Arctic beaches exhibit characteristics that do not occur on beaches in more temperate zones. In the summer of 1967 morphological, sedimentological, and seismic refraction studies were made on an arctic beach near Nome, Alaska, in order to better define these distinguishing characteristics.
Several distinct microrelief structures are developed during ice break-up and the melting of ice and snow on the beaches including ice-pushed ridges, kaimoo ridge and deposits, sea-ice kettles, sea- ice sand and sea-ice gravel cones, micro-outwash deposits, and microdeltaic deposits.
Sedimentological studies showed that sediment distribution along the beach is random with no increasing or decreasing median diameters, or sorting coefficients, or sand-gravel percentages, either along the strandline or along the beach profile. This random grain size distribution is attributed to the relatively low energy along the coast of the Seward Peninsula. Further, the beaches are insulated from the elements by ice for about 6 months out of the year and the beach sediments are disturbed annually by ice-push. Longshore drift appeared to vary from east to west during the summer of 1967 with a net transport to the east.
The seismic refraction study on the Nome beach indicated that internal stratigraphy of the overburden could be interpreted and correlated with known onshore and offshore stratigraphic units. Bedrock was well defined in the seismograms and exhibited a gently undulating topography with several buried channels that may be sites of gold placer deposits.
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The interval 1,745.0 to 1,836.4 meters (5,725 to 6,025 feet) appears to be the best location for mining a chamber so far as water inflow is concerned. This interval, 91.4 meters (300 feet), consists of about 27.4 meters (90 feet) of breccia and 64.0 meters (210 feet) of basalt.
The inflow to a spherical chamber 18.3 meters (60 feet) in diameter and placed in the center of the proposed 91.4-meter (300-foot) interval, was calculated to be about 175 cubic meters per day (32 gallons per minute) after the first day and would stabilize at about 57 cubic meters per day (10.5 gallons per minute) after about 200 days.
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1970 - Water-resources reconnaissance of the Old Harbor area, Kodiak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:09","indexId":"ofr70364","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-364","title":"Water-resources reconnaissance of the Old Harbor area, Kodiak Island, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr70364","usgsCitation":"Weeks, J., 1970, Water-resources reconnaissance of the Old Harbor area, Kodiak Island, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-364, 6 p., 3 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70364.","productDescription":"6 p., 3 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111690,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/10879","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":180876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, J.B.","contributorId":61426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55993,"text":"ofr70122 - 1970 - Water-resources reconnaissance of the Kwiguk (Emmonak) area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-01T22:12:32.422655","indexId":"ofr70122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-122","title":"Water-resources reconnaissance of the Kwiguk (Emmonak) area, Alaska","docAbstract":"As part of an agreement between the Alaska Department of Natural Resources and the United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, a reconnaissance visit was made of the area in the vicinity of the village of Kwiguk (Emmonak), Alaska, during the period June 17-19, 1970, to evaluate the water resources and to suggest methods of developing additional sources of water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Feulner, A., 1970, Water-resources reconnaissance of the Kwiguk (Emmonak) area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-122, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70122.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kwiguk (Emmonak) area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.5820170061809,\n 62.78866938745375\n ],\n [\n -164.5820170061809,\n 62.768710398060904\n ],\n [\n -164.4860243874175,\n 62.768710398060904\n ],\n [\n -164.4860243874175,\n 62.78866938745375\n ],\n [\n -164.5820170061809,\n 62.78866938745375\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feulner, Alvin J.","contributorId":15694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feulner","given":"Alvin J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226163,"text":"70226163 - 1970 - Cassiterite as an exsolution product in magnetite, Lost River tin mine, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T19:08:50.493211","indexId":"70226163","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T12:50:10","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cassiterite as an exsolution product in magnetite, Lost River tin mine, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geological Institute","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.1004","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., and Sainsbury, C., 1970, Cassiterite as an exsolution product in magnetite, Lost River tin mine, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 8, p. 1004-1006, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.8.1004.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1004","endPage":"1006","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Lost River tin mine, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.9379425048828,\n 65.42244359017367\n ],\n [\n -166.83116912841797,\n 65.42244359017367\n ],\n [\n -166.83116912841797,\n 65.44799167917684\n ],\n [\n -166.9379425048828,\n 65.44799167917684\n ],\n [\n -166.9379425048828,\n 65.42244359017367\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, George A.","contributorId":101661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226539,"text":"70226539 - 1970 - Eocene age of the Adak ‘Paleozoic (?)’ rocks, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T14:40:46.622797","indexId":"70226539","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T08:23:39","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eocene age of the Adak ‘Paleozoic (?)’ rocks, Aleutian Islands, Alaska","docAbstract":"In 1948, several specimens identified as the plant genus Annularia, a primitive horsetail of Pennsylvanian or Permian age, were found in tuffaceous sandstone exposed near the northern end of Adak Island, Alaska. These beds form the basal part of the Andrew Lake Formation, a newly named sequence of marine sedimentary rocks that is more than 850 m thick, and, in the main, consists of northwest-dipping tuffaceous sandstone, siltstone, shale, and siliceous siltstone and shale interbedded with basaltic flows or penecontemporaneous(?) sills (or both) a few tens of meters thick. This formation rests depositionally(?) on the Finger Bay Volcanics, the massive and intensely altered andesitic and basaltic flows and pyroclastic rocks that form the bulk of Adak Island.
Mollusks, foraminifers, sponge spicules, and fish scales and skeletal remains occur in the lower 350 m of the section immediately overlying the basal “Annularia”-bearing beds. Included in this fauna is the pecten Pro-peamussium (cf. P. stanfordensis Arnold), of probable Eocene age; the associated foraminiferal fauna is provincially considered to be of late Eocene (Narizian) age, and the fish scales are similar to those found in the Narizian and Refugian (Eocene and Oligocene) of California. Examination of the matrix surrounding specimens of “Annularia” revealed a substantial dinoflagellate flora—establishing that the “Annularia”-bearing beds are themselves marine units of middle or late Eocene age.
The Andrew Lake Formation probably accumulated in a perched basin along the crestal region of an early Tertiary Aleutian ridge. Accordingly, there is no evidence for a Paleozoic Aleutian ridge. There is only scant evidence that the ridge existed in Mesozoic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3583:EAOTAP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D.W., Greene, H., and Marlow, M.S., 1970, Eocene age of the Adak ‘Paleozoic (?)’ rocks, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 12, p. 3583-3591, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3583:EAOTAP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3583","endPage":"3591","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Andrew Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -176.7267608642578,\n 51.79545189800759\n ],\n [\n -176.57844543457028,\n 51.8557147498621\n ],\n [\n -176.58668518066406,\n 51.86207583664755\n ],\n [\n -176.6168975830078,\n 51.85698703916729\n ],\n [\n -176.65054321289062,\n 51.85529064543267\n ],\n [\n -176.62994384765625,\n 51.85995557431279\n ],\n [\n -176.62376403808594,\n 51.866740062051775\n ],\n [\n -176.61827087402344,\n 51.89895240691636\n ],\n [\n -176.572265625,\n 51.91081429480403\n ],\n [\n -176.5509796142578,\n 51.90530737927636\n ],\n [\n -176.53518676757812,\n 51.927754415373855\n ],\n [\n -176.56539916992188,\n 51.9493437994359\n ],\n [\n -176.5496063232422,\n 51.96584631886286\n ],\n [\n -176.5550994873047,\n 51.9979876241961\n ],\n [\n -176.58531188964844,\n 52.005173970555695\n ],\n [\n -176.6210174560547,\n 51.99587377334005\n ],\n [\n -176.6333770751953,\n 51.98022817480167\n ],\n [\n -176.63475036621094,\n 51.96330786509095\n ],\n [\n -176.66427612304688,\n 51.956961101676114\n ],\n [\n -176.73568725585935,\n 51.973460817611695\n ],\n [\n -176.759033203125,\n 51.96669243817262\n ],\n [\n -176.7707061767578,\n 51.96965372996562\n ],\n [\n -176.79336547851562,\n 51.96203858429277\n ],\n [\n -176.81671142578125,\n 51.93029488216276\n ],\n [\n -176.8022918701172,\n 51.90361280788357\n ],\n [\n -176.7748260498047,\n 51.887934991741986\n ],\n [\n -176.7665863037109,\n 51.868436024111126\n ],\n [\n -176.79542541503906,\n 51.84426252720166\n ],\n [\n -176.78306579589844,\n 51.8166804081913\n ],\n [\n -176.76109313964844,\n 51.798424491278745\n ],\n [\n -176.7267608642578,\n 51.79545189800759\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greene, H. Gary","contributorId":38958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"H. Gary","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":827285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marlow, Michael S.","contributorId":72775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226160,"text":"70226160 - 1970 - Graptolite succession across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary in south-eastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-15T14:03:48.567554","indexId":"70226160","displayToPublicDate":"1970-12-01T07:53:23","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graptolite succession across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary in south-eastern Alaska","docAbstract":"The first discovery in North America of a succession of graptolite faunas across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary has been made on Esquibel Island, in south-eastern Alaska, where five graptolite zones are represented in an 18 m interval of shale in the Descon Formation. Despite the thinness of the graptolite zones, no stratigraphical breaks can be inferred from more complete graptolite successions known elsewhere. The Alaskan faunas can be closely correlated with those of the standard British zones—the Dicellograptus anceps Zone (uppermost Ordovician), the Glyptograptus persculptus Zone (lowermost Silurian) and the immediately overlying Akidograptus acuminatus, Orthograptus vesiculosus and Monograptus cyphus Zones of the Lower Silurian. They thus give evidence of the cosmopolitan distribution of graptolite faunas during latest Ordovician and earliest Silurian time.
The Uralides—the late Precambrian and Paleozoic orogenic terrane between the Russian and Siberian Platforms—in part are exposed in the Ural Mountains, in the central Soviet Arctic, along the west edge of the Siberian Platform, and in southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, and in part are buried beneath the fill of the West Siberian Lowlands and other basins. Paleomagnetic orientations suggest that the Russian and Siberian Platforms were far apart during the early Paleozoic, converged during the middle Paleozoic, and collided in the Permian or Triassic. The geology of the Uralides accords with the concept that the two subcontinents approached and collided as the intervening oceanic plate slid beneath them along subduction (Benioff) zones.
The medial eugeosyncline of the Uralides consists largely of what may be oceanic material scraped off against the edges of the opposed subcontinents. Basalt-and-spilite belts may represent ocean-floor abyssal tholeiite, and the manganiferous cherts and other sediments upon them may be pelagic oozes. Andesite belts may have formed as island arcs within the ocean, swept subsequently against the continents. Fossil subduction zones are recorded by great faults soled by, or containing tectonic injections of, mafic and ultramafic rocks from the lower oceanic crust and upper mantle, and containing high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Granitic and silicic-volcanic rocks may have formed above the subduction zones in the accreted parts of the continental plates. Both these continental-margin magmatic rocks and the island-arc complexes display ratios of potassium to silicon that vary across strike and so indicate the directions of dip of the subduction zones.
From the distribution of such indicators of various ages, a history of the continental margins can be deduced. An active subduction zone dipped beneath the Siberian Platform during at least parts of late Precambrian and early, middle, and late Paleozoic time. The late Precambrian and Cambrian history of the Russian side is unclear, but in the Ordovician and Silurian the Russian continental margin was stable, while somewhere offshore an island arc was present whose trench was on the Russian side; the last of the intervening oceanic plate vanished down the subduction zone in about the Early Devonian, and the island arc became part of the continental margin. During the remainder of the Devonian and during the Carboniferous and Early Permian, a subduction zone was present along the margin of the enlarged Russian continent and dipped beneath it.
Each subcontinent grew oceanward as oceanic material was accreted against it, and the subduction zones stepped oceanward correspondingly. The continental magmatic zones migrated oceanward behind the accreting edges of the continental plates, so the tectonic and magmatic progression with time at any one place is analogous to the variations present across the entire orogenic belt at any one time.
Severe right-lateral deformation of the Uralides, the Russian side having moved northward relative to the Siberian side during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time, is inferred from structural and magnetic-anomaly patterns. The deformation was accomplished by oroclinal folding, strike-slip faulting, and tensional thinning of the crust.
The Uralides may have been continuous in early Mesozoic time with the Ellesmerides of North Greenland and the Canadian Arctic islands. The Cenozoic (and late Mesozoic?) opening of the Arctic Ocean was accomplished by spreading of the Eurasia Basin, and by opening of the Canada Basin behind a counterclockwise-rotating Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2553:TUATMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, W.B., 1970, The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2553-2576, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2553:TUATMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"2553","endPage":"2576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kazakhstan, Russia","otherGeospatial":"Siberia, Ural Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 77.34374999999999,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 77.34374999999999,\n 77.11803181203176\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 77.11803181203176\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 44.715513732021336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Warren B.","contributorId":74664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010086,"text":"70010086 - 1970 - A possible bedrock source for obsidian found in archeological sites in northwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T17:06:09.644941","indexId":"70010086","displayToPublicDate":"1970-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A possible bedrock source for obsidian found in archeological sites in northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"Recently discovered deposits of obsidian in the Koyukuk valley may be the long-sought-for source of obsidian found in archeological sites in northwestern Alaska. Obsidian from these deposits compares favorably in physical characteristics and sodium-manganese ratio with the archeological obsidian, and there is evidence that the deposits have been \"mined\" in the past.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.169.3947.760","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Patton, W.W., and Miller, T.P., 1970, A possible bedrock source for obsidian found in archeological sites in northwestern Alaska: Science, v. 169, no. 3947, p. 760-761, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3947.760.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"760","endPage":"761","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219508,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"northwestern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.73534173038752,\n 65.37889017296513\n ],\n [\n -158.73534173038752,\n 64.786951001911\n ],\n [\n -156.94743388815996,\n 64.786951001911\n ],\n [\n -156.94743388815996,\n 65.37889017296513\n ],\n [\n -158.73534173038752,\n 65.37889017296513\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"169","issue":"3947","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e3e4b0c8380cd469d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patton, W. 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P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226464,"text":"70226464 - 1970 - Aspects of oil and gas operations on federal and Indian lands of interest to engineers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T15:20:47.13393","indexId":"70226464","displayToPublicDate":"1970-06-08T08:58:43","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Aspects of oil and gas operations on federal and Indian lands of interest to engineers","docAbstract":"It is always enjoyable to attend any meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. I am happy to have this opportunity to speak to you because I believe that petroleum engineers can benefit from a better understanding of the Mineral Leasing Act and the regulations that implement the act insofar as these affect or influence your work. The regulations that implement the leasing act are commonly known as the Oil and Gas Operating Regulations. These regulations are officially described as Part 221 of Title 30 of the Code of Federal Regulations. They are printed in a small green booklet which most printed in a small green booklet which most of you have probably seen at one time or other. The requirements of the operating regulations, as specifically set forth in the booklet, or as determined by policy judgments in our various offices, can affect some aspects of your work.
I think it would be appropriate first to discuss the two types of lands, Federal lands and Indian lands, which are subject to the Oil and Gas Operating Regulations. Federal lands generally are classified in two categories, acquired land and public domain lands. Acquired lands are lands to which the Federal Government obtained title by purchase, exchange, condemnation, or private gift. These lands are scattered private gift. These lands are scattered throughout the United States and total about 54 million acres, or about 7.5 percent of the area classified as public percent of the area classified as public lands.
The public domain lands are lands to which the United States has held title since their original acquisition. There are public lands in 30 states, but the large bulk of the lands are located in Alaska and the Western States. You may recall from your history courses some of the purchases and treaties by which the United States obtained most of the lands now described as public domain lands. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 included among the Western States most of Montana, eastern and central Wyoming, northeast Colorado, and the northern part of Texas. This treaty also included a large part of the area now generally referred to as The \"Midwest\". The annexation of Texas occurred in 1845 and it is somewhat surprising to realize that this included, among other lands, a strip of land through western Colorado and a rectangular shaped piece of land in Wyoming, south of Rawlins piece of land in Wyoming, south of Rawlins The acquisition of the Oregon Territory in 1846 brought into the Union parts of western Wyoming and Montana as well as what is now Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"SPE Rocky Mountain regional meeting","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"SPE Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting","conferenceDate":"June 8-9, 1970","conferenceLocation":"Casper, WY","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.","doi":"10.2118/2899-MS","usgsCitation":"Curtis, C.J., 1970, Aspects of oil and gas operations on federal and Indian lands of interest to engineers, in SPE Rocky Mountain regional meeting, Casper, WY, June 8-9, 1970, p. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.2118/2899-MS.","productDescription":"SPE-2899-MS, 8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -110.85205078124999,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 38.06539235133249\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 38.324420427006544\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 38.35888785866677\n ],\n [\n -106.76513671875,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -102.01904296874999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -102.01904296874999,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -107.95166015624999,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -107.99560546875,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -108.83056640625,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -109.51171875,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -108.03955078125,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -108.06152343749999,\n 44.59046718130883\n ],\n [\n -108.34716796875,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -106.28173828125,\n 44.98034238084973\n ],\n [\n -106.2158203125,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -104.96337890625,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -104.94140625,\n 42.53689200787315\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 42.56926437219384\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -98.63525390624999,\n 42.98857645832184\n ],\n [\n -98.0859375,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -97.84423828125,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -97.31689453125,\n 42.779275360241904\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 42.4234565179383\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 43.052833917627936\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -96.45996093749999,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -96.39404296875,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -96.74560546875,\n 45.644768217751924\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 45.93587062119052\n ],\n [\n -96.48193359375,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -96.74560546875,\n 46.649436163350245\n ],\n [\n -96.74560546875,\n 46.86019101567027\n ],\n [\n -96.8115234375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -97.14111328125,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -116.76269531249999,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -117.42187500000001,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -117.00439453125,\n 44.10336537791152\n ],\n [\n -117.13623046874999,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 42.06560675405716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1970-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, Charles J.","contributorId":269397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curtis","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226299,"text":"70226299 - 1970 - Silver depletion indicated by microanalysis of gold from placer occurrences, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-17T16:55:36.804452","indexId":"70226299","displayToPublicDate":"1970-05-01T09:43:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Silver depletion indicated by microanalysis of gold from placer occurrences, western United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.65.3.304","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., 1970, Silver depletion indicated by microanalysis of gold from placer occurrences, western United States: Economic Geology, v. 65, no. 3, p. 304-311, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.3.304.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"311","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming","county":"Chaffee County, Clark County, Clear Creek County, Douglas County, Fremont County, Gunnison County, Lemhi County, Madison County, Moffat County, Montrose County, Pershing County, Power County, Routt County, Sierra County, Sublette County, Sweetwater County, Teton County","city":"Alder Gulch, American Falls, Beaver Creek, Big Piney, Castle Rock, Granite, 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rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T14:01:39.79253","indexId":"70226789","displayToPublicDate":"1970-03-01T07:53:01","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of iceberg rafting in Glacier Bay, Alaska, and the identification of ancient ice-rafted deposits","docAbstract":"Observations of icebergs in a modern glacial marine environment indicate that ancient rocks that received iceberg-rafted material should contain: (1) local concentrations of stones that originated when icebergs overturned, and (2) small pellets of till that were originally sediment filling the spaces between clear ice crystals.
The till pellets are especially significant in identifying an ancient glacial setting because they originate through a process unique to glaciers—the flow-and recrystallization-induced segregation of originally disseminated fine sediment. Thus when freed by melting and deposited by iceberg rafting, the pellets would reliably indicate the presence of glacial ice in an ancient environment. In the Gowganda Formation, a Precambrian glacial deposit, strata that contain outsized, presumably iceberg-rafted stones also contain abundant small flattened clasts of unsorted graywacke interpreted as the lithified counterparts of the till pellets observed on modern icebergs.
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