Ground water in the shallow alluvial aquifer is contaminated at the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Dallas, Texas. Five production wells at the site are cased through the alluvial aquifer and underlying units and are screened in either the Paluxy or Twin Mountains aquifers. Three abandoned wells, originally completed in the Twin Mountains aquifer but filled with drilling mud in 1958, also penetrate the alluvial aquifer. The Paluxy and Twin Mountains aquifers are used for drinking-water supplies in and around the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex.
\nTrichloroethylene and its degradation products, dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride, and the metal chromium previously have been detected in the shallow alluvial aquifer. Current (1995) analyses of water-quality samples taken from the static water column of the five production wells and one of the abandoned wells indicate no trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene, or vinyl chloride in the water column of these wells. Chromium was detected in all samples, but concentrations were less than the practical quantitation limit, which is the regulatory action level for this site.
\nThe results of borehole geophysical log analysis indicate that two of the production wells could have vertically connected intervals where cement bonding in the well annulus is poor. The other production wells have overall good bonding. Temperature logs do not indicate flow behind casing except in the screened interval of one well. Geophysical logs show the Eagle Ford Shale ranges from 147 to 185 feet thick at the site. The Eagle Ford Shale has low permeability and a high plasticity index. These physical characteristics make the Eagle Ford Shale an excellent confining unit.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koplin, Dana W.","contributorId":82174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koplin","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hallberg, George","contributorId":16269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallberg","given":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sneck-Fahrer, D. A.","contributorId":58328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneck-Fahrer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Libra, Robert","contributorId":40846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24948,"text":"ofr97820 - 1997 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr97820","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-820","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97820","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Young, H., 1997, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Southwest Irrigation District's High Plains States Groundwater Recharge Demonstration Project, south-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-820, iii, 271 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97820.","productDescription":"iii, 271 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0820/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53913,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0820/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5262,"text":"fs10297 - 1997 - Are walleye from Lake Roosevelt contaminated with mercury?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:05:15","indexId":"fs10297","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"102-97","title":"Are walleye from Lake Roosevelt contaminated with mercury?","docAbstract":"To find out, scientists from the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) tested walleye and other sport fish from the upper Columbia River and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake (Lake Roosevelt), the largest reservoir in Washington and a popular fishing spot.
Findings:
After reviewing these findings, the Washington State Department of Health concluded that people who regularly consume large amounts of Lake Roosevelt walleye may be at risk of adverse health effects from mercury and should limit their consumption of these fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs10297","usgsCitation":"Erwin, M.L., and Munn, M.D., 1997, Are walleye from Lake Roosevelt contaminated with mercury?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 102-97, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10297.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-102-97/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":31973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0102/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":118090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0102/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.24172973632812,\n 48.1688331920297\n ],\n [\n -118.00689697265625,\n 48.1688331920297\n ],\n [\n -118.00689697265625,\n 48.7190551996152\n ],\n [\n -118.24172973632812,\n 48.7190551996152\n ],\n [\n -118.24172973632812,\n 48.1688331920297\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6740b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, Martha L.","contributorId":10030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munn, Mark D. 0000-0002-7154-7252 mdmunn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-7252","contributorId":976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"Mark","email":"mdmunn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25487,"text":"wri974219 - 1997 - Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri974219","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4219","title":"Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"An investigation of flood-hydrograph characteristics for streams in urban Jefferson County, Kentucky, was made to obtain hydrologic information needed for waterresources management. Equations for estimating peak-discharge frequencies for ungaged streams in the county were developed by combining (1) long-term annual peakdischarge data and rainfall-runoff data collected from 1991 to 1995 in 13 urban basins and (2) long-term annual peak-discharge data in four rural basins located in hydrologically similar areas of neighboring counties. The basins ranged in size from 1.36 to 64.0 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey Rainfall- Runoff Model (RRM) was calibrated for each of the urban basins. The calibrated models were used with long-term, historical rainfall and pan-evaporation data to simulate 79 years of annual peak-discharge data. Peak-discharge frequencies were estimated by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharges to a Pearson-Type III frequency distribution. The simulated peak-discharge frequencies were adjusted for improved reliability by application of bias-correction factors derived from peakdischarge frequencies based on local, observed annual peak discharges. The three-parameter and the preferred seven-parameter nationwide urban-peak-discharge regression equations previously developed by USGS investigators provided biased (high) estimates for the urban basins studied. Generalized-least-square regression procedures were used to relate peakdischarge frequency to selected basin characteristics. Regression equations were developed to estimate peak-discharge frequency by adjusting peak-dischargefrequency estimates made by use of the threeparameter nationwide urban regression equations. The regression equations are presented in equivalent forms as functions of contributing drainage area, main-channel slope, and basin development factor, which is an index for measuring the efficiency of the basin drainage system. Estimates of peak discharges for streams in the county can be made for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals by use of the regression equations. The average standard errors of prediction of the regression equations ranges from ? 34 to ? 45 percent. The regression equations are applicable to ungaged streams in the county having a specific range of basin characteristics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974219","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., Ruhl, K.J., Moore, B.L., and Rose, M.F., 1997, Estimation of peak-discharge frequency of urban streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4219, viii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974219.","productDescription":"viii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1853,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ky.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wrir_1997_4219.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124914,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4219/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54209,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4219/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhl, Kevin J.","contributorId":35769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Brian L.","contributorId":100021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rose, Martin F.","contributorId":49826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":29888,"text":"wri974231 - 1997 - Water resources of Bannock Creek basin, southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T15:22:16","indexId":"wri974231","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4231","title":"Water resources of Bannock Creek basin, southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"The potential for development of water resources in the Bannock Creek Basin is limited by water supply. Bannock Creek Basin covers 475 square miles in southeastern Idaho. Shoshone-Bannock tribal lands on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation occupy the northern part of the basin; the remainder of the basin is privately owned.
\nOnly a small amount of information on the hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of Bannock Creek Basin is available, and two previous estimates of water yield from the basin ranged widely from 45,000 to 132,500 acre-feet per year. The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes need an accurate determination of water yield and baseline water-quality characteristics to plan and implement a sustainable level of water use in the basin.
\nGeologic setting, quantities of precipitation, \nevapotranspiration, surface-water runoff, recharge, \nand ground-water underflow were used to determine \nwater yield in the basin. Water yield is the \nannual amount of surface and ground water available \nin excess of evapotranspiration by crops and \nnative vegetation. Water yield from Bannock Creek \nBasin was affected by completion of irrigation \nprojects in 1964. Average 1965-89 water yield \nfrom five subbasins in Bannock Creek Basin determined \nfrom water budgets was 60,600 acre-feet per \nyear. Water yield from the Fort Hall Indian Reservation \npart of Bannock Creek Basin was estimated \nto be 37,700 acre-feet per year.
\nWater from wells, springs, and streams is a \ncalcium bicarbonate type. Concentrations of dissolved \nnitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen and fluoride \nwere less than Maximum Contaminant Levels for \npublic drinking-water supplies established by the \nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Large concentrations \nof chloride and nitrogen in water from \nseveral wells, springs, and streams likely are due to \nwaste from septic tanks or stock animals. Estimated \nsuspended-sediment load near the mouth of \nBannock Creek was 13,300 tons from December \n1988 through July 1989. Suspended-sediment discharge \nwas greatest during periods of high streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, ID","doi":"10.3133/wri974231","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes","usgsCitation":"Spinazola, J.M., and Higgs, B., 1997, Water resources of Bannock Creek basin, southeastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4231, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974231.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4231/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58705,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4231/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Bannock Creek Basin;Fort Hall Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.7979,42.3403 ], [ -112.7979,43.0001 ], [ -112.375,43.0001 ], [ -112.375,42.3403 ], [ -112.7979,42.3403 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgs, B.D.","contributorId":94198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgs","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29995,"text":"wri974291 - 1997 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Shell Valley Aquifer, Rolette County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T14:01:15","indexId":"wri974291","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4291","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Shell Valley Aquifer, Rolette County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The Shell Valley aquifer is the sole source of water for the city of Belcourt and the primary source of water for most of the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians is concerned about the quantity and quality of water in the Shell Valley aquifer, which underlies about 56 square miles in central Rolette County and has an average saturated thickness of about 35 feet.
Water levels across most of the Shell Valley aquifer fluctuate with variations in precipitation but generally are stable. Withdrawals from the north well field decreased slightly during 1976-95, but withdrawals from the south well field increased during 1983-95. Water levels in the south well field declined as withdrawals increased. The average decline during the last 8 years was about 1.75 feet per year. The water level has reached the well screen in at least one of the production wells.
Most of the water in the aquifer is a bicarbonate type and has dissolved-solids concentrations ranging from 479 to 1,510 milligrams per liter. None of the samples analyzed had detectable concentrations of pesticides, but hydrocarbons were detected in both ground- and surfacewater samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were the most frequently detected hydrocarbons. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) also were detected.
Generally, the Shell Valley aquifer is an adequate source of water for current needs, but evaluation of withdrawals in relation to a knowledge of aquifer hydrology would be important in quantifying sustainable water supplies. Water quality in the aquifer generally is good; the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians filters the water to reduce concentrations of dissolved constituents. Hydrocarbons, although present in the aquifer, have not been quantified and may not pose a general health risk. Further analysis of the quantity and distribution of the hydrocarbons would be useful to understand their sources and implications for water use.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974291","usgsCitation":"Strobel, M., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Shell Valley Aquifer, Rolette County, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4291, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974291.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4291/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strobel, M.L.","contributorId":81945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29993,"text":"wri974163 - 1997 - Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T13:51:55","indexId":"wri974163","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4163","title":"Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of precipitation and flooding on water levels in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer and to evaluate the variations in water quality that are related to the precipitation and flooding. Water-level, streamflow, and water-quality data collected before July 1993 were assumed to be representative of pre-flood conditions, and data collected from July 1993 through May 1994 were used to evaluate the ground-water response.
Water levels in 49 wells were measured every 3 weeks, when possible, between November 1993 and May 1994. Water samples were collected from 16 of the wells during November 1993 and March, April, and May 1994 and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, selected trace elements, and pesticides. The water-level and water-quality data collected during the study, along with similar data collected during previous investigations and during the National Water-Quality Assessment study, provided the basis for describing the general characteristics of the hydrology and water quality of the Sheyenne Delta aquifer.
Generally, precipitation and flooding affect water levels in the aquifer. The largest water-level rise occurs in low-relief areas, and water subsequently moves down-gradient toward the river. Topography strongly affects the focus of recharge in the aquifer. During high stage in the river, ground-water flow gradients near the river can reverse, and water flows from the river into the aquifer. Water in the Sheyenne Delta aquifer before and after the 1993 flood generally was a calcium bicarbonate type. Little variation exists between pre-flood and post-flood water-quality conditions in the aquifer. Water quality in the aquifer is affected mainly by precipitation, evapotranspiration, inflow from adjacent ground water, and inflow from the Sheyenne River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974163","usgsCitation":"Strobel, M., and Radig, S., 1997, Effects of the 1993 flood on water levels and water quality in the Sheyenne Delta Aquifer, southeastern North Dakota, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4163, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974163.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58801,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61097e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strobel, M.L.","contributorId":81945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radig, S.A.","contributorId":23591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radig","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30189,"text":"wri974187 - 1997 - Glacier ice-volume modeling and glacier volumes on Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri974187","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4187","title":"Glacier ice-volume modeling and glacier volumes on Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Assessment of ice volumes and hydrologic hazards on Redoubt Volcano began four months before the 1989-90 eruptions removed 0.29 cubic kilometer of perennial snow and ice from Drift glacier. A volume model was developed for evaluating glacier volumes on Redoubt Volcano. The volume model is based on third-order polynomial simulations of valley cross sections. The third-order polynomial is an interpolation from the valley walls exposed above glacier surfaces and takes advantage of ice-thickness measurements. The fortuitous 1989-90 eruptions removed the ice from a 4.5-kilometer length of Drift glacier, providing a unique opportunity for verification of the volume model. A 2.5-kilometer length was chosen in the denuded glacier valley and the ice volume was measured by digitally comparing two new maps: one derived from the most recent pre-eruption 1979 aerial photographs and the other from post-eruption 1990 aerial photographs. The measured volume in the reference reach was 99 x 106 cubic meters, about 1 percent less than was estimated by the volume model. The volume estimate produced by this volume model was much closer to the measured volume than was the volume estimated by other techniques. The verified volume model was used to evaluate the total volume of perennial snow and glacier ice on Redoubt Volcano, which was estimated to be 4.1?0.8 cubic kilometers. Substantial snow and ice covers on volcanoes exacerbate the hydrologic hazards associated with eruptions. The volume on Redoubt Volcano is about 23 times the volume that was present on Mount St. Helens before its 1980 eruption, which generated lahars and floods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974187","usgsCitation":"Trabant, D.C., and Hawkins, D.B., 1997, Glacier ice-volume modeling and glacier volumes on Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4187, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974187.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4187/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58985,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4187/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679bcb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trabant, Dennis C.","contributorId":13965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hawkins, Daniel B.","contributorId":10842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21568,"text":"ofr97640 - 1997 - Activities of the United States Geological Survey in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T14:14:22","indexId":"ofr97640","displayToPublicDate":"1998-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-640","title":"Activities of the United States Geological Survey in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Since the late 1800's, when the U.S. Geological Survey first established a presence in Pennsylvania, the focus of our work has changed from general hydrologic and geologic appraisals to issue-oriented investigations; from predominantly data collection to a balanced program of data collection, interpretation, and research; and from traditional, hand-drawn mapping to digitally produced coverages with specialized themes. Yet our basic mission has not changed. It is as relevant to the resource issues of today as it was when our geologists first arrived in western Pennsylvania in 1884. Continuing in this proud heritage and tradition, the U.S. Geological Survey is moving confidently toward the next century, evolving organizationally and technologically to better meet the needs of our many constituencies. One major organizational change is the recent accession of employees from the former National Biological Service, who now form the Survey's fourth program division, the Biological Resources Division. These employees join forces with colleagues in our other three divisions: Water Resources, Geologic, and National Mapping. More than any other change in decades, the addition of this biological expertise creates new and exciting opportunities for scientific research and public service. This report provides an overview of recent activities in Pennsylvania conducted by the four program divisions and is intended to inform those interested in U.S. Geological Survey products and services. Additional information is available on our home page (at http://wwwpah2o.er.usgs.gov/). Together with numerous Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations who are our customers and partners, we at the U.S. Geological Survey look forward to providing continued scientific contributions and public service to Pennsylvania and the Nation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97640","usgsCitation":"Wood, C.R., 1997, Activities of the United States Geological Survey in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-640, 32 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97640.","productDescription":"32 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0640/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0640/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Because wetlands typically have a large diversity of microorganisms and redox conditions that could enhance biodegradation, they are ideal environments for natural attenuation of organic contaminants, which is a treatment method that would leave the ecosystem largely undisturbed and be cost effective. During 1992-97, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in a contaminant plume that discharges from a sand aquifer to a freshwater tidal wetland along the West Branch Canal Creek at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Characterization of the hydrogeology and geochemistry along flowpaths in the wetland area and determination of the occurrence and rates of biodegradation and sorption show that natural attenuation could be a feasible remediation method for the contaminant plume that extends along the West Branch Canal Creek. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, Michelle I. 0000-0002-7787-3446","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7787-3446","contributorId":23574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lambing, J. H.","contributorId":100860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambing","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Axtmann, E.V.","contributorId":30652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Axtmann","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24136,"text":"ofr97641 - 1997 - Results of soil, ground-water, surface-water, and streambed-sediment sampling at Air Force Plane 85, Columbus, Ohio, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr97641","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-641","title":"Results of soil, ground-water, surface-water, and streambed-sediment sampling at Air Force Plane 85, Columbus, Ohio, 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Restoration Division, prepared the Surface- and Ground- Water Monitoring Work Plan for Air Force Plant 85 (AFP 85 or Plant), Columbus, Ohio, under the Air Force Installation Restoration Program to characterize any ground-water, surface-water, and soil contamination that may exist at AFP 85. The USGS began the study in November 1996.\r\n\r\nThe Plant was divided into nine sampling areas, which included some previously investi gated study sites. The investigation activities included the collection and presentation of data taken during drilling and water-quality sampling. Data collection focused on the saturated and unsatur ated zones and surface water. Twenty-three soil borings were completed. Ten monitoring wells (six existing wells and four newly constructed monitoring wells) were selected for water-quality sam pling. Surface-water and streambed-sediment sampling locations were chosen to monitor flow onto and off of the Plant. Seven sites were sampled for both surface-water and streambed-sediment quality.\r\n\r\nThis report presents data on the selected inorganic and organic constituents in soil, ground water, surface water, and streambed sediments at AFP 85. The methods of data collection and anal ysis also are included. Knowledge of the geologic and hydrologic setting could aid Aeronautical Systems Center, Environmental Management Directorate, Restoration Division, and its governing regulatory agencies in future remediation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97641","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Parnell, J.M., 1997, Results of soil, ground-water, surface-water, and streambed-sediment sampling at Air Force Plane 85, Columbus, Ohio, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-641, v, 107 p. : ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97641.","productDescription":"v, 107 p. : ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0641/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53288,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0641/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6056c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parnell, J. M.","contributorId":13656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parnell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23210,"text":"ofr97811 - 1997 - Low-flow water-quality and discharge data for lined channels in Northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990 to 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr97811","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-811","title":"Low-flow water-quality and discharge data for lined channels in Northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990 to 1994","docAbstract":"The water resources of the Albuquerque metropolitan area are under \r\nincreasing scrutiny by Federal and State regulators. Because of a lack \r\nof available low-flow data for use in addressing potential water-quality \r\nproblems, a project was established to collect low-flow water-quality \r\nand discharge data. The project was initiated under a current cooperative \r\nprogram between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Albuquerque Metropolitan \r\nArroyo Flood Control Authority. This report summarizes hydrologic data for \r\nthat project collected between October 31, 1990, and September 3, 1994, at \r\nthree sites in the lined channel network in northeast Albuquerque. \r\n The data collection network consisted of three sampling sites on \r\nCampus Wash, Embudo Arroyo, and the North Floodway Channel. The sites on \r\nCampus Wash and the North Floodway Channel were established at existing \r\ncontinuous-record streamflow-gaging stations; the Embudo Arroyo site was \r\nestablished at the site of an abandoned streamflow-gaging station. Data \r\npresented include site descriptions, instantaneous stream discharges \r\nmeasured at the time of sampling, and the results of the chemical analyses \r\nof the water-quality samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97811","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gold, R., and McBreen, R., 1997, Low-flow water-quality and discharge data for lined channels in Northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1990 to 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-811, iii, 60 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97811.","productDescription":"iii, 60 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0811/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0811/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gold, R.L.","contributorId":97918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McBreen, Robert","contributorId":43226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBreen","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28563,"text":"wri974142 - 1997 - Snow and ice volume on Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri974142","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4142","title":"Snow and ice volume on Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, 1981","docAbstract":"Mount Spurr (3,374 meters altitude) is an active volcano 130 kilometers west of Anchorage, Alaska, with an extensive covering of seasonal and perennial snow, and glaciers. Knowledge of the volume and distribution of snow and ice on a volcano aids in assessing hydrologic hazards such as floods, mudflows, and debris flows. \r\n\r\nIn July 1981, ice thickness was measured at 68 locations on the five main glaciers of Mount Spurr: 64 of these measurements were made using a portable 1.7 megahertz monopulse ice-radar system, and 4 measurements were made using the helicopter altimeter where the glacier bed was exposed by ice avalanching. The distribution of snow and ice derived from these measurements is depicted on contour maps and in tables compiled by altitude and by drainage basins. \r\n\r\nBasal shear stresses at 20 percent of the measured locations ranged from 200 to 350 kilopascals, which is significantly higher than the 50 to 150 kilopascals commonly referred to in the literature as the 'normal' range for glaciers. Basal shear stresses higher than 'normal' have also been found on steep glaciers on volcanoes in the Cascade Range in the western United States. \r\n\r\nThe area of perennial snow and ice coverage on Mount Spurr was 360 square kilometers in 1981, with an average thickness of 190?50 meters. Seasonal snow increases the volume about 1 percent and increases the area about 30 percent with a maximum in May or June. Runoff from Mount Spurr feeds the Chakachatna River and the Chichantna River (a tributary of the Beluga River). The Chakachatna River drainage contains 14 cubic kilometers of snow and ice and the Chichantna River drainage contains 53 cubic kilometers. \r\n\r\nThe snow and ice volume on the mountain was 67?17 cubic kilometers, approximately 350 times more snow and ice than was on Mount St. Helens before its May 18, 1980, eruption, and 15 times more snow and ice than on Mount Rainier, the most glacierized of the measured volcanoes in the Cascade Range. On the basis of these relative quantities, hazard-producing glaciovolcanic phenomena at Mount Spurr could be significantly greater than similar phenomena at Cascade Volcanoes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974142","usgsCitation":"March, R.S., Mayo, L.R., and Trabant, D.C., 1997, Snow and ice volume on Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4142, vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974142.","productDescription":"vi, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57392,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4142/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57393,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4142/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5edea0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"March, Rod S. rsmarch@usgs.gov","contributorId":416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","email":"rsmarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":200032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayo, Lawrence R.","contributorId":98344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis C.","contributorId":13965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29154,"text":"wri974152 - 1997 - Spring contributions to water quantity and nitrate loads in the Suwannee River during base flow in July 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T20:39:17.241338","indexId":"wri974152","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4152","title":"Spring contributions to water quantity and nitrate loads in the Suwannee River during base flow in July 1995","docAbstract":"The Suwannee River flows through an area of north-central Florida where ground water has elevated nitrate concentrations. A study was conducted to determine how springs and other ground-water inflow affect the quantity and quality of water in the Suwannee River. The study was done on a 33-mile (mi) reach of the lower Suwannee River from just downstream of Dowling Park, Fla., to Branford, Fla. Water samples for nitrate concentrations (dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen) and discharge data were collected at 11 springs and 3 river sites during the 3-day period in July 1995 during base flow in the river. \r\n\r\nIn the study reach, all inflow to the river is derived from ground water. Measured springs and other ground-water inflow, such as unmeasured springs and upward diffuse leakage through the riverbed, increased the river discharge 47 percent over the 33-mi reach. The 11 measured springs contributed 41 percent of the increased discharge and other ground-water inflow contributed the remaining 59 percent. River nitrate loads increased downstream from 2,300 to 6,000 kilograms per day (kg/d), an increase of 160 percent in the 33-mi study reach. Measured springs contributed 46 percent of this increase and other ground-water inflow contributed the remaining 54 percent. \r\n\r\nThe study reach was divided at Luraville, Fla., into an 11-mi upper segment and a 22-mi lower segment to determine whether the ground-water inflows and nitrate concentrations were uniform throughout the entire study reach (fig. 1). The two segments were dissimilar. The amount of water added to the river by measured springs more than tripled from the upper to the lower segment. Even though the median nitrate concentration for the three springs in the upper segment (1.7 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) was similar to the median for the eight springs in the lower segment (1.8 mg/L), nitrate concentrations in the river almost doubled from 0.46 to 0.83 mg/L in the lower segment. Only 11 percent of the increase in nitrate load for the study reach occurred in the upper segment; the remaining 89 percent occurred in the lower segment. Measured springs were the major source of nitrate load in the upper reach and other ground-water inflow was the major source in the lower segment. \r\n\r\nDifferences in nitrate loads between the upper and lower river segments are probably controlled by such factors as differences in the magnitude of the spring discharges, the size and location of spring basins, and the hydrologic characteristics of ground water in the study area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974152","usgsCitation":"Pittman, J.R., Hatzell, H.H., and Oaksford, E., 1997, Spring contributions to water quantity and nitrate loads in the Suwannee River during base flow in July 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4152, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974152.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58028,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4152/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4152/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":391883,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48768.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.25,\n 29.9444\n ],\n [\n -82.9167,\n 29.9444\n ],\n [\n -82.9167,\n 30.25\n ],\n [\n -83.25,\n 30.25\n ],\n [\n -83.25,\n 29.9444\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4814e4b07f02db4db248","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pittman, J. R.","contributorId":71571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pittman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oaksford, E. T.","contributorId":64284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27031,"text":"wri954132 - 1997 - Effect of faulting on ground-water movement in the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-06T14:43:18","indexId":"wri954132","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4132","title":"Effect of faulting on ground-water movement in the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"This study characterizes the hydrogeologic system of the Death Valley region, an area covering approximately 100,000 square kilometers. The study also characterizes the effects of faults on ground-water movement in the Death Valley region by synthesizing crustal stress, fracture mechanics, and structural geologic data. The geologic conditions are typical of the Basin and Range Province; a variety of sedimentary and igneous intrusive and extrusive rocks have been subjected to both compressional and extensional deformation. Faulting and associated fracturing is pervasive and greatly affects ground-water flow patterns. Faults may become preferred conduits or barriers to flow depending on whether they are in relative tension, compression, or shear and other factors such as the degree of dislocations of geologic units caused by faulting, the rock types involved, the fault zone materials, and the depth below the surface.
\nThe current crustal stress field was combined with fault orientations to predict potential effects of faults on the regional groundwater flow regime. Numerous examples of faultcontrolled ground-water flow exist within the study area. Hydrologic data provided an independent method for checking some of the assumptions concerning preferential flow paths.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954132","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C., 1997, Effect of faulting on ground-water movement in the Death Valley Region, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4132, Report: v, 42 p.; 1 Plate: 27.83 x 31.39 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954132.","productDescription":"Report: v, 42 p.; 1 Plate: 27.83 x 31.39 inches","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309693,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4132/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55909,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4132/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -114.58740234375,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 35.28150065789119\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22188,"text":"ofr97598 - 1997 - Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem regional monitoring program results, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T09:21:24","indexId":"ofr97598","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-598","title":"Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem regional monitoring program results, 1996","docAbstract":"As part of a regional monitoring program, water samples were collected in the San Francisco Bay estuary during 21 cruises from January through December 1996. Conductivity, temperature, light attenuation, turbidity, oxygen, and in-vivo chlorophyll fluorescence were measured longitudinally and vertically in the main channel of the estuary from south of the Dumbarton Bridge in the southern part of the Bay to Rio Vista on the Sacramento River. Discrete water samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, suspended participate matter, and dissolved oxygen. Water density was calculated from salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth), and is included in the data summaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97598","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Baylosis, J.I., Edmunds, J.L., Cole, B.E., and Cloern, J.E., 1997, Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem regional monitoring program results, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-598, iv, 203 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97598.","productDescription":"iv, 203 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0598/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0598/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 38.15831665744203\n ],\n [\n -121.44012451171874,\n 38.15831665744203\n ],\n [\n -121.44012451171874,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 37.41925395973696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baylosis, Jelriza I.","contributorId":72820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baylosis","given":"Jelriza","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edmunds, Jody L.","contributorId":10452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmunds","given":"Jody","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019456,"text":"70019456 - 1997 - Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T16:23:23.977686","indexId":"70019456","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3418,"text":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake","docAbstract":"A method of estimating the complete time-varying dynamic formation field from commonly available three-component single station seismic data has been developed and applied to study the relationship between dynamic deformation and ground failures and structural damage using observations from the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Estimates from throughout the epicentral region indicate that the horizontal strains exceed the vertical ones by more than a factor of two. The largest strains (exceeding ∼100 pstrain) correlate with regions of greatest ground failure. There is a poor correlation between structural damage and peak strain amplitudes. The smallest strains,∼35 pstrain, are estimated in regions of no damage or ground failure. Estimates in the two regions with most severe and well mapped permanent deformation, Potrero Canyon and the Granada-Mission Hills regions, exhibit the largest strains; peak horizontal strains estimates in these regions equal ∼1351 and ∼229 μstrain respectively. Of note, the dynamic principal strain axes have strikers consistent with the permanent failure features suggesting that, while gravity, sub-surface materials, and hydrologic conditions undoubtedly played fundamental roles in determining where and what types of failures occurred, the dynamic deformation field may have been favorably sized and oriented to initiate failure processes. These results support other studies that conclude that the permanent deformation resulted from ground shaking, rather than from static strains associated with primary or secondary faulting. They also suggest that such an analysis, either using data or theoretical calculations, may enable observations of paleo-ground failure to be used as quantitative constraints on the size and geometry of previous earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00011-0","issn":"02677261","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J.S., 1997, Dynamic deformations and the M6.7, Northridge, California earthquake: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 16, no. 7-8, p. 471-494, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00011-0.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"494","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.63912192273753,\n 34.31335236387632\n ],\n [\n -118.63912192273753,\n 34.158572942513956\n ],\n [\n -118.46109137594402,\n 34.158572942513956\n ],\n [\n -118.46109137594402,\n 34.31335236387632\n ],\n [\n -118.63912192273753,\n 34.31335236387632\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"7-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0424e4b0c8380cd507e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26648,"text":"wri964269 - 1997 - Hydrology, sedimentology, and biology of Ellison Park wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek near Rochester, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri964269","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4269","title":"Hydrology, sedimentology, and biology of Ellison Park wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek near Rochester, New York","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964269","usgsCitation":"Coon, W., 1997, Hydrology, sedimentology, and biology of Ellison Park wetland at the mouth of Irondequoit Creek near Rochester, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4269, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964269.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4269/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55525,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4269/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coon, W.F.","contributorId":102524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coon","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28466,"text":"wri974162 - 1997 - Evaluation of drawdown and sources of water in the Mississippi River alluvium caused by hypothetical pumping, Muscatine, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T15:25:47","indexId":"wri974162","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4162","title":"Evaluation of drawdown and sources of water in the Mississippi River alluvium caused by hypothetical pumping, Muscatine, Iowa","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate drawdown and volumetric changes in sources of water in the Mississippi River alluvium caused by hypothetical pumping. A steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed for a previous study to simulate February 1993 hydrologic conditions, which were assumed to be an acceptable estimate of the ground-water system at equilibrium. The flow model was modified for this study to simulate six hypothetical pumping scenarios: five pumping scenarios to simulate hypothetical pumping at five pumping scenario sites, and a total pumping scenario to simulate cumulative hypothetical pumping from the five pumping scenario sites.
\nThe evaluation of drawdown for the six hypothetical pumping scenarios indicates that hypothetical pumping causes simulated drawdown that varies from about 10 ft to greater than 50 ft relative to February 1993 conditions at the five hypothetical pumping scenario sites. The simulated drawdown is less than half of the estimated saturated thickness of the alluvium during February 1993 at these sites.
\nThe primary sources of water (inflows) to the alluvium needed to balance the increased ground-water withdrawals (outflows) caused by hypothetical pumping are a combination of increased river leakage and decreased leakage to Muscatine Slough. Compared to February 1993 conditions, larger inflow rates occur as river leakage from the Mississippi River for the six hypothetical pumping scenarios. However, smaller outflow rates to Muscatine Slough compared to February 1993 conditions indicate that an important source of water for hypothetical pumping is ground-water discharge that would have become streamflow in the slough.
\nIncreased pumping at the hypothetical pumping scenario sites could affect long-term water quality and hydrology in the study area. The greater amounts of river leakage might affect overall ground-water quality in the alluvium. The lesser amounts of ground water being discharged to streamflow could have a long-term impact on the hydrology of the slough and adjacent wetland areas.
\nThe simplified steady-state flow model does not account for dynamic (transient) conditions (natural or development-related). The steady-state model does not indicate time needed to reach new equilibrium conditions. Attaining equilibrium might take many years and is complicated by varying climatic and hydrologic conditions; noncontinuous pumping and pumping that is cycled among well fields; and changing and seasonally varying irrigation pumpage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri974162","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K., 1997, Evaluation of drawdown and sources of water in the Mississippi River alluvium caused by hypothetical pumping, Muscatine, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4162, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974162.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4162/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57268,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4162/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.2083333333333333,\n 41.43333333333333\n ],\n [\n -91.2083333333333333,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 41.43333333333333\n ],\n [\n -91.2083333333333333,\n 41.43333333333333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22449,"text":"ofr97398 - 1997 - Trace-element concentrations and transport in the Coeur d'Alene river, Idaho, water years 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-19T12:53:17","indexId":"ofr97398","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-398","title":"Trace-element concentrations and transport in the Coeur d'Alene river, Idaho, water years 1993-94","docAbstract":"for almost a century, the U.S. Geological Survey has collected hydrologic data at a network of stream-gaging stations throughout the Coeur d'Alene Lake and River drainage basin. Since 1990, extensive water-quality data have been collected for a comprehensive study of potential eutrophication of Coeur d'Alene Lake and for assessment of the environmental effects of past mining and ore-processing activities in the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River valley. Although the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River provided only about 20 percent of the Coeur d'Alene River's annual discharge to Coeur d'Alene Lake, it contributed as much as 84 percent of the annual cadmium and 83 percent of the annual zinc loads entering the Lake. The South Fork contributed at most 14 percent of the annual lead and 21 percent of the copper loads carried by the Coeur d'Alene River to Coeur d'Alene Lake. Cadmium, copper, and zinc loads more than doubled between the upstream and downstream boundaries of the Bunker Hill (Kellogg, Idaho) Superfund site in water years 1993 and 1994; lead load increased 24 percent and 33 percent, respectively, in water years 1993 and 1994. Zinc was transported primarily in a dissolved or colloidal phase, the major source being the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River valley, downstream from the Elizabeth Park gaging station. Lead was transported primarily as particulate material, the major source being sediments eroded from the main-stem Coeur d'Alene River channel and flood plain. Annual lead and zinc loads at Rose Lake were significantly larger than at Harrison or Cataldo, indicating entrainment of trace elements in the reach between Cataldo and Rose Lake, and subsequent deposition or loss in the reach between Rose Lake and Harrison.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Boise, Idaho","doi":"10.3133/ofr97398","usgsCitation":"Beckwith, M.A., Woods, P.F., and Berenbrock, C., 1997, Trace-element concentrations and transport in the Coeur d'Alene river, Idaho, water years 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-398, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97398.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","numberOfPages":"10","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1994-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0398/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51978,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0398/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -115.0,48.0 ], [ -115.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckwith, Michael A.","contributorId":66670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beckwith","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21889,"text":"ofr97414 - 1997 - Information on hydrologic and physical properties of water to assess transient hydrology of the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr97414","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-414","title":"Information on hydrologic and physical properties of water to assess transient hydrology of the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97414","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Harte, P., Flynn, R., Kiah, R., and Severance, T., 1997, Information on hydrologic and physical properties of water to assess transient hydrology of the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-414, vi, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97414.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0414/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51378,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0414/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51379,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0414/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee537","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flynn, R.J.","contributorId":59060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kiah, R.G.","contributorId":76770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiah","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Severance, Timothy","contributorId":104927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severance","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}