Snowy Egret (Egretta thula) and Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) nestlings from colonies in Texas, Rhode Island, and California and Great Egret (Casmerodius albus) nestlings from Texas were examined for eustrongylidosis, or infection by the parasitic nematode Eustrongylides spp. In 31% (24/77) of all broods examined, at least one nestling was infected. Snowy Egret broods from Texas were more frequently (100%) infected than those from California (20%) or Rhode Island (10%), and the prevalence of eustrongylidosis in 5- and 10-day-old Snowy Egret nestlings was higher in the Texas colony than the other two. Within the Texas colony, the frequency of eustrongylidosis was greater for Snowy Egret (100%) and Great Egret (80%) broods than for Black-crowned Night-Heron broods (12.5%). Also in Texas, eustrongylidosis was more frequent in 5-day-old Snowy Egret nestlings than 5-day-old Black-crowned Night-Heron or Great Egret nestlings, and in 10-day-old Snowy Egret nestlings than in 10-day-old Black-crowned Night-Heron nestlings. Eustrongylides spp. caused perforations of the gastrointestinal tract and peritonitis, particularly in Snowy Egrets.
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Nests were initiated about the same time or earlier at Martin Lake than at the reference site and clutch size was similar between the two locations. Nest success was significantly higher at Martin Lake than at the reference site and no embryo or chick deformities were documented. Selenium concentrations in 14 of 20 eggs from Martin Lake were above background (> 3 ppm, dry weight); two of 20 eggs contained > 5 ppm, a concentration associated with a 20% embryo mortality/deformity rate in some bird species. Selenium concentrations in the kidneys of adult swallows were higher at Martin Lake (mean = 14 ppm dry weight) than at the reference site (5·8 ppm). DDE, the only detected organochlorine compound, was in two of 10 eggs from Martin Lake; these concentrations were below those associated with chronic poisoning and reproductive problems. The maximum mercury concentration in livers of adult Barn Swallows (0·83 ppm, dry weight) was within the range for background levels (>5 ppm).
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B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224534,"text":"5224534 - 1994 - Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:40","indexId":"5224534","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","docAbstract":"We investigated habitat specificity of the amber darter (Percina antesella Williams & Etnier 1977), an imperiled fish from restricted portions of 2 rivers in the southeastern United States. Foraging amber darters occupied a narrow range of riffle habitat, consistently avoiding areas < 20 cm deep and with velocity < 10 cm. s-1 near the substrate, occupying areas with cobble or gravel substrate and average water-column velocity of 30 to 70 cm. s-1. During low to moderate flows, approximately 20% or more of the study areas contained suitable habitat for the species. Amber darters appeared rare, and the numbers of individuals were uncorrelated with the concurrent availability of suitable habitat. Protecting the amber darter may require more than maintaining adequate depths and velocities over gravel-cobble substrates. Until we understand the potential importance of migration and dispersal for maintaining small populations, suitable habitat should be maintained over the longest contiguous stream segments possible.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1994, Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 3, no. 2, p. 177-178.","productDescription":"49-58","startPage":"177","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":16060,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119280577/abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":200352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222768,"text":"5222768 - 1994 - Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T11:01:05","indexId":"5222768","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California","docAbstract":"Eggs were collected from the Grasslands of western Merced County, California, during 1986 and 1987, and at the Mendota Wildlife Area in Fresno County in 1987, as part of a reproductive study of nesting ducks and shorebirds. The eggs were analyzed to evaluate the effects of contaminants in agricultural drainwater on avian reproduction. Agricultural drainwater was the major source of water for irrigation and fall flooding in the Grasslands until the fall of 1985 when drainwater was mostly replaced by uncontaminated water. Drainwater had not been used at Mendota. Concentrations of arsenic and boron in eggs from all sites were lower than those known to harm avian reproduction. However, mean concentrations of selenium, a trace element known to impair avian reproduction at high dietary levels, were higher in eggs from the Grasslands than in eggs from the uncontaminated site. Although some selenium concentrations were as high as those found to have caused death or deformities at other sites, reproductive impairment was not observed in any ducks or shorebirds nesting in the Grasslands in 1986 or 1987.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214261","usgsCitation":"Hothem, R.L., and Welsh, D., 1994, Contaminants in eggs of aquatic birds from the grasslands of central California: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 180-185, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214261.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"180","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County, Merced County","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b07e4b07f02db69aed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welsh, D.","contributorId":33267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222741,"text":"5222741 - 1994 - Density estimation using the trapping web design: A geometric analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-06T12:22:26.263304","indexId":"5222741","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1039,"text":"Biometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density estimation using the trapping web design: A geometric analysis","docAbstract":"Population densities for small mammal and arthropod populations can be estimated using capture frequencies for a web of traps. A conceptually simple geometric analysis that avoid the need to estimate a point on a density function is proposed. This analysis incorporates data from the outermost rings of traps, explaining large capture frequencies in these rings rather than truncating them from the analysis.","language":"English","publisher":"International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/2532787","usgsCitation":"Link, W., and Barker, R.J., 1994, Density estimation using the trapping web design: A geometric analysis: Biometrics, v. 50, no. 3, p. 733-745, https://doi.org/10.2307/2532787.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"733","endPage":"745","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ebdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, W.A. 0000-0002-9913-0256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":8815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, R. J.","contributorId":34222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223277,"text":"5223277 - 1994 - Lyme disease and conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-28T12:11:51.42885","indexId":"5223277","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lyme disease and conservation","docAbstract":"Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness that is widespread in North America, especially in the northeastern and northcentral United States. This disease could negatively influence efforts to conserve natural populations in two ways: (1) the disease could directly affect wild animal health; and (2) tick control efforts could adversely affect natural populations and communities. Lyme disease affects several domestic animals, but symptoms have been reported in only a few wild species. Direct effects of Lyme disease on wild animal populations have not been reported, but the disease should be considered as a possible cause in cases of unexplained population declines in endemic areas. Methods available to manage ticks and Lyme disease include human self-protection techniques, manipulation of habitats and host species populations, biological control, and pesticide applications. The diversity of available techniques allows selection of approaches to minimize environmental effects by (1) emphasizing personal protection techniques, (2) carefully targeting management efforts to maximize efficiency, and (3) integrating environmentally benign techniques to improve management while avoiding broad-scale environmentally destructive approaches. The environmental effects of Lyme disease depend, to a large extent, on the methods chosen to minimize human exposure to infected ticks. Conservation biologists can help design tick management programs that effectively lower the incidence of human Lyme disease while simultaneously minimizing negative effects on natural populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020343.x","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H., 1994, Lyme disease and conservation: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 343-353, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020343.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"353","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/181","text":"External Repository"},{"id":198304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c245","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, H.","contributorId":36248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223748,"text":"5223748 - 1994 - Identification of sex in Boiga irregularis: Implications for population dynamics in Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-26T21:55:06.118946","indexId":"5223748","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of sex in Boiga irregularis: Implications for population dynamics in Guam","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1564541","usgsCitation":"Jordan, M., and Rodda, G., 1994, Identification of sex in Boiga irregularis: Implications for population dynamics in Guam: Journal of Herpetology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 381-384, https://doi.org/10.2307/1564541.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199816,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c79a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jordan, M.A.","contributorId":74847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodda, G.H.","contributorId":103998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodda","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223254,"text":"5223254 - 1994 - Trail conditions and management practices in the National Park Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5223254","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trail conditions and management practices in the National Park Service","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Park Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"4604_Marion.pdf","usgsCitation":"Marion, J., 1994, Trail conditions and management practices in the National Park Service: Park Science, v. 14, no. 2, p. 16-17.","productDescription":"16-17","startPage":"16","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16081,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www2.nature.nps.gov/ParkScience/archive/PDF/ParkScience14(2)Spring1994.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222699,"text":"5222699 - 1994 - Declines in organochlorines in eggs of red-breasted mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-78 versus 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T17:29:33.357888","indexId":"5222699","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Declines in organochlorines in eggs of red-breasted mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-78 versus 1990","docAbstract":"From 1977–1978 to 1990, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and most organochlorine pesticides declined in eggs of red-breasted mergansers (Mergus serrator) nesting on islands in northwestern Lake Michigan. Total PCBs decreased 60% (from 21 ppm in 1977–1978 to 8.5 ppm in 1990) and p,p′-DDE decreased 66% (from 6.5 to 2.2 ppm). Dieldrin decreased only 16% (from 0.82 to 0.69 ppm). In 1990, 79.1% of incubated eggs hatched, which was not significantly different from the 83.5% that hatched in 1977–1978.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00547060","usgsCitation":"Heinz, G.H., Miller, D.S., Ebert, B., and Stromborg, K., 1994, Declines in organochlorines in eggs of red-breasted mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-78 versus 1990: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 33, no. 3, p. 175-182, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00547060.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196552,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672681","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinz, G. H.","contributorId":85905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, D. S.","contributorId":64260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebert, B.J.","contributorId":33014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebert","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stromborg, K. L.","contributorId":34466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromborg","given":"K. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222730,"text":"5222730 - 1994 - Winter movements and spring migration of American woodcock along the Atlantic coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:43","indexId":"5222730","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter movements and spring migration of American woodcock along the Atlantic coast","docAbstract":"Radio transmitters were attached to American Woodcock (scolopax minor) at three Atlantic coastal sites to monitor winter movements and spring departure dates from Georgia (1982-1984, 1989-1991), South Carolina (1988-1989), and Virginia (1991-1992). There was no evidence of temperature, sex, or age-dependent migration dates. Migration was coincident with the full moon in February and the passage of weather fronts close to this time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D., Seginak, J., and Pendleton, G., 1994, Winter movements and spring migration of American woodcock along the Atlantic coast: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 3, p. 482-493.","productDescription":"482-493","startPage":"482","endPage":"493","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16073,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v106n03/p0482-p0493.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seginak, J.T.","contributorId":100783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seginak","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223280,"text":"5223280 - 1994 - Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"5223280","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment","docAbstract":"The pollution of coastal aquifers by old landfills can contaminate valuable and scarce water resources in the freshwater lens utilized seasonably by overcrowded communities. The pollutants will ultimately flow into the sea where they may also cause a coastal water pollution problem. We have detected pollution in the freshwater lens from a sanitary landfill near Provincetown, Cape Cod, using the geoelectrical resistivity method. This survey included Schlumberger geoelectrical depth soundings and a horizontal geoelectrical profile using the Wenner configuration. The geoelectrical survey was conducted at a site along Highway 6 where it passes the coastal town of Provincetown and a sanitary landfill that has been in operation since 1954. The depth soundings suggest the characteristic decrease in resistivity vs. depth from the high resistivity of the unsaturated zone to the low resistivity of the saltwater saturated zone. The freshwater lens is clearly identified by the change in slope of the steeply dipping curve of resistivity versus electrode spacing. Interpretations made using a multilayer program, Geomate, resulted in layer resistivities between 460 and 95 ohm?m for the freshwater lens. A comparison with well water resistivities suggests that a layer resistivity of 230 ohm?m or lower is indicative of pollution in the freshwater lens. The results of the geoelectrical depth soundings were confirmed in the Wenner horizontal profile. Both measurements suggest that the pollutants do not spread evenly as one would expect for a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Instead, a preferred channel for the flow of the pollutants is observed along a path from the landfill toward the shoreline. The depth to the saltwater/freshwater interface or, more specifically, to the low resistivity-high resistivity interface appears to be shallow where the freshwater lens is polluted. This was confirmed by pore water well samples that were highly mineralized. The equilibrium postulated by the Ghyben-Herzberg relation appears to be disturbed in the area of aquifer pollution. This rise in the conductivity boundary is caused by the highly mineralized bottom of the contaminant plume that submerges into the saltwater saturated zone. In the area of high freshwater pollution the groundwater can be subdivided into three layers that show a decrease in resistivity with depth. The formation factor, F, defined as the ratio of bulk aquifer resistivity to pore water resistivity, shows unusually high values between 10 and 12. These high values are unexpected for an unconsolidated sand. Pollution residues are suspected to clog the pores and thus to increase the resistivity. It is possible that iron-oxidizing bacteria and the precipitation of dissolved iron or organic pollutants are the cause of the high values of F. If proven correct, these interesting possibilities could lead to future new applications of the geoelectrical resistivity method in contaminant hydroloy.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(94)90016-7","collaboration":"4561_Frohlich.pdf","usgsCitation":"Frohlich, R., Urish, D., Fuller, J., and O’Reilly, M., 1994, Use of geoelectrical methods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 32, no. 2-3, p. 139-154, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90016-7.","productDescription":"139-154","startPage":"139","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487060,"rank":201,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cve_facpubs/347","text":"External Repository"},{"id":16062,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90016-7","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":199280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frohlich, R.K.","contributorId":47493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohlich","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urish, D.W.","contributorId":61126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urish","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, J.","contributorId":49898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Reilly, M.","contributorId":68858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222637,"text":"5222637 - 1994 - Survival and causes of mortality in juvenile Puerto Rican parrots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:33","indexId":"5222637","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and causes of mortality in juvenile Puerto Rican parrots","docAbstract":"Fifteen juvenile Puerto Rican Parrots (Amazona vittata) from wild nests in 1985, 1986 and 1987 were radio monitored an average of 110 +- 15.9 (SE) d (range 4-209 d) post-fledgling. Minimum survival was 67% (n = 3) in 1985, 100% (n = 4) in 1986 and 43% (n = 7) in 1987. Most mortality (three of five deaths) occurred during the first 35 d following fledgling. A major cause of mortality was predation by raptors. This research shows that additional studies are needed to define mortality causes to juvenile and adult free-flying Puerto Rican Parrots and to develop management guidelines to increase survival.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, G., Arendt, W., and Kalina, J., 1994, Survival and causes of mortality in juvenile Puerto Rican parrots: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 65, no. 1, p. 76-82.","productDescription":"76-82","startPage":"76","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v065n01/p0076-p0082.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b0b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, G.D.","contributorId":75648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arendt, W.J.","contributorId":72479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arendt","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kalina, Jan","contributorId":63898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalina","given":"Jan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222715,"text":"5222715 - 1994 - Distribution and abundance of birds wintering in Maryland, 1988-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:50","indexId":"5222715","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2687,"text":"Maryland Birdlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and abundance of birds wintering in Maryland, 1988-1993","docAbstract":"A winter bird survey was conducted throughout Maryland, primarily by volunteers, during the 6 winters of 1988 to 1993 between the dates of 10 Jan and 10 Feb. The state of Maryland is covered by 1231 blocks (9.5 sq. miles each), each comprising one-sixth of the standard U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle, and 548 of these blocks (44.5%) were surveyed for winter birds. Blocks were chosen in a systematic pattern with eventually almost every other block in the state having been surveyed as of Feb, 1993. Volunteers conducted each 4-hour survey by walking a 4-6 mile route chosen by the volunteer to sample habitats in proportion to their availability in the block. Surveys began around sunrise (~7:30 a.m.) and all birds seen or heard during the 4 hours were recorded on data sheets. The data were then used to create maps representing the distribution and relative abundance of each species of wintering bird found in at least 10 blocks in the state.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maryland Birdlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hatfield, J., Ricciardi, S., Gough, G., Bystrak, D., Droege, S., and Robbins, C., 1994, Distribution and abundance of birds wintering in Maryland, 1988-1993: Maryland Birdlife, v. 50, no. 1-4, p. 3-83.","productDescription":"3-83","startPage":"3","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ricciardi, S.A.","contributorId":51409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricciardi","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, G.A.","contributorId":105013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bystrak, D.","contributorId":58220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223427,"text":"5223427 - 1994 - A brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) sighting from Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:42","indexId":"5223427","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:48","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3534,"text":"Texas Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) sighting from Texas","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Texas Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"McCoid, M.J., Fritts, T.H., and Campbell, E., 1994, A brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) sighting from Texas: Texas Journal of Science, v. 46, p. 365-368.","productDescription":"365-368","startPage":"365","endPage":"368","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCoid, M. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Hawai'i Audobon Society","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"Fancy, S., Jacobi, J., Pratt, T., and Ralph, C., 1994, Determining age and sex of oma o (Myadestes obscurus): 'Elepaio, v. 54, no. 5, p. 25-27.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","volume":"54","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6674d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fancy, S.G.","contributorId":8957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fancy","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobi, J.D.","contributorId":13570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pratt, T.K.","contributorId":13717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223110,"text":"5223110 - 1994 - A fall land bird migration across the South China Sea from Indo-China to the Greater Sunda Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:40","indexId":"5223110","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:47","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2534,"text":"Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fall land bird migration across the South China Sea from Indo-China to the Greater Sunda Islands","docAbstract":"We encountered 150 land birds representing 14 families along the cruise track of the Soviet Oceanographic Research Vessel AKADEMlK KOROLEV in the South China Sea. We saw most of these birds during a 3 -day period in a small area c. 350 km southeast of the southern tip of the Indo-China peninsula. These observations suggest that a significant land bird migration corridor crosses the South China Sea from Viet Nam to Borneo.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Kepler, A., and Kepler, C.B., 1994, A fall land bird migration across the South China Sea from Indo-China to the Greater Sunda Islands: Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, v. 91, no. 3, p. 427-434.","productDescription":"427-434","startPage":"427","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. 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Bildstein: Audubon Naturalist, v. 20, no. 3.","productDescription":"23","startPage":"23","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201964,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47abe4b07f02db499aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222814,"text":"5222814 - 1994 - [Book review] Bird Census Techniques by Colin J. Bibby, Neil D Burgess, and David A. Hill. 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Academic Press: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 1, p. 176-177.","productDescription":"176-177","startPage":"176","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v106n01/p0176-p0186.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":199728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c724c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223749,"text":"5223749 - 1994 - [Book review] Iguanas: a guide to their biology and captive care by Fredric L. 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