As part of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), all States are required to establish water-quality standards for every river basin in the State. During 1994, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment proposed to the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission (CWQCC) an aquatic-life standard of 225 µg/L (micrograms per liter) for the dissolved-zinc concentration in the Animas River downstream from Silverton (fig.1). The CWQCC delayed implementation of this water-quality standard until further information was collected and a plan for the cleanup of abandoned mines was developed. Dissolved-zinc concentrations in this section of the river ranged from about 270 µg/L during high flow, when rainfall and snowmelt runoff dilute the dissolved minerals in the river (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, p. 431), to 960 µg/L (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, written commun., 1996) during low flow (such as late summer and middle winter when natural springs and drainage from mines are the main sources for the streams).
\nMining sites in the basin were developed between about 1872 and the 1940's, with only a few mines operated until the early 1990's. For local governments, mining sites represent part of the Nation's heritage, tourists are attracted to the historic mining sites, and governments are obligated to protect the historic mining sites according to the National Historic Preservation Act (Public Law 89-665).
\nIn the context of this fact sheet, the term \"natural sources of dissolved minerals\" refers to springs and streams where no effect from mining were determined. \"Mining-related sources of dissolved minerals\" are assumed to be: (1 ) Water draining from mines , and (2) water seeping from mine-waste dump pile where the waste piles were saturated by water draining from mines. Although rainfall and snowmelt runoff from mine-waste piles might affect water quality in streams, work described in this fact sheet was done during low-flow conditions when springs and drainage from mine were the main sources of dissolved minerals affecting the streams. Data are being collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to determine the magnitude and sources of dissolved minerals during rainfall- and snowmelt-runoff periods.
\nThis fact sheet presents results of studies done by the USGS in collaboration with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and was prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District. The studies were done at selected sites in the Upper Animas River Basin to determine natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals and are continuing in the basin with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and as part of the Department of the Interior Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative. The results of these studies will provide useful information for determining water-quality standards in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14897rev","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1997, Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado (Revised Edition, October 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 148-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14897rev.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.819996,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.748458 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised Edition, October 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f2ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1281,"text":"wsp2468 - 1997 - Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T21:13:10.775705","indexId":"wsp2468","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2468","title":"Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","docAbstract":"Available pesticide data (1966-92) for surface and ground water were analyzed for the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, one of 60 large hydrologic systems being studied as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Most of the pesticide data were for the San Joaquin Valley, one of the most intensively farmed and irrigated areas of the United States. Data were obtained from the Storage and Retrieval data base of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the water-quality data base of the U.S. Geological Survey, and from data files of State agencies.
Pesticides detected in surface water include organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and triazine herbicides. Pesticides detected in ground water include triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides and soil fumi gants. Surface-water data indicate seasonal patterns for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which are attributed to their use on almond orchards and alfafa fields. Organochlorine pesticides were detected primarily in river-bed sediments. Concentrations detected in bed sediments of the San Joaquin River near Vernalis are among the highest of any major river system in the United States. Patterns and timing of pesticide use indicate that pesticides might be present in surface-water systems during most months of a year.
The most commonly detected pesticide in ground water is the soil fumigant, dibromochloropropane. Dibromochloropropane, used primarily on vineyards and orchards, was detected in ground water near the city of Fresno. Triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides were detected near vineyards and orchards in the same general locations as the detections of dibromochloropropane. Pesticides were detected in ground water of the east side of the valley floor, where the soils are sandy or coarsegrained, and water-soluble pesticides with long environmental half-lives were used. In contrast, fewer pesticides were detected in ground water of the west side of the valley, where soils generally are finer grained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2468","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1997, Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2468, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2468.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp_2468.bmp"},{"id":414262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2468/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.4,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.783\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 38.783\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 34.825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30032,"text":"wri974074 - 1997 - Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974074","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4074","title":"Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96","docAbstract":"The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey was initiated in 1978 and was completed in 1995. The purpose of this program was to define the regional geohydrology and establish a framework of background information on geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of the Nation's important aquifer systems. This information is critically needed to develop an understanding of the Nation's major ground-water flow systems and to support better management of ground-water resources. Twenty-five of the Nation's major aquifer systems were studied under this program. Starting in 1988, the program devoted part of its resources to compilation of a National Ground Water Atlas that presets a comprehensive summary of the Nation's major ground-water resources. The atlas, which is designed in a graphical format supported by descriptive text, serves as a basic reference for the location, geography, geology, and hydrologic characteristics of the major aquifers in the Nation. This bibliography lists 1,105 reports that result from various studies of the program. The list of reports for each study follows a brief description of that study. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974074","usgsCitation":"Sun, R.J., Weeks, J., and Grubb, H.F., 1997, Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4074, iv, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974074.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974074","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58834,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, Ren Jen","contributorId":68721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Ren","email":"","middleInitial":"Jen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weeks, John B.","contributorId":36123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grubb, Hayes F.","contributorId":91079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Hayes","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25749,"text":"wri954136 - 1997 - Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:36:20.328575","indexId":"wri954136","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4136","title":"Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The distribution of radioactivity in ground water in the Newark Basin is controlled by the lithology of the aquifer and the degree of contact between the water that flows through the fractured strata and the radioactive lithologic units. The primary water-bearing lithologic units of the Newark Basin that contain elevated levels of radioactivity are the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation and the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Lithologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of these rock aquifers that affect the spatial distribution of radionuclides in the water include the concentration of radioactive minerals in the strata; the continuity of radioactive strata; the orientation, depth, interconnectedness, and continuity of regional and local fracture patterns; and the geochemical environment, which affects radionuclide solubility.
The stratigraphic zones of uranium enrichment and the continuity of the radioactive strata differ between the Stockton Formation and the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Uranium enrichment in both formations, however, is identified in permeable sections of strata that have sharp contacts with, or that are enclosed by, less permeable zones. In the Stockton Formation, basal conglomerates overlying fine-grained mudstones are the most radioactive lithology. In interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, the uranium-rich zones are the black and white carbonate-rich siltstone and mudstone laminae overlying massive fine-grained mudstones. Most samples of the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation tended to be slightly enriched in uranium relative to thorium, whereas all samples of the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation were heavily enriched in uranium with respect to thorium, with a maximum concentration of uranium of 6,200 parts per million (ppm).
Spatial orientation of radioactive zones is controlled by the depositional environment of the host lithology. Radioactive strata in the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation, which is deltaic or fluvial/deltaic in origin, arc stratigraphically discontinuous and nonplanar. In contrast, the radioactive lacustrine black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation are laterally continuous and planar.
Geophysical logs of boreholes indicate that the number and depths of probable waterbearing fractures are greater in the arkoses of the Stockton Formation and red mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, despite the fact that fracture-density counts in cores indicate that black mudstones are more highly fractured than the other rock types. The total number of fractures is greater and bedding-plane fractures are generally more common in the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the Stockton Formation. Fractures in the Stockton Formation form a well-connected network consisting of both bedding-plane and several sets of high-angle fractures present on a regional scale. The large-scale continuity of interconnected bedding-plane fractures and high-angle regional fractures may be partly responsible for the higher yields observed for wells in the Stockton Formation than for wells in the Passaic Formation and may facilitate migration of dissolved radionuclides far from their source. The well-connected fracture network may increase the likelihood that circulating water comes in contact with radioactive strata. Water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation may also contain high levels of radioactivity, primarily as a result of the high frequency of radioactive strata and of fracturing, rather than the presence of a well-connected regional fracture system.
Ground-water chemistry is dominated by the calcium cation and the bicarbonate anion, both derived from abundant secondary calcite in the fractures. The concentrations of uranium and radium in water that comes into contact with radioactive rock are controlled by the water chemistry. Uranium is the dominant alpha emitter in the oxidizing waters in the red mudstones of the Passaic Formation, whereas radium-226 (226Ra) is the dominant alpha emitter in the suboxic (reducing) water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Because the lithology of the Stockton Formation and, in places, the lower part of the Passaic Formation varies greatly, wells can intercept multiple fracture zones that can contain oxic or suboxic waters, thereby resulting in the presence of both uranium and radium in detectable quantities in the same water sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954136","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Taylor, T.A., Payne, D.F., and Ivahnenko, T., 1997, Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4136, Report: vii, 134 p.; 6 Plates: 33.50 x 50.30 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954136.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 134 p.; 6 Plates: 33.50 x 50.30 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ticie A.","contributorId":74736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ticie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, Dorothy F.","contributorId":88825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":93524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24848,"text":"ofr9735 - 1997 - Pollen and geochronological data from South Florida; Taylor Creek Site 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:46:38.891948","indexId":"ofr9735","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T21:55:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-35","displayTitle":"Pollen and Geochronological Data from South Florida: Taylor Creek Site 2","title":"Pollen and geochronological data from South Florida; Taylor Creek Site 2","docAbstract":"Many recent changes in plant and animal communities of the Everglades have been attributed to human alteration of the environment, such as changes in the hydrologic regime and increased agricultural activity, but cause-and-effect relationships between environmental and biotic changes have not been documented scientifically. This report on pollen and geochronological evidence from cores collected along Taylor Creek is the first of a series documenting the biotic history of a series of sites in southern Florida. \r\nPollen and geochronology were analyzed from two cores collected at site 2 along Taylor Creek, one short core (35 cm long) to provide high-resolution data and one long core (98 cm long) to provide a record of the last few millenia. Analysis of pollen assemblages from these cores indicate that marsh and slough vegetation, primarily sawgrass with some incursions by cattails, dominated the area for most of the last two millenia, until about 1950-1960. At that point, sawgrass pollen declined to lower abundances than recorded elsewhere in the core, and tree pollen became much more abundant in the cores. This change reflects the vegetational response to alterations in the hydrologic system throughout much of the last century.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9735","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., and Holmes, C.W., 1997, Pollen and geochronological data from South Florida; Taylor Creek Site 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-35, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9735.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53847,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0035/ofr9735.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.60 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 97-35"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Taylor Creek Site 2","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.70693969726562,\n 25.19251511519153\n ],\n [\n -80.52703857421875,\n 25.19251511519153\n ],\n [\n -80.52703857421875,\n 25.30678678767568\n ],\n [\n -80.70693969726562,\n 25.30678678767568\n ],\n [\n -80.70693969726562,\n 25.19251511519153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
One of the most important sources of year-to-year climate variation in the Southwest is the El Niño phenomenon of the tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño is a natural but largely unpredictable condition that results from complex interplay among clouds and storms, regional winds, oceanic temperatures, and ocean currents along the equatorial Pacific.
Under \"normal\" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west,
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of normal and El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean. From NOAA El Niño website.
ponding up warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters along the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a particularly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that \"radiate\" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast regions of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are distributed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Niño, this situation is disrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and allowing the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator weaken, and the trade winds diminish even more.
These changes in sea-level pressure of the atmosphere are characteristic of the strongest El Niño and were identified as the \"Southern Oscillation\" of the global atmosphere by Sir Gilbert Walker in the early decades of this century. A chicken-and-egg relation exists between the changes in ocean temperatures and changes in winds (and atmospheric pressure gradients); the two sets of changes reinforce and drive each other but neither is clearly or universally \"the\" initiator of El Niño. Ocean temperatures and surface winds interact to form the complex process, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The interactions can be set off by subtle changes in one or the other, by buffeting from other parts of the tropics, or from regions beyond the tropics. Such a complex interplay and its uncertain (and variable) origins are the primary limitations on our ability to predict El Niño.
As the waters of the central and eastern Pacific warm, the powerful tropical Pacific storms begin to form farther east than usual (Fig. 1). As the distribution of storms spreads east along the equator, their influence on global weather systems also changes. Most notably, for our purposes, the jet stream over the North Pacific Ocean is invigorated and pulled farther south than normal, where it collects moisture and storms and carries them to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
During an El Niño, the trade winds are too weak to cause upwelling of nutrient-rich waters off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Generations of South American fisherman thus have recognized these conditions by the disappearance of their standard catch, commonly during December and January, every three to seven years. Because of the near coincidence in timing between these conditions and Christmas, the fishing communities have called the phenomenon \"El Niño\", for the Christ child. The geologic record suggests that El Niño conditions have been a part of earth's climate for at least several thousand years.
An El Niño event usually lasts for several seasons, and, along with its other effects, represents an interruption of the \"normal\" seasonal cycle of the tropical climate. After a few seasons, and usually during spring time (in the Northern Hemisphere), the seasonal cycle reasserts itself and the tropical ocean cools back to the normal east-to-west sea-surface temperature gradients. Sometimes the warm El Niño events give way to unusually cold sea-surface temperatures and unusually strong trade winds, a condition now called La Niña. On other occasions, La Niñas may begin on their own, without an immediately preceding El Niño. The effects of the El Niño and La Niña on global climate are, in part, mirror images of each other. For example, drought is a common occurrence in the southwestern United States during La Niña, in contrast to the wet years associated with El Niño.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States","conferenceDate":"Sep 3-5, 1997","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., Stephens, D., Highland, L.M., and Wilson, R.C., 1997, Effects of El Nino on streamflow, lake level, and landslide potential, in Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States, Sep 3-5, 1997, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/natural/elnino/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -119.21264648437499,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.68530273437501,\n 33.93424531117312\n ],\n [\n -118.54248046874999,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -117.12112426757811,\n 32.534078465469605\n ],\n [\n -116.01974487304688,\n 32.6266533099821\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 32.74570253945518\n ],\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 32.505129231918936\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 31.325486676506983\n ],\n [\n -108.2208251953125,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -108.204345703125,\n 31.793555207271424\n ],\n [\n -106.5069580078125,\n 31.793555207271424\n ],\n [\n -106.63330078125,\n 31.872892847840678\n ],\n [\n -106.58935546875,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -103.0682373046875,\n 32.01739159980399\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 37.01571219880126\n ],\n [\n -106.67724609375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -111.05529785156249,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -116.96044921875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -117.26806640625,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -116.47705078125,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephens, Doyle","contributorId":64497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Doyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Highland, Lynn M. highland@usgs.gov","contributorId":1292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"Lynn","email":"highland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, Raymond C. rwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Raymond","email":"rwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70217734,"text":"70217734 - 1997 - Hydrologic inferences from strontium isotopes in pore water from the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-29T17:00:39.282863","indexId":"70217734","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T10:49:20","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic inferences from strontium isotopes in pore water from the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Calcite is ubiquitous at Yucca Mountain, occurring in the soils and as fracture and cavity coatings within the volcanic tuff section. Strontium is a trace element in calcite, generally at the tens to hundreds of ppm level. Because calcite contains very little rubidium and the half-life of the 87Rb parent is billions of years, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the calcite record the ratio in the water from which the calcite precipitated. Dissolution and reprecipitation does not alter these compositions so that, in the absence of other sources of strontium, one would expect the strontium ratios along a flow path to preserve variations inherited from strontium in the soil zone. Strontium isotope compositions of calcites from various settings in the Yucca Mountain region have contributed to the understanding of the unsaturated zone (UZ), especially in distinguishing unsaturated zone calcite from saturated zone calcite. Different populations of calcite have been compared, either to group them together or distinguish them from each other in terms of their strontium isotope compositions. Ground water and perched water have also been analyzed; this paper presents strontium isotope data obtained on pore water.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of FTAM: Field testing and associated modeling of potential high-level nuclear waste geologic disposal sites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"FTAM: Field testing and associated modeling of potential high-level nuclear waste geologic disposal sites","conferenceDate":"Dec 15-16, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Berkeley, CA","language":"English","publisher":"University of California","usgsCitation":"Marshall, B.D., Futa, K., and Peterman, Z.E., 1997, Hydrologic inferences from strontium isotopes in pore water from the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in Proceedings of FTAM: Field testing and associated modeling of potential high-level nuclear waste geologic disposal sites, Berkeley, CA, Dec 15-16, 1997, p. 55-56.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382813,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":382812,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/290862-hydrologic-inferences-from-strontium-isotopes-pore-water-from-unsaturated-zone-yucca-mountain-nevada"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterman, Zell E. 0000-0002-5694-8082 peterman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-8082","contributorId":167699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Zell","email":"peterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":809426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185699,"text":"70185699 - 1997 - Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:32:47","indexId":"70185699","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites","docAbstract":"During the growing season, nighttime ecosystem respiration emits 30–100% of the daytime net photosynthetic uptake of carbon, and therefore measurements of rates and understanding of its control by the environment are important for understanding net ecosystem exchange. Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half-hour or 1-hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO2 exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO2 at all sites (48–71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25–43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5–15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (r2=0.06–0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/97JD01173","usgsCitation":"Lavigne, M., Ryan, M.G., Anderson, D., Baldocchi, D.D., Crill, P., Fitzjarrald, D., Goulden, M.L., Gower, S., Massheder, J., McCaughey, J., Rayment, M., and Striegl, R.G., 1997, Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 102, no. D24, p. 28977-28985, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01173.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"28977","endPage":"28985","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jd01173","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338429,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"D24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da253be4b0543bf7fda873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lavigne, M.B.","contributorId":189900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lavigne","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, M. G.","contributorId":189901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baldocchi, D. D.","contributorId":99709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baldocchi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crill, P.M.","contributorId":42723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crill","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fitzjarrald, D.R.","contributorId":189902,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fitzjarrald","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Goulden, M. L.","contributorId":35095,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goulden","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Gower, S.T.","contributorId":28382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gower","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Massheder, J.M.","contributorId":18545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massheder","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McCaughey, J.H.","contributorId":189903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCaughey","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rayment, M.","contributorId":62762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rayment","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":686440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70246335,"text":"70246335 - 1997 - Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-05T14:53:03.402513","indexId":"70246335","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-05T09:42:53","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses returned by Mars Pathfinder indicate that some rocks may be high in silica, implying differentiated parent materials. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. The moment of inertia indicates a central metallic core of 1300 to 2000 kilometers in radius. Composite airborne dust particles appear magnetized by freeze-dried maghemite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. Remote-sensing data at a scale of generally greater than ∼1 kilometer and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust-free.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.278.5344.1743","usgsCitation":"Golombek, M.P., Cook, R.A., Economou, T., Folkner, W.M., Haldemann, A.F., Kallemeyn, P.H., Knudsen, J.M., Manning, R.M., Moore, H., Parker, T.J., Rieder, R., Schofield, J.T., Smith, P.H., and Vaughan, R.M., 1997, Overview of the Mars Pathfinder Mission and assessment of landing site predictions: Science, v. 278, no. 5344, p. 1743-1748, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5344.1743.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1743","endPage":"1748","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":418688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"278","issue":"5344","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golombek, M. P.","contributorId":173337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":24701,"text":"JPL, SUNY Geneseo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, R. A.","contributorId":211044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Economou, T.","contributorId":82040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Economou","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Folkner, W. M.","contributorId":211045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Folkner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haldemann, A. F. C.","contributorId":33437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haldemann","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kallemeyn, P. H.","contributorId":211047,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kallemeyn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Knudsen, J. M.","contributorId":97002,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knudsen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Manning, R. M.","contributorId":104414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manning","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":293522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rieder, R.","contributorId":28046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schofield, J. T.","contributorId":26099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schofield","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Smith, P. H.","contributorId":94058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Vaughan, R. M.","contributorId":211053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaughan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70185280,"text":"70185280 - 1997 - Anaerobic aquifer transformations of 2,4-Dinitrophenol under different terminal electron accepting conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:04:44","indexId":"70185280","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":757,"text":"Anaerobe","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic aquifer transformations of 2,4-Dinitrophenol under different terminal electron accepting conditions","docAbstract":"We evaluated the susceptibility of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and 2,4-diaminophenol to anaerobic biodegradation in aquifer slurries. Aquifer microorganisms depleted 2,4-DNP at rates of 25, 9 and 0.4 μM/day under methanogenic, sulfate-reducing and nitrate-reducing conditions, respectively. Rates of abiotic, 2,4-DNP loss in autoclaved control incubations were 7.2, 6.2 and 0.95 μM/day respectively. Abiotic, 2,4-DNP reduction was especially important as the first step in its transformation. 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol was produced by this process, but this compound was further metabolized in methanogenic and sulfate-reducing aquifer slurries. This partially reduced compound persisted in autoclaved controls and in the nitrate-reducing aquifer slurries. Aquifer slurries incubated with either 2,4-DNP or 2,4-diaminophenol produced methane when incubated with no other electron acceptor suggesting that mineralization had occurred under these conditions. In parallel experiments, aquifer slurries amended with 2,6-dinitrophenol or picric acid did not produce methane at levels above the substrate unamended controls.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1006/anae.1997.0116","usgsCitation":"Krumholz, L., and Suflita, J., 1997, Anaerobic aquifer transformations of 2,4-Dinitrophenol under different terminal electron accepting conditions: Anaerobe, v. 3, no. 6, p. 399-403, https://doi.org/10.1006/anae.1997.0116.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"399","endPage":"403","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf59fe4b0849ce97f0cfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krumholz, L.R.","contributorId":188090,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krumholz","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suflita, J.M.","contributorId":83303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suflita","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24423,"text":"ofr9788 - 1997 - The stable isotope geochemistry of jarosite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:43:11","indexId":"ofr9788","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-88","title":"The stable isotope geochemistry of jarosite","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9788","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., and Alpers, C.N., 1997, The stable isotope geochemistry of jarosite: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-88, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9788.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53502,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0088/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28338,"text":"wri974077 - 1997 - Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Horse Creek basin, west-central Florida, October 1992-February 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:39:35.815917","indexId":"wri974077","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4077","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Horse Creek basin, west-central Florida, October 1992-February 1995","docAbstract":"A baseline study of the 241-square-mile Horse Creek basin was undertaken from October 1992 to February 1995 to assess the hydrologic and water-quality conditions of one of the last remaining undeveloped basins in west-central Florida. During the period of the study, much of the basin remained in a natural state, except for limited areas of cattle and citrus production and phosphate mining. Rainfall in 1993 and 1994 in the Horse Creek basin was 8 and 31 percent, respectively, above the 30-year long-term average. The lowest and highest maximum instantaneous peak discharge of the six daily discharge stations occurred at the Buzzard Roost Branch and the Horse Creek near Arcadia stations with 185 to 4,180 cubic feet per second, respectively. The Horse Creek near Arcadia station had the lowest number of no-flow days with zero days and the Brushy Creek station had the highest number with 113 days. During the study, the West Fork Horse Creek subbasin had the highest daily mean discharge per square mile with 30.6 cubic feet per second per square mile, and the largest runoff coefficient of 43.7 percent. The Buzzard Roost Branch subbasin had the lowest daily mean discharge per square mile with 5.05 cubic feet per second per square mile, and Brushy Creek and Brandy Branch shared the lowest runoff coefficient of 0.6 percent. Brandy Branch had the highest monthly mean runoff in both 1993 and 1994 with 11.48 and 19.28 inches, respectively. During the high-baseflow seepage run, seepage gains were 8.87 cubic feet per second along the 43-mile Horse Creek channel. However, during the low-baseflow seepage run, seepage losses were 0.88 cubic foot per second. Three methods were used to estimate average annual ground-water recharge in the Horse Creek basin: (1) well hydrograph, (2) chloride mass balance, and (3) streamflow hydrograph. Estimated average annual recharge using these three methods ranged from 3.6 to 8.7 inches. The high percentage of carbonate plus bicarbonate analyzed at the Carlton surficial aquifer well could indicate an upward ground-water flow from the underlying intermediate aquifer system. Based on constituent concentrations in water samples from the six daily discharge stations, concentrations generally are lower in the upper three subbasins, West Fork Horse Creek, Upper Horse Creek, and Brushy Creek than in the lower three subbasins. Typically, concentrations were highest for major ions at Buzzard Roost Branch and nutrients at Brushy Creek.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974077","usgsCitation":"Lewelling, B., 1997, Hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the Horse Creek basin, west-central Florida, October 1992-February 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4077, vi, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974077.","productDescription":"vi, 72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414120,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48702.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_97_4077.jpg"},{"id":2250,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Horse Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0833,\n 27.6333\n ],\n [\n -82.0833,\n 27.1667\n ],\n [\n -81.9167,\n 27.1667\n ],\n [\n -81.9167,\n 27.6333\n ],\n [\n -82.0833,\n 27.6333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewelling, B. R.","contributorId":17969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewelling","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29219,"text":"wri974062 - 1997 - Tritium, deuterium, and oxygen-18 in water collected from unsaturated sediments near a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-03T16:18:23","indexId":"wri974062","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4062","title":"Tritium, deuterium, and oxygen-18 in water collected from unsaturated sediments near a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"Pore water was extracted in March 1996 from cores collected from test holes UZB-1 and UZB-2 drilled November 1992 and September 1993, respectively, in the Amargosa Desert south of Beatty, Nevada. The test holes are part of a study to determine factors affecting water and gas movement through unsaturated sediments. The holes are about 100 meters south of the southwest corner of the fence enclosing a commercial burial area for low-level radioactive waste. Water vapor collected from test hole UZB-2 in April 1994 and July 1995 had tritium concentrations greater than would be expected from atmospheric deposition. An apparatus was built in which pore water was extracted by cryodistillation from the previously obtained core samples. The extracted core water was analyzed for the radioactive isotope tritium and for the stable isotopes deuterium (D) and oxygen-18 (18O). The isotopic composition of core water was compared with that of water vapor previously collected from air ports in test hole UZB-2 and to additional samples collected during May 1996.
Core water becomes increasingly depleted in D and 18O from the land surface to a depth of 30 meters, indicating that net evaporation of water is occurring near the land surface. Below a depth of 30 meters the stable-isotopic composition of core water becomes nearly constant and roughly equal to that of ground water. The stable isotopes plot on an evaporation trend. The source of the partly evaporated water could be either ground water or past precipitation having the same average isotopic composition as ground water but not modern precipitation, based on 18 months of record. Profiles of D and 18O in water vapor roughly parallel those in core water. The stable isotopes of core water appear to be in isotopic equilibrium with water vapor from UZB-2 when temperature-dependent fractionation is considered. The data are consistent with the hypothesis of evaporative discharge of ground water at the land surface. The concentration of tritium in core water from depths less than 50 meters was higher than that of present-day atmospheric air, indicating that elevated tritium concentrations preceded the drilling.
The concentrations of tritium in core water from the deepest sample (85 meters) and in UZB-2 groundwater (110 meters) were below detection. Thus, tritium in the unsaturated zone is not being introduced through ground water.
The shape of the tritium profile for core water was similar to the shape of the tritium profile for water vapor collected April 1994, except that concentrations were consistently lower in core water than in water vapor. Tritium concentrations in water vapor increased from April 1994 to May 1996. Similar to the stable isotopes, the highest tritium concentrations were measured at shallow depths. Concentrations of tritium in water vapor during core collection were estimated assuming isotopic equilibrium with core water. The computed concentrations for November 1992 and September 1993 form consistent temporal trends with subsequent tritium concentrations in water vapor collected April 1994, July 1995, and May 1996. Observations of a bimodal distribution of tritium, in which the highest concentrations are in a gravel layer at a depth of 1-2 meters, indicate lateral migration of tritium through the vicinity of UZB-2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri974062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Operations Office, Secretary of Energy for Environmental Management, U.S. Department of Energy, under Interagency Agreement DE-AI07-94ID13282","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., Stonestrom, D.A., and Striegl, R.G., 1997, Tritium, deuterium, and oxygen-18 in water collected from unsaturated sediments near a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4062, iv, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974062.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4062/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58073,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4062/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":2363,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974062","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.68,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -116.68,\n 36.8\n ],\n [\n -116.7,\n 36.8\n ],\n [\n -116.7,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -116.68,\n 36.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db6243a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44874,"text":"wri964195 - 1997 - Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system, Salem River Area: Salem River and Raccoon, Oldmans, Alloway, and Stow Creek Basins, New Jersey, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:56","indexId":"wri964195","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4195","title":"Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system, Salem River Area: Salem River and Raccoon, Oldmans, Alloway, and Stow Creek Basins, New Jersey, 1993-94","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri964195","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M.L., and Charles, E.G., 1997, Hydrology of the unconfined aquifer system, Salem River Area: Salem River and Raccoon, Oldmans, Alloway, and Stow Creek Basins, New Jersey, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4195, 10 maps on 5 sheets : some col. ; 61 x 43 cm., or smaller, sheets 107 x 83 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964195.","productDescription":"10 maps on 5 sheets : some col. ; 61 x 43 cm., or smaller, sheets 107 x 83 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82231,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4195/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82232,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4195/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82233,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4195/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82234,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4195/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82235,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4195/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Melissa L.","contributorId":87903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charles, Emmanuel G. 0000-0002-3338-4958 echarles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3338-4958","contributorId":4280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charles","given":"Emmanuel","email":"echarles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5904,"text":"pp1410F - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Coastal Plain clastic aquifers in Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:30:35","indexId":"pp1410F","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","chapter":"F","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Coastal Plain clastic aquifers in Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and South Carolina","docAbstract":"Ground-water-flow systems within the clastic sediments of the southeastern Coastal Plain have been described and quantified through the application of digital ground-water-flow models. Results indicate that the rates and distribution of flow are highly variable, and that regional flowpaths in two aquifers traverse several States. A hydrologic budget was developed which quantitatively describes ground-water flow during predevelopment and 1980 pumping conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/pp1410F","usgsCitation":"Faye, R.E., and Mayer, G., 1997, Simulation of ground-water flow in southeastern Coastal Plain clastic aquifers in Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1410, p. F1-F77; 16 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1410F.","productDescription":"p. F1-F77; 16 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":32760,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32761,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32762,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32763,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32764,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32765,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32766,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32767,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32768,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32769,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32770,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32771,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32772,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32773,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32774,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32775,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32776,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 32.565333160841035\n ],\n [\n -85.40771484375,\n 29.36302703778376\n ],\n [\n -78.77197265625,\n 32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 34.95799531086792\n ],\n [\n -87.71484375,\n 32.565333160841035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f29ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faye, Robert E.","contributorId":92221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faye","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayer, Gregory C.","contributorId":55815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Gregory C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185281,"text":"70185281 - 1997 - Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:45:19","indexId":"70185281","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents","docAbstract":"The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) with soils and sediments (geosorbents) may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. The underlying physical and chemical phenomena potentially responsible for this apparent sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents are not well understood. This challenges our concepts for assessing exposure and toxicity and for setting environmental quality criteria. Currently there are no direct observational data revealing the molecular-scale locations in which nonpolar organic compounds accumulate when associated with natural soils or sediments. Hence macroscopic observations are used to make inferences about sorption mechanisms and the chemical factors affecting the sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents. Recent observations suggest that HOC interactions with geosorbents comprise different inorganic and organic surfaces and matrices, and distinctions may be drawn along these lines, particularly with regard to the roles of inorganic micropores, natural sorbent organic matter components, combustion residue particulate carbon, and spilled organic liquids. Certain manipulations of sorbates or sorbent media may help reveal sorption mechanisms, but mixed sorption phenomena complicate the interpretation of macroscopic data regarding diffusion of HOCs into and out of different matrices and the hysteretic sorption and aging effects commonly observed for geosorbents. Analytical characterizations at the microscale, and mechanistic models derived therefrom, are needed to advance scientific knowledge of HOC sequestration, release, and environmental risk.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es970512m","usgsCitation":"Luthy, R.G., Aiken, G.R., Brusseau, M.L., Cunningham, S.D., Gschwend, P.M., Pignatello, J.J., Reinhard, M., Traina, S.J., Weber, W.J., and Westall, J.C., 1997, Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 12, p. 3341-3347, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970512m.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"3341","endPage":"3347","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337818,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-11-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ccf5a0e4b0849ce97f0cfe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luthy, Richard G.","contributorId":99280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luthy","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brusseau, Mark L.","contributorId":189434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brusseau","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cunningham, Scott D.","contributorId":189501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gschwend, Philip M.","contributorId":189502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gschwend","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pignatello, Joseph J.","contributorId":9143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pignatello","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reinhard, Martin","contributorId":187403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reinhard","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Traina, Samuel J.","contributorId":189503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Traina","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weber, Walter J. Jr.","contributorId":189504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weber","given":"Walter","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Westall, John C.","contributorId":189505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westall","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":25596,"text":"wri964315 - 1997 - Hydrologic disturbance and response of aquatic biota in Big Darby Creek basin, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-09T01:02:14","indexId":"wri964315","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4315","title":"Hydrologic disturbance and response of aquatic biota in Big Darby Creek basin, Ohio","docAbstract":"Washout and recolonization of macroinvertebrates and algae associated with a spring and summer storm were measured at three sites in Ohio's Big Darby Creek Basin. Related factors, such as streamflow magnitude, shear stress, and streamed disturbance were considered when interpreting observed changes in densities and community structure of macroinvertebrates and algae.\r\n\r\nDuring the study, 184 macroinvertebrate taxa and 202 algal taxa were identified. The major taxonomic groups for macroinvertebrates were midges and other true flies (Diptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), mayflies (Ephemeroptera), and stoneflies (Plecoptera). Diatoms were the dominant algae (in terms of percentage of total taxa found) followed by green algae, blue-green algae, euglenoids, golden flagellates, and freshwater red algae.\r\n\r\nStreamflows associated with the storm events that occurred during April 6-16 and June 23-July 5, 1994, probably had little effect on streambed elevations, but streambed disturbance was documented in the form of shifts in the median particle-size diameters of the subsurface bed materials. The streamflow magnitudes did not correlate well with the magnitude of observed changes in macroinvertebrate and algal-cell densities, but reductions in macroinvertebrate and algal-cell densities generally did occur.\r\n\r\nLocal minima of macroinvertebrate density did not generally correspond to the first sample after the storms, but instead lagged by about 1 to 3 weeks. Other biotic factors, such as emergence of Diptera, probably affected the observed mid-July depression in macroinvertebrate densities.\r\n\r\nEvaluation of pre-event macroinvertebrate community structure in terms of functional feeding groups and flow-exposure groups showed that, on the basis of percentage of total taxa found, gatherers were the dominant feeding group and flow-facultative taxa were the dominant flow-exposure group. Densities of gatherers decreased from pre-event levels following all the storm events at all sites, whereas flow-facultative and flow-avoiding taxa were significantly reduced only after the summer event at Big and Little Darby Creeks.\r\n\r\nAlgal-cell densities in the first post-event samples always were lower than pre-event densities; however, the total number of taxa present generally were not statistically different. In four out of five of the first post-event samples, algal-cell densities were only 16 to 26 percent of the pre-event densities. The exception was at Little Darby Creek after the spring event, where only the density of stalked algal cells in the community were significantly reduced. The observed resistance to disturbance of the algal community at Little Darby Creek may have resulted from the relative abundance of the mat-forming blue-green algae Oscillatoria spp. The stalked cells were the most consistently reduced in the post-event-samples, whereas holdfast types (such as Audouinella hermannii) and prostrate epiphytes (such as Cocconeis spp) were the most resistant to washout.\r\n\r\nAlgal recolonization rates, measured as the change in algal-cell densities over a 7-day period after the summer storm event, ranged from 0.05 to 1.51 billion cells per square meter per day. These recolonization rates are expected to be affected by factors such as nutrients, temperature, amount of canopy, initial post-event algal density, and grazing by macroinvertebrates and fish. On the basis of canopy and nutrient data, one would expect the algal recolonization rates for the three sites in this study to sort in the order observed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964315","usgsCitation":"Hambrook, J., Koltun, G., Palcsak, B., and Tertuliani, J., 1997, Hydrologic disturbance and response of aquatic biota in Big Darby Creek basin, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4315, vi, 82 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 79 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964315.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm. [PGS - 79 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4315/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54340,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4315/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6070b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hambrook, J.A.","contributorId":65888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hambrook","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. 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4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97618.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":256333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57203,"text":"ofr97617 - 1997 - Development of an 11- and 14-digit hydrologic unit boundary layer for the Big Sandy River Basin using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr97617","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-617","title":"Development of an 11- and 14-digit hydrologic unit boundary layer for the Big Sandy River Basin using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97617","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.L., Downs, A.C., Crabtree, S.D., and Hines, D.H., 1997, Development of an 11- and 14-digit hydrologic unit boundary layer for the Big Sandy River Basin using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-617, 1 computer laser optical disc ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97617.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":256337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57204,"text":"ofr97615 - 1997 - Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Licking River Basin Using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr97615","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-615","title":"Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Licking River Basin Using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97615","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.L., Downs, A.C., Crabtree, S.D., and Hines, D.H., 1997, Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Licking River Basin Using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-615, 1 computer laser optical disc ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97615.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e1bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":256342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":256341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25544,"text":"wri964139 - 1997 - The geothermal hydrology of southern Grass Valley, Pershing County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri964139","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4139","title":"The geothermal hydrology of southern Grass Valley, Pershing County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964139","usgsCitation":"Olmsted, F.H., Welch, A., Sorey, M., and Schaefer, D.H., 1997, The geothermal hydrology of southern Grass Valley, Pershing County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4139, x, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964139.","productDescription":"x, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54264,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olmsted, F. H.","contributorId":24765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olmsted","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welch, A. H.","contributorId":14836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaefer, D. H.","contributorId":84763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28560,"text":"wri964299 - 1997 - Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:53","indexId":"wri964299","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4299","title":"Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year","docAbstract":"The 1993 measured winter snow, maximum winter snow, net, and annual balances in the Gulkana Glacier basin were evaluated on the basis of meteorological, hydrological, and glaciological data measured in the basin and are reported herein. Averaged over the glacier, the measured winter snow balance was 0.81 meter on March 31, 1993, 1.2 standard deviations below the long-term average; the maximum winter snow balance, 0.84 meter, was reached on May 10, 1993 and remained until May 11, 1993; the net balance (from August 18, 1992 to September 8, 1993) was 1.80 meters, the most negative balance year on record at 2.8 standard deviations below the long-term average. The annual balance (October 1, 1992 to September 30, 1993) was 1.64 meters. Ice-surface motion and altitude changes measured at three index sites document seasonal ice speed and glacier thickness changes. Annual stream runoff was 1.996 meters averaged over the basin, 0.2 standard deviations above the long-term average.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964299","usgsCitation":"March, R., and Trabant, D., 1997, Mass balance, meteorological, ice motion, surface altitude, and runoff data at Gulkana Glacier, Alaska, 1993 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4299, vi, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964299.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4299/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57391,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4299/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fd2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"March, Rod","contributorId":16825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis","contributorId":99990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27860,"text":"wri974035 - 1997 - Use of isotopic data to evaluate recharge and geologic controls on the movement of ground water in Las Posas Valley, Ventura County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri974035","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4035","title":"Use of isotopic data to evaluate recharge and geologic controls on the movement of ground water in Las Posas Valley, Ventura County, California","docAbstract":"Injection, storage, and recovery of imported water is planned for aquifers underlying Las Posas Valley. To evaluate sources of ground-water recharge and the age of the water (time since recharge), and to identify barriers to ground-water flow prior to the injection of imported water, samples from wells and surface sources were collected and analyzed for chemical and isotopic composition. The delta oxygen- 18 and delta deuterium composition in almost 50 samples from 32 wells ranged from -6.0 to -7.9 per mil, and -40 to -60 per mil, respectively; and in 13 samples of surface water at 6 sites the composition ranged from -6.2 to -9.4 per mil, and -42 to -71 per mil, respectively. Water from wells in the upper aquifer system near Arroyo Simi and Arroyo Las Posas (different reaches of the same stream) was isotopi cally lighter than water from other wells sampled and was similar in isotopic composition to water in the stream. Water in the stream is a mixture of local water and imported water from northern California that was discharged to the stream as treated municipal wastewater. Water from wells near the stream contained tritium and, therefore, was recharged less than 50 years ago. Water from wells in other parts of the valley was isotopically heavier, did not contain tritium, and, therefore, was recharged more than 50 years ago. Interpreted carbon-14 ages for water from wells along a flow path through the valley ranged from at least 800 to more than 8,000 years before present. There were large differences in the chemistry, isotopic composition, and interpreted age of water from wells between the eastern and western parts of Las Posas Valley. These changes are consistent with geologic and hydrologic data that suggest the presence of a barrier to ground-water flow between east and west Las Posas Valley.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974035","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., and Martin, P., 1997, Use of isotopic data to evaluate recharge and geologic controls on the movement of ground water in Las Posas Valley, Ventura County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4035, iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974035.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56683,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49cbe4b07f02db5d8589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, John A. 0000-0003-0816-4408 jaizbick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":1375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"John A.","email":"jaizbick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}