The Devils Lake Basin is a 3,810-squaremile closed subbasin of the Red River of the North Basin (fig. 1). About 3,320 square miles of the total 3,810 square miles is tributary to Devils Lake. The Devils Lake Basin contributes to the Red River of the North Basin when the level of Devils Lake is greater than 1,459 feet above sea level.
Lake levels of Devils Lake were recorded sporadically from 1867 to 1890. In 1901, the U.S. Geological Survey established a gaging station on Devils Lake. From 1867 through 1998, the lake level has fluctuated between a minimum of 1,400.9 feet above sea level in 1940 and a maximum of 1,444.7 feet above sea level in 1998 (fig. 2). The maximum, which occurred on July 7, 1998, was 22.1 feet higher than the level recorded in February 1993.
The rapid rise in the lake level of Devils Lake since 1993 is in response to abovenormal precipitation and below-normal evaporation from the summer of 1993 through 1998. Because of the rising lake level, more than 50,000 acres of land and many roads around the lake have been flooded. In addition, the water quality of Devils Lake changed substantially in 1993 because of the summer flooding (Williams-Sether and others, 1996). In response to the flooding, the Devils Lake Basin Interagency Task Force, comprised of many State and Federal agencies, was formed in 1995 to find and propose intermediate (5 years or less) flood mitigation options. Current and accurate hydrologic and water-quality information is needed to assess the effectiveness of the flood mitigation options, which include managing and storing water in the Devils Lake Basin, continuing infrastructure protection, and providing an outlet to the Sheyenne River (Wiche, 1998).
As part of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Devils Lake emergency outlet feasibility study, the U.S. Geological Survey is modeling lake levels and sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake to simulate operation of an emergency outlet. Accurate simulation of sulfate concentrations in Devils Lake is required to determine potential effects of the outlet on downstream water quality. Historical sulfate concentrations are used to calibrate and verify the model. Most of the Devils Lake water-quality data available before 1998 were obtained from samples collected from the water column about three to four times a year. The samples were collected at one location in each of the Devils Lake major bays (West Bay, Main Bay, East Bay, and East Devils Lake). However, sample collection from only one location in a bay may not give an adequate representation of the water quality of the bay because of factors such as wind, precipitation, temperature, surface- and ground-water inflow, and possible bed-sediment interactions. Thus, spatial variability (the variability within each bay) and temporal variability (the variability with time) of dissolved sulfate need to be determined to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates obtained from the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09699","usgsCitation":"Sether, B.A., Vecchia, A.V., and Berkas, W.R., 1998, Spatial and temporal variability of dissolved sulfate in Devils Lake, North Dakota, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 096-99, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09699.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34167,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":117918,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sether, Bradley A.","contributorId":54985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sether","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berkas, Wayne R. wrberkas@usgs.gov","contributorId":425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"Wayne","email":"wrberkas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6804,"text":"fs04298 - 1998 - U.S. Geological Survey research at management systems evaluation areas, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T18:45:46","indexId":"fs04298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"042-98","title":"U.S. Geological Survey research at management systems evaluation areas, 1991-95","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs04298","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., 1998, U.S. Geological Survey research at management systems evaluation areas, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 042-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs04298.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34150,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0042/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0042/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6121e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkison, Donald H. wilkison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"Donald","email":"wilkison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21990,"text":"ofr97832 - 1998 - Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr97832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-832","title":"Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97832","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lew, M., 1998, Operation of hydrologic data-collection stations by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-832, 14 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97832.","productDescription":"14 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0832/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51460,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0832/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af0e4b07f02db691716","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lew, Melvin","contributorId":91877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lew","given":"Melvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22439,"text":"ofr98168 - 1998 - Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Regional monitoring program results, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T19:06:00","indexId":"ofr98168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-168","title":"Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Regional monitoring program results, 1997","docAbstract":"As part of a regional monitoring program, water samples were collected in the San Francisco Bay estuary during 20 cruises from January through November 1997. Conductivity, temperature, light attenuation, turbidity, oxygen, and in-vivo chlorophyll fluorescence were measured longitudinally and vertically in the main channel of the estuary from south of the Dumbarton Bridge in the southern part of the Bay to Rio Vista on the Sacramento River. Discrete water samples were analyzed for chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, suspended participate matter, and dissolved oxygen. Water density was calculated from salinity, temperature, and pressure (depth), and is included in the data summaries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98168","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Baylosis, J.I., Cole, B.E., and Cloern, J.E., 1998, Studies of the San Francisco Bay, California, estuarine ecosystem: Regional monitoring program results, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-168, iv, 194 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98168.","productDescription":"iv, 194 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0168/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 38.15831665744203\n ],\n [\n -121.44012451171874,\n 38.15831665744203\n ],\n [\n -121.44012451171874,\n 37.41925395973696\n ],\n [\n -122.52365112304688,\n 37.41925395973696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699e3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baylosis, Jelriza I.","contributorId":72820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baylosis","given":"Jelriza","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21653,"text":"ofr98182 - 1998 - Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:10:50","indexId":"ofr98182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-182","title":"Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975","docAbstract":"This report presents all analytical determinations for samples collected from Yellowstone\r\nNational Park and vicinity during 1974 and 1975. Water temperature, pH, Eh, and dissolved O2\r\nwere determined on-site. Total alkalinity and F were determined on the day of sample collection.\r\nFlame atomic-absorption spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of Li, Na, K, Ca, and\r\nMg. Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry was used to determine concentrations of Fe(II), Fe(III),\r\nAs(III), and As(V). Direct-current plasma-optical-emission spectrometry was used to determine the\r\nconcentrations of B, Ba, Cd, Cs, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn. Two samples collected from\r\nYellowstone Park in June 1974 were used as reference samples for testing the plasma analytical\r\nmethod. Results of these tests demonstrate acceptable precision for all detectable elements. Charge\r\nimbalance calculations revealed a small number of samples that may have been subject to\r\nmeasurement errors in pH or alkalinity. These data represent some of the most complete analyses\r\nof Yellowstone waters available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98182","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Ball, J.W., Nordstrom, D.K., Jenne, E.A., and Vivit, D., 1998, Chemical analyses of hot springs, pools, geysers, and surface waters from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and vicinity, 1974-1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-182, iv, 45 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98182.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155165,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_chemtherm/pubs/ofr%2098-182.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -109.9456787109375,\n 44.11125397357155\n ],\n [\n -109.9456787109375,\n 45.158800738352106\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 45.158800738352106\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 44.11125397357155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e57a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenne, Everett A.","contributorId":85582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vivit, Davison V.","contributorId":79922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivit","given":"Davison V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4937,"text":"fs06698 - 1998 - Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:33:47","indexId":"fs06698","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"066-98","title":"Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"In 1992, residents near Kirby Lake, located about five miles northwest of Cumberland, in Barron County, Wisconsin, formed the Kirby Lake Management District. The Lake District immediately began to gather information needed for the preparation of a comprehensive lake-management plan that would be used to protect the natural and recreational assets of the lake. The Lake District completed a land-use inventory of the watershed and an evaluation of available lake water-quality data. The land-use data were used to assess the potential contribution of nutrients to the lake from the watershed. The evaluation of lake water-quality data, which were collected as part of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) Self-Help Monitoring Program, indicated the lake has relatively good water quality. Before a comprehensive lake-management plan could be prepared, however, a better understanding of several aspects of the lake and its surroundings was needed. To address those aspects including the definition of the lake's hydrology and the principal sources of nutrients, and the relation of the lake's water quality to nutrient loading the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Lake District and the WDNR (through a Lake Management Planning Grant), conducted a study of Kirby Lake and its watershed. This Fact Sheet presents the results of that study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06698","usgsCitation":"Rose, W., and Robertson, D.M., 1998, Hydrology, water quality, and phosphorus loading of Kirby Lake, Barron County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 066-98, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06698.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31799,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":88,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-066-98/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1998/0066/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Barron County","otherGeospatial":"Kirby Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.0315,45.64],[-91.9083,45.639],[-91.7858,45.6389],[-91.6627,45.6386],[-91.5402,45.6378],[-91.5395,45.5518],[-91.5407,45.4654],[-91.5413,45.2921],[-91.5426,45.2067],[-91.6663,45.208],[-91.7886,45.2082],[-91.9116,45.2084],[-92.034,45.2088],[-92.1564,45.2097],[-92.1565,45.2951],[-92.156,45.3811],[-92.1551,45.5535],[-92.1546,45.6395],[-92.0315,45.64]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Barron\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, William J. wjrose@usgs.gov","contributorId":2182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William J.","email":"wjrose@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22294,"text":"ofr98572 - 1998 - Water velocities and the potential for the movement of bed sediments in Sinclair Inlet of Puget Sound, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T14:26:49","indexId":"ofr98572","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-572","title":"Water velocities and the potential for the movement of bed sediments in Sinclair Inlet of Puget Sound, Washington","docAbstract":"Sinclair Inlet is a small embayment of Puget Sound in the State of Washington. The inlet, about 6.5 kilometers long and 1.5 kilometers wide, is the site of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. There are concerns that bed sediments in the inlet may have been contaminated as a result of activities at the shipyard, and that these sediments could be resuspended by tide- and wind-driven currents and transported within the inlet or out of the inlet to other parts of Puget Sound. This study was conducted to provide information concerning the potential for sediment resuspension in the inlet.\r\n\r\nTo obtain the necessary data, vertical profiles of water current from about 2 meters above the bed to 2 meters below the water surface were monitored with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) at three locations during a 6.5-week winter period and a 4.5-week summer period in 1994. In addition, during the winter period, water velocites between 0.19 and 1.20 meters above the bed were measured with current meters using an instrument package called Geoprobe, which was deployed near one of the ADCPs. Other instruments on the Geoprobe measured light transmissivity, and a camera periodically took photographs of the bottom. Instruments on the Geoprobe and on the ADCPs also measured conductivity (for determining salinity), temperature, and pressure (for determinining tide). Samples of bed sediment and water samples for determining suspended-sediment concentration were collected at each of the current-measurement stations. Wind speed and direction were measured at three stations during a 12-month period, and tide was measured at one of these stations.\r\n\r\nWater currents measured at the three locations in Sinclair Inlet were relatively weak. Typical speeds were 5 to 10 centimeters per second, and the RMS (root-mean-square) speeds were less than 8 centimeters per second. Tidal and residual currents were of similar magnitude. Residual currents near the bottom typically were flowing in the opposite direction of the prevailing wind, while surface currents were in the same direction as the prevailing wind. During most of the year, the prevailing wind was from the soutwest quadrant; however, during July and August, the prevailing wind was usually from the northeast quadrant.\r\n\r\nThe RMS of the total shear velocity for each ADCP station and measurement period, which was estimated from observed profiles of current velocity, ranged from 0.31 centimeters per second to 0.44 centimeters per second. The skin-friction component of the shear velocity was estimated to be no more than half the total. Critical shear velocity, estimated from particle sizes and density of the bed material, was 0.39 centimeters per second or larger. Comparisons of the skin-friction components of total bottom shear velocities with estimates of the critical shear velocity necessary for resuspension of the bed sediments indicate that resuspension occurs only infrequently, usually at times of maximum current during the tidal cycle. This conclusion is supported by measurements near the bed of light transmissivity, which is related to suspended-sediment concentration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98572","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Gartner, J.W., Prych, E., Tate, G.B., Cacchione, D., Cheng, R.T., Bidlake, W.R., and Ferreira, J., 1998, Water velocities and the potential for the movement of bed sediments in Sinclair Inlet of Puget Sound, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-572, vi, 140 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98572.","productDescription":"vi, 140 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0572/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51714,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0572/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.46386718749999,\n 47.14489748555398\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 47.14489748555398\n ],\n [\n -121.86035156249999,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -125.46386718749999,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -125.46386718749999,\n 47.14489748555398\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gartner, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":77524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prych, E. A.","contributorId":36163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prych","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tate, G. B.","contributorId":46119,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tate","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":187947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bidlake, W. R.","contributorId":28953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidlake","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ferreira, J.T.","contributorId":25969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":21675,"text":"ofr98274 - 1998 - Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-04T18:51:18","indexId":"ofr98274","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-274","title":"Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97","docAbstract":"From July 1994 through May 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the \nDepartment of Energy, sampled 86 wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer at and \nnear the Idaho N ationa1 Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The wells were \nsampled for a variety of constituents including one- and two-carbon halocarbons. \nConcentrations of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and \ntrichlorotrifluororoethane (CFC-113) were determined. The samples for halocarbon analysis \nwere collected in 62-milliliter flame sealed borosilicate glass ampoules in the field. The data \nwill be used to evaluate the ages of ground waters at INEEL. The ages of the ground water will \nbe used to determine recharge rates, residence time, and travel time of water in the Snake River \nPlain aquifer in and near INEEL. The chromatograms of 139 ground waters are presented \nshowing a large number of halomethanes, haloethanes, and haloethenes present in the ground \nwaters underlying the INEEL. The chromatograms can be used to qualitatively evaluate a large \nnumber of contaminants at parts per trillion to parts per billion concentrations. The data can be \nused to study temporal and spatial distribution of contaminants in the Snake River Plain aquifer. \nRepresentative compressed chromatograms for all ground waters sampled in this study are \navailable on two 3.5-inch high density computer disks. The data and the program required to \ndecompress the data can be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey office at Idaho Falls, \nIdaho. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations were measured in selected wells to determine \nthe feasibility of using this environmental tracer as an age dating tool of ground water. \nConcentrations of dissolved nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane were \nmeasured in 79 ground waters. Concentrations of dissolved permanent gases are tabulated and \nwill be used to evaluate the temperature of recharge of ground water in and near the INEEL.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Idaho Falls, ID","doi":"10.3133/ofr98274","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., Plummer, N., Bartholomay, R.C., and Wayland, J.E., 1998, Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites in and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-274, v, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98274.","productDescription":"v, 72 p.","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155323,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277903,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0274/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2492,43.2502 ], [ -114.2492,44.2491 ], [ -112.2501,44.2491 ], [ -112.2501,43.2502 ], [ -114.2492,43.2502 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e26c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholomay, Roy C. 0000-0002-4809-9287 rcbarth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-9287","contributorId":1131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"Roy","email":"rcbarth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wayland, Julian E. jwayland@usgs.gov","contributorId":4008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayland","given":"Julian","email":"jwayland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25687,"text":"wri984032 - 1998 - Occurrence and distribution of dissolved pesticides in the San Joaquin River basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"wri984032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4032","title":"Occurrence and distribution of dissolved pesticides in the San Joaquin River basin, California","docAbstract":"The effects of pesticide application, hydrology, and chemical and physical properties on the occurrence of pesticides in surface water in the San Joaquin River Basin, California, were examined. The study of pesticide occurrence in the highly agricultural San Joaquin?Tulare Basins is part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. One hundred forty-three water samples were collected throughout 1993 from sites on the San Joaquin River and three of its tributaries: Orestimba Creek, Salt Slough, and the Merced River. Of the 83 pesticides selected for analysis in this study, 49 different compounds were detected in samples from the four sites and ranged in concentration from less than the detection limit to 20 micrograms per liter. All but one sample contained at least one pesticide, and more than 50 percent of the samples contained seven or more pesticides. Six compounds were detected in more than 50 percent of the samples: four herbicides (dacthal, EPTC, metolachlor, and simazine) and two insecticides (chlorpyrifos and diazinon). None of the measured concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water criteria, and many of the measured concentrations were very low. The concentrations of seven pesticides exceeded criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life: azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diuron, malathion, and trifluralin. Overall, some criteria for protection of aquatic life were exceeded in a total of 97 samples.\r\nFactors affecting the spatial patterns of occurrence of the pesticides in the different subbasins included the pattern of application and hydrology. Seventy percent of pesticides with known application were detected. Overall, 40 different pesticides were detected in Orestimba Creek, 33 in Salt Slough, and 26 in the Merced River. Samples from the Merced River had a relatively low number of detections, despite the high number (35) of pesticides applied, owing to the generally low percentage of irrigation return flow and contribution of pesticide-free streamflow from reservoir releases. Irrigation return flows in the Orestimba Creek and Salt Slough subbasins generally contained more pesticides at higher concentrations. In addition, the distribution of seven pesticides (alachlor, cyanazine, dacthal, fonofos, molinate, napropamide, and trifluralin) in the subbasins showed a direct spatial correspondence between occurrence and application rates.\r\nTemporal patterns of occurrence also were affected by patterns of application and hydrology. Most pesticides showed a clear correspondence between the times of their application and their occurrence. Fourteen pesticides had maximum application and concentrations during the summer irrigation season. However, several pesticides exhibited maximum concentrations during winter storms, although maximum application occurred at some other time of year?the result of differences in precipitation and streamflow between seasons. In some subbasins, precipitation runoff was more effective than irrigation return flows at transporting pesticides from the site of application to the stream. Also, during autumn, when there was neither precipitation nor irrigation, the transport of pesticides to streams was limited.\r\nThe effect of chemical and physical properties on the occurrence of pesticides was examined for the San Joaquin River Basin as a whole. The runoff potential of each pesticide, calculated from the solubility, water-soil organic carbon partition coefficient Koc, and hydrolysis half-life, is generally consistent with the frequency of detection of pesticides in surface water in relation to the amount applied. These three properties each were generally, and weakly, correlated with the relative load of the pesticides in surface water.\r\nPesticide occurrence and concentrations at the mouth of the basin (the San Joaquin River near Vernalis) was compared with pesticide occurrence and concentration in the three","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984032","usgsCitation":"Panshin, S.Y., Dubrovsky, N.M., Gronberg, J.M., and Domagalski, J.L., 1998, Occurrence and distribution of dissolved pesticides in the San Joaquin River basin, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4032, vii, 88 p. :ill. (some col.), col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984032.","productDescription":"vii, 88 p. :ill. (some col.), col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4032/report.pdf","size":"18597","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4032/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69631e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panshin, Sandra Yvonne","contributorId":9684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panshin","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Yvonne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24770,"text":"ofr98281 - 1998 - PHRQCGRF, a computer program for graphical interpretation of PHREEQC geochemical transport simulations (PC only)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T13:56:19","indexId":"ofr98281","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-281","title":"PHRQCGRF, a computer program for graphical interpretation of PHREEQC geochemical transport simulations (PC only)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr98281","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Vrabel, J., and Glynn, P.D., 1998, PHRQCGRF, a computer program for graphical interpretation of PHREEQC geochemical transport simulations (PC only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-281, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98281.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156159,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1811,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_coupled/phrqcgrf/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689e54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vrabel, Joseph 0000-0002-8773-0764 jvrabel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-0764","contributorId":1577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vrabel","given":"Joseph","email":"jvrabel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glynn, Pierre D. 0000-0001-8804-7003 pglynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8804-7003","contributorId":2141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"Pierre","email":"pglynn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179669,"text":"70179669 - 1997 - Acid Rain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:37:48","indexId":"70179669","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Acid Rain","docAbstract":"Acid deposition, or acid rain as it is more commonly referred to, has become a widely publicized environmental issue in the U.S. over the past decade. The term usually conjures up images of fish kills, dying forests, \"dead\" lakes, and damage to monuments and other historic artifacts. The primary cause of acid deposition is emission of S02 and NOx to the atmosphere during the combustion of fossil fuels. Oxidation of these compounds in the atmosphere forms strong acids - H2SO4 and HNO3 - which are returned to the Earth in rain, snow, fog, cloud water, and as dry deposition.
Although acid deposition has only recently been recognized as an environmental problem in the U.S., it is not a new phenomenon (Cogbill & Likens 1974). As early as the middle of the 17th century in England, the deleterious effects of industrial emissions on plants, animals, and humans, and the atmospheric transport of pollutants between England and France had become issues of concern (Evelyn 1661, Graunt 1662). It is interesting that well over three hundred years ago in England, recommendations were made to move industry outside of towns and build higher chimneys to spread the pollution into \"distant parts.\" Increasing the height of smokestacks has helped alleviate local problems, but has exacerbated others. In the U.S. the height of the tallest smokestack has more than doubled, and the average height of smokestacks has tripled since the 1950s (Patrick et al 1981). This trend occurred in most industrialized nations during the 20th century and has had the effect of transforming acid rain from a local urban problem into a problem of global scale.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrologic processes from catchment to continental scales","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","publisherLocation":"Palo Alto, CA","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O.P., and Rice, K.C., 1997, Acid Rain, chap. of Hydrologic processes from catchment to continental scales, p. 203-226.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"226","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333076,"rank":1,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ea.21.050193.001055","text":"Original publication of article"}],"publicComments":"This book is a collection of reprinted articles previously published in Annual Review's journals.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5878a4b7e4b04df303d9586d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dietrich, W. E.","contributorId":47538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dietrich","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658167,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sposito, Garrison","contributorId":178194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sposito","given":"Garrison","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658168,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175268,"text":"70175268 - 1997 - Diagnosing the flood of 1997 in San Francisco Bay with observations and model results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T15:17:21.053624","indexId":"70175268","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-06T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagnosing the flood of 1997 in San Francisco Bay with observations and model results","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., Cayan, D., Uncles, R.J., Ingram, L., and Peterson, D., 1997, Diagnosing the flood of 1997 in San Francisco Bay with observations and model results: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 28-31.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 37.309014074275915\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 38.05674222065296\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 38.05674222065296\n ],\n [\n -122.86010742187499,\n 37.309014074275915\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a315bde4b006cb45558a51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel","contributorId":17752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Uncles, Reginald J.","contributorId":94919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingram, Lynn","contributorId":173430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ingram","given":"Lynn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, Dave","contributorId":167110,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Dave","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120270,"text":"70120270 - 1997 - Overview of USGS sediment research and monitoring capabilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-13T14:53:14","indexId":"70120270","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-13T14:41:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Overview of USGS sediment research and monitoring capabilities","docAbstract":"For more than a century the USGS, as its name implies, has been the leading federal earth science research organization for the Nation. With the recent addition to the USGS of the National Biological Service in October 1996, as the Biological Resources Division, the mission of the USGS has broadened and the Survey's research capabilities are strengthened considerably. The USGS is now in a position to provide objective and credible scientific information across the fields of geology, geophysics, hydrology, geography, and biology and to provide the science information in an integrated and truly multidisciplinary manner.
The subject of sediment is one that is critical to nearly every activity in the USGS and is becoming increasingly important to society and protecting, sustaining, and restoring the Nation's natural resources.
The purpose of this workshop is to focus on this common denominator, sedimentary research, and bring together investigators to examine areas of expertise and collaboration on existing studies and to explore potential for future scientific interaction across all four of the divisions. A brief summary of sediment research capability for each division follows.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Expanding sediment research capabilities in today's USGS: proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sediment Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Expanding sediment research capabilities in today's USGS","conferenceDate":"1997-02-04T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA; Harpers Ferry, WV","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., Williams, S., Finger, S., and Jones, J.W., 1997, Overview of USGS sediment research and monitoring capabilities, in Expanding sediment research capabilities in today's USGS: proceedings of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Sediment Workshop, Reston, VA; Harpers Ferry, WV, 1997-02-04T00:00:00, HTML document.","productDescription":"HTML document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292111,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/workshop/USGScont.html"},{"id":292112,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/workshop/gray.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ec7bcee4b02bf5a767407e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, S.J.","contributorId":85203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, S.E.","contributorId":29769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, J. W.","contributorId":89233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70038381,"text":"70038381 - 1997 - Pesticides in ground water: distribution, trends, and governing factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-25T13:43:40","indexId":"70038381","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:36:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"subseriesTitle":"Pesticides in the hydrologic system","title":"Pesticides in ground water: distribution, trends, and governing factors","docAbstract":"A comprehensive review of published information on the distribution and behavior of pesticides and their transformation products in ground water indicates that pesticides from every chemical class have been detected in ground waters of the United States. Many of these compounds are commonly present at low concentrations in ground water beneath agricultural land. Little information is available on their occurrence beneath non-agricultural land, although the intensity of their use in such areas (on lawns, golf courses, rights of way, timberlands, etc.) is often comparable to, or greater than agricultural use. Information on pesticides in ground water is not sufficient to provide either a statistically representative view of pesticide occurrence in ground water across the United States, or an indication of long-term trends or changes in the severity or extent of this contamination over the past three decades. This is largely due to wide variations in analytical detection limits, well selection procedures, and other design features among studies conducted in different areas or at different times. Past approaches have not been well suited for distinguishing \"point source\" from \"nonpoint source\" pesticide contamination. Among the variety of natural and anthropogenic factors examined, those that appear to be most strongly associated with the intensity of pesticide contamination of ground water are the depth, construction and age of the sampled wells, the amount of recharge (by precipitation or irrigation), and the depth of tillage. Approaches commonly employed for predicting pesticide distributions in the subsurface--including computer simulations, indicator solutes (e.g., nitrate or tritium), and ground-water vulnerability assessments--generally provide unreliable predictions of pesticide occurrence in ground water. Such difficulties may arise largely from a general failure to account for the preferential transport of pesticides in the subsurface. Significant improvements in understanding and predicting the occurrence and fate of pesticides in ground water are likely to depend on: (1) greater coordination of ground-water sampling across the nation to ensure consistency of study design, and thus comparability of results; (2) more extensive analyses for pesticide transformation products during ground-water monitoring studies; (3) substantially enhanced communication among investigators conducting laboratory experiments, small-scale field studies and large-scale monitoring studies; and (4) more routine testing of predictions of pesticide behavior and ground-water vulnerability against actual field observations of pesticide occurrence in ground water
","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","usgsCitation":"Barbash, J., and Resek, E.A., 1997, Pesticides in ground water: distribution, trends, and governing factors, v. 2, 616 p.","productDescription":"616 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7755e4b0c8380cd78484","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbash, Jack","contributorId":10268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbash","given":"Jack","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Resek, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":34948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Resek","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223311,"text":"5223311 - 1997 - Early vegetational changes on a forested wetland constructed for mitigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:37","indexId":"5223311","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3749,"text":"Wetland Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early vegetational changes on a forested wetland constructed for mitigation","docAbstract":"Changes in vegetation were studied on 15 acres of a 35 acre forested wetland created as a mitigation site in Anne Arundel County, Maryland during 1994-96. Meter-square sampling on four different hydrologic elevations determined that grasses initially dominated the area, but decreased from 59 percent in 1994 to 51 percent in 1995 and 30 percent in 1996. Herbaceous non-grass plants (forbs) increased from 19 percent to 56 percent in the three-year period. Area with no plant cover decreased from 21 percent in 1994 to 11 percent in 1995, and 10 percent in 1996. Woody plants comprised 2 percent of the cover in 1994, increased to 4 percent in 1995, and remained at 4 percent in 1996. The increase of woody plants was mainly from natural regeneration (pioneer) plants. Monitoring of the transplanted trees and shrubs indicated 35 percent mortality and little growth of surviving plants. The pioneer woody plant forming most of the cover was black willow (Salix nigra). Differences in the vegetation were observed among the four elevations, although no differences were observed for the major vegetation classes between plots that were planted and those that were not planted with woody plants. Dominant grass species was redtop (Agrostis stolonifera), which comprised 51 percent of the cover in 1994 and 42 percent cover in 1995 and 23 percent in 1996. Other species that were common were bush clover (Lespedeza cuneata), Japanese clover (Lespedeza striata) and flat pea (Lathyrus sylvestris). All four of these dominant species were part of the original seed mixtures that were seeded on the site. A total of 134 species of plants was recorded on the site indicating a fairly diverse community for a newly established habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., Osenton, P., and Sibrel, C., 1997, Early vegetational changes on a forested wetland constructed for mitigation: Wetland Journal, v. 9, no. 2, p. 17-20.","productDescription":"17-20","startPage":"17","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a4e4b07f02db5c076e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osenton, P.C.","contributorId":20441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osenton","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sibrel, C.B.","contributorId":47490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrel","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210852,"text":"5210852 - 1997 - Development of an IBI-based assessment of depressional wetlands in Maryland and Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5210852","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Development of an IBI-based assessment of depressional wetlands in Maryland and Delaware","docAbstract":"The hydrogeomorphic approach (HGM) of wetland assessment emphasizes functional components of wetlands such as water storage, transformation and cycling of elements, accumulation of sediments, and preservation of habitats. Many of the elements measured in HGM are physical rather than ecological or biological. The HGM approach, therefore, provides information on certain aspects of wetlands and omits other aspects. In contrast, the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) approach focuses on biological components of wetlands such as species richness, the presence or proportion of certain 'indicator' species, representation of different trophic levels, and measures of wildlife or fish health. Here too, some aspects of a wetland are omitted and others not covered by HGM are included. We contend that these differences in focus add strengths and weaknesses to each method. This paper reviews progress on the development of IBIs for restored depressional wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic States, especially Maryland and Delaware. During our first field season we identified 25 wetlands ranging from 1-10 acres, most of which were restored with federal, state, and private landowner cooperation over hydric soils. Separate IBIs are being created for macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and data on mammal and avian populations are being collected. Simultaneously, chemical and physical data are being collected on water DO, turbidity, temperature, conductivity, nitrates, ammonia, chlorophyll, pH; soil metal levels and texture; and wetland size, configuration, hydrology, drainage area, and surrounding land use. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Future of Wetland Assessment: Applying science through the hydrogeomorphic assessment approach and other approaches. 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Abstracts of a meeting held March 10-13, 1997, Parole, Maryland., p. 88-89.","startPage":"88","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e267","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Michael","contributorId":42681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lowe, T. 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Techniques include: complete mow, strip mow, low volume foliar spray, selective basal spray, and tree topping. One hundred and one bird species were recorded during line transect sampling along the right-of-way. The eastern towhee had the highest frequency of occurrence followed by the field sparrow and the common yellowthroat. The field sparrow had the highest numbers per visit followed by the eastern towhee and eastern bluebird. Fifteen species were recorded in numbers greater than ten individuals per visit in at least one season of the year. Nine species of mammals were trapped in live traps during the study and four other mammal species were observed but not captured. Twelve species of amphibians and six species of reptiles were trapped in pitfall or funnel traps. Differences in the distribution of species seemed to be related to the physical and hydrological features of the right-of-way. Although no major differences in the distribution of wildlife species resulted from the vegetation management, differences are expected in the future as vegetation differences become more pronounced. Data from this study will be of value to resource managers attempting to provide optimal habitat for biodiversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sixth International Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Right-of-Way Management: 24-26 February 1997, New Orleans, Louisiana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","collaboration":" PDF on file: 5134_Perry.pdf","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., Osenton, P., Fallon, F., and Fallon, J., 1997, Optimal management strategies for biodiversity within a powerline right-of-way, chap. of Sixth International Symposium on Environmental Concerns in Right-of-Way Management: 24-26 February 1997, New Orleans, Louisiana, p. 133-139.","productDescription":"x, 511","startPage":"133","endPage":"139","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fcfce","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, James R.=","contributorId":112619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.=","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507259,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodrich-Mahoney, John W.","contributorId":111383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodrich-Mahoney","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507257,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wisniewski, Jan R.","contributorId":112342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisniewski","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507258,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wisniewski, Joe","contributorId":113589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisniewski","given":"Joe","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507260,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osenton, P.C.","contributorId":20441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osenton","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, F.W.","contributorId":80794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fallon, J.E.","contributorId":50629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":69991,"text":"pp1421C - 1997 - Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer-system, west-central, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T17:03:35","indexId":"pp1421C","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1421","chapter":"C","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water flow in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer-system, west-central, Texas","docAbstract":"Two finite-element ground-water flow models were developed for the Edwards–Trinity aquifer system, west-central Texas, to gain a better understanding of the flow system; one ground-water flow model was developed at a large scale to simulate the regional system and contiguous, hydraulically connected units, and one model was constructed at a smaller more detailed scale to simulate the most active areas of the system. The study area is divided into four geographic subareas: the Trans-Pecos (9,750 square miles), the Edwards Plateau (23,750 square miles), the Hill Country (5,500 square miles), and the Balcones fault zone (3,000 square miles). The major aquifers within the study area are the Edwards–Trinity aquifer underlying the Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau, the Trinity aquifer underlying the Hill Country, and the Edwards aquifer in the Balcones fault zone. Hydraulically connected aquifers include the High Plains aquifer north of the Edwards Plateau, and the Cenozoic Pecos alluvium aquifer adjacent to both the Trans-Pecos and the Edwards Plateau along the Pecos River. Minor contiguous aquifers include the Dockum, Ellenburger– San Saba, Marble Falls, Hickory, and Lipan, which is adjacent to the Colorado River in Tom Green and Concho Counties, Texas.
\nThe ground-water flow equations solved by the finite-element method are based on conservation of mass and energy. The equation for ground-water flow assumes laminar flow through a porous media. In places, the Edwards–Trinity aquifer system is a fractured karst system in which ground water flows through caverns and other features of secondary porosity development. The regional and subregional models were constructed to synthesize the known hydrologic boundaries and geologic structures into a heterogeneous continuum model of the karst ground-water flow system, rather than simulate the flow through specific fractures and caverns. A heterogeneous continuum or equivalent porous media approach uses an effective transmissivity and anisotropy for each element of the models. The models are calibrated both on water levels (representing potential energy) and estimates of recharge and discharge (for a realistic mass balance).
\nA two-dimensional one-layer large-scale model (55,600 square miles) was developed for the Edwards–Trinity aquifer system and contiguous, hydraulically connected units, in westcentral Texas. A quasi-three-dimensional, multilayer more detailed scale ground-water flow model (12,300 square miles) was applied to the major aquifers of the Edwards–Trinity aquifer system in the Hill Country and the Balcones fault zone, and in part of the Edwards Plateau.
\nThe ground-water flow system in most of the study area within the Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau can be approximated with a one-layer regional model under steady-state conditions. Regionally, the Edwards–Trinity aquifer system in the Trans-Pecos and Edwards Plateau has been relatively static. Potentiometric maps from predevelopment and postdevelopment (winter 1974–75) indicate small differences in water levels. In local areas in the Trans-Pecos (in Pecos and Reeves Counties), ground-water withdrawals have exceeded recharge resulting in more than 300 feet of drawdown. Measurable differences between the 1974 and predevelopment potentiometric surfaces have been observed in small areas in the Trans-Pecos and in the northwestern part of the Edwards Plateau. The largest water-level declines in the Trans-Pecos have been observed in Pecos and Reeves Counties, and declines greater than 300 feet have been measured in Reeves County.
\nComparison of pre- and postdevelopment water budgets for the regional model indicates that the increase in groundwater withdrawals has captured 20 percent of the water that would have naturally discharged to streams, and 30 percent of the natural discharge to springs after ground-water development. Induced recharge from streams to the ground-water system increased by 12 percent in the postdevelopment simulation compared to the predevelopment simulation.
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The research was part of the U.S. Geological Survey Toxics Substances Hydrology Program. The research area was located in the Anoka Sand Plain about 5 kilometers southwest of Princeton, Minnesota. This report presents temperature, precipitation, soil-moisture, water-quality, and other data collected during 1991-95 to evaluate the effects of focused recharge on ground-water quality at the Princeton MSEA.
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D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":6773,"text":"fs09697 - 1997 - Using remote sensing to monitor global change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T09:07:27","indexId":"fs09697","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"096-97","title":"Using remote sensing to monitor global change","docAbstract":"To properly respond to natural and human-induced stresses to wetlands, resource managers must consider their functions and values. Remote sensing is an important tool for monitoring wetland responses to changes in the hydrologic regime and water quality caused by global climate change and sea-level rise.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs09697","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., 1997, Using remote sensing to monitor global change: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 096-97, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09697.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284141,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs09697.jpg"},{"id":285382,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0096-97/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603ca6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":153314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25701,"text":"wri974280 - 1997 - Pesticides in surface water of the Mid-Atlantic region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri974280","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4280","title":"Pesticides in surface water of the Mid-Atlantic region","docAbstract":"Water-quality data from 463 surface-water sites were compiled and analyzed to document the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in surface water of the Mid-Atlantic region as part of the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Those data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from October 1973 through March 1997 were used in the analyses. Data are available for a large part of the Mid-Atlantic region, but large spatial gaps in the data do exist. USGS data bases contained analyses of surface-water samples for 127 pesticide compounds, including 12 degradates, but only 16 of the compounds were commonly detected. Atrazine, metolachlor, simazine, prometon, alachlor, tebuthiuron, cyanazine, diazinon, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin, 2,4-D, dieldrin, DCPA, metribuzin, and desethylatrazine (an atrazine degradate) were detected in more than 100 of the samples analyzed. At least one pesticide was detected in about 75 percent of the samples collected and at more than 90 percent of the sites sampled. Concentrations greater than the Federal Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for drinking water of 3 micrograms per liter (ug/L) for atrazine were found in 67 of 2,076 samples analyzed; concentrations greater than the MCL of 2ug/L for alachlor were found in 13 of 1,693 samples analyzed, and concentrations greater than the MCL of 4 ug/L for simazine were found in 17 of 1,995 samples analyzed. Concentrations of four pesticides were greater than Federal Health Advisory levels for drinking water, and concentrations of nine pesticides were greater than Federal Ambient Water-Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms. Streams draining basins with different land uses tend to have different pesticide detection frequencies and median concentrations. Median concentrations of herbicides tend to be highest in streams draining basins in which the major land use is agriculture, whereas median concentrations of insecticides tend to be highest in streams draining extensively urbanized basins. Concentrations of both herbicides and insecticides are usually highest during the spring and summer, although many pesticides are present at low concentrations in surface water throughout the year. Pesticide concentrations vary greatly seasonally and over different hydrologic conditions, with overall variation sometimes exceeding four orders of magnitude. During periods of pesticide application (typically spring and summer), the occurrence of selected pesticides in some streams in the Mid-Atlantic region is related to streamflow. Correlations between concentrations of selected pesticides and streamflow are statistically significant during spring and summer for small (draining less than 55 square miles) streams. Concentrations of selected pesticides in small streams increase during high flows in the growing season, up to 30 times the concentrations present during low-flow conditions in the growing season. In small streams draining urban areas, concentrations of atrazine decrease during high-flow events but concentrations of the insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos increase. This may be due to the differences in the pesticides used in agricultural and urban areas and the amounts applied.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services, distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri974280","usgsCitation":"Ferrari, M., Ator, S.W., Blomquist, J., and Dysart, J.E., 1997, Pesticides in surface water of the Mid-Atlantic region: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4280, 12 p. col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974280.","productDescription":"12 p. col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1820,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wrir-97-4280/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4280/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54463,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4280/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68816d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrari, Matthew J.","contributorId":67082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrari","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837 swator@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott","email":"swator@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blomquist, Joel D. jdblomqu@usgs.gov","contributorId":3774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blomquist","given":"Joel D.","email":"jdblomqu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dysart, Joel E.","contributorId":42256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dysart","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23512,"text":"ofr97588 - 1997 - Documentation of AIR2D, a computer program to simulate two-dimensional axisymmetric air flow in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-03T16:34:10","indexId":"ofr97588","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-588","title":"Documentation of AIR2D, a computer program to simulate two-dimensional axisymmetric air flow in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97588","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Joss, C., and Baehr, A.L., 1997, Documentation of AIR2D, a computer program to simulate two-dimensional axisymmetric air flow in the unsaturated zone: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-588, Report: vii, 106 p.; HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97588.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 106 p.; HTML","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0588/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52802,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0588/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":270242,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0588/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63cdc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joss, C.J.","contributorId":36964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joss","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29413,"text":"wri974122 - 1997 - Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T20:36:05.670846","indexId":"wri974122","displayToPublicDate":"2000-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4122","title":"Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods","docAbstract":"The carbonate sequence of middle Tertiary age of the north coast of Puerto Rico is characterized by the presence of numerous springs in the coastal areas. In order to advance the understanding of the hydrologic role of the springs in the north coast limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico, a 4-year study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority. As part of this study, data were collected on the chemical, physical, bacteriological, oxygen-18, and deuterium composition of water from springs in the Dorado to Rincon area, in northwestern Puerto Rico. A group of springs in the Dorado to Arecibo area was selected for more detailed monitoring. Oxygen-18 and deuterium composition was also determined for water wells and monthly rainfall composites at a series of sites in the study area.
Springs are associated with all the carbonate units of the middle Tertiary sequence of the northern karst belt of Puerto Rico, except the Camuy and San Sebastian Formations. These springs mostly drain the unconfined parts of the upper and lower aquifers in the north coast limestone aquifer system. There are no first and second order springs in the north coast limestone and of those present fifth and sixth order springs are the most numerous type. Springflow at the springs measured during the study ranged from less than 0.1 to 61 cubic feet per second.
Springs in the north coast limestone can also be classified by their response to rainfall. There is little or no short-term response to rainfall at springs such as Ojo de Agua in Vega Baja, Mameyes in Manati, and Mackovic in Vega Alta. These springs are known as diffuse-type springs. Other springs such as Maguayo in Dorado, Ojo de Guillo in Manati, and San Pedro in Arecibo exhibit a strong short-term response to rainfall and are known as conduit-type springs. Spring water temperature, during the study, ranged from 22.5 to 28 °C and resembled air temperature. Specific conductance ranged from 289 to about 4,000 microsiemens per centimeter, and pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.8.
Calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride are the main ionic species in water from the springs sampled during the study. The main water type is calcium-bicarbonate and secondary water types are calcium-bicarbonate chloride and sodium-bicarbonate-chloride. A seasonal and short-term transient relation exists, particularly in conduit-type springs, between springflow, physical properties, and water quality.
Temporal and spatial variations in the oxygen-18 and deuterium composition of modern precipitation are significantly larger than those of springs and ground water in the study area. Regional flow in the upper aquifer appears to attenuate or average the variations in isotopic composition of rainfall. There is, however, a regional gradient in the deuterium composition of water from the upper aquifer in the north coast limestone, with isotopically heavier water occurring further north.
It was possible to determine the source of water contributing to springs at some sites with more detailed data collection and analysis. A drainage basin of about 10 square kilometers was delineated for the Ojo de Agua spring in Vega Baja, for a base flow of 2 cubic feet per second and an estimated subregional recharge rate of around 20 inches per year. A delineation of drainage basins for conduit-type springs in the study area such as San Pedro, Ojo de Guillo, Maguayo, and others is very difficult because the boundaries of these systems are highly responsive to changing hydraulic conditions such as rapid and short-term variations in the hydraulic head distribution as a consequence of rainfall. However, a preliminary drainage basin of about 6 square kilometers was delineated for the San Pedro spring for a base flow of 2 cubic feet per second and an estimated subregional annual recharge of 12 inches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974122","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 1997, Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4122, Report: vi, 53 p.; 1 Plate 29.00 x 23.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974122.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 53 p.; 1 Plate 29.00 x 23.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":423584,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48743.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58263,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":365702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4122/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1 and 15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119693,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4122/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.3,\n 18.25\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 18.25\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 18.6\n ],\n [\n -67.3,\n 18.6\n ],\n [\n -67.3,\n 18.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}