{"pageNumber":"3949","pageRowStart":"98700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":185143,"records":[{"id":70017806,"text":"70017806 - 1994 - Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:12:32.694052","indexId":"70017806","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vertically continuous increment samples of the Fire Clay coal bed (mid-Middle Pennsylvanian, late Westphalian B), collected from a portion of the Central Appalachian Basin, were studied palynologically, petrographically and geochemically in order to partially reconstruct the paleoecology and processes associated with peat formation in the ancient Fire Clay paleomire. Results indicate that four compositional groups can be identified. They are: (1) a&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>—vitrinite dominant group, characterized by high percentages of&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>&nbsp;and vitrinite macerals and generally low, but variable ash yields and sulfur contents; (2) a mixed palynoflora-high vitrinite group that petrographically is similar to group 1 except that it contains a more diverse palynoflora; (3) a mixed palynoflora-moderate/low vitrinite group characterized by various admixtures of lycopsid, fern and calamite miospores, increased percentages of liptinite and inertinite macerals, and low ash yields and sulfur contents; and (4) a mixed palynoflora-high ash yield group characterized by high percentages of small lycopsid, fern, and occasionally calamite and cordaite miospores, high liptinite and inertinite contents, high ash yields, and moderate to high sulfur contents.</span></p><p><span>The Fire Clay coal bed contains a distinctive flint clay parting of probable volcanic origin that naturally divides the bed into two benches. These two benches, (upper and lower), are highly disparte in occurrence, appearance and composition. In the study area the lower bench generally is thin (&lt; 0.5 m), laterally discontinuous and mainly composed of dull (mainly durain) coal lithotypes. Ash yields typically are high; sulfur contents generally are moderate to high. Compositional group 4, the mixed palynoflora—high ash yield group defines all of the increments examined from the lower bench.</span></p><p><span>In contrast, the upper bench is thick (&gt; 0.75 m), laterally continous and mainly comprised of bright (mainly clarain) coal lithotypes. Overall ash yields and sulfur contents for this bench are generally low, although vertical variation is apparent. All of the compositional groups occur in the upper bench; in some columns, notably those that are thick and uninterrupted by clastic partings, groups 1 and 4 often occupy basal coal layers and groups 2 and 3 occur in higher layers. Other columns, especially those taken in areas of thin (&lt; 0.5 m) Fire Clay coal, are dominated by groups 1 and 4.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90015-9","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Hower, J., and Andrews, W., 1994, Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, no. 1-4, p. 287-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90015-9.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Kentucky Coal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.70905950279405,\n              37.89289150405992\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.70905950279405,\n              36.7856367797942\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8101079120946,\n              36.7856367797942\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8101079120946,\n              37.89289150405992\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.70905950279405,\n              37.89289150405992\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73dbe4b0c8380cd772b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, W.M. Jr.","contributorId":38303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W.M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017754,"text":"70017754 - 1994 - Euramerican tonsteins: Overview, magmatic origin, and depositional-tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:18:20.856623","indexId":"70017754","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Euramerican tonsteins: Overview, magmatic origin, and depositional-tectonic implications","docAbstract":"<p>Carboniferous tonsteins (kaolinized volcanic-ash beds) of wide geographic distribution are known in both Europe and North America. Relict volcanic minerals common in these Euramerican tonsteins are volcanic quartz (including beta-quartz paramorphs), zircon and ilmenite; less common are magnetite, fayalite, rutile, monazite, xenotime, apatite and sanidine. Data for two relatively thick (3-13 cm) and widespread (&gt;400 km) European tonsteins (Erda and Sub-Worsley Four-foot) indicate an increase in detrital quartz near the top of the beds which indicates mixing with normal clastic sediments, including the introduction of heavy detrital minerals (e.g., tourmaline and garnet). These thick tonsteins show multiple horizontal bedding, normal graded bedding, disturbed bedding, and centimeter-scale scour surfaces. The Fire Clay tonstein in North America represents from one to five separate volcanic air-fall ash deposits as determined by normal graded bedding and mineralogical analysis. These features indicate several episodes of volcanic-ash deposition and very localized subsequent erosion and bioturbation. Electron microprobe data from glass inclusions in volcanic quartz in Euramerican tonsteins indicate a rhyolitic origin for these tonsteins and reveal chemical \"fingerprints\" valuable for intra- and inter-basinal correlations. However, the tectonic framework for European and North American tonsteins was quite different. In Europe, volcanic-ash beds were associated with Variscan collisional tectonics, whereas in North America, volcanic ash was associated with Ouachita tectonic activity, explosive volcanism from the Yucatan block, collision between the South American and North American plates, and the formation of Pangea.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90006-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Lyons, P., Spears, D., Outerbridge, W., Congdon, R., and Evans, H.T., 1994, Euramerican tonsteins: Overview, magmatic origin, and depositional-tectonic implications: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, no. 1-4, p. 113-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90006-X.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"113","endPage":"134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228439,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bcce4b0c8380cd528a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyons, P.C.","contributorId":87285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spears, D.A.","contributorId":57224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spears","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Outerbridge, W.F.","contributorId":58646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outerbridge","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Congdon, R.D.","contributorId":66011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Congdon","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017861,"text":"70017861 - 1994 - Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T15:59:45.994554","indexId":"70017861","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Many of the Carboniferous coals in the eastern interior of the US are associated with siliciclastic roof facies that were deposited within a fluvio-estuarine transition. These facies include a variety of rhythmites, some of which exhibit tidal cycles. Drier-interval coals (Westphalian B-C, Stephanian) tend to be more laterally restricted and more commonly are associated with paleovalleys. Conversely, wetter-interval coals (Westphalian D) are very widespread and are not restricted to paleovalleys. Throughout the Lake Carboniferous, wet paleoclimates associated with these coals lead to valley incision during sea-level lowstand when large tropical rivers downcut older sediments deposited during previous sea-level highstands. During subsequent rise of sea level, these fluvial valleys were flooded and converted to estuaries where tidal ranges and sedimentation rates were significantly amplified. Based on modern analogs and interpretation of many examples of Carboniferous tidal rhythmites, the localized depositional rates in these settings are exceptionally high. The estuaries became sediment sinks, trapping sediment that is pumped in from both fluvial and marine sources. As a result, sedimentation readily keeps pace with rising baselevel. Extensive intertidal flats and shallow subtidal flats are created and prograde over the valley-confined mires. Thick tidal cycles and upright trees (some with attached foliage) record rapid burial of mires. This model is supported with examples of roof facies from the Westphalian B-C of the Eastern Interior Basin, and the Stephanian of the Western Interior Basin. In these areas facies within each cycle range from well-developed, extensive paleosols and coals, to widespread marine shales or limestones. Variations in both sea level and climate resulted in a complex history of valley fill during which coals could be developed at any time (except during widespread flooding). Minable, low-sulfur and low-ash coals occur, but the coals are relatively thin and discontinuous. Conversely, the Westphalian D coals are very widespread and significant peat accumulations were not confined to paleovalleys. Nonetheless, the lowest sulfur coals are related to rapid deposition of roof facies that occurred within the paleovalley whereas high-sulfur coals were formed in areas of lower sedimentation rate of roof facies that occurred beyond the confines of the paleovalley.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90009-4","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Archer, A., Feldman, H.R., Kvale, E., and Lanier, W.P., 1994, Comparison of drier- to wetter-interval estuarine roof facies in the Eastern and Western Interior coal basins, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 106, no. 1-4, p. 171-185, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90009-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Eastern and Western Interior coal basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.65983661812253,\n              36.32189849509018\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.2378733316447,\n              36.32189849509018\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.2378733316447,\n              41.84957669831883\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.65983661812253,\n              41.84957669831883\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.65983661812253,\n              36.32189849509018\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85de4b0c8380cd4d057","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Archer, A.W.","contributorId":8620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archer","given":"A.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, H. R.","contributorId":29581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanier, William P.","contributorId":73672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017066,"text":"70017066 - 1994 - Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (Tufas)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:23:11.970737","indexId":"70017066","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (Tufas)","docAbstract":"<p>During the late Quaternary, the elevation of terrace cutting and carbonate deposition in the Pyramid Lake subbasin were controlled by constancy of lake level imposed by spill to adjoining subbasins. Sill elevations are 1177-1183 m (Mud Lake Slough Sill), 1207 m (Emerson Pass Sill), and 1265 m (Darwin Pass Sill). Carbonate deposition was favored by: (1) hydrologic closure, (2) proximity to a source of calcium, (3) elevated water temperature, and (4) a solid substrate. The thickness and aspect of tufa are a function of lake-level dynamics. Relatively thin sheets and pendant sheets were deposited during a rising or falling lake. The upper parts of thick reef-form tufas have a horizontal aspect and were deposited in a lake which was stabilized by spill to the Carson Desert subbasin. The lower parts of the reef-form tufas are thinner and their outer surface has a vertical aspect, indicating that the lower part formed in a receding lake. The thickest and most complete sequences of tufa are mounds that border the Pyramid Lake shore. The tops of the tallest mounds reach the elevation of the Darwin Pass Sill and many mounds have been eroded to the elevations of the Mud Lake Slough Sill of the Emerson Pass Sill. The sequence of tufa formation (from oldest to youngest) displayed in these mounds is: (1) a beachrock containing carbonate-cemented volcanic cobbles, (2) broken and eroded old spheroids that contain thinolitic tufa and an outer rind of dense laminated tufa, (3) large cylindrical (tubular) tufas capped by (4) coatings of old dense tufas, and (5) several generations of old branching tufa commonly associated with thin, platy tufas and coatings of thinolitic tufa, (6) young spheroids that contain poorly oriented young thinolitic tufa in the center and several generations of radially oriented young thinolitic tufas near the outer edge, (7) a transitional thinolite-to-branching tufa, (8) two or more layers of young branching tufa, (9) a 0.5-cm-thick layer of fine-grained dolomite, (10) a 2-cm-thick layer of young dense laminated tufa, (11) a 0.1-cm-thick layer of encrusting tufa that was covered by a beach deposit and (12) a 1.0-cm-thick layer of porous encrusting tufa that coated the beach deposit and the sides of tufa mounds. </p><p>The elevational ranges of the principal varieties of tufa are not related to terrace or spill elevations. It seems likely that the distribution of tufa varieties is related to variation in the thermal structure or chemistry of Lake Lahontan. It is hypothesized that the thinolitic tufa (ikaite) formed in the near freezing hypolimnion and the braching tufa (calcite) formed in the seasonally warmer epiliminion of the lake.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90118-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., 1994, Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 1. Sequence of formation and elevational distribution of carbonate deposits (Tufas): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 109, no. 1, p. 55-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90118-X.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"87","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.88934750927744,\n              40.47555103842717\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.88934750927744,\n              38.998121606637426\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.83446686123932,\n              38.998121606637426\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.83446686123932,\n              40.47555103842717\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.88934750927744,\n              40.47555103842717\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36de4b0c8380cd4b7e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017597,"text":"70017597 - 1994 - The Nd-, Sr- and Pb-isotopic character of lavas from Taal, Laguna de Bay and Arayat volcanoes, southwestern Luzon, Philippines: Implications for arc magma petrogenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:43:36.528354","indexId":"70017597","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Nd-, Sr- and Pb-isotopic character of lavas from Taal, Laguna de Bay and Arayat volcanoes, southwestern Luzon, Philippines: Implications for arc magma petrogenesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Following the amalgamation of a collage of pre-Neogene terranes largely by strike-slip and convergence mechanisms to form the Philippine islands, volcanic chains, related to oppositely dipping subduction zones, developed along the eastern and western margins of the archipelago. There is ample field evidence that this volcanic activity, predominantly calc-alkaline in chemical character, had commenced by the Oligocene.</span></p><p><span>Volcanoes resulting from subduction along the Manila-Negros trench in the west (e.g. Taal, Laguna de Bay and Arayat) form a high-angle linear array, trending away from the MORE field on Pb-isotopic covariation diagrams; have the highest Sr- and lowest Nd-isotopic compositions, of the two chains (but nevertheless plotting above bulk earth on the&nbsp;<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr versus&nbsp;<sup>143</sup>Nd/<sup>144</sup>Nd covariation diagram); and exhibit Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr values that are lower and higher, respectively, than the estimated values for bulk earth. While the Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr characteristics are common to both chains, volcanoes associated with the Philippine-East Luzon trench have Pb-isotopic compositions that fall in the Indian Ocean MORB field and that require time-integrated evolution in a high Th/U environment. They also have higher Nd- and lower Sr-isotopic ratios.</span></p><p><span>The source materials of Philippine volcanoes, therefore, have undergone varied recent enrichments in LILE, as indicated by the decoupling of isotopic and elemental ratios. These enrichments, particularly for the western volcanoes, cannot be entirely due to small degrees of partial melting in the mantle wedge, considering that they were accompanied by elevations in radiogenic Pb. Elevated Pb ratios are best explained by the introduction of subducted, continentally derived sediments. The sedimentary component in the western volcanoes is probably the South China Sea sediments derived largely from Eurasia. That this component is not available in the Philippine-East Luzon trench is reflected by the fact that the eastern volcanoes have higher Nd- and lower Sr-isotopic ratios as well as less radiogenic common Pb.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90024-8","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mukasa, S., Flower, M., and Mikijus, A., 1994, The Nd-, Sr- and Pb-isotopic character of lavas from Taal, Laguna de Bay and Arayat volcanoes, southwestern Luzon, Philippines: Implications for arc magma petrogenesis: Tectonophysics, v. 235, no. 1-2, p. 205-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90024-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"221","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90024-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228474,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"southwestern Luzon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              118.66538315494529,\n              16.570595924572643\n            ],\n            [\n              118.66538315494529,\n              12.673450817505383\n            ],\n            [\n              125.75540437914043,\n              12.673450817505383\n            ],\n            [\n              125.75540437914043,\n              16.570595924572643\n            ],\n            [\n              118.66538315494529,\n              16.570595924572643\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"235","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba844e4b08c986b321b00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mukasa, S.B.","contributorId":89568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mukasa","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flower, M.F.J.","contributorId":46243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flower","given":"M.F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017672,"text":"70017672 - 1994 - Optimization of wide-angle seismic signal-to-noise ratios and P-wave transmission in Kenya","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:26:08.682857","indexId":"70017672","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimization of wide-angle seismic signal-to-noise ratios and P-wave transmission in Kenya","docAbstract":"<p>In previous refraction and wide-angle reflection experiments in the Kenya Rift there were problems with poor signal-noise ratios which made good seismic interpretation difficult. Careful planning and preparation for KRISP 90 has substantially overcome these problems and produced excellent seismic sections in a difficult environment. Noise levels were minimized by working, as far as possible, at times of the day when conditions were quiet, while source signals were optimized by using dispersed charges in water where it was available and waterfilled boreholes in most cases where it was not. Seismic coupling at optimum depth in water has been found to be more than 100 times greater than it is in a borehole in dry loosely compacted material. Allowing for the source coupling, a very marked difference has been found between the observation ranges in the rift and those on the flanks, where the observation ranges are greater. These appear to indicate a significant difference in seismic transmission through the two types of crust.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90169-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Jacob, A., Vees, R., Braile, L., and Criley, E., 1994, Optimization of wide-angle seismic signal-to-noise ratios and P-wave transmission in Kenya: Tectonophysics, v. 236, no. 1-4, p. 61-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90169-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              33.84835982768135,\n              4.589835209336101\n            ],\n            [\n              34.97350511612838,\n              2.157984265013681\n            ],\n            [\n              33.84836342317212,\n              -0.8692356015059062\n            ],\n            [\n              37.69224454273362,\n              -3.184141603883866\n            ],\n            [\n              39.312260914405755,\n              -4.7644924282297865\n            ],\n            [\n              41.49334297738008,\n              -1.9241773061474206\n            ],\n            [\n              41.0089848360293,\n              1.01936787901192\n            ],\n            [\n              40.9708095573062,\n              2.7300869074986007\n            ],\n            [\n              41.78409353382713,\n              3.960568797355279\n            ],\n            [\n              40.75060236753917,\n              4.395291070154663\n            ],\n            [\n              35.2460314303603,\n              4.952282985685212\n            ],\n            [\n              33.84835982768135,\n              4.589835209336101\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"236","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ef7e4b0c8380cd758b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacob, A.W.B.","contributorId":82474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"A.W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vees, R.","contributorId":16164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vees","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braile, L.W.","contributorId":85332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braile","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Criley, E.","contributorId":51916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017126,"text":"70017126 - 1994 - Seismic images of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt, Arctic Alaska, from an integrated seismic reflection/refraction experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:58:15.207162","indexId":"70017126","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic images of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt, Arctic Alaska, from an integrated seismic reflection/refraction experiment","docAbstract":"<p><span>We describe results of an integrated seismic reflection/refraction experiment across the Brooks Range and flanking geologic provinces in Arctic Alaska. The seismic acquisition was unusual in that reflection and refraction data were collected simultaneously with a 700 channel seismograph system deployed numerous times along a 315 km profile. Shot records show continuous Moho reflections from 0–180 km offset, as well as numerous upper- and mid-crustal wide-angle events. Single and low-fold near-vertical incidence common midpoint (CMP) reflection images show complex upper- and middle-crustal structure across the range from the unmetamorphosed Endicott Mountains allochthon (EMA) in the north, to the metamorphic belts in the south. Lower-crustal and Moho reflections are visible across the entire reflection profile. Travel-time inversion of PmP arrivals shows that the Moho, at 33 km depth beneath the North Slope foothills, deepens abruptly beneath the EMA to a maximum of 46 km, and then shallows southward to 35 km at the southern edge of the range.</span></p><p><span>Two zones of upper- and middle-crustal reflections underlie the northern Brooks Range above ~ 12–15 km depth. The upper zone, interpreted as the base of the EMA, lies at a maximum depth of 6 km and extends over 50 km from the range front to the north central Brooks Range where the base of the EMA outcrops above the metasedimentary rocks exposed in the Doonerak window. We interpret the base of the lower zone, at ~ 12 km depth, to be from carbonate rocks above the master detachment upon which the Brooks Range formed. The seismic data suggest that the master detachment is connected to the faults in the EMA by several ramps. In the highly metamorphosed terranes south of the Doonerak window, the CMP section shows numerous south-dipping events which we interpret as a crustal scale duplex involving the Doonerak window rocks. The basal detachment reflections can be traced approximately 100 km, and dip southward from about 10–12 km near the range front, to 14–18 km beneath the Doonerak window, to 26–28 km beneath the metamorphic belts in the central Brooks Range. The section documents middle- and lower-crustal involvement in the formation of the Brooks Range.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90073-6","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Levander, A., Fuis, G., Wissinger, E.S., Lutter, W.J., Oldow, J.S., and Moore, T., 1994, Seismic images of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt, Arctic Alaska, from an integrated seismic reflection/refraction experiment: Tectonophysics, v. 232, no. 1-4, p. 13-30, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90073-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.26156897045644,\n              70.64117082952842\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.26156897045644,\n              67.82256721873662\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.842623201808,\n              67.82256721873662\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.842623201808,\n              70.64117082952842\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.26156897045644,\n              70.64117082952842\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"232","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b22e4b08c986b317602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, G. S.","contributorId":83131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"G. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wissinger, E. S.","contributorId":86496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wissinger","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lutter, W. J.","contributorId":90361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oldow, J. S.","contributorId":9716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":85592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017101,"text":"70017101 - 1994 - LITHOPROBE East onshore-offshore seismic refraction survey -constraints on interpretation of reflection data in the Newfoundland Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:15:37.91302","indexId":"70017101","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"LITHOPROBE East onshore-offshore seismic refraction survey -constraints on interpretation of reflection data in the Newfoundland Appalachians","docAbstract":"<p><span>Combined onshore-offshore seismic refraction/ wide-angle reflection data have been acquired across Newfoundland, eastern Canada, to investigate the structural architecture of the northern Appalachians, particularly of distinct crustal zones recognized from earlier LITHOPROBE vertical incidence studies. A western crustal unit, correlated with the Grenville province of the Laurentian plate margin thins from 44 to 40 km and a portion of the lower crust becomes highly reflective with velocities of 7.2 km/s. In central Newfoundland, beneath the central mobile belt, the crust thins to 35 km or less and is marked by average continental velocities, not exceeding 7.0 km/s in the lower crust. Further east, in a crustal unit underlying the Avalon zone and associated with the Gondwanan plate margin, the crust is 40 km thick, and has velocities of 6.8 km/s in the lower crust.</span></p><p><span>Explanations for the thin crust beneath the central mobile belt include (1) post-orogenic isostatic readjustment associated with a density in the mantle which is lower beneath this part of the orogen than beneath the margin, (2) mechanical thinning at the base of the crust during orogenic collapse perhaps caused by delamination, and (3) transformation by phase change of a gabbroic lower crust to eclogite which seismologically would be difficult to distinguish from mantle.</span></p><p><span>Except for a single profile in western Newfoundland, velocities in the crust are of typical continental affinity with lower-crustal velocities less than 7.0 km/s. This indicates that there was no significant magmatic underplating under the Newfoundland Appalachians during Mesozoic rifting of the Atlantic Ocean as proposed elsewhere for the New England Appalachians. A mid-crustal velocity discontinuity observed in the Newfoundland region does not coincide with any consistent reflection pattern on vertical incidence profiles. However, we suggest that localized velocity heterogeneities at mid-crustal depths correspond to organized vertical incidence reflections.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90075-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Marillier, F., Hall, J., Hughes, S., Louden, K., Reid, I., Roberts, B., Clowes, R., Cote, T., Fowler, J., Guest, S., Lu, H., Luetgert, J., Quinlan, G., Spencer, C., and Wright, J., 1994, LITHOPROBE East onshore-offshore seismic refraction survey -constraints on interpretation of reflection data in the Newfoundland Appalachians: Tectonophysics, v. 232, no. 1-4, p. 43-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90075-2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224774,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Newfoundland Appalachians","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -60.07003510409571,\n              46.2320358405955\n            ],\n            [\n              -52.351689326767996,\n              48.314729283074286\n            ],\n            [\n              -52.763334534840794,\n              49.037190338143944\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.50036951729406,\n              46.95847794659892\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.07003510409571,\n              46.2320358405955\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"232","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40eae4b0c8380cd6513c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marillier, F.","contributorId":25305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marillier","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, J.","contributorId":66425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, S.","contributorId":10384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Louden, K.","contributorId":105446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Louden","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, I.","contributorId":7851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roberts, B.","contributorId":16169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clowes, R.","contributorId":59184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clowes","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cote, T.","contributorId":96017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cote","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fowler, J.","contributorId":14125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Guest, S.","contributorId":38291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guest","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lu, H.","contributorId":49936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Quinlan, G.","contributorId":47919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinlan","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Spencer, Carl","contributorId":27908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"Carl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wright, J.","contributorId":97258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70017323,"text":"70017323 - 1994 - Third-order Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene depositional sequences in the prograding delta complex of the Pannonian Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:50:12.787308","indexId":"70017323","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Third-order Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene depositional sequences in the prograding delta complex of the Pannonian Basin","docAbstract":"<p>Few studies exist in the geologic literature that show the distribution of seismic facies and depositional sequences within a lacustrine basin. The Pannonian Basin of Central Europe offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of the eustatic signal on lacustrine deposition. </p><p>Seismic stratigraphie and sedimentological studies indicate that the Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene infill of the transtensional Pannonian Basin was formed by large delta systems. Systematic sequence stratigraphie analysis of 6000 km of reflection seismic data and more than 100 hydrocarbon exploration wells in Hungary allowed the identification of twelve third-order sequence boundaries in the late Neogene sedimentary fill. This number of depositional sequences corresponds to that of the published global eustatic curve for this time period. Furthermore, based on magnetostratigraphic and radiometric data, the ages of these depositional sequences can be tentatively correlated with the global eustatic curve. </p><p>The Pannonian Basin became isolated from the world sea at the Sarmatian/Pannonian (11.5 Ma) boundary and formed a large lake. The stratal patterns and sedimentary facies of individual systems tracts within the lacustrine sequences display the same characteristics as marine depositional sequences. The relatively low rate of thermal subsidence and the high rate of sediment supply resulted in a good sequence resolution. Within the third-order sequences higher-order sequences can be recognized with an average duration of about 0.1-0.5 Ma.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90265-8","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Vakarcs, G., Vail, P., Tari, G., Pogacsas, G., Mattick, R., and Szabo, A., 1994, Third-order Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene depositional sequences in the prograding delta complex of the Pannonian Basin: Tectonophysics, v. 240, no. 1-4, p. 81-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90265-8.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pannonian Basin of Central Europe","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              15.853048400820086,\n              48.98857796835722\n            ],\n            [\n              15.853048400820086,\n              45.19304396864385\n            ],\n            [\n              26.2829014964434,\n              45.19304396864385\n            ],\n            [\n              26.2829014964434,\n              48.98857796835722\n            ],\n            [\n              15.853048400820086,\n              48.98857796835722\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"240","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2c7e4b08c986b3259e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vakarcs, G.","contributorId":63541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vakarcs","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vail, P.R.","contributorId":94044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vail","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tari, G.","contributorId":80016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tari","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pogacsas, Gy.","contributorId":85729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pogacsas","given":"Gy.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mattick, R.E.","contributorId":85162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattick","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Szabo, A.","contributorId":27615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017617,"text":"70017617 - 1994 - 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:35:26.949489","indexId":"70017617","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The northern East Humboldt Range (NEHR) of northeastern Nevada exposes a suite of complexly deformed migmatitic, upper amphibolite-facies rocks in the footwall of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range (RM-EHR) detachment fault. New&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar data on hornblende, muscovite, biotite, and potassium feldspar help constrain the kinematic and thermal evolution of this terrain during Tertiary extensional exhumation. Hornblende samples from relatively high structural levels yield discordant age spectra that suggest initial cooling during early Tertiary time (63–49 Ma). When coupled with petrological constraints indicating a strongly decompressional&nbsp;</span><i>P-T-t</i><span>&nbsp;path above 550°C, the hornblende data suggest that exhumation of the RM-EHR may have initiated in early Tertiary time, approximately coincident with the initial phases of unroofing in the Wood Hills immediately to the east and with the end of thrusting in the late Mesozoic to early Tertiary Sevier orogenic belt of eastern Nevada and western Utah. This temporal coincidence suggests that gravitational collapse of tectonically thickened crust in the internal zone of the Sevier belt could have driven the initial phases of unroofing.</span></p><p><span>Thermal history during the final stage of exhumation of the NEHR is constrained by discordant hornblende cooling ages of 36-29 Ma from deep structural levels and biotite, muscovite, and potassium feldspar cooling ages of 27-21 Ma from a range of structural levels. Comparison of muscovite, biotite, and potassium feldspar cooling ages with previously published fission-track cooling ages implies very rapid cooling rates at temperatures below the closure temperature for muscovite (270°–350°C), but time gaps of &gt; 7 m.y. between hornblende and mica cooling ages suggest that cooling at higher temperatures was more gradual. In addition, comparison of <sup>40</sup>Ar<sup>39</sup>Ar</span><span>&nbsp;mica cooling ages with previously published fission-track apatite cooling ages suggests pronounced thermal gradients between the NEHR and adjacent areas during latest Oligocene to earliest Miocene time. Such thermal gradients could be readily explained if the RM-EHR detachment fault dipped &gt; 30° between the 300°C and 100°C isotherms. Finally, <sup>40</sup>Ar<sup>39</sup>Ar</span><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;40&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Ar&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;39&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;Ar&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;/math&gt;\"></span><span>&nbsp;biotite cooling ages increase southward through the East Humboldt Range, compatible with northward extrapolation of a previously recognized pattern of WNW-younging biotite cooling ages from the Ruby Mountains. A simple model involving the propagation of footwall uplift in the direction of tectonic transport beneath an initially listric normal fault can explain the principle features of the Oligocène to Miocene thermochronologic data set for the RM-EHR.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90067-1","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"McGrew, A.J., and Snee, L., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the northern East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex, Nevada: Tectonophysics, v. 238, no. 1-4, p. 425-450, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90067-1.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"450","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228938,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"northern East Humboldt Range","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.76321666030387,\n              42.01049898902764\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.76321666030387,\n              40.617836167615025\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.58273019606733,\n              40.617836167615025\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.58273019606733,\n              42.01049898902764\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.76321666030387,\n              42.01049898902764\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"238","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e268e4b0c8380cd45b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGrew, Allen J.","contributorId":147302,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGrew","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017608,"text":"70017608 - 1994 - Thermoluminescence dating of Australian palaeo-earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:03:18.826013","indexId":"70017608","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermoluminescence dating of Australian palaeo-earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p>Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a useful tool for determining the age of prehistoric earthquakes by dating deposits that are stratigraphically related to fault scarps that formed during the earthquakes. TL dating of aeolian sand in the area of the 1988 Tennant Creek, Northern Territory, earthquakes provides evidence that similar earthquakes have not ruptured the causative faults for at least 50 ka. Pilot TL measurements of deposits associated with the Roopena and Ash Ridge fault scarps near Whyalla on Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, suggest an age of 140 ka for the Quaternary deposits associated with the formation of the scarps.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(94)90040-X","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Hutton, J., Prescott, J., Bowman, J.R., Dunham, M., Crone, A.J., Machette, M.N., and Twidale, C., 1994, Thermoluminescence dating of Australian palaeo-earthquakes: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, no. 2, p. 143-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90040-X.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"147","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Eyre Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              137.25671662251813,\n              -32.38185081500206\n            ],\n            [\n              137.25671662251813,\n              -33.331574846169175\n            ],\n            [\n              137.87685248343394,\n              -33.331574846169175\n            ],\n            [\n              137.87685248343394,\n              -32.38185081500206\n            ],\n            [\n              137.25671662251813,\n              -32.38185081500206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb284e4b08c986b32585a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutton, J.T.","contributorId":74894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, J.R.","contributorId":37097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowman, J. R.","contributorId":29496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dunham, M.N.E.","contributorId":91262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"M.N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crone, A. J.","contributorId":84363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Twidale, C.R.","contributorId":96849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twidale","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70017008,"text":"70017008 - 1994 - Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:39:16.834823","indexId":"70017008","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan","docAbstract":"<p>Late Pliocene paleoceanographic changes in the Sea of Japan between 3.4 and2.3 Ma were investigated through study of molluscs, diatoms, and ostracodes from the Yabuta Formation in Toyama Prefecture. The period 3.4-2.7 Ma was characterized by relatively high sea level and cool water benthic faunas. A progressive paleoceanographic shift towards colder oceanic conditions and lower sea level occurred beginning near 2.7 Ma, intensifying about 2.5 Ma, when important changes in ostracode and molluscan faunas occurred. Between 2.7 and 2.3 Ma, eight glacial events can be inferred based on drops in sea level of 50-60 m and increasing proportions of cold, shallow water ostracode species whose modern ecology and zoogeography indicate colder winter water temperatures (3-4??C). The glacial events between 2.5 and 2.3 Ma were the most intense. </p><p>Preliminary interpretation of the faunal and oceanographic events of the Yabuta Formation suggests that they correspond to Northern Hemispheric cooling also known from North Atlantic deep-sea oxygen isotope, IRD, and planktic foraminiferal records, North Pacific diatom and radiolarian record, and the Chinese loess sequences. The eight glacial events may record a 41,000-yr obliquity cycle which characterized other late Pliocene climate proxy records. Inferred sea level drops near 2.5-2.3 Ma of about 50-60 m provide direct evidence from an ocean margin setting that supports deep sea oxygen isotopic evidence indicating major changes in global ice volume changes.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90245-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Kitamura, A., Ikeya, N., Watanabe, M.E., and Kamiya, T., 1994, Late Pliocene climate change 3.4-2.3 Ma: paleoceanographic record from the Yabuta Formation, Sea of Japan: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 108, no. 3-4, p. 437-455, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90245-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"437","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Sea of Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              140.94390917306583,\n              50.96963527374413\n            ],\n            [\n              136.67388183863352,\n              44.82951849359782\n            ],\n            [\n              131.22004425625613,\n              42.48563815675846\n            ],\n            [\n              127.24320076426045,\n              39.94943292012918\n            ],\n            [\n              129.3541114991189,\n              37.17262365238884\n            ],\n            [\n              129.80409778540383,\n              33.99505683710012\n            ],\n            [\n              134.79939777831402,\n              35.83333090510102\n            ],\n            [\n              139.63942735407568,\n              38.34912254724213\n            ],\n            [\n              141.93014612333832,\n              51.606702615964736\n            ],\n            [\n              140.94390917306583,\n              50.96963527374413\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a451ce4b0c8380cd67046","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitamura, A.","contributorId":63964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitamura","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ikeya, Noriyuki","contributorId":101026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikeya","given":"Noriyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watanabe, M. E.","contributorId":82264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kamiya, T.","contributorId":19302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamiya","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70204863,"text":"70204863 - 1994 - Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T08:23:52","indexId":"70204863","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-25T10:20:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Light reduction resulting from maintenance dredging was the suspected cause of large-scale loss of seagrass cover in deep parts of Laguna Madre between surveys conducted in 1965 and 1974. Additional changes to 1988, together with an analysis of dredging frequency and intensity for different parts of the laguna, were consistent with this interpretation. Intensive monitoring of the underwater light regime and compilation of detailed environmental data for 3 months before and 15 months after a dredging project in 1988 revealed reduced light attributable to dredging in four of eight subdivisions of the study area, including the most extensive seagrass meadow in the study area. Dredging effects were strongest close to disposal areas used during this project but still were detectable on transects &gt;1·2 km from the nearest dredge disposal area. In the subdivision of the study area where most of the dredge disposal occurred, light attenuation was increased throughout the 15 months of observation after dredging. In the seagrass meadow and the transition zone at the outer edge of the meadow, effects were evident up to 10 months after dredging. Resuspension and dispersion events caused by wind-generated waves are responsible for the propagation of dredge-related turbidity over space and time in this system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1994.1050","usgsCitation":"Onuf, C.P., 1994, Seagrasses, dredging and light in Laguna Madre, Texas, U.S.A.: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 39, no. 1, p. 75-91, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1994.1050.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": 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,{"id":33076,"text":"wri944075 - 1994 - An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T06:35:55","indexId":"wri944075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4075","title":"An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave","docAbstract":"A numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Castle Lake debris dam, calibrated to data from the 1991 and 1992 water years, was used to estimate factors of safety against heave and internal erosion. The Castle Lake debris dam, 5 miles northwest of the summit of Mount St. Helens, impounds 19,000 acre-ft of water that could pose a flood hazard in the event of a lake breakout. A new topographic map of the Castle Lake area prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was prepared and used to calculate the thickness of the debris avalanche deposits that compose the dam. Water levels in 22 piezometers and discharges from seeps on the dam face measured several times per year beginning in 1990 supplemented measurements in 11 piezometers and less frequent seep discharge measurements made since 1983. Observations in one group of piezometers reveal heads above the land surface and head gradients favoring upward flow that correspond to factors of safety only slightly greater than 2. The steady-state ground-water flow system in the debris dam was simulated using a threedimensional finite difference computer program. A uniform, isotropic model having the same shape as the dam and a hydraulic conductivity of 1.55 ft/day simulates the correct water level at half the observation points, but is in error by 10 ft or more at other points. Spatial variations of hydraulic conductivity were required to calibrate the model. The model analysis suggests that ground water flows in both directions between the debris dam and Castle Lake. Factors of safety against heave and internal erosion were calculated where the model simulated upward flow of ground water. A critical gradient analysis yields factors of safety as low as 2 near the piezometers where water level observations indicate low factors of safety. Low safety factors are also computed near Castle Creek where slumping was caused by a storm in January, 1990. If hydraulic property contrasts are present in areas of the debris dam unsampled by piezometers, then low safety factors may exist that are not evident in the numerical model analysis. Numerical model simulations showed that lowering Castle Lake by 40 feet increases many factors of safety by 0.1, but increases greater than 1 are limited to the area of 1990 slumping.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944075","usgsCitation":"Roeloffs, E.A., 1994, An updated numerical simulation of the ground-water flow system for the Castle Lake debris dam, Mount St. Helens, Washington, and implications for dam stability against heave: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4075, vii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944075.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363746,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":372517,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4075/pdf/wri944075.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Castle Lake, Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.30804443359375,\n              46.1322667089571\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06359863281249,\n              46.1322667089571\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.06359863281249,\n              46.382938567526786\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30804443359375,\n              46.382938567526786\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30804443359375,\n              46.1322667089571\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68412a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeloffs, Evelyn A. 0000-0002-4761-0469 evelynr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0469","contributorId":2680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roeloffs","given":"Evelyn","email":"evelynr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":511137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33086,"text":"wri944026 - 1994 - Multiple flow processes accompanying a dam-break flood in a small upland watershed, Centralia, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-09T13:56:56","indexId":"wri944026","displayToPublicDate":"2002-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4026","title":"Multiple flow processes accompanying a dam-break flood in a small upland watershed, Centralia, Washington","docAbstract":"On October 5, 1991, following 35 consecutive days of dry weather, a 105-meter long, 37-meter wide, 5.2-meter deep concrete-lined watersupply reservoir on a hillside in the eastern edge of Centralia, Washington, suddenly failed, sending 13,250 cubic meters of water rushing down a small, steep tributary channel into the city. Two houses were destroyed, several others damaged, mud and debris were deposited in streets, on lawns, and in basements over four city blocks, and 400 people were evacuated. The cause of failure is believed to have been a sliding failure along a weak seam or joint in the siltstone bedrock beneath the reservoir, possibly triggered by increased seepage into the rock foundation through continued deterioration of concrete panel seams, and a slight rise (0.6 meters) in the pool elevation. A second adjacent reservoir containing 18,900 cubic meters of water also drained, but far more slowly, when a 41-cm diameter connecting pipe was broken by the landslide. The maximum discharge resulting from the dam-failure was about 71 cubic meters per second. A reconstructed hydrograph based on the known reservoir volume and calculated peak discharge indicates the flood duration was about 6.2 minutes. Sedimentologic evidence, high-water mark distribution, and landforms preserved in the valley floor indicate that the dam failure flood consisted of two flow phases: an initial debris flow that deposited coarse bouldery sediment along the slope-area reach as it lost volume, followed soon after by a water-flood that achieved a stage about one-half meter higher than the debris flow. The Centralia dam failure is one of three constructed dams destroyed by rapid foundation failure that defines the upper limits of an envelope curve of peak flood discharge as a function of potential energy for failed constructed dams worldwide.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944026","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., 1994, Multiple flow processes accompanying a dam-break flood in a small upland watershed, Centralia, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4026, iv, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944026.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri944026.jpg"},{"id":3287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":288177,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4026/pdf/WRI-94-4026.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Centralia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,45.708333 ], [ -123.0,45.75 ], [ -122.916667,45.75 ], [ -122.916667,45.708333 ], [ -123.0,45.708333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b489a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5300,"text":"fs03895 - 1994 - United States Geological Survey, Programs in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T10:41:10","indexId":"fs03895","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"038-95","title":"United States Geological Survey, Programs in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs03895","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, United States Geological Survey, Programs in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 038-95, [4] p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03895.","productDescription":"[4] p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ill., maps ;","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":31999,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":274,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/pa.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0038/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f425","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5302,"text":"fs01095 - 1994 - United States Geological Survey, Programs in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-02T13:20:12","indexId":"fs01095","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"010-95","title":"United States Geological Survey, Programs in Georgia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs01095","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, United States Geological Survey, Programs in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 010-95, 4 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01095.","productDescription":"4 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm. ill., map 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,{"id":23682,"text":"ofr9470 - 1994 - Overview of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:51","indexId":"ofr9470","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-70","title":"Overview of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"The Nation's water resources are the basis for life and our economic vitality. These resources support a complex web of human activities and fishery and wildlife needs that depend upon clean water. Demands for good-quality water for drinking, recreation, farming, and industry are rising, and as a result, the American public is concerned about the condition and sustainability of our water resources. The American public is asking: Is it safe to swim in and drink water from our rivers or lakes? Can we eat the fish that come from them? Is our ground water polluted? Is water quality degrading with time, and if so, why? Has all the money we've spent to clean up our waters, done any good? The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program was designed to provide information that will help answer these questions. NAWQA is designed to assess historical, current, and future water-quality conditions in representative river basins and aquifers nationwide. One of the primary objectives of the program is to describe relations between natural factors, human activities, and water-quality conditions and to define those factors that most affect water quality in different parts of the Nation. The linkage of water quality to environmental processes is of fundamental importance to water-resource managers, planners, and policy makers. It provides a strong and unbiased basis for better decisionmaking by those responsible for making decisions that affect our water resources, including the United States Congress, Federal, State, and local agencies, environmental groups, and industry. Information from the NAWQA Program also will be useful for guiding research, monitoring, and regulatory activities in cost effective ways.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9470","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Leahy, P., and Thompson, T.H., 1994, Overview of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-70, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9470.","productDescription":"3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11747,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":260309,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0070/report.pdf"},{"id":260310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a212","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leahy, P.P.","contributorId":104896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leahy","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, T. H.","contributorId":23927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19642,"text":"ofr94616 - 1994 - High-resolution single-channel seismic reflection surveys of Orange Lake and other selected sites of north central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94616","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-616","title":"High-resolution single-channel seismic reflection surveys of Orange Lake and other selected sites of north central Florida","docAbstract":"The potential fluid exchange between lakes of north central Florida and the Floridan aquifer and the process by which exchange occurs is of critical concern to the St. Johns Water Management District. High-resolution seismic tools with relatively new digital technology were utilized in collecting geophysical data from Orange, Kingsley, Lowry and Magnolia Lakes, and the Drayton Island area of St. Johns River. The data collected shows the application of these techniques in understanding the formation of individual lakes, thus aiding in the management of these natural resources by identifying breaches or areas where the confining units are thin or absent between the water bodies and the Floridan aquifer. \r\n\r\nOrange Lake, the primary focus of the study, is a shallow flooded plain that was formed essentially as an erosional depression in the clayey Hawthorn formation. The primary karstic features identified in the lake were cover subsidence, cover collapse and buried sinkholes structures in various sizes and stages of development. Orange Lake was divided into three areas southeast, southwest, and north-central. \r\n\r\nKarst features within the southeast area of Orange Lake are mostly cover subsidence sinkholes and associated features. Many of the subsidence features found are grouped together to form larger composite sinkholes, some greater than 400 m in diameter. The size of these composite sinkholes and the number of buried subsidence sinkholes distinguish the southeast area from the others. The potential of lake waters leaking to the aquifer in the southeast area is probably controlled by the permeability of the cover sediments or by fractures that penetrate the lake floor. \r\n\r\nThe lake bottom and subsurface of the north-central areas are relatively subsidence sinkholes that have no cover sediments overlying them, implying that the sinks have been actively subsiding with some seepage into the aquifer from the lake in this area due to the possible presence of the active subsidence and faulting. \r\n\r\nThe largest and most important features in the lake are the collapse sinkholes found along the southwestern shore that provide conduits for exchange between the lake and subsurface aquifer. There are two basic differences between the southwest and other areas of the lake: (1) the features found towards the central part of the lake are smaller in scale (1to 10 m across) and tend to be singular structures compare to the southwest area where features combined to form larger sinkholes (>400 m), and; (2) the southwest area is the only site where collapse dolines were identified. These dolines are located along the southwestern shoreline adjacent to Heagy-Burry Park. \r\n\r\nThe comparison of seismic profiles from the several other selected lake and river sites to the Orange Lake profiles showed that other study areas were constructed of one or two large subsidences or a combination of sinkholes to form one large sinkhole. Aside from the difference in scale the basic characteristics of the subsidence sinkholes were similar.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94616","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J.L., Davis, J.B., and Flocks, J.G., 1994, High-resolution single-channel seismic reflection surveys of Orange Lake and other selected sites of north central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-616, vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94616.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1128,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/stjohns/ofr616/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f075","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":181258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Jeffrey B.","contributorId":50168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flocks, James G. 0000-0002-6177-7433 jflocks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-7433","contributorId":816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flocks","given":"James","email":"jflocks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189321,"text":"70189321 - 1994 - Two-dimensional advective transport in nonlinear regression; sensitivities and uncertainty of plume-front observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-11T10:19:55","indexId":"70189321","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Two-dimensional advective transport in nonlinear regression; sensitivities and uncertainty of plume-front observations","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 1994 Groundwater Modeling Conference, August 10-12, 1994, Colorado State University Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1994 Groundwater Modeling Conference","conferenceDate":"August 10-12, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Colorado State University Campus","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, Colorado","usgsCitation":"Anderman, E., Hill, M.C., and Poeter, E.P., 1994, Two-dimensional advective transport in nonlinear regression; sensitivities and uncertainty of plume-front observations, chap. <i>of</i> Proceedings: 1994 Groundwater Modeling Conference, August 10-12, 1994, Colorado State University Campus, Fort Collins, Colorado, p. 55-62.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"55","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965e3aee4b0d1f9f05c1d93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warner, James W.","contributorId":106119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704175,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van der Heijde, Paul","contributorId":194449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van der Heijde","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704176,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Anderman, E.R.","contributorId":62241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderman","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poeter, E. P.","contributorId":63851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":32233,"text":"ofr94645 - 1994 - ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:24","indexId":"ofr94645","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-645","title":"ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs","docAbstract":"Beginning in the 1970s with CLIMAP, paleoclimatologists have been trying to derive quantitative estimates of climatic parameters from the sedimentary record. In general the procedure is to observe the modern distribution of some component of surface sediment that depends on climate, find an empirical relationship between climate and the character of sediments, then extrapolate past climate by studying older sediments in the same way.\r\n\r\nInitially the empirical relationship between climate and components of the sediment was determined using a multiple regression technique (Imbrie and Kipp, 1971). In these studies sea-floor sediments were examined to determine the percentage of various species of planktonic foraminifera present in them. Supposing that the distribution of foraminiferal assemblages depended strongly on the extremes of annual sea-surface temperature (SST), the foraminiferal assemblages (refined through use of varimax factor analysis) were regressed against the average SST during the coolest and warmest months of the year. The result was a set of transfer functions, equations that could be used to estimate cool and warm SST from the faunal composition of a sediment sample. Assuming that the ecological preference of the species had remained constant throughout the last several hundred thousand years, these transfer functions could be used to estimate SSTs during much of the late Pleistocene.\r\n\r\nHutson (1980) and Overpeck, Webb, and Prentice (1985) proposed an alternative approach to estimating paleoclimatic parameters. Their 'method of modern analogs' revolved not around the existence of a few climatically-sensitive faunal assemblages but rather on the expectation that similar climatic regimes should foster similar faunal and floral assemblages. From a large pool of modern samples, those few are selected whose faunal compositions are most similar to a given fossil sample. Paleoclimate estimates are derived using the climatic character of only the most similar modern samples, the modern analogs of the fossil sample.\r\n\r\nThis report describes how to use the program ANALOG to carry out the method of modern analogs. It is assumed that the user has faunal census estimates of one or more fossil samples, and one or more sets of faunal data from modern samples. Furthermore, the user must understand the taxonomic categories represented in the data sets, and be able to recognize taxa that are or may be considered equivalent in the analysis.\r\n\r\nANALOG provides the user with flexibility in input data format, output data content, and choice of distance measure, and allows the user to determine which taxa from each modern and fossil data file are compared. Most of the memory required by the program is allocated dynamically, so that, on systems that permit program segments to grow, the program consumes only as many system resources as are needed to accomplish its task.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94645","usgsCitation":"Schweitzer, P.N., 1994, ANALOG: a program for estimating paleoclimate parameters using the method of modern analogs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-645, Dataset, source code, and accompanying documentation, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94645.","productDescription":"Dataset, source code, and accompanying documentation","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":321,"text":"Global Change Research Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7735,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-645/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweitzer, Peter N. pschweitzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Peter","email":"pschweitzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6611,"text":"fs07294 - 1994 - Environmental Geochemistry of Mercury Mines in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:53","indexId":"fs07294","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"072-94","title":"Environmental Geochemistry of Mercury Mines in Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs07294","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Environmental Geochemistry of Mercury Mines in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 072-94, 1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07294.","productDescription":"1 sheet : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_072_94.jpg"},{"id":914,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0072-94/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db60258b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32232,"text":"ofr94313 - 1994 - Water fact sheet; evolution of sediment yield from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T14:33:53","indexId":"ofr94313","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-313","title":"Water fact sheet; evolution of sediment yield from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1993","docAbstract":"The most enduring geological consequence of the eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on May 18, 1980, and the most costly single element in the recovery effort, has been the persistent downstream sedimentation caused by erosion of the approximately 3 cubic kilometers (km<sup>3</sup>) of sediment deposited on the landscape surrounding the volcano. Most of the sediment was associated with the emplacement of a 2.8 km<sup>3</sup> debris avalanche in the upper part of the watershed of the North Fork Toutle River, and debris flows in the channels of the South Fork Toutle River, Pine Creek, Swift Creek, and Muddy River. An additional 0.2-0.3 km<sup>3</sup> of volcanic material was emplaced by pyroclastic flows, blasts, and ash fall. Part of this vast quantity of volcaniclastic sediment has been subsequently eroded by runoff and streamflow. This brief report summarizes the changes in sediment yield at five locations around Mount St. Helens in the first 13 years following the May 18, 1980 eruption.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94313","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., 1994, Water fact sheet; evolution of sediment yield from Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-313, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94313.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3195,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0313/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr94313.jpg"},{"id":288119,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0313/pdf/OF1994-0313.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,46.0 ], [ -123.0,46.5 ], [ -121.75,46.5 ], [ -121.75,46.0 ], [ -123.0,46.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70162178,"text":"70162178 - 1994 - Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, <i>Potamocorbula amurensis</i>, in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:03:32","indexId":"70162178","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2660,"text":"Marine Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, <i>Potamocorbula amurensis</i>, in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p><span>The genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam,&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Potamocorbula amurensis</i><span>, in San Francisco Bay was described using starch gel electrophoresis at eight presumptive loci. Specimens were taken from five environmentally distinct sites located throughout the bay. The population maintains a high degree of genetic variation, with a mean heterozygosity of 0.295, a mean polymorphism of 0.75, and an average of 3.70 alleles per locus. The population is genetically homogeneous, as evidenced from genetic distance values and&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">F</i><span>-statistics. However, heterogeneity of populations was indicated from a contingency chi-square test. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and heterozygote deficiencies were found at the&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Lap-1</i><span>&nbsp;locus for all populations and at the&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Lap-2</i><span>&nbsp;locus for a single population. High levels of variability could represent a universal characteristic of invading species, the levels of variability in the source population(s), and/or the dynamics of the introduction. Lack of differentiation between subpopulations may be due to the immaturity of the San Francisco Bay population, the &ldquo;general purpose&rdquo; phenotype genetic strategy of the species, high rates of gene flow in the population, and/or the selective neutrality of the loci investigated.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00349562","usgsCitation":"Duda, T.F., 1994, Genetic population structure of the recently introduced Asian clam, <i>Potamocorbula amurensis</i>, in San Francisco Bay: Marine Biology, v. 119, no. 2, p. 235-241, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349562.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.58544921875,\n              37.40289194122378\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.58544921875,\n              38.190704293996504\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.53625488281249,\n              38.190704293996504\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.53625488281249,\n              37.40289194122378\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.58544921875,\n              37.40289194122378\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4cae4b0fbd3f7fa4c3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duda, T. F. Jr.","contributorId":152273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duda","given":"T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32062,"text":"ofr94327 - 1994 - Design of the Distributed Spatial Data Library (DSDL) for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:20:32","indexId":"ofr94327","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-327","title":"Design of the Distributed Spatial Data Library (DSDL) for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94327","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Nebert, D., 1994, Design of the Distributed Spatial Data Library (DSDL) for the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-327, 27 p. one 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM compatible computer diskette., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94327.","productDescription":"27 p. one 3 1/2 inch DS/HD IBM compatible computer diskette.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0327/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0327/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277706,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0327/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667dca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nebert, D.D.","contributorId":62623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}