A simple new classification logic for global vegetation is proposed. The critical features of this classification are that: it is based on simple, observable, unambiguous character- istics of vegetation structure that are important to ecosystem biogeochemistry and can be measured in the field for validation; the structural characteristics can be determined by remote sensing, so that repeatable and efficient global re-classifications of existing vegetation will be possible; and the defined vegetation classes directly translate into the biophysical parameters of interest by global climate and biogeochemical models. A first test of this logic for the continental United States is presented based on an existing 1 km Normalized Difference Vegetation Index database. Currently recognized global biome classes can easily be derived from this classification by adding climate descriptors and defining mixtures of these fundamental six vegetation classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Running, S.W., Loveland, T., and Pierce, L., 1994, A vegetation classification logic-based on remote-sensing for use in global biogeochemical models: Ambio, v. 23, no. 1, p. 77-81.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f9c8dbe4b0b7ea54524113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":121503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, L.L.","contributorId":27220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182045,"text":"70182045 - 1994 - Antarctica - The dynamic heart of it all","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-15T13:47:24","indexId":"70182045","displayToPublicDate":"2017-02-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Antarctica - The dynamic heart of it all","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70182045","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., and Behrendt, J.C., 1994, Antarctica - The dynamic heart of it all, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70182045.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/antarctica/","linkHelpText":"(html)"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57709e4b057081a24ee9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":669372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179408,"text":"70179408 - 1994 - Toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to aquatic invertebrates and fish in laboratory exposures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T18:18:23.37254","indexId":"70179408","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to aquatic invertebrates and fish in laboratory exposures","docAbstract":"Sediments of the upper Clark Fork River, from the Butte and Anaconda area to Milltown Reservoir (230 km downstream), are contaminated with As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn primarily from mining activities. The toxicity of pore water from these sediments was determined using Daphnia magna (48-h exposure), rainbow trout (96-h exposure), and Microtox®. However, pore-water data from these exposures were questionable because of changes in the toxicity of pore-water samples after 5 to 7 d of storage. Whole-sediment tests were conducted with Hyalella azteca (28-d exposure), Chironomus riparius (14-d exposure), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 21- to 28-d exposure and Daphnia magna (2- to 22-d exposure). Sediment samples from Milltown Reservoir and the Clark Fork River were not generally lethal to test organisms. However, both reduced growth and delayed sexual maturation of amphipods were associated with exposure to elevated concentrations of metals in sediments from the reservoir and river. Relative sensitivity (most sensitive to least sensitive) of organisms in whole-sediment toxicity tests was: Hyalella azteca > Chironomus riparius > rainbow trout > Daphnia magna. Relative sensitivity (most sensitive to least sensitive) of the three end points evaluated with Hyalella azteca was: length > sexual maturation > survival. The lack of lethal effects on organisms may be related to temporal differences in sediment, acid-volatile sulfide, or organic carbon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131212","usgsCitation":"Kemble, N.E., Brumbaugh, W.G., Brunson, E., Dwyer, F.J., Ingersoll, C.G., Monda, D.P., and Woodward, D.F., 1994, Toxicity of metal-contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to aquatic invertebrates and fish in laboratory exposures: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 1985-1997, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131212.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1985","endPage":"1997","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131212","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332707,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Clark Fork River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.02435302734374,\n 45.88044870856469\n ],\n [\n -112.335205078125,\n 45.88044870856469\n ],\n [\n -112.335205078125,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -114.02435302734374,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -114.02435302734374,\n 45.88044870856469\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"586781fbe4b0cd2dabe7c73d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brunson, Eric L. 0000-0001-6624-0902 elbrunson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-0902","contributorId":3282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunson","given":"Eric L.","email":"elbrunson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":657144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Monda, Dave P.","contributorId":177804,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monda","given":"Dave","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":27878,"text":"Pyramid Lake Fisheries, Sutcliffe, Nevada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":657146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":657147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70179976,"text":"70179976 - 1994 - Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T15:16:12","indexId":"70179976","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":110,"text":"Cooperative Investigations Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"34","title":"Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1994","docAbstract":"This is the thirty-first in a series of annual reports that describe ground-water conditions in Utah. Reports in this series, published cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah Division of Water Resources, provide data to enable interested parties to keep abreast of changing ground-water conditions.
This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, ground-water withdrawal from wells, water-level changes, related changes in precipitation and streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Supplementary data, such as maps showing water-level contours, are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas for which applicable data are available and are important to a discussion of changing ground-water conditions.
This report includes individual discussions of selected significant areas of ground-water development in the State for calendar year 1993. Water-level fluctuations and selected related data, however, are described from the spring of 1989 to the spring of 1994. Much of the data used in this report were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Divisions of Water Rights and Water Resources, Utah Department of Natural Resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah, Division of Water Resources and Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Allen, D., Garrett, R., Sory, J., Burden, C.B., Danner, M., Herbert, L.R., Steiger, J., ReMillard, M.D., Slaugh, B., Swenson, R., Howells, J., Christiansen, H., and Bagley, A., 1994, Ground-water conditions in Utah, spring of 1994: Cooperative Investigations Report 34, vii, 89 p.","productDescription":"vii, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"100","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333634,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333631,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-171"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5883303ae4b0d00231637818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, D.V.","contributorId":6129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrett, R. B.","contributorId":35810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sory, J.D.","contributorId":178510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sory","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burden, Carole B. cburden@usgs.gov","contributorId":852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burden","given":"Carole","email":"cburden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":659415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Danner, M.R.","contributorId":178514,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Danner","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herbert, L. R.","contributorId":39865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Steiger, J.I.","contributorId":105716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"ReMillard, M. D.","contributorId":38645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ReMillard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Slaugh, B.A.","contributorId":178515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Slaugh","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swenson, R.L.","contributorId":178508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swenson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Howells, J.H.","contributorId":178516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howells","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Christiansen, H.K.","contributorId":178517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Bagley, A.D.","contributorId":178521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bagley","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":659424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70179266,"text":"70179266 - 1994 - Use of benthic invertebrate community structure and the sediment quality triad to evaluate metal-contaminated sediment in the upper Clark Fork River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-03T11:32:53","indexId":"70179266","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of benthic invertebrate community structure and the sediment quality triad to evaluate metal-contaminated sediment in the upper Clark Fork River, Montana","docAbstract":"The upper Clark Fork River, above Flathead River, is contaminated with large amounts of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn ores from past mining activities. The contaminated area extends from the Butte and Anaconda area to at least 230 km downstream to Milltown Reservoir. Both the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown Reservoir have been designated as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites because of metal-contaminated bottom sediments. We evaluated the impacts of past mining activities on the Clark Fork River ecosystem using benthic invertebrate community assessment, residue chemistry, and toxicity testing. Oligochaeta and Chironomidae generally accounted for over 90% of the benthic invertebrate community in the soft sediment depositional areas. Taxa of Oligochaeta and Chironomidae were predominantly pollution tolerant. Higher numbers of Chironomidae genera were present at stations with higher concentrations of metals in sediment identified as toxic by the amphipod Hyalella azteca in 28-d exposures. Frequency of mouthpart deformities in genera of Chironomidae was low and did not correspond to concentrations of metals in sediment. Total abundance of organisms/m2 did not correspond to concentrations of metals in the sediment samples. Chemical analyses, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community evaluations all provide evidence of metal-induced degradation to aquatic communities in both the reservoir and the river. Using a weight-of-evidence approach-the Sediment Quality Triad - provided good concurrence among measures of benthic community structure, sediment chemistry, and laboratory toxicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131213","usgsCitation":"Canfield, T., Kemble, N.E., Brumbaugh, W.G., Dwyer, F.J., Ingersoll, C.G., and Fairchild, J.F., 1994, Use of benthic invertebrate community structure and the sediment quality triad to evaluate metal-contaminated sediment in the upper Clark Fork River, Montana: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 1999-2012, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131213.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1999","endPage":"2012","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131213","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332533,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Clark Fork River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.51599121093749,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -114.51599121093749,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 45.78284835197676\n ],\n [\n -114.51599121093749,\n 45.78284835197676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585f9767e4b01224f329bf69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":656599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70179271,"text":"70179271 - 1994 - Ultraviolet-B radiation and the immune response of rainbow trout: Chapter 18","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-27T12:32:17","indexId":"70179271","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"18","title":"Ultraviolet-B radiation and the immune response of rainbow trout: Chapter 18","docAbstract":"As part of a larger study on global climate change and ozone depletion we are investigating the effects of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation on fishes. We conducted a number of experiments to explore the possible effects of UVB radiation on the immune response of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In one study, the fish developed sunburn and fungal infection on the dorsal skin after exposure to levels of UVB that simulated ambient solar UVB levels observed at mid-latitudes. In a separate study, UVB-exposed rainbow trout with surgically administered dorsal lesions developed fungal infection on the lesions and surrounding skin. Many of these fish subsequently died within a 9 day exposure period. Fish with surgical lesions, but not exposed to UVB radiation, did not develop fungal infection and did not die. In mammals, UVB-induced immunosuppression is thought to occur through the isomerization of urocanic acid or the formation of DNA pyrimidine dimers, or through some interaction between the two. We found a substance that appeared, upon HPLC detection, to be trans-urocanic acid in the skin of UVB-exposed and unexposed rainbow trout. Neurotransmitter stimulation of adrenoceptors may be involved in changes in pigmentation observed in UVB-exposed fishes. We measured adrenoceptors in skin membranes from rainbow trout exposed to UVB and found a decrease in cz2-adrenoceptors compared with fish not exposed to UVB. Results of our study indicate that prolonged exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to mid-latitude levels of solar UVB may play an important role in the initiation of certain disease outbreaks and may decrease survival of fish that have lesions on the dorsal skin.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modulators of fish immune response: Models for envrionmental toxicology/biomarkers, immunostimulators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Modulators of Fish Immune Response","conferenceDate":"September, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Breckenridge, CO","language":"English","publisher":"SOS Publications","publisherLocation":"Fair Haven, NJ","isbn":"0-9625505-6-6","usgsCitation":"Fabacher, D.L., Little, E.E., Jones, S., DeFabo, E., and Webber, L., 1994, Ultraviolet-B radiation and the immune response of rainbow trout: Chapter 18, in Modulators of fish immune response: Models for envrionmental toxicology/biomarkers, immunostimulators, Breckenridge, CO, September, 1993, p. 205-218.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"218","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cerc.usgs.gov/Publications.aspx?PublicationId=1287"}],"publicComments":"Volume 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58638bd6e4b0cd2dabe7bec8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stolen, Joanne S.","contributorId":51208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolen","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656618,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, Thelma C.","contributorId":103585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Thelma","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656619,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Fabacher, David L.","contributorId":6815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fabacher","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, S.B.","contributorId":27005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeFabo, E.C.","contributorId":177668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeFabo","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Webber, L.J.","contributorId":177667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webber","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70179105,"text":"70179105 - 1994 - Hydrology of Cache Valley, Cache County, Utah, and adjacent part of Idaho, with emphasis on simulation of ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:03:13","indexId":"70179105","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"108","title":"Hydrology of Cache Valley, Cache County, Utah, and adjacent part of Idaho, with emphasis on simulation of ground-water flow","docAbstract":"A hydrologic investigation of Cache Valley was done to better understand the ground-water system in unconsolidated basin-fill deposits and the interaction between ground water and surface water. Ground-water recharge occurs by infiltration of precipitation and unconsumed irrigation water, seepage from canals and streams, and subsurface inflow from adjacent consolidated rock and adjacent unconsolidated basin-fill deposit ground-water systems. Ground-water discharge occurs as seepage to streams and reservoirs, spring discharge, evapotranspiration, and withdrawal from wells.
Water levels declined during 1984-90. Less-than-average precipitation during 1987-90 and increased pumping from irrigation and public-supply wells contributed to the declines.
A ground-water-flow model was used to simulate flow in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits. Data primarily from 1969 were used to calibrate the model to steady-state conditions. Transient-state calibration was done by simulating ground-water conditions on a yearly basis for 1982-90.
A hypothetical simulation in which the dry conditions of 1990 were continued for 5 years projected an average lO-foot water-level decline between Richmond and Hyrum. When increased pumpage was simulated by adding three well fields, each pumping 10 cubic feet per second, in the Logan, Smithfield, and College Ward areas, water-level declines greater than 10 feet were projected in most of the southeastern part of the valley and discharge from springs and seepage to streams and reservoirs decreased.
The ground-water resources in Ogden Valley, eastern Weber County, Utah, were the subject of a study to provide a better understanding of the hydrologic system in the valley and to estimate the hydrologic effects of future ground-water development. The study area included the drainage basin of the Ogden River upstream from Pineview Reservoir dam and the drainage basin of Wheeler Creek. Ogden Valley and the surrounding area are underlain by rocks that range in age from Precambrian to Quaternary.
The consolidated rocks that transmit and yield the most water in the area surrounding Ogden Valley are the Paleozoic carbonate rocks and the Wasatch Formation of Tertiary age. Much of the recharge to the consolidated rocks is from snowmelt that infiltrates the Wasatch Formation, which underlies a large part of the study area. Discharge from the consolidated rocks is by streams, evapotranspiration, springs, subsurface outflow, and pumping from wells. Water in the consolidated rocks is a calcium bicarbonate type and has a dissolved-solids concentration of less than 250 milligrams per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Avery, C., 1994, Ground-water hydrology of Ogden Valley and surrounding area, eastern Weber County, UT, and simulation of ground-water flow in the Valley-fill aquifer system: Technical Publication 99, vi, 84 p.","productDescription":"vi, 84 p.","numberOfPages":"93","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Charles","contributorId":70739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179262,"text":"70179262 - 1994 - Use of saltwater and freshwater habitats by wintering redheads in southern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T14:17:33","indexId":"70179262","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of saltwater and freshwater habitats by wintering redheads in southern Texas","docAbstract":"Behavioral data were gathered for redheads (Aythya americana Eyton) using saltwater and freshwater habitats in southern Texas, the northern portion of their major wintering range, in 1989–90. Saltwater and freshwater habitats were used for different purposes by wintering redheads. Approximately 41% of all redheads in saltwater habitats were feeding, while only 0.1% of redheads in freshwater habitats were feeding. Redheads in saltwater habitats drank infrequently (0.3%), but 7.5% of redheads in freshwater wetlands were drinking. Only 23 courting activities were observed, but all occurred in freshwater wetlands. This study showed that redheads depend on saltwater habitats for feeding, which confirmed similar results from recent studies of redheads in the central and southern portions of the Laguna Madre in southern Texas. This study also showed that redheads depend on freshwater wetlands as sources of drinking water. This concurred with data on redhead behavior in the central portion of the Laguna Madre in Texas, but not for redheads wintering in the southern part of the Laguna Madre. Both habitats, saltwater and freshwater, must be considered as integral components of the redhead winter range throughout southern Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00027861","usgsCitation":"Woodin, M.C., 1994, Use of saltwater and freshwater habitats by wintering redheads in southern Texas: Hydrobiologia, v. 279/280, no. 1, p. 279-287, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027861.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"287","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"279/280","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585e45dfe4b01224f329bf15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodin, Marc C.","contributorId":56316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodin","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179103,"text":"70179103 - 1994 - Hydrology and potential for ground-water development in southeastern Tooele Valley and adjacent area in the Oquirrh Mountains, Tooele County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:01:54","indexId":"70179103","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"107","title":"Hydrology and potential for ground-water development in southeastern Tooele Valley and adjacent area in the Oquirrh Mountains, Tooele County, Utah","docAbstract":"Communities in southeastern Tooele Valley, Utah, are growing, and future demand for water is expected to increase. To prepare for this demand, local surface- and ground-water resources were evaluated.
Average streamflow in Settlement, Middle, and Soldier Canyons is about 6,000, 2,100, and 3,900 acre-feet per year, respectively. The combined average perennial streamflow of Pine, Pole, Swensons, Leavetts, and Pass Canyons is about 700 acre-feet per year.
Average ground-water recharge to basin-fill deposits in southeastern Tooele Valley is about 44,000 acre-feet per year. Discharge approximately equals recharge. Specific capacity of wells in the basin fill ranges from less than 1 to 180 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and dissolved-solids concentration ranges from 363 to 1,550 milligrams per liter.
Stream-channel deposits are recharged mainly by streamflow losses and subsurface inflow. Average discharge from stream-channel deposits in Settlement and Middle Canyons is about 2,100 and 3,400 acre-feet per year, respectively. Specific capacity of wells in the stream-channel deposits ranges from less than 1 to 45 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and dissolved-solids concentration ranges from 320 to 350 milligrams per liter. Average ground-water recharge to consolidated rock is about 42,000 acre-feet per year. Discharge, mainly by subsurface outflow to southeastern Tooele Valley, approximately equals recharge. Locations of springs in consolidated rock are not correlated with known topographic or geologic features. Specific capacity of wells in the consolidated rock ranges from less than 1 to 97 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and dissolved-solids concentration ranges from 220 to 1,400 milligrams per liter.
Areas southwest of Tooele City and near Lincoln are considered to have potential for additional ground-water withdrawal.
An areal survey of surficial sediments in San Francisco Bay has been conducted to evaluate the presence of extractable organic compounds. Molecular marker compounds studied include hydrocarbons (PAH's), chlorinated pesticides, and other organic compounds that provide information on sources of organic input into the Bay. Fairly uniform source profiles are seen throughout the Bay. Biomarker profiles contain mature constituents indicating anthropogenic influences and extensive sediment reworking. The dominant input signatures in San Francisco Bay sediment are those of anthropogenic PAH's from combustion and other sources, and long chain n-alkanes and n-aldehydes from terrigenous vascular plants. A comparison of the sums of the combustion PAH's and the terrigenous n-alkanes shows that an anthropogenic influence is dominant in the most urban parts of the Bay close to shore, and in mid-Bay channel areas, and a terrigenous signature is dominant nearshore in San Pablo Bay and at the southernmost station in South Bay.
\n","largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the Technical Meeting","conferenceDate":"September 20-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J., Geological Survey Pereira, W.E., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1994, A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California, in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, Colorado Springs, CO, September 20-24, 1993, p. 735-746.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"746","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4015/report.pdf","text":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting","size":"62.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c335e4b0e02680be58ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":642117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geological Survey Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":119675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geological Survey Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70174583,"text":"70174583 - 1994 - San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:43:32","indexId":"70174583","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T09:30:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute","docAbstract":"
The pilot program described here is motivated by a fundamental principle of the Regional Monitoring Strategy, namely “...the development of data that will provide information on status and trends in the Estuary.” As pointed out in the Strategy, knowledge of status and trends serves two primary purposes: (1) to become aware of or anticipate deleterious conditions in the Estuary, and (2) to assess the effectiveness of management actions. This program addresses these two purposes by focusing on aquatic resources, one of the five key management issues identified by the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan and central to the Regional Monitoring Strategy. It also bears on at least two of the other management issues - pollutants and water use.
\nA regional monitoring program must cover many types of resources, including pelagic and benthic channel habitat, shoal habitat, wetlands, river channels, sloughs, and small bays and harbors. This particular program centers on the pelagic channel habitat. However, because of the intimate connection between channel habitat and many or most of these other habitats, channel measurements reflect to some extent the status of and trends in other resource types as well. A primary aim of this program is to provide a high-resolution description of critical aspects of habitat quality, which can be used along with other information (1) to determine the suitability of habitat for aquatic resources; (2) to monitor responsiveness of the habitat to freshwater flow variability; and (3) to provide a context for understanding pollutant distributions. In a single transect, measurements are made throughout the water column at up to 37 stations to define physical (salinity, temperature, suspended particulate matter, and light penetration), chemical (dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll a) characteristics that influence both chemical and biological reactions.
\nA second aim of the program is to investigate planktonic indicators of ecosystem structure and function. Phytoplankton production is the major single source of energy for the San Francisco Bay food web. Our measurements of chlorophyll and light penetration can be used to provide an estimate of this production, and therefore the availability of food for organisms at higher trophic levels. Phytoplankton community composition at the species level, which can be a sensitive indicator of habitat change, is also a standard component of this program. Community composition data enable detection of species known to be responsible for harmful or nuisance algal blooms. In 1993, two other indicators were also evaluated, photosynthetic parameters and water column respiration. Photosynthetic parameters partially characterize the physiological state of the phytoplankton and may provide indirect evidence of nutrient deficiency or the effects of pollutants. Water column respiration serves as a simple integrated measure of organic matter metabolism by the plankton, including bacteria, phytoplankton, and microzooplankton. It therefore reflects the total supply of organic matter, whether from photosynthesis, tidal marsh efflux, point sources, or upstream in the Delta. These biological indicators therefore contain much information about the flow of energy into the food web.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for trace substances: 1993 annual report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Institute","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A.D., Cloern, J.E., Caffrey, J., Cole, B., and Rudek, J., 1994, San Francisco Bay/delta regional monitoring program plankton and water quality pilot study, 1993, in 1993 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-03-01","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1993_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1993 Annual Report : San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1993 Annual Report : San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57876631e4b0d27deb36e1aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caffrey, J.","contributorId":147320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, B.","contributorId":36744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rudek, J.","contributorId":67904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudek","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170711,"text":"70170711 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and paths of flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-29T13:37:47","indexId":"70170711","displayToPublicDate":"2015-11-15T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology and paths of flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assessing the ground.water resources of the carbonate bedrock aquifers in Indiana and Ohio as part of their Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis program. Part of this assessment includes the determination of unknown aspects of the hydraulic characteristics, boundaries, and flow paths of the carbonate aquifer. To accomplish this, the USGS drilled three wells through the carbonate aquifer near the Kankakee River in northwestern Indiana. Geophysical logs were used to help determine depths and thicknesses for testing and to help describe geology at the three wells. Packer tests were used to determine direction of ground-water flow and to provide data for an analysis of the distribution of transmissivity in the carbonate aquifer.
\nTransmissivity of the carbonates is associated with two physical characteristics of the rocks: fractures and interconnected porosity. Almost all of the transmissivity is derived from horizontal fracturing; however, only a few of the fractures present in the carbonate are transmissive. Some transmissivity is associated with a zone of fossiliferous, vuggy dolomite, which yields water from the rock matrix. Most of the transmissivity is associated with large fractures and solution crevices in the upper 30 feet of the bedrock; less transmissivity is associated with the deeper vuggy reef material, even where extensively fractured. Transmissivity of individual fractures and fossiliferous zones ranges from 300 to 27,000 feet squared per day. The aquifer bottom is defined by a lack of transmissive fractures and an increased shale content near the contact of the Silurian and Ordovician sections.
\nWater-level data from the three wells indicate that flow is horizontal at well site 1 north of the Kankakee River, upward at well site 2 near the river, and downward at well site 3 south of the river. Most of the flow occurs in the upper part of the carbonate bedrock where fracturing and solution-enlarged crevices are most developed. Water levels indicate the the Kankakee River is a hydrologic boundary for the regional carbonate bedrock aquifer.
\n\n
All water, even rain water, contains dissolved chemicals which scientists call \"salts.\" But not all water tastes salty. Water is fresh or salty according to individual judgment, and in making this decision man is more convinced by his sense of taste than by a laboratory test. It is one's taste buds that accept one water and reject another.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70159082","usgsCitation":"Swenson, H., 1994, Why is the ocean salty?: General Interest Publication, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70159082.","productDescription":"8 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309913,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159082.jpg"},{"id":310354,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159082/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620cee3e4b06217fc478b4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, Herbert","contributorId":54181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"Herbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157533,"text":"70157533 - 1994 - Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T12:34:23","indexId":"70157533","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-21T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2088,"text":"International Review of Hydrobiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen","docAbstract":"Lake Number, LN, values are shown to be quantitative indicators of deep mixing in lakes and reservoirs that can be used to estimate changes in deep water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. LN is a dimensionless parameter defined as the ratio of the moments about the center of volume of the water body, of the stabilizing force of gravity associated with density stratification to the destabilizing forces supplied by wind, cooling, inflow, outflow, and other artificial mixing devices. To demonstrate the universality of this parameter, LN values are used to describe the extent of deep mixing and are compared with changes in DO concentrations in three reservoirs in Australia and four lakes in the U.S.A., which vary in productivity and mixing regimes. A simple model is developed which relates changes in LN values, i.e., the extent of mixing, to changes in near bottom DO concentrations. After calibrating the model for a specific system, it is possible to use real-time LN values, calculated using water temperature profiles and surface wind velocities, to estimate changes in DO concentrations (assuming unchanged trophic conditions).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/iroh.19940790202","usgsCitation":"Robertson, D.M., and Imberger, J., 1994, Lake Number, a quantitative indicator of mixing used to estimate changes in dissolved oxygen: International Review of Hydrobiology, v. 79, no. 2, p. 159-176, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19940790202.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Crystal Lake, Darwin River Resevoir, Lake Mendota, Trout Lake, Warragamba Resevoir, Woronora 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\"}}]}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56067035e4b058f706e51942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596 dzrobert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":150760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale","email":"dzrobert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imberger, Jorg","contributorId":147965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Imberger","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16662,"text":"University of Western Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":573474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70157532,"text":"70157532 - 1994 - Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-25T13:14:30","indexId":"70157532","displayToPublicDate":"2015-04-06T08:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2362,"text":"Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical Techniques for Assessing water‐quality effects of BMPs","docAbstract":"The magnitude and direction of Hg fluxes across the sediment—water interface were estimated by groundwater, dry bulk sediment, sediment pore water, sediment trap, and water-column analyses in two northern Wisconsin seepage lakes. Little Rock Lake (Treatment Basin) received no groundwater discharge during the study period (1988—1990), and Follette Lake received continuous groundwater discharge. In Little Rock Lake, settling of particulate matter accounted for the major Hg delivery mechanism to the sediment—water interface. Upward diffusion of Hg from sediment pore waters below 2—4-cm sediment depth was apparently a minor source during summer stratification. Time-series comparisons suggested that the observed buildup of Hg in the hypolimnion of Little Rock Lake was attributable to dissolution and diffusion of Hg from recently fallen particulate matter close to the sediment—water interface. Groundwater inflow represented an important source of new Hg, and groundwater outflow accounted for significant removal of Hg from Pallette Lake. Equilibrium speciation calculations revealed that association of Hg with organic matter may control solubility in well-oxygenated waters, whereas in anoxic environments sulfur (polysulfide and bisulfide) complexation governs dissolved total Hg levels.
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