888335,\n 20.72556757224477\n ],\n [\n -105.28083112888335,\n 34.53395613447239\n ],\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 34.53395613447239\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a1e4b0c8380cd4c31a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, L.-B.","contributorId":10171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}