Giant glacial grooves both cut across and wrap around the north end of the Mission Range. Some of these grooves are straight, others crescentic, but all appear to be independent of stratigraphic units and of the gross structure of the range. They were seemingly localized by preexisting stream valleys whose original trends were determined by joints. The grooves are cut in bedrock, U-shaped in cross section, thickly veneered with till, and roughly parallel. Most range in length from 0.5 km to 3.5 km. Each groove maintains a uniform width, but widths range from about 50 in to 275 in. Depths of individual grooves vary widely, ranging from about 10 m to about 60 in. The grooves are probably contemporaneous in age, but their time of formation is uncertain; it seems to have been prior to late Pinedale time but after the pre-Bull Lake glaciations. Of the various interpretations offered to explain their origin, the one that appears to fit most of the facts suggests that those grooves at the northern tip of the mountains were carved by a lobe of the south-flowing Cordilleran ice sheet, whereas those farther south were likely formed by the westward deflection of a north-flowing Swan valley glacier.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Witkind, I.J., 1978, Giant glacial grooves at the north end of the Mission Range, Northwest Montana: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 4, p. 425-433.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"433","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue4/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Mission Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.09988403320312,\n 47.8666165573186\n ],\n [\n -113.73596191406249,\n 47.8666165573186\n ],\n [\n -113.73596191406249,\n 48.09367440979962\n ],\n [\n -114.09988403320312,\n 48.09367440979962\n ],\n [\n -114.09988403320312,\n 47.8666165573186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witkind, I. J.","contributorId":54221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witkind","given":"I.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012585,"text":"70012585 - 1978 - Lithium, a preliminary survey of its mineral occurrence in flint clay and related rock types in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:08:41.967755","indexId":"70012585","displayToPublicDate":"1978-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium, a preliminary survey of its mineral occurrence in flint clay and related rock types in the United States","docAbstract":"Maximum concentrations of lithium found in samples of flint clay and associated rocks of Pennsylvanian age in different States, in parts per million (ppm), are: Missouri, 5100; Pennsylvania-Maryland, 2100; Kentucky, 890; Ohio, 660; Alabama, 750; and Illinois, 160. Lithium-bearing kaolin deposits are distributed in the Coastal Plain province from New Jersey to Texas, and one occurs in Idaho; maximum lithium concentrations in samples from these deposits range from 64 to 180 ppm. The maximum concentration found in the Arkansas bauxite region is 460 ppm and that in flint clay in Colorado is 370 ppm. Samples from areas other than Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri are relatively few in number, represent mostly commercially valuable clays, and represent only a part of the refractory clay deposits in the United States. Data are not available on the clays associated with these deposits that may be unusable because they contain too much lithium as well as other deleterious elements. In both Pennsylvania and Missouri, lithium contents vary regionally between districts and locally between deposits.
In samples containing more than 2000 ppm lithium, the lithium occurs in a dioctahedral chlorite mineral very similar to cookeite, which previously has not been recognized in sedimentary clays. The associated clays consist chiefly of well-crystallized kaolinite. The dioctahedral chlorite, however, seems to be most abundant where diaspore and boehmite occur along with the kaolinite. Barium, chromium, copper, phosphorus and strontium are present in some samples in amounts of several hundred pans per million or more, and may contribute to the failure of some clays to perform satisfactorily in firing tests.
Lithium-rich clays could serve as a significant lithium resource in the very distant future. Clays that contain as much as 1% lithium may be common enough in Missouri or in Pennsylvania to be produced as a by-product to help support benefication costs for refractory clays. Sufficient amounts of lithium-rich clay may be found in deposits that have been explored, found unsatisfactory for normal refractory uses, and not developed. The lithium-rich clay in some deposits presently being worked may be worth stockpiling for eventual use.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90022-1","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H., and Brenner-Tourtelot, E.F., 1978, Lithium, a preliminary survey of its mineral occurrence in flint clay and related rock types in the United States: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 263-272, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90022-1.","productDescription":"10 pp.","startPage":"263","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221901,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -136.6259765625,\n 59.23217626921806\n ],\n [\n -137.52685546875,\n 58.938673187948304\n ],\n [\n -137.65869140625,\n 59.33318942659219\n ],\n [\n -138.8232421875,\n 60.009970961180386\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -139.85595703125,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -152.314453125,\n 70.95969716686398\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853124\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.06856318696033\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.942606818121\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -163.30078125,\n 66.86108230224609\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n -165.76171875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -168.0908203125,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.05360170595502\n ],\n [\n -166.3330078125,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -160.927734375,\n 64.90491004905083\n ],\n [\n -161.0595703125,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -160.8837890625,\n 63.87939001720202\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 63.470144746565424\n ],\n [\n -162.6416015625,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -164.2236328125,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -166.1572265625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n -167.431640625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -165.8935546875,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -162.68554687499997,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -162.3779296875,\n 60.174306261926034\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 59.46740794183739\n ],\n [\n -162.0263671875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 58.768200159239576\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 58.516651799363785\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -168.6181640625,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -174.9462890625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -178.2421875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -173.1884765625,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -162.5537109375,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -155.302734375,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -146.9970703125,\n 60.08676274626006\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 60.21799073323445\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -138.3837890625,\n 58.83649009392136\n ],\n [\n -135.6591796875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 48.37084770238366\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 48.23930899024907\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.396675075193976\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 48.32703913063476\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.31321389856826\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -73.58642578125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -67.0166015625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 19.642587534013032\n ],\n [\n -156.9287109375,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -159.521484375,\n 22.43134015636061\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 21.983801417384697\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 21.207458730482642\n ],\n [\n -158.291015625,\n 20.92039691397189\n ],\n [\n -156.97265625,\n 19.932041306115536\n ],\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 18.8543103618898\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a482de4b0c8380cd67c83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, Harry A.","contributorId":97903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Harry A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenner-Tourtelot, Elizabeth F.","contributorId":103672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner-Tourtelot","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232917,"text":"70232917 - 1978 - Structural control of the Cumberland River and its ancestral channels at Flat Lick, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:18:52.86602","indexId":"70232917","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T09:12:26","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural control of the Cumberland River and its ancestral channels at Flat Lick, Kentucky","docAbstract":"Remnants of old alluvium on bedrock benches, as much as 76 in (250 ft) above the present course of the Cumberland River near Flat Lick, Ky., are associated with meander scars and broad valleys now occupied by underflt streams. The distribution of old alluvium and associated topographic features define two ancestral channels of the Cumberland River. The ancestral channels and the present river channel are superimposed on the crest and flanks of the Flat Lick anticline. All three channels trend westward, roughly parallel to the axis of the anticline. The oldest channel is on the north flank, the second oldest channel is superimposed on the crest, and the modern channel is entrenched in the south-dipping limb of the fold. The sequential pattern of channel downcutting and migration across the crest of the anticline can be explained in terms of structural and lithologic constraints upon fluvial processes without recourse to contemporaneous tectonism. The Flat Lick area apparently has not experienced major deformation during the erosional history interpreted from the surficial geology. Direct evidence for the age of the old alluvium has not been found. However, an estimate based on erosion rates suggests that the ancestral channels could have been established and abandoned as recently as one-half million years ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Newell, W.L., and Rice, D.D., 1978, Structural control of the Cumberland River and its ancestral channels at Flat Lick, Kentucky: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 359-367.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"367","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403601,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","city":"Flat Lick","otherGeospatial":"Cumberland River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.90430450439453,\n 36.80653589302555\n ],\n [\n -83.73676300048827,\n 36.80653589302555\n ],\n [\n -83.73676300048827,\n 36.882092174212744\n ],\n [\n -83.90430450439453,\n 36.882092174212744\n ],\n [\n -83.90430450439453,\n 36.80653589302555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newell, Wayne L. wnewell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Wayne","email":"wnewell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Dudley D.","contributorId":11601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Dudley","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232915,"text":"70232915 - 1978 - Trenches across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas Fault in northern San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T13:49:09.790349","indexId":"70232915","displayToPublicDate":"1978-05-01T08:41:22","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trenches across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas Fault in northern San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"Two trenches were excavated across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas fault near fences that were displaced by the 1906 faulting. About 18 displacements equal to the 1906 displacement would account for the offset of a stream adjacent to one of the trenches. Review of divergent reports on the amount of fault displacement in 1906 at 7 localities indicates that right slip ranged from about 2 in (meters) to about 3 m at the main trace and was about 0.6 m on a subsidiary trace near one of the trench sites. Materials exposed in the trenches included Franciscan bedrock, Merced (?) sandstone, alluvial deposits, and modern soils. Visibility of the evidence for faulting covered a wide range. Faulting was expressed in the trenches as conspicuous color differences, abrupt termination of geologic units, fractures, gouge, granulation of rock, streaked contacts, rounding of rock fragments, and slickensides. Irregularly shaped masses of gouge and other materials found in both trenches may also be a manifestation of faulting. Neither caving of the walls nor the inflow of ground water were reliable indicators of the locations of faults in these trenches. The features exposed in the trenches clearly indicated the presence of an important zone of faults with geologically young displacements, but they were inadequate to identify with certainty the 1906 break or the probable 1838 break. For example, evidence of the 1906 rupture could not be seen in a unit 200 mm (millimeters) thick that is believed to predate 1906. The approximate location in the trenches of the 1906 zone of ruptures could, however, be inferred from surface morphology, historic records, and evidence in the trenches. A moderately sharp and steep contact between two surface soils, in itself suggestive of very young faulting, did not have a fault below it. Brass monuments were installed at the trench sites so that future surface ruptures can be related to the faults and other structures mapped in the trenches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Bonilla, M.G., Alt, J.N., and Hodgen, L.D., 1978, Trenches across the 1906 trace of the San Andreas Fault in northern San Mateo County, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 3, p. 347-358.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"358","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue3/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.41061210632324,\n 37.58539817171583\n ],\n [\n -122.4191951751709,\n 37.58097699330531\n ],\n [\n -122.39104270935059,\n 37.54757160991822\n ],\n [\n -122.37954139709473,\n 37.55369591747172\n ],\n [\n -122.41061210632324,\n 37.58539817171583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonilla, M. G.","contributorId":33698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonilla","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alt, J. N.","contributorId":44667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hodgen, L. D.","contributorId":293153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodgen","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1007821,"text":"1007821 - 1978 - Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-16T15:28:26.640882","indexId":"1007821","displayToPublicDate":"1978-04-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities","docAbstract":"Reexamination of stratified faunal components of a prehistoric Aleut midden excavated on Amchitka Island, Alaska, indicates that Aleut prey items changed dramatically during 2500 years of aboriginal occupation. Recent ecological studies in the Aleutian Islands have shown the concurrent existence of two alternate stable nearshore communities, one dominated by macroalgae, the other by epibenthic herbivores, which are respectively maintained by the presence or absence of dense sea otter populations. Thus, rather than cultural shifts in food preference, the changes in Aleut prey were probably the result of local overexploitation of sea otters by aboriginal Aleuts.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.200.4340.403","usgsCitation":"Simenstad, C., Estes, J.A., and Kenyon, K., 1978, Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities: Science, v. 200, no. 4340, p. 403-411, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.200.4340.403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"411","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Amchitka Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 178.5984285460372,\n 51.70296417015939\n ],\n [\n 178.5984285460372,\n 51.315181201407256\n ],\n [\n 179.48561020045383,\n 51.315181201407256\n ],\n [\n 179.48561020045383,\n 51.70296417015939\n ],\n [\n 178.5984285460372,\n 51.70296417015939\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"200","issue":"4340","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6881e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simenstad, C.A.","contributorId":6798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simenstad","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, K.W.","contributorId":57397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenyon","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232939,"text":"70232939 - 1978 - Factors contributing to the formation of ferromanganese nodules in Oneida Lake, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T16:24:29.217922","indexId":"70232939","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T11:20:03","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors contributing to the formation of ferromanganese nodules in Oneida Lake, New York","docAbstract":"Oneida Lake is a large, shallow, eutrophic lake situated in the Ontario lowlands of central New York State. It contains the most concentrated deposit of freshwater ferromanganese nodules (in terms of amount per unit area) yet reported in the literature. The mineralogy and bulk chemistry of these saucer-shaped nodules are similar to the mineralogy and bulk chemistry of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules, but the nodules in Oneida Lake contain considerably lower concentrations of trace metals, especially cobalt, nickel, and copper. Budgets for iron and manganese in waters from Oneida Lake and its tributaries indicate that approximately 122 t (metric tons) of iron and 23 t of manganese are lost each year from the lake waters, presumably by incorporation into sediments and ferromanganese nodules. Estimates based on nodule abundance and age of the lake suggest that iron and manganese are being incorporated into ferromanganese nodules at rates of 13 and 22 t/yr, respectively. Most iron lost from the lake waters is apparently incorporated into sediments, which contain an average of 10 times more iron than manganese. Most manganese lost from the lake waters is apparently incorporated into ferromanganese nodules, which contain an average of 1.7 times more manganese than iron. In Oneida Lake, very high rates of phytoplankton productivity, combined with almost continuous wind mixing to the bottom, provide high-pH and high-Eh conditions in most of the lake. Algae also provide an effective means of concentrating and transporting iron and manganese and thereby aid in the extensive development of ferromanganese nodule deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Ghosh, S., 1978, Factors contributing to the formation of ferromanganese nodules in Oneida Lake, New York: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 231-240.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Oneida Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.13800048828125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -75.72052001953125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ],\n [\n -75.72052001953125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -76.13800048828125,\n 43.27720532212024\n ],\n [\n -76.13800048828125,\n 43.137069765760344\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghosh, Swapan","contributorId":293157,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ghosh","given":"Swapan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233047,"text":"70233047 - 1978 - Hydraulic characteristics of the White River streambed and glacial-outwash deposits at a site near Indianapolis, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T15:15:51.713227","indexId":"70233047","displayToPublicDate":"1978-03-01T09:56:12","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydraulic characteristics of the White River streambed and glacial-outwash deposits at a site near Indianapolis, Indiana","docAbstract":"An aquifer test was made in the glacial-outwash aquifer along the course of the White River in Marion County, Ind., to establish the hydraulic characteristics of this unit and the hydraulic conductivity of the White River streambed at a site 11 kilometers south of the center of downtown Indianapolis. In the immediate vicinity of the site, at a depth of about 15 meters below land surface, a clay lens separates the outwash aquifer into an upper sand and gravel unit 12 m thick and a lower unit 8.5 m thick. At the site of the test well, the clay lens is 3.0 m thick. The test was made in the upper sand and gravel unit, and data were analyzed for an assumed condition of no, or at least negligible, transient leakage from the clay lens underlying this unit. As no observation wells were installed in the clay lens, this assumption cannot be directly substantiated. However, observation wells beneath the clay lens indicated that a head loss was not induced below the clay lens by the test well, and the closeness of the values obtained for transmissivity of the upper unit by three different methods strongly supports the assumption. Results of the test include for the upper unit: lateral hydraulic conductivity, 108 meters per day; range of transmissivity (determined by three techniques), from 1400 to 1670 meters squared per day; specific yield, 0.08; and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed, 2.2 m/d. These results should be of use in assessing the potential supply and in developing one of Indiana's major aquifer systems because a knowledge of aquifer characteristics is essential for proper design and spacing of wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Meyer, W., 1978, Hydraulic characteristics of the White River streambed and glacial-outwash deposits at a site near Indianapolis, Indiana: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 2, p. 273-283.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403802,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Indianapolis","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.333,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -86.333,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -86.333,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, William","contributorId":87538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012400,"text":"70012400 - 1978 - Episodes of Aleutian Ridge explosive volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T15:50:40.812396","indexId":"70012400","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodes of Aleutian Ridge explosive volcanism","docAbstract":"Earlier workers have overlooked deep-sea bentonite beds when unraveling the Cenozoic volcanic history of an area. In the North Pacific, identification of Miocene and older volcanic episodes is possible only if both altered (bentonite) and unaltered ash beds are recognized. Our study, which includes bentonite beds, shows that volcanism on the Aleutian Ridge and Kamchatka Peninsula has been cyclic. Volcanic activity seems to have increased every 2.5 × 106 years for the past 10 × 106 years and every 5.0 × 106 years for the time span from 10 to 20 × 106 years ago. The middle and late Miocene and the Quaternary were times of greatly increased volcanic activity in the North Pacific and elsewhere around the Pacific Basin. The apparent absence of a volcanic record before the late Miocene at Deep Sea Drilling Project site 192 is the result not of plate motion, as suggested by Stewart and by Ninkovich and Donn, but rather of the diagenesis of ash layers.
Major, apparently global volcanic episodes occurred at least twice in the last 20 × 106 years. Yet, only one major glacial epoch (the Pleistocene) has occurred. Therefore, even though glaciation coincided with an increase in Quaternary volcanism, the increased volcanism itself may not have been the primary cause of global cooling.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.199.4325.137","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Scholl, D., and Miller, J., 1978, Episodes of Aleutian Ridge explosive volcanism: Science, v. 199, no. 4325, p. 137-141, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.199.4325.137.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Ridge, Kamchatka Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 55.61386073255903\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 51.248491838223316\n ],\n [\n -156.4270808390617,\n 51.248491838223316\n ],\n [\n -156.4270808390617,\n 55.61386073255903\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 55.61386073255903\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 55.58646274703881\n ],\n [\n 165,\n 55.58646274703881\n ],\n [\n 165,\n 51.238175176203185\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 51.238175176203185\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 55.58646274703881\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"199","issue":"4325","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0be4b0c8380cd52185","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, J.","contributorId":16939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207129,"text":"70207129 - 1978 - Remote-sensing and subsurface definition of facies and structure related to uranium deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T06:29:02","indexId":"70207129","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-12T06:24:09","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote-sensing and subsurface definition of facies and structure related to uranium deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Computer-enhanced Landsat images of the southern Powder River Basin have been used to define facies and linear structural features within the Wasatch Formation. The facies distribution is detectable primarily because of a relation of vegetation density and type to the local substrate. The surface indications of facies are confirmed by sandstone/ mudstone ratios determined from logs of abundant exploration drill holes. These newly defined geologic features are spatially related to known uranium mineral occurrences and are believed to be related to mineralization in the following ways. (1) Major uranium occurrences are virtually restricted to an intermediate grain-size facies of the Wasatch, probably marking the axial zone of the depositional basin. (2) The axial zone is also marked by a change from one structural lineament domain to another, and the structures may have influenced details of fluvial-system patterns and sedimentation and (subsequently) the flow of uranium-bearing ground water. (3) A recently active linear structure may mark the current basin axis; it appears to have some relationship both to groundwater chemistry and the distribution of uranium occurrences, suggesting structural influence on relatively modern ground-water transport and uranium deposition. © 1978 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.73.8.1706","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., Offield, T., and Santos, E., 1978, Remote-sensing and subsurface definition of facies and structure related to uranium deposits, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: Economic Geology, v. 73, no. 8, p. 1706-1723, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.73.8.1706.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1706","endPage":"1723","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Wyoming ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.047109,42.142497],[-111.047107,42.148971],[-111.047058,42.182672],[-111.047097,42.194773],[-111.047074,42.280787],[-111.04708,42.34942],[-111.046801,42.504946],[-111.046719,42.513118],[-111.046017,42.582723],[-111.043564,42.722624],[-111.044135,42.874924],[-111.043959,42.96445],[-111.043957,42.969482],[-111.043924,42.975063],[-111.044129,43.018702],[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.044206,43.022614],[-111.044034,43.024581],[-111.044034,43.024844],[-111.044033,43.026411],[-111.044094,43.02927],[-111.043997,43.041415],[-111.044058,43.04464],[-111.044063,43.046302],[-111.044086,43.054819],[-111.044117,43.060309],[-111.04415,43.066172],[-111.044162,43.068222],[-111.044143,43.072364],[-111.044235,43.177121],[-111.044266,43.177236],[-111.044232,43.18444],[-111.044168,43.189244],[-111.044229,43.195579],[-111.044617,43.31572],[-111.045205,43.501136],[-111.045706,43.659112],[-111.04588,43.681033],[-111.046118,43.684902],[-111.046051,43.685812],[-111.04611,43.687848],[-111.046421,43.722059],[-111.046435,43.726545],[-111.04634,43.726957],[-111.046715,43.815832],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.046917,43.974978],[-111.047064,43.983467],[-111.047349,43.999921],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.048751,44.060403],[-111.048751,44.060838],[-111.048633,44.062903],[-111.048452,44.114831],[-111.049119,44.124923],[-111.049695,44.353626],[-111.049148,44.374925],[-111.049216,44.435811],[-111.049194,44.438058],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.055333,44.666263],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.044275,45.001345],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.547165,44.992459],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.025544,45.003602],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.798687,45.002188],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.269294,45.005283],[-109.263431,45.005345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.062262,44.999623],[-108.621313,45.000408],[-108.578484,45.000484],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-107.911743,45.001292],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.607824,45.000929],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-106.892875,44.995947],[-106.888773,44.995885],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-106.024814,44.993688],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.076607,45.000347],[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.025266,45.00029],[-105.019284,45.000329],[-105.01824,45.000437],[-104.765063,44.999183],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.663882,44.998869],[-104.470422,44.998453],[-104.470117,44.998453],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.056496,44.867034],[-104.055963,44.768236],[-104.055963,44.767962],[-104.055934,44.72372],[-104.05587,44.723422],[-104.055777,44.700466],[-104.055938,44.693881],[-104.05581,44.691343],[-104.055877,44.571016],[-104.055892,44.543341],[-104.055927,44.51773],[-104.055389,44.249983],[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.054562,44.141081],[-104.05495,43.93809],[-104.055077,43.936535],[-104.055488,43.853477],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.055138,43.750421],[-104.055133,43.747105],[-104.054902,43.583852],[-104.054885,43.583512],[-104.05484,43.579368],[-104.055032,43.558603],[-104.054787,43.503328],[-104.054786,43.503072],[-104.054779,43.477815],[-104.054766,43.428914],[-104.054614,43.390949],[-104.054403,43.325914],[-104.054218,43.30437],[-104.053884,43.297047],[-104.053876,43.289801],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.052863,42.754569],[-104.052809,42.749966],[-104.052583,42.650062],[-104.052741,42.633982],[-104.052586,42.630917],[-104.052773,42.611766],[-104.052775,42.61159],[-104.052775,42.610813],[-104.053107,42.499964],[-104.052776,42.25822],[-104.052793,42.249962],[-104.053125,42.249962],[-104.052761,42.170278],[-104.052547,42.166801],[-104.053001,42.137254],[-104.052738,42.133769],[-104.0526,42.124963],[-104.052954,42.089077],[-104.052967,42.075004],[-104.05288,42.021761],[-104.052729,42.016318],[-104.052704,42.001718],[-104.052699,41.998673],[-104.052761,41.994967],[-104.05283,41.9946],[-104.052856,41.975958],[-104.052734,41.973007],[-104.052991,41.914973],[-104.052931,41.906143],[-104.053026,41.885464],[-104.052774,41.733401],[-104.05283,41.697954],[-104.052913,41.64519],[-104.052945,41.638167],[-104.052975,41.622931],[-104.052735,41.613676],[-104.052859,41.592254],[-104.05254,41.564274],[-104.052531,41.552723],[-104.052584,41.55265],[-104.052692,41.541154],[-104.052686,41.539111],[-104.052476,41.522343],[-104.052478,41.515754],[-104.05234,41.417865],[-104.05216,41.407662],[-104.052287,41.393307],[-104.052288,41.393214],[-104.052687,41.330569],[-104.052324,41.321144],[-104.052476,41.320961],[-104.052568,41.316202],[-104.052453,41.278202],[-104.052574,41.278019],[-104.052666,41.275251],[-104.053514,41.157257],[-104.053142,41.114457],[-104.053083,41.104985],[-104.053025,41.090274],[-104.053177,41.089725],[-104.053097,41.018045],[-104.053158,41.016809],[-104.053249,41.001406],[-104.066961,41.001504],[-104.086068,41.001563],[-104.10459,41.001543],[-104.123586,41.001626],[-104.211473,41.001591],[-104.214191,41.001568],[-104.214692,41.001657],[-104.467672,41.001473],[-104.497058,41.001805],[-104.497149,41.001828],[-104.675999,41.000957],[-104.829504,40.99927],[-104.855273,40.998048],[-104.943371,40.998084],[-105.254779,40.99821],[-105.256527,40.998191],[-105.27686,40.998173],[-105.277138,40.998173],[-105.724804,40.99691],[-105.730421,40.996886],[-106.061181,40.996999],[-106.190554,40.997607],[-106.217573,40.997734],[-106.321165,40.999123],[-106.386356,41.001144],[-106.391852,41.001176],[-106.43095,41.001752],[-106.437419,41.001795],[-106.439563,41.001978],[-106.453859,41.002057],[-106.857773,41.002663],[-107.000606,41.003444],[-107.241194,41.002804],[-107.317794,41.002967],[-107.367443,41.003073],[-107.625624,41.002124],[-107.918421,41.002036],[-108.046539,41.002064],[-108.181227,41.000455],[-108.250649,41.000114],[-108.500659,41.000112],[-108.526667,40.999608],[-108.631108,41.000156],[-108.884138,41.000094],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.048476,40.997555]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Wyoming\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"73","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1978-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santos, E.S.","contributorId":95883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207699,"text":"70207699 - 1978 - VAMPs—Possible hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Bering Sea Basin: Geologic notes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T08:27:51","indexId":"70207699","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-06T16:02:04","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VAMPs—Possible hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Bering Sea Basin: Geologic notes","docAbstract":"Narrow (1 to 2 km) subsurface columns of concave reflection horizons are common time-base seismic profiles collected in the Bering Sea basin. The columns of recorded downflexures are thought to be velocity pulldowns and commonly are associated with one or more arched or gently domed high-amplitude reflection horizons about 100 m higher in the section. Inferred from this association is that subsurface deposits characterized by anomalously low acoustic velocity are present.
We refer to the velocity-anomaly and reflection-amplitude association as a velocity-amplitude feature, or VAMP, and speculate that VAMPs are deep-seated “bright spots” underlain by a strong velocity pulldown possibly caused by gas-charged deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/C1EA5530-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D.W., and Cooper, A.K., 1978, VAMPs—Possible hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Bering Sea Basin: Geologic notes: AAPG Bulletin, v. 62, no. 12, p. 2481-2488, https://doi.org/10.1306/C1EA5530-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2481","endPage":"2488","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea Basin","volume":"62","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233086,"text":"70233086 - 1978 - Implications of the petrochemistry of palladium at Iron Canyon, Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:51:02.914651","indexId":"70233086","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T11:42:30","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of the petrochemistry of palladium at Iron Canyon, Lander County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Approximately one-half of the 270 samples from the Iron Canyon area, Nevada, analyzed for platinum-group metals, contain measurable amounts of palladium in the 0.001- to 0.02-part per million range with an average of 0.0034 ppm. The rocks include lower Paleozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks, Tertiary granitic porphyries, and breccia, all of which exhibit various degrees of hydrothermal alteration. Fault-related iron oxides and vein quartz are also present. The area lies astride the outermost fringes of the zone of dispersed alteration visible in outcrops around the middle Tertiary porphyry-copper system at Copper Canyon, Nevada. At Iron Canyon, the palladium concentrations greater than 0.003 ppm seem to be spatially related to the Butte fault zone, a north-striking fault system active during the time of porphyry-type mineralization. Palladium contents vary directly with those of mercury, arsenic, strontium, silver, lanthanum, and boron, as well as with lead, gold, and copper in obviously metallized rocks. This relation probably reflects the mobility of palladium during porphyry-type mineralization. However, our study failed to document conclusively the overall introduction of palladium during mineralization. Among the likely sources of palladium are the lower Paleozoic volcanic rocks or fluids equilibrated with magma (s) associated with the middle Tertiary porphyries.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Page, N.J., and Theodore, T., 1978, Implications of the petrochemistry of palladium at Iron Canyon, Lander County, Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 6, no. 1, p. 107-114.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403834,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1978/vol6issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Lander County","otherGeospatial":"Iron Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.26257324218749,\n 40.500225211369\n ],\n [\n -117.01812744140625,\n 40.500225211369\n ],\n [\n -117.01812744140625,\n 40.70875101828792\n ],\n [\n -117.26257324218749,\n 40.70875101828792\n ],\n [\n -117.26257324218749,\n 40.500225211369\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":46492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theodore, Ted G.","contributorId":57840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodore","given":"Ted G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000144,"text":"1000144 - 1978 - Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T09:09:28","indexId":"1000144","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Using ovaries sampled seasonally from Lake Michigan bloaters in 1968-1969, we determined that one complement or modal group of eggs is produced each year and spawned mainly during January, February, and March. Fecundities estimated for 65 fish taken in October ranged from 3,230 eggs in one medium-size bloater (241 mm long) to 18,768 in the longest (305 mm). We regressed these estimates on lengths and weights of the parental fish to provide a quantitative basis for later evaluating long-term changes in reproductive potential. The resulting rectilinear regression on weight accounted for 75% of the total variation in fecundity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Emery, L., and Brown, E.H., 1978, Fecundity of the bloater (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 107, no. 6, p. 785-789, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1978)107<785:FOTBCH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"789","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faeee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emery, Lee","contributorId":18726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"Lee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70012573,"text":"70012573 - 1978 - Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:02:34.933396","indexId":"70012573","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","docAbstract":"Anomalously high concentrations of lithium in fluviatile-lacustrine sediments near McDermitt, Nevada, may constitute a potential resource. These sediments are associated with a caldera about 45 km in diameter that is a result of volcanic activity, subsidence and sedimentation chiefly of Miocene age. The sediments originally were vitroclastic and now consist chiefly of authigenic zeolites, clay minerals, feldspar and quartz. Calcite occurs as thin beds, nodules and cement Gypsum is presnt but sparse.
Most of the clay beds in the caldera contain 0.01–0.1% Li and have well above the average Li concentration for continental clays (0.006%) (Ronov et al.1). Individual smectitic clay samples from the western and southern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.65% Li and are associated with analcime and K-feldspar. Two beds, each 0.6m thick, contain 0.35% Li. Clay samples from the northern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.36% Li, and are associated with clinoptilolite and erionite. The clay beds are thinner in the north; in one section a bed 0.3 m thick contains 0.36% Li, and in another section a bed 0.1 m thick contains 0.30% Li. Lithium is probably derived from volcanic material and then incorporated into the clay beds during alteration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2","usgsCitation":"Glanzman, R.K., McCarthy, J.H., and Rytuba, J.J., 1978, Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 347-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McDermitt caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.62829676863554,\n 42.13645906724875\n ],\n [\n -118.21938913832656,\n 42.13645906724875\n ],\n [\n -118.21938913832656,\n 41.5758226718315\n ],\n [\n -117.62829676863554,\n 41.5758226718315\n ],\n [\n -117.62829676863554,\n 42.13645906724875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4828e4b0c8380cd67c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012506,"text":"70012506 - 1978 - Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:07","indexId":"70012506","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3667,"text":"Underground Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways","docAbstract":"Heavy construction projects in cities entail two kinds of cost - internal cost, which can be defined in terms of payments from one set of parties to another, and external cost, which is the cost borne by the community at large as the result of disutilities entailed in construction and operation. Environmental trade-offs involve external costs, which are commonly difficult to measure. Cut-and-cover subway construction probably entails higher external and internal cost than deep tunnel construction in many urban geological environments, but uncertainty concerning the costs and environmental trade-offs of tunneling leads to limited and timid use of tunneling by American designers. Thus uncertainty becomes a major trade-off which works against tunneling. The reverse is true in Sweden after nearly 30 years of subway construction. Econometric methods for measuring external costs exist in principle, but are limited in application. Economic theory based on market pressure does not address the real problem of urban environmental trade-offs. Nevertheless, the problem of uncertainty can be addressed by comparative studies of estimated and as-built costs of cut-and-cover vs tunnel projects and a review of environmental issues associated with such construction. Such a study would benefit the underground construction industry and the design of transportation systems. It would also help solve an aspect of the urban problem. ?? 1978.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Underground Space","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03620565","usgsCitation":"Walton, M., 1978, Environmental trade-offs of tunnels vs cut-and-cover subways: Underground Space, v. 3, no. 2, p. 61-67.","startPage":"61","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09eae4b0c8380cd520f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton, M.","contributorId":36096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012422,"text":"70012422 - 1978 - Determination of dissolved boron in fresh, estuarine, and geothermal waters by d.c. argon-plasma emission spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T17:14:36.382503","indexId":"70012422","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of dissolved boron in fresh, estuarine, and geothermal waters by d.c. argon-plasma emission spectrometry","docAbstract":"A d.c. argon-plasma emission spectrometer is used to determine dissolved boron in natural (fresh and estuarine) water samples. Concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 250 mg l-1. The emission—concentration function is linear from 0.02 to 1000 mg l-1. Achievement of a relative standard deviation of ⩽ 3% requires frequent restandardization to offset sensitivity changes. Dilution may be necessary to overcome high and variable electron density caused by differences in alkali-metal content and to avoid quenching of the plasma by high solute concentrations of sodium and other easily ionized elements. The proposed method was tested against a reference method and found to be more sensitive, equally or more precise and accurate, less subject to interferences, with a wider linear analytical range than the carmine method. Analyses of standard reference samples yielded results in all cases within one standard deviation of the means.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83239-6","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., Thompson, J., and Jenne, E.A., 1978, Determination of dissolved boron in fresh, estuarine, and geothermal waters by d.c. argon-plasma emission spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 98, no. 1, p. 67-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)83239-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffa1e4b0c8380cd4f2c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenne, Everett A.","contributorId":85582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenne","given":"Everett","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197174,"text":"70197174 - 1978 - Geomagnetic polarity event recorded at 1.1 m.y. B.P. on Cobb Mountain, Clear Lake volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T15:30:52","indexId":"70197174","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomagnetic polarity event recorded at 1.1 m.y. B.P. on Cobb Mountain, Clear Lake volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"Paleomagnetic studies show that a normal polarity event within the Matuyama reversed polarity epoch is recorded by one of the volcanic units on Cobb Mountain in northern California. K-Ar age determinations show that this event has an age of 1.12 ± 0.02 m.y. and clearly preceded the Jaramillo normal polarity event. These data provide the first confirmation from a subaerial volcano that a brief polarity event occurred at this time, as suggested by published studies of some marine sedimentary cores and magnetic anomalies. This new event is herein named the “Cobb Mountain normal polarity event.”
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<653:GPERAM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., Donnelly, J., and Grommé, C., 1978, Geomagnetic polarity event recorded at 1.1 m.y. B.P. on Cobb Mountain, Clear Lake volcanic field, California: Geology, v. 6, no. 11, p. 653-656, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<653:GPERAM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"656","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cleak Lake volcanic field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.7667,\n 38.7917\n ],\n [\n -122.7,\n 38.7917\n ],\n [\n -122.7,\n 38.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.7667,\n 38.8333\n ],\n [\n -122.7667,\n 38.7917\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff4d96e4b0da30c1bfdc3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly, J.M.","contributorId":59411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012543,"text":"70012543 - 1978 - Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:08","indexId":"70012543","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip","docAbstract":"Time-dependent increase of static friction is characteristic of rock friction undera variety of experimental circumstances. Data presented here show an analogous velocity-dependent effect. A theor of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction. Creep at points of contact causes increases in friction that are proportional to the logarithm of the time that the population of points of contact exist. For static friction that time is the time of stationary contact. For sliding friction the time of contact is determined by the critical displacement required to change the population of contacts and the slip velocity. An analysis of a one-dimensional spring and slider system shows that experimental observations establishing the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish are a consequence of time-dependent friction. ?? 1978 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876539","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J.H., 1978, Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 116, no. 4-5, p. 790-806, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876539.","startPage":"790","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205184,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876539"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3b9e4b08c986b325f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010357,"text":"70010357 - 1978 - Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T17:47:33.992405","indexId":"70010357","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems","docAbstract":"This paper presents a theoretical treatment of the evolution of the carbon isotopes C13 and C14 in natural waters and in precipitates which derive from such waters. The effects of an arbitrary number of sources (such as dissolution of carbonate minerals and oxidation of organic material) and sinks (such as mineral precipitation, CO2 degassing and production of methane), and of equilibrium fractionation between solid, gas and aqueous phases are considered. The results are expressed as equations relating changes in isotopic composition to changes in conventional carbonate chemistry. One implication of the equations is that the isotopic composition of an aqueous phase may approach a limiting value whenever there are simultaneous inputs and outputs of carbonate. In order to unambiguously interpret isotopic data from carbonate precipitates and identify reactants and products in reacting natural waters, it is essential that isotopic changes are determined chiefly by reactant and product stoichiometry, independent of reaction path. We demonstrate that this is so by means of quantitative examples. The evolution equations are applied to: 1. (1) carbon-14 dating of groundwaters; 2. (2) interpretation of the isotopic composition of carbonate precipitates, carbonate cements and diagenetically altered carbonates; and 3. (3) the identification of chemical reaction stoichiometry. These applications are illustrated by examples which show the variation of ??C13 in solutions and in precipitates formed under a variety of conditions involving incongruent dissolution, CO2 degassing, methane production and mineral precipitation. ?? 1978.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wigley, T., Plummer, N., and Pearson, F.J., 1978, Mass transfer and carbon isotope evolution in natural water systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 8, p. 1117-1139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90108-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1139","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5258e4b0c8380cd6c341","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wigley, T.M.L.","contributorId":56788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigley","given":"T.M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":358712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearson, F. J. Jr.","contributorId":7696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearson","given":"F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012461,"text":"70012461 - 1978 - Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T16:50:43.585741","indexId":"70012461","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","title":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","docAbstract":"The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (Am. J. Sci.13, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.
Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K2O- FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K2O:Al2O3 plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K2O·Al2O3· 2SiO2 (‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·3SiO2, and from K2O·Al2O3·4SiO2 (leucite) to the isostructural compound K2O·FeO·5SiO2, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.
As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.
A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012605,"text":"70012605 - 1978 - Range charts and no-space graphs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:18:21","indexId":"70012605","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Range charts and no-space graphs","docAbstract":"No-space graphs present one solution to the familiar problem: given data on the occurrence of fossil taxa in separate, well-sampled sections, determine a range chart; that is, a reasonable working hypothesis of the total range in the area in question of each taxon studied. The solution presented here treats only the relative sequence of biostratigraphic events (first and last occurrences of taxa) and does not attempt to determine an amount of spacing between events. Relative to a hypothesized sequence, observed events in any section may be in-place or out-of-place. Out-of-place events may indicate (1) the event in question reflects a taxon that did not fill its entire range (unfilled-range event), or (2) the event in question indicates a need for the revision of the hypothesized sequence. A graph of relative position only (no-space graph) can be used to facilitate the recognition of in-place and out-of-place events by presenting a visual comparison of the observations from each section with the hypothesized sequence. The geometry of the graph as constructed here is such that in-place events will lie along a line series and out-of-place events will lie above or below it. First-occurrence events below the line series and last-occurrence events above the line series indicate unfilled ranges. First-occurrence events above the line series and last-occurrence events below the line series indicate a need for the revision of the hypothesis. Knowing this, the stratigrapher considers alternative positionings of the line series as alternative range hypotheses and seeks the line series that best fits his geologic and paleontologic judgment. No-space graphs are used to revise an initial hypothesis until a final hypothesis is reached. In this final hypothesis every event is found in-place in at least one section, and all events in all sections may be interpreted to represent in-place events or unfilled-range events. No event may indicate a need for further range revision. The application of the no-space graph method requires the assumption of lack of reworking and the assumption that taxa that are present in a single horizon indicate taxa whose ranges overlap. When applied to hypothetical and actual data, the no-space graph technique produces geologically reasonable range charts that compare favorably with results produced by other methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(78)90057-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1978, Range charts and no-space graphs: Computers & Geosciences, v. 4, no. 3, p. 247-255, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(78)90057-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a949ce4b0c8380cd814f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":364039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001682,"text":"1001682 - 1978 - Aspects of raccoon (Procyon lotor) social organization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T00:38:13.564391","indexId":"1001682","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of raccoon (Procyon lotor) social organization","docAbstract":"Mobility and habitat use of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in an intensively farmed area of the prairie pothole region were studied during the waterfowl breeding seasons (April-July) of 1973-75. Over 5700 locations of 30 raccoons were analyzed. Movement patterns varied with sex, age, and reproductive status. Adult males moved regularly throughout slightly overlapping ranges that averaged 2560 ha. Yearling males dispersed during May-June but their movements before and after dispersal were similar. Parous or pregnant females (mostly adults) had ranges averaging 806 ha but their movements were confined to smaller areas near the litter site after parturition. Nulliparous yearling females did not disperse and their ranges averaged 656 ha. Building sites, wooded areas, and wetlands were the only habitats preferentially used both at night and during the day. Eighty-one percent of all nocturnal locations and 94 percent of all diurnal locations were in these 3 habitats which comprised only 10 percent of the study area. Use of building sites decreased concomitantly with increased use of wetlands. Upland habitats were seldom used.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800698","usgsCitation":"Fritzell, E., 1978, Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 42, no. 1, p. 118-127, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800698.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritzell, E.K.","contributorId":35685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritzell","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012767,"text":"70012767 - 1978 - Mössbauer spectroscopic investigation of iron species in coal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T10:23:55","indexId":"70012767","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1709,"text":"Fuel","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mössbauer spectroscopic investigation of iron species in coal","docAbstract":"A series of Herrin No. 6 coal and three coal-derived samples have been examined by Mo??ssbauer spectroscopy. It is established that Mo??ssbauer spectroscopy can be used to identify multiple iron species in a whole coal or an autoclaved char sample without the need to concentrate the minerals to enhance resolution. Our results indicate that there may be an association between the pyrite in raw coal and the coal matrix. This association appears to be broken down when the coal is heated to temperatures as low as 175 ??C. It is also apparent that the iron sulphide present in the whole coal is converted to pyrite at these low temperatures. For our samples, the total quantity of iron species in different coal lithotypes is about the same, but they differ in their distributions. The fusain has the least amount of Fe2+ species when compared to the vitrain or whole-coal sample used. At least two types of nonstoichiometric pyrrhotite are produced in the heat-treated samples. One of these pyrrhotites is unstable and contains dissolved sulphur which is apparently liberated as the temperature is increased. ?? 1978.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-2361(78)90089-3","issn":"00162361","usgsCitation":"Smith, G.V., Liu, J., and Saporoschenko, M., 1978, Mössbauer spectroscopic investigation of iron species in coal: Fuel, v. 57, no. 1, p. 41-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(78)90089-3.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"45","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b8de4b0c8380cd6f632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Gerard V.","contributorId":93629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Gerard","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, Juei-Ho","contributorId":62745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Juei-Ho","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saporoschenko, Mykola","contributorId":31905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saporoschenko","given":"Mykola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001442,"text":"1001442 - 1978 - Wetland classification in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-05T16:00:05.40009","indexId":"1001442","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2297,"text":"Journal of Forestry","onlineIssn":"1938-3746","printIssn":"0022-1201","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland classification in the United States","docAbstract":"Wetland is part of a continuum of land types between deep water and dryland. Only one wetland classification was available for the United States prior to preparation of the new system described here, but numerous regional and special-purpose classifications are in use. The new classification is hierarchical, progressing from five systems (marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, and palustrine) at the most general level to dominance types based on plant or animal communities at the most specific level. The system is currently in use for prototype maps of wetlands of the United States. It is hoped that it may be incorporated into a classification of all land.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jof/76.10.666","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., 1978, Wetland classification in the United States: Journal of Forestry, v. 76, no. 10, p. 666-668, https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/76.10.666.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"668","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":133657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e49a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70012860,"text":"70012860 - 1978 - The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:02","indexId":"70012860","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany","docAbstract":"New lead isotopic compositions have been measured for Paleozoic bedded and vein ore deposits of Europe by the high precision thermal emission (triple filament) technique. Eleven samples have been analyzed from the Upper Permian Kupferschiefer bed with representatives from Poland to England, three samples from the Middle Devonian Rammelsberg deposit and one from the Middle Devonian Meggen deposit, both of which are conformable ore lenses and are in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); and also two vein deposits from the FRG were analyzed, from Ramsbeck in Devonian host rocks and from Grund in Carboniferous host rocks. For Kupferschiefer bed samples from Germany, the mineralization is of variable lead isotopic composition and appears to have been derived about 250 m.y. ago from 1700 m.y. old sources, or detritus of this age, in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Samples from England, Holland, and Poland have different isotopic characteristics from the German samples, indicative of significantly different source material (perhaps older). The isotopic variability of the samples from the Kupferschiefer bed in Germany probably favors the lead containing waters coming from shoreward (where poor mixing is to be expected) rather than basinward (where better mixing is likely) directions. The data thus support the interpretation of the metal source already given by Wedepohl in 1964. Data on samples from Rammelsberg and Meggen tend to be slightly less radiogenic than for the Kupferschiefer, about the amount expected if the leads were all derived from the same source material but 100 to 150 m.y. apart in time. The vein galena from Ramsbeck is similar to that from Rammelsberg conformable ore lenses, both in rocks of Devonian age; vein galena from Grund in Upper Carboniferous country rocks is similar to some bedded Kupferschiefer mineralization in Permian rocks, as if the lead composition was formed at about the same time and from similar source material as the bedded deposits. Although heat has played a more significant role in the formation of some of these deposits (veins and Rammelsberg-Meggen) than in others (Kupferschiefer), there is no indication of radically different sources for the lead, all apparently coming from sedimentary source material containing Precambrian detritus. One feldspar lead sample from the Brocken-Oker Granite is not the same in isotopic composition as any of the ores analyzed. ?? 1978 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00375513","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Wedepohl, K., Delevaux, M., and Doe, B.R., 1978, The potential source of lead in the Permian Kupferschiefer bed of Europe and some selected Paleozoic mineral deposits in the Federal Republic of Germany: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 65, no. 3, p. 273-281, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375513.","startPage":"273","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205230,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375513"}],"volume":"65","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baebce4b08c986b3242e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedepohl, K.H.","contributorId":74639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedepohl","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delevaux, M.H.","contributorId":27853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delevaux","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":364693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}