{"pageNumber":"395","pageRowStart":"9850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10449,"records":[{"id":1001681,"text":"1001681 - 1978 - Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T18:40:04.214217","indexId":"1001681","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season","docAbstract":"<p>Mobility and habitat use of raccoons (<i>Procyon lotor</i>) in an intensively farmed area of the prairie pothole region were studied during the waterfowl breeding seasons (April-July) of 1973-75. Over 5700 locations of 30 raccoons were analyzed. Movement patterns varied with sex, age, and reproductive status. Adult males moved regularly throughout slightly overlapping ranges that averaged 2560 ha. Yearling males dispersed during May-June but their movements before and after dispersal were similar. Parous or pregnant females (mostly adults) had ranges averaging 806 ha but their movements were confined to smaller areas near the litter site after parturition. Nulliparous yearling females did not disperse and their ranges averaged 656 ha. Building sites, wooded areas, and wetlands were the only habitats preferentially used both at night and during the day. Eighty-one percent of all nocturnal locations and 94 percent of all diurnal locations were in these 3 habitats which comprised only 10 percent of the study area. Use of building sites decreased concomitantly with increased use of wetlands. Upland habitats were seldom used.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800698","usgsCitation":"Fritzell, E., 1978, Habitat use by prairie raccoons during the waterfowl breeding season: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 42, no. 1, p. 118-127, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800698.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"127","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritzell, E.K.","contributorId":35685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritzell","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001442,"text":"1001442 - 1978 - Wetland classification in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-05T16:00:05.40009","indexId":"1001442","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2297,"text":"Journal of Forestry","onlineIssn":"1938-3746","printIssn":"0022-1201","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland classification in the United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wetland is part of a continuum of land types between deep water and dryland. Only one wetland classification was available for the United States prior to preparation of the new system described here, but numerous regional and special-purpose classifications are in use. The new classification is hierarchical, progressing from five systems (marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, and palustrine) at the most general level to dominance types based on plant or animal communities at the most specific level. The system is currently in use for prototype maps of wetlands of the United States. It is hoped that it may be incorporated into a classification of all land.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jof/76.10.666","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., 1978, Wetland classification in the United States: Journal of Forestry, v. 76, no. 10, p. 666-668, https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/76.10.666.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"668","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":133657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e49a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012573,"text":"70012573 - 1978 - Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-17T15:02:34.933396","indexId":"70012573","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1505,"text":"Energy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon","docAbstract":"<p id=\"SP0005\">Anomalously high concentrations of lithium in fluviatile-lacustrine sediments near McDermitt, Nevada, may constitute a potential resource. These sediments are associated with a caldera about 45 km in diameter that is a result of volcanic activity, subsidence and sedimentation chiefly of Miocene age. The sediments originally were vitroclastic and now consist chiefly of authigenic zeolites, clay minerals, feldspar and quartz. Calcite occurs as thin beds, nodules and cement Gypsum is presnt but sparse.</p><p id=\"SP0010\">Most of the clay beds in the caldera contain 0.01–0.1% Li and have well above the average Li concentration for continental clays (0.006%) (Ronov et al.<sup>1</sup>). Individual smectitic clay samples from the western and southern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.65% Li and are associated with analcime and K-feldspar. Two beds, each 0.6m thick, contain 0.35% Li. Clay samples from the northern part of the caldera contain as much as 0.36% Li, and are associated with clinoptilolite and erionite. The clay beds are thinner in the north; in one section a bed 0.3 m thick contains 0.36% Li, and in another section a bed 0.1 m thick contains 0.30% Li. Lithium is probably derived from volcanic material and then incorporated into the clay beds during alteration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2","usgsCitation":"Glanzman, R.K., McCarthy, J.H., and Rytuba, J.J., 1978, Lithium in the McDermitt caldera, Nevada and Oregon: Energy, v. 3, no. 3, p. 347-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(78)90031-2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":222425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"McDermitt caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21938913832656,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.21938913832656,\n              41.5758226718315\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              41.5758226718315\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.62829676863554,\n              42.13645906724875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4828e4b0c8380cd67c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glanzman, Richard K.","contributorId":19550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glanzman","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rytuba, James J. jrytuba@usgs.gov","contributorId":3043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"James","email":"jrytuba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":363945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70169278,"text":"70169278 - 1978 - Tectonomagnetic effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-07T16:29:58","indexId":"70169278","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonomagnetic effects","docAbstract":"<p>Measurements of the actual stress within the Earth and its changes with time are very difficult. It is much easier to monitor the direct effects of this stress, such as ground strain, or the indirect effects, such as changes in resistivity, strain, changes in seismic velocity or changes in magnetic field, and so forth. The latter technique is one of the more promising methods for monitoring substantial volumes of the Earth's crust near active faults with only a few instruments. It derives from the piezomagnetic properties of rocks (that is, the change in rock magnetization and, therefore, local magnetic field due to a change in applied stress). AS stress and strain fields along active faults vary, these variations should be reflected in changing local magnetic fields. In particular, rapidly changing fields might be expected to occur just before a large earthquake.</p>\n<p>We know that earthquakes result from the sudden release of elastic strain, the end product, most likely, of a long period of gradual stress accumulation in the crust. At the U.S Geological Survey, our magnetic fields studies have two main directions. First, a determination of the magnetic behavior accompanying shallow earthquakes (seismomagnetic effects). Second, a long-term monitoring of the magnetic field in the vicinity of an active fault to detect magnetic changes due to general tectonic activity, particularly that which ultimately leads to earthquakes. These magnetic changes are generally termed \"tectonomagnetic effects.\"&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Johnston, M., 1978, Tectonomagnetic effects: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 10, no. 3, p. 82-87.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"87","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be52e4b0f59b85e02f1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, M.","contributorId":88091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70012461,"text":"70012461 - 1978 - Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-11T16:50:43.585741","indexId":"70012461","displayToPublicDate":"1978-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1978","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K<sub>2</sub>O-FeO-AI<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>: An example of serendipity","title":"Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity","docAbstract":"<p>The concept of silicate liquid immiscibility was invoked early in the history of petrology to explain certain pairs of compositionally divergent rocks, but. as a result of papers by Greig (<i>Am. J. Sci.</i><strong>13</strong>, 1–44, 133–154) and Bowen (<i>The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks</i>), it fell into disfavor for many years. The discovery of immiscibility in geologically reasonable temperature ranges and compositions in experimental work on the system K<sub>2</sub>O-FeO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>, and of evidence for immiscibility in a variety of lunar and terrestrial rocks, has reinstated the process.</p><p>Phase equilibria in the high-silica corner of the tetrahedron representing the system K<sub>2</sub>O- FeO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are presented, in the form of constant FeO sections through the tetrahedron, at 10% increments. Those sections, showing the tentative relationships of the primary phase volumes, are based on 5631 quenching runs on 519 compositions, made in metallic iron containers in pure nitrogen. Thirteen crystalline compounds are involved, of which at least six show two or more crystal modifica-tions. Two separate phase volumes, in each of which two immiscible liquids, one iron-rich and the other iron-poor, are present at the liquidus. One of these volumes is entirely within the quaternary system, astride the 1:1 K<sub>2</sub>O:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>plane. No quaternary compounds as such have been found, but evidence does point toward at least partial quaternary solid solution, with rapidly lowering liquidus temperatures, from K<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>· 2SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(‘potash nepheline’, kalsilite. kaliophilite) to the isostructural compound K<sub>2</sub>O·FeO·3SiO<sub>2</sub>, and from K<sub>2</sub>O·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>·4SiO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(leucite) to the isostructural compound K<sub>2</sub>O·FeO·5SiO<sub>2</sub>, Both of these series apparently involve substitution, in tetrahedral coordination. of a ferrous iron and a silicon ion for two aluminum ions. Some of the ‘impurities’ found in analyses of the natural phases may reflect these substitutions.</p><p>As a result of the geometry of the immiscibility volume located entirely within the quaternary system, compositions near it show a number of phase changes and large amounts of crystallization with small temperature changes, generally in the range 1100–1150 C. Similar low-temperature, high-alkali immiscibility was discovered in a few exploratory runs in the equivalent systems with Rb or Cs substituting for K. But not in those with Li or Na.</p><p>A review of the compositions and general behavior of systems involving immiscibility, both stable and metastable, and of the evidence for natural immiscibility. indicates that it may be a much more common feature than generally thought. Several examples of natural immiscibility are detailed; most yield a felsic. alkali-aluminosilicate melt and a mafic melt. from a wide variety of generally basaltic parental magmas, both under- and over saturated. Unfortunately, the best line of evidence for immiscibility in terrestrial rocks, a sharply defined meniscus between two compositionally disparate glasses, is by its very nature self-destructing, since it is effectively eliminated by either crystallization or gravitative separation and coalescence into separate magmas. Verification of operation of the exosolutionor ‘splitting’ process on a large scale will probably require careful study of isotopic and trace element partitioning in both laboratory and field.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1978, Silicate liquid immiscibility in magmas and in the system K2O-FeO-AI2O3-SiO2: An example of serendipity: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 42, no. 11, p. 1597-1617, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90250-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1617","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f36e4b08c986b318dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, E.","contributorId":100986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199454,"text":"70199454 - 1977 - Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T14:33:40","indexId":"70199454","displayToPublicDate":"2018-09-18T14:22:54","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3446,"text":"Southern Economic Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling","docAbstract":"<p>There is currently some dissatisfaction with macroeconomic approaches to modeling the supply of domestic crude oil. One problem that has been pointed out is that the estimated supply responses of new discoveries brought about by price increases appear to be unrealistically high. Because data&nbsp; frequently&nbsp; used in these models&nbsp; are highly aggregated over time and include diverse geologic regions, this criticism may not be unwarranted.&nbsp; Moreover, with highly aggregated data testable hypotheses relating to operator behavior at the field level are limited. Because of the somewhat decentralized&nbsp; nature of firm decision making, operator field behavior significantly affects the wildcat drilling rate and hence the interarrival times, i.e., temporal sequence, of expected discoveries.</p>","language":"English ","publisher":"Southern Economic Association","doi":"10.2307/1057299","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Drew, L.J., 1977, Field expectations and the determination of wildcat drilling: Southern Economic Journal, v. 44, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.2307/1057299.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357448,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drew, L. J.","contributorId":118947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10170,"text":"ofr77549 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"ofr77549","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043185,"text":"70043185 - 1977 - Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","indexId":"70043185","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-11T18:11:48.744298","indexId":"70043185","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Correlation or linear regression estimates of earthquake magnitude from data on historical magnitude and length of surface rupture should be based upon the correct regression. For example, the regression of magnitude on the logarithm of the length of surface rupture&nbsp;</span><i>L</i><span>&nbsp;can be used to estimate magnitude, but the regression of log&nbsp;</span><i>L</i><span>&nbsp;on magnitude cannot. Regression estimates are most probable values, and estimates of maximum values require consideration of one-sided confidence limits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder,CO","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3C464:AOLSMO%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mark, R., 1977, Application of linear statistical models of earthquake magnitude versus fault length in estimating maximum expectable earthquakes: Geology, v. 5, no. 8, p. 464-466, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3C464:AOLSMO%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"464","endPage":"466","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":267101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5114daf7e4b0ca7af0743afc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mark, Robert K.","contributorId":30648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mark","given":"Robert K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":473123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70046178,"text":"70046178 - 1977 - Lisburne Group (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), potential major hydrocarbon objective of Arctic Slope, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7895,"text":"ofr76786 - 1976 - The Lisburne Group: A potential major hydrocarbon objective of the Arctic Slope, Alaska","indexId":"ofr76786","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"The Lisburne Group: A potential major hydrocarbon objective of the Arctic Slope, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046178,"text":"70046178 - 1977 - Lisburne Group (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), potential major hydrocarbon objective of Arctic Slope, Alaska","indexId":"70046178","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Lisburne Group (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), potential major hydrocarbon objective of Arctic Slope, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T16:20:48.469383","indexId":"70046178","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lisburne Group (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), potential major hydrocarbon objective of Arctic Slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Lisburne Group, a thick carbonate-rock unit of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age, is one of the most widespread potential reservoir-rock units in northern Alaska. A comprehensive review of the Lisburne in the subsurface of the eastern Arctic Slope indicates attractive reservoir characteristics in a favorable source and migration setting where numerous trapping mechanisms appear to be available. Evaluation of this group as a potential exploration objective is particularly timely because of impending offshore sales in the Beaufort Sea and current exploration programs under way in the Prudhoe Bay area and the Naval Petroleum Reserve.</p><p>Dolomite and sandstone have been identified as reservoir rocks. Oolitic grainstone is a common rock type, but observations indicate little reservoir potential owing to complete void filling by calcite cement. The most important reservoir rock as judged by thickness, areal extent, and predictability is microsucrosic (10 to 30μ) dolomite of intertidal to supratidal origin. It is present throughout the Lisburne and is most abundant near the middle of the sequence. Northward it decreases in thickness from 1,000 ft (300 m) to less than 100 ft (30 m). Porosity of the dolomite as determined in selected wells averages between 10 and 15% and attains a maximum of slightly more than 25%. Net thickness of reservoir rocks (i.e., rocks with greater than 5% porosity) ranges in these wells from 140 to 390 ft (40 to 120 m). Oil shows are common, and drill-stem tests have yielded as much as 1,600 bbl/day of oil and 22 MMcf/day of gas in the Lisburne pool of the Prudhoe Bay field and as much as 2,057 bbl/day of salt water outside the field area. The occurrence of dolomite over such a large area makes its presence in the offshore Beaufort Sea and adjacent Naval Petroleum Reserve 4 fairly certain. The presence of sandstone as thick as 140 ft (40 m) in the middle and upper part of the Lisburne in two coastal wells suggests that larger areas of sandstone may be found on the north in offshore areas. Shows of oil and gas and a saltwater flow of 1,470 bbl/day have been recorded from this sandstone facies.</p><p>Shales of Permian and Cretaceous ages unconformably overlie the Lisburne, providing adequate sealing beds above potential reservoirs. Impermeable limestone (completely cemented grainstone) and thin beds of shale may serve as seals within the Lisburne, but the possibility of fractures in these units may negate their sealing capability.</p><p>The most favorable source rock for Lisburne hydrocarbons appears to be Cretaceous shale that unconformably overlies the Lisburne east of Prudhoe Bay. This shale is reported to be a rich source rock and is the most likely source for the entire Prudhoe Bay field. A source within the Lisburne or within the underlying Kayak Shale is postulated for oil shows in the southernmost Lisburne wells. This postulated source may be in a more basinal facies of the Lisburne and may be similar to dark shale in the upper Lisburne in thrust slices to dark shale in the upper Lisburne in thrust slices in the Brooks Range. Coal in the underlying Endicott Group is a possible source for dry gas. At present, much of this coal probably is in a gas-generating regime downdip from the Prudhoe Bay field.</p><p>Stratigraphic traps involving the Lisburne Group may have resulted from widespread Permian and Cretaceous unconformities. Structural traps related to normal faulting may be present along the trend of the Barrow arch, and faulted anticlines are numerous in the foothills of the Brooks Range. Combination traps are possible along the trend of the Barrow arch.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/C1EA45BD-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Bird, K.J., and Jordan, C.F., 1977, Lisburne Group (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), potential major hydrocarbon objective of Arctic Slope, Alaska: AAPG Bulletin, v. 61, no. 9, p. 1493-1512, https://doi.org/10.1306/C1EA45BD-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1493","endPage":"1512","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272982,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -141,\n              72.4734904387575\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.27168160592308,\n              72.4734904387575\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.27168160592308,\n              66.28413846905073\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              66.28413846905073\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              72.4734904387575\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51a7236ae4b09db86f875d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, Clifton F.","contributorId":95203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Clifton","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70001081,"text":"70001081 - 1977 - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith, Australia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:38","indexId":"70001081","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:31","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith, Australia","docAbstract":"Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of a number of granite suites and mineral separates from the New England Batholith indicate that ??O18 can be used to discriminate the major granite protoliths. The granite suites previously subdivided on the basis of mineralogical and geochemical criteria into S-type (sedimentary) and I-type (igneous) have ??O18 values consistently higher in the S-type granites (10.4-12.5) than in the spatially related I-type plutons (7.7-9.9). There appears to be a systematic variation in ??O18 from the most S-type to the most I-type granites, the dividing point between the two occuring at ??O18 equal to 10. A group of leucocratic granites that form about half of the batholith and difficult to classify mineralogically and geochemically is found to have low ??O18 values (6.4-8.1), suggesting an affinity to the most I-type granites. A single leucogranite pluton with minor muscovite has a ??O18 of 9.6 which is significantly higher than other leucogranites indicating a different origin perhaps involving amphibole fractionation. The behavior of ??D in the plutonic rocks is much less systematic than ??O18. Excluding samples collected adjacent to major faults, the ??D values show a rough positive correlation with water content similar to, but less pronounced than, the trend previously observed in the Berridale Batholith, southeastern Australia. This relation is considered to reflect an interaction between meteoric water and the granites, the largest effect being observed in samples with the least amount of water. Of note is the generally lower ??D values of the upper Paleozoic New England Batholith compared with the Silurian Berridale Batholith. This difference may be related to a near equatorial paleolatitude of 22 ??S in the Silurian and near polar paleolatitudes in the late Carboniferous that have been inferred for these regions. Granite samples collected from near major faults, and one ignimbrite sample of rhyodacite composition, have very low ??D values (less than -120) suggesting a much greater degree of interaction with meteoric water. ?? 1977 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00371018","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"O’Neil, J.R., Shaw, S., and Flood, R., 1977, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions as indicators of granite genesis in the New England Batholith, Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 62, no. 3, p. 313-328, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371018.","startPage":"313","endPage":"328","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19051,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371018"}],"volume":"62","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a0c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Neil, J. R.","contributorId":69633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neil","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, S.E.","contributorId":87267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flood, R.H.","contributorId":106242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flood","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70001038,"text":"70001038 - 1977 - The Aristarchus-Harbinger region of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:34","indexId":"70001038","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:30","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3569,"text":"The Moon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Aristarchus-Harbinger region of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing observations","docAbstract":"The region including the Aristarchus Plateau and Montes Harbinger is probably the most diverse, geologically, of any area of comparble size on the Moon. This part of the northwest quadrant of the lunar near side includes unique dark mantling material; both the densest concentration and the largest of the sinuous rilles; apparent volcanic vents, sinks, and domes; mare materials of various ages and colors; one of the freshest large craters (Aristarchus) with ejecta having unique colors and albedos; and three other large craters in different states of flooding and degradation (krieger, Herodotus, and Prinz). The three best-authenticated lunar transient phenomena were also observed here. This study is based principally on photographic and remote sensing observations made from Earth and Apollo orbiting space craft. Results include (1) delineation of geologic map units and their stratigraphic relationships; (2) discussion of the complex interrelationships between materials of volcanic and impact origin, including the effects of excavation, redistribution and mixing of previously deposited materials by younger impact craters; (3) deduction of physical and chemical properties of certain of the geologic units, based on both the remote-sensing information and on extrapolation of Apollo data to this area; and (4) development of a detailed geologic history of the region, outlining the probable sequence of events that resulted in its present appearance. A primary concern of the investigation has been anomalous red dark mantle on the Plateau. Based on an integration of Earth- and lunar orbit-based data, this layer seems to consist of fine-grained, block-free material containing a relatively large fraction of orange glass. It is probably of pyroclastic origin, laid down at some time during the Imbrian period of mare flooding. ?? 1977 D. Reidel Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Moon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00566853","issn":"00270903","usgsCitation":"Zisk, S., Hodges, C.A., Moore, H., Shorthill, R., Thompson, T., Whitaker, E.A., and Wilhelms, D., 1977, The Aristarchus-Harbinger region of the moon: Surface geology and history from recent remote-sensing observations: The Moon, v. 17, no. 1, p. 59-99, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566853.","startPage":"59","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19039,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566853"},{"id":203595,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zisk, S.H.","contributorId":35311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zisk","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hodges, C. A.","contributorId":104495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodges","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, T.W.","contributorId":78736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whitaker, E. A.","contributorId":43086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitaker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":5222865,"text":"5222865 - 1977 - A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:03","indexId":"5222865","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density","docAbstract":"We applied mark-resight and area-conversion methods to estimate deer abundance at a 2,862-ha area in and surrounding the Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site during 1987-1991. One observer in each of 11 compartments counted marked and unmarked deer during 65-75 minutes at dusk during 3 counts in each of April and November. Use of radio-collars and vinyl collars provided a complete inventory of marked deer in the population prior to the counts. We sighted 54% of the marked deer during April 1987 and 1988, and 43% of the marked deer during November 1987 and 1988. Mean number of deer counted increased from 427 in April 1987 to 582 in April 1991, and increased from 467 in November 1987 to 662 in November 1990. Herd size during April, based on the mark-resight method, increased from approximately 700-1,400 from 1987-1991, whereas the estimates for November indicated an increase from 983 for 1987 to 1,592 for 1990. Given the large proportion of open area and the extensive road system throughout the study area, we concluded that the sighting probability for marked and unmarked deer was fairly similar. We believe that the mark-resight method was better suited to our study than the area-conversion method because deer were not evenly distributed between areas suitable and unsuitable for sighting within open and forested areas. The assumption of equal distribution is required by the area-conversion method. Deer marked for the mark-resight method also helped reduce double counting during the dusk surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Storm, G., Cottam, D., Yahner, R., and Nichols, J., 1977, A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density: American Birds, v. 31, no. 4, p. 197-203.","productDescription":"562","startPage":"197","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16423,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782895","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5452a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, G.L.","contributorId":32888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cottam, D.F.","contributorId":61122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cottam","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yahner, R.H.","contributorId":56760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yahner","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5221389,"text":"5221389 - 1977 - Prolonged retention of methyl mercury by mallard drakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T19:22:50.64454","indexId":"5221389","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prolonged retention of methyl mercury by mallard drakes","docAbstract":"Mallard drakes accumulated mercury rapidly from dietary dosage of methylmercury dicyandiamide and eliminated it slowly, retaining approximately one half at the end of 84 days; no measurable loss occurred between the end of the 7th and 56th days, but loss resumed concurrently with new feather growth, and continued through the 112th day, the close of the study.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01683707","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., Stickel, W.H., McLane, M.A., and Bruns, M., 1977, Prolonged retention of methyl mercury by mallard drakes: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 18, no. 4, p. 393-400, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01683707.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"400","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198515,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickel, W. H.","contributorId":23239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLane, M. Anne Ross","contributorId":107799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLane","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne Ross","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruns, M.","contributorId":106605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224833,"text":"5224833 - 1977 - Effects of tide cycles on habitat selection and habitat partitioning by migrating shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T09:39:17","indexId":"5224833","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:27","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of tide cycles on habitat selection and habitat partitioning by migrating shorebirds","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied assemblages of feeding shorebirds in three intertidal habitats on the coast of New Jersey during August to document how species segregate spatially both among and within habitats and to determine the effects of tidal cycles on these patterns. The habitats were a sandy beach facing the ocean proper (outer beach), a sandy beach on the mainland side of a barrier island (inner beach), and a small mudflat adjacent to a <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> salt marsh. We were able to identify several microhabitats on the outer beach and mudflat. Most species fed in more than one habitat, but only two, <i>Charadrius semipalmatus</i> and <i>Calidris canutus</i>, used all three habitats regularly. Within habitats, most species exhibited strong preferences for the wettest areas, but we found differences among species in degrees of preference. The least amount of partitioning occurred on the inner beach, where birds crowded into a small zone near the water's edge and had frequent agonistic encounters suggesting intense competition. Shorebird feeding activity was partly a function of tide time: each habitat had a characteristic temporal pattern of use by shorebirds related to tide time rather than diel time; within habitats, we found species-characteristic feeding activity rhythms that were also a function of tide time. Feeding by most species peaked during the first 2 hours after low tide on the outer beach and mudflat. The results are discussed in terms of feeding strategies and interspecific competition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4085271","usgsCitation":"Burger, J., Howe, M., Hahn, D., and Chase, J., 1977, Effects of tide cycles on habitat selection and habitat partitioning by migrating shorebirds: The Auk, v. 94, no. 4, p. 743-758, https://doi.org/10.2307/4085271.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"743","endPage":"758","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61004e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burger, J.","contributorId":25894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howe, M.A.","contributorId":70462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hahn, D.C. 0000-0002-5242-2059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2059","contributorId":46447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":342831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chase, J.","contributorId":62327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":342832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5221392,"text":"5221392 - 1977 - Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T13:16:33","indexId":"5221392","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:25","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74","docAbstract":"Thirty-nine bald eagles found sick or dead in 13 States during 1969 and 1970 were analyzed for pesticide residues. Residues of DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and mercury were detected in all bald eagle carcasses; DDD residues were detected in 38; DDT, heptachlor epoxide, and dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) were detected less frequently. Six eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain, and one contained a lethal concentration of DDE (385 ppm) in the brain together with 235 ppm of PCB's. Autopsy revealed that 18 bald eagles were illegally shot; other causes of death were impact injuries, electrocution, emaciation, and infectious diseases.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Prouty, R.M., Reichel, W.L., Locke, L.N., Belisle, A.A., Cromartie, E., Kaiser, T., Lamont, T.G., Mulhern, B., and Swineford, D.M., 1977, Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1973-74: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 11, no. 3, p. 134-137.","productDescription":"134-137","startPage":"134","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269762,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26096444"},{"id":198543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629f1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prouty, R. M.","contributorId":31349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prouty","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reichel, W. L.","contributorId":50482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belisle, A. A.","contributorId":77897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belisle","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cromartie, E.","contributorId":13926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromartie","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaiser, T. E.","contributorId":75486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"T. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lamont, T. G.","contributorId":51252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mulhern, B.M.","contributorId":98683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulhern","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Swineford, D. M.","contributorId":106839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swineford","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":5222797,"text":"5222797 - 1977 - Conservation committee report.  Falconry: Effects on raptor populations and management in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:11","indexId":"5222797","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:22","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation committee report.  Falconry: Effects on raptor populations and management in North America","docAbstract":"The art of falconry in North America, practiced by a few individuals for many years, attracted little attention until the 1960?s. Presently about 2800 falconers are licensed in the United States with less than one half considered to be active. While interest in this art is expected to increase, we believe growth will be slow, probably 5 to 10% per year, due to rigorous demands on time and equipment required and restrictive regulations.....Many different species of raptors have been used in falconry. Presently 6 species are commonly used, especially the Red-tailed Hawk and American Kestrel. Present evidence suggests that only 2 races of the Peregrine Falcon are threatened in North America, and declines may have occurred in local populations of other species. Declines in populations of Peregrines are attributed to pesticide contamination of food chains. Apparent declines in other populations of raptors are also attributed to pesticides and locally to changes in land use and possibly indiscriminate shooting. Removal of raptors from wild populations for falconry has not had documentable adverse effects except possibly at local nesting sites. Continuation of the art of falconry under the framework of the recent federal regulations is not expected to have measurable impacts on region-wide populations. Management of raptors is poorly developed and relatively unexplored. Captive breeding of raptors holds much promise for production of birds both for re-establishment and as a source of birds for falconry. Falconers have contributed much to the continued improvement of the Cornell University Peregrine program in terms of breeding stocks and technique development.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Braun, C., Enderson, J., Henny, C.J., Meng, H., and Nye, A., 1977, Conservation committee report.  Falconry: Effects on raptor populations and management in North America: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 89, no. 2, p. 360-369.","productDescription":"360-369","startPage":"360","endPage":"369","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":18264,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v089n02/p0360-p0369.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":196091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, C.E.","contributorId":57421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enderson, J.H.","contributorId":76843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enderson","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henny, Charles J.","contributorId":12578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meng, H.","contributorId":44254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meng","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nye, A.G. Jr.","contributorId":22877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"A.G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":5224529,"text":"5224529 - 1977 - A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:57","indexId":"5224529","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:24","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":708,"text":"American Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density","docAbstract":"We applied mark-resight and area-conversion methods to estimate deer abundance at a 2,862-ha area in and surrounding the Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site during 1987-1991. One observer in each of 11 compartments counted marked and unmarked deer during 65-75 minutes at dusk during 3 counts in each of April and November. Use of radio-collars and vinyl collars provided a complete inventory of marked deer in the population prior to the counts. We sighted 54% of the marked deer during April 1987 and 1988, and 43% of the marked deer during November 1987 and 1988. Mean number of deer counted increased from 427 in April 1987 to 582 in April 1991, and increased from 467 in November 1987 to 662 in November 1990. Herd size during April, based on the mark-resight method, increased from approximately 700-1,400 from 1987-1991, whereas the estimates for November indicated an increase from 983 for 1987 to 1,592 for 1990. Given the large proportion of open area and the extensive road system throughout the study area, we concluded that the sighting probability for marked and unmarked deer was fairly similar. We believe that the mark-resight method was better suited to our study than the area-conversion method because deer were not evenly distributed between areas suitable and unsuitable for sighting within open and forested areas. The assumption of equal distribution is required by the area-conversion method. Deer marked for the mark-resight method also helped reduce double counting during the dusk surveys.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1977, A comparison of 2 techniques for estimating deer density: American Birds, v. 31, no. 4.","startPage":"562","numberOfPages":"562","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db54551b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5221408,"text":"5221408 - 1977 - Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): Lethal brain concentrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:32:56","indexId":"5221408","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): Lethal brain concentrations","docAbstract":"Adult female free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were collected at Bracken Cave, Texas, and shipped to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Treated mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) containing 107 ppm DDE were fed to 17 bats; five other bats were fed untreated mealworms. After 40 days on dosage, during which one dosed bat was killed accidentally, four dosed bats were frozen and the remaining 17 were starved to death. The objective was to elevate brain levels of DDE to lethality and measure these concentrations. After the feeding period, dosed bats weighed less than controls. After starvation, the body condition of dosed bats was poorer than that of controls even though there was no difference in the amounts of carcass fat. During starvation, dosed bats lost weight faster than controls. Also, four dosed bats exhibited the prolonged tremoring that characterizes DDE poisoning. DDE increased in brains of starving bats as fat was metabolized. The estimated mean brain concentration of DDE diagnostic of death was 519 ppm with a range of 458-564 ppm. These values resemble diagnostic levels known for two species of passerine birds, but they exceed published levels for two free-tailed bats from Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287397709529623","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.R., and Kroll, J., 1977, Effects of DDE on experimentally poisoned free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis): Lethal brain concentrations: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 3, no. 5-6, p. 893-901, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529623.","productDescription":"893-901","startPage":"893","endPage":"901","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":269461,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529623"},{"id":199099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686365","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D. R. Jr.","contributorId":40928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroll, J.C.","contributorId":65199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroll","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70164409,"text":"70164409 - 1977 - Comparison of granitic intrusions in the Pelona and Orocopia Schists, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T12:57:50","indexId":"70164409","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of granitic intrusions in the Pelona and Orocopia Schists, southern California","docAbstract":"<p>Dating of some small plutons in the San Gabriel and Chocolate Mountains, southern California, yields Miocene K-Ar ages. A single granodiorite pluton that has been segmented by branches of the San Jacinto fault intrudes the Pelona Schist and yields ages of 14.0 to 18.6 million years. Several quartz monzonite plutons in the Chocolate Mountains, 235 kilometers to the southeast and on the opposite side of the San Andreas fault, yield ages ranging from 20.0 to 23.4 m.y. At least one pluton in the Chocolate Mountains intrudes the Orocopia Schist, a probable equivalent of the Pelona Schist. Chemical, modal, textural, mineralogical, and apparent K-Ar age differences suggest that the two groups of plutons are not offset parts of a single body, but the differences do not preclude the two groups from being related in a general way.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Miller, F.K., and Morton, D.M., 1977, Comparison of granitic intrusions in the Pelona and Orocopia Schists, southern California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 643-649.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"649","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316529,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chocolate Mountains, San Gabriel Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119,\n              32.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              35.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -115,\n              35.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -115,\n              32.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              32.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b332eae4b0cc79997f330b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Fred K.","contributorId":89503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Douglas M. scamp@usgs.gov","contributorId":4102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Douglas","email":"scamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70162809,"text":"70162809 - 1977 - Simulation of flow from an aquifer to a partially penetrating trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-29T14:32:14","indexId":"70162809","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of flow from an aquifer to a partially penetrating trench","docAbstract":"<p>Construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in northeast Mississippi will involve dewatering as much as 46 m of an unconfined aquifer near the Tennessee Valley divide. Dewatering by trenching is one of the proposed methods. Methods of calculating effects of dewatering by trenching have been heretofore limited to situations where ideal conditions such as isotropic aquifers and fully penetrating trenches occur. In order to study the effects of trenching on the water table in the more complicated hydrologic system in northeast Mississippi, a two-dimensional cross-sectional digital model was developed from an existing two-dimensional digital model. To make the solutions obtained from the model applicable to any aquifer thickness or other hydrologic condition, a technique for nondimensional simulation was developed. With these techniques, nondimensional water-surface profiles were generated for given stages of trench penetration of the aquifer and for different ratios of anisotropy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., 1977, Simulation of flow from an aquifer to a partially penetrating trench: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 5, p. 535-540.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"535","endPage":"540","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":315173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":315143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.16 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Tennessee River valley, Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.0057373046875,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.3355712890625,\n              33\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.11035156249999,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.143310546875,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.187255859375,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -89,\n              35\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ac9b7be4b0403299f53b23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":590618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70009875,"text":"70009875 - 1977 - Search for seismic forerunners to earthquakes in central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-29T16:38:00.182755","indexId":"70009875","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Search for seismic forerunners to earthquakes in central California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The relatively high seismicity of the San Andreas fault zone in central California provides an excellent opportunity to search for seismic forerunners to moderate earthquakes. Analysis of seismic traveltime and earthquake location data has resulted in the identification of two possible seismic forerunners. The first is a period of apparently late (0.3 sec) P-wave arrival times lasting several weeks preceding one earthquake of magnitude 5.0. The rays for these travel paths passed through — or very close to — the aftershock volume of the subsequent earthquake. The sources for these P-arrival time data were earthquakes in the distance range 20–70 km. Uncertainties in the influence of small changes in the hypocenters of the source earthquakes and in the identification of small P-arrivals raise the possibility that the apparantly delayed arrivals are not the result of a decrease in P-velocity. The second possible precursor is an apparent increase in the average depth of earthquakes preceding two moderate earthquakes. This change might be only apparent, caused by a location bias introduced by a decrease in P-wave velocity, but numerical modeling for realistic possible changes in velocity suggests that the observed effect is more likely a true migration of earthquakes. To carry out this work — involving the manipulation of several thousand earthquake hypocenters and several hundred thousand readings of arrival time — a system of data storage was designed and manipulation programs for a large digital computer have been executed. This system allows, for example, the automatic selection of earthquakes from a specific region, the extraction of all the observed arrival times for these events, and their relocation under a chosen set of assumptions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(77)90163-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Wesson, R.L., Robinson, R., Bufe, C., Ellsworth, W., Pfluke, J., Steppe, J., and Seekins, L.C., 1977, Search for seismic forerunners to earthquakes in central California: Tectonophysics, v. 42, no. 2-4, p. 111-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90163-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"126","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219269,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"central California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.75077435395022,\n              39.095488845528365\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.36360784726932,\n              35.37719892331887\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.70789267854337,\n              35.599454894398846\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0831329283512,\n              39.20355875635917\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.75077435395022,\n              39.095488845528365\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b884ae4b08c986b3168cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, R.","contributorId":99694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pfluke, J. H.","contributorId":77501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfluke","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steppe, J.A.","contributorId":22087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steppe","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Seekins, L. C.","contributorId":99561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seekins","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70010929,"text":"70010929 - 1977 - Suspended particulate loads and transports in the nepheloid layer of the abyssal Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T17:26:42.165821","indexId":"70010929","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended particulate loads and transports in the nepheloid layer of the abyssal Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vertical profiles of light scattering from over 1000 L-DGO nephelometer stations in the Atlantic Ocean have been used to calculate mass concentrations of suspended particles based on a calibration from the western North American Basin. From these data are plotted the distributions of particulate concentrations at clear water and in the more turbid near-bottom water. Clear water is the broad minimum in concentration and light scattering that occurs at varying mid-depths in the water column. Concentrations at clear water are as much as one-to-two orders of magnitude lower than those in surface water but still reflect a similar geographic distribution: relatively higher concentrations at ocean margins, especially underneath upwelling areas, and the lowest concentrations underneath central gyre areas. These distributions within the clear water reflect surface-water biogenic productivity, lateral injection of particles from shelf areas and surface circulation patterns and require that the combination of downward vertical and horizontal transport processes of particles retain this pattern throughout the upper water column.</span></p><p><span>Below clear water, the distribution of standing crops of suspended particulate concentrations in the lower water column are presented. The integration of mass of all particles per unit area (gross particulate standing crop) reflects a relative distribution similar to that at the surface and at clear water levels, superimposed on which is the strong imprint of boundary currents along the western margins of the Atlantic. Reducing the gross particulate standing crop by the integral of the concentration of clear water yields a net particulate standing crop. The distribution of this reflects primarily the interaction of circulating abyssal waters with the ocean bottom, i.e. a strong nepheloid layer which is coincident with western boundary currents and which diminishes in intensity equatorward.</span></p><p><span>The resuspended particulate loads in the nepheloid layer of the basins west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, resulting from interaction of abyssal currents with the bottom, range from ∼ 2 · 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;tons in the equatorial Guyana Basin to ∼ 50 · 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;tons in the North American Basin. The total resuspended particulate load in the western basins (111 · 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;tons) is almost an order of magnitude greater than that in the basins east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (13 · 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;tons). The net northward flux of resuspended particles carried in the AABW drops from ∼ 8 · 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;tons/year between the southern and northern ends of the Brazil Basin and remains ∼ 1 · 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;tons/year across the Guyana Basin.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(77)90087-1","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Biscaye, P., and Eittreim, S., 1977, Suspended particulate loads and transports in the nepheloid layer of the abyssal Atlantic Ocean: Marine Geology, v. 23, no. 1-2, p. 155-172, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(77)90087-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba2fee4b08c986b31fae3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biscaye, P.E.","contributorId":16979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biscaye","given":"P.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eittreim, S.L.","contributorId":98730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eittreim","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":8217,"text":"ofr77278 - 1977 - A preliminary appraisal of the Garber-Wellington Aquifer, southern Logan and northern Oklahoma counties, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:08","indexId":"ofr77278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-278","title":"A preliminary appraisal of the Garber-Wellington Aquifer, southern Logan and northern Oklahoma counties, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The Garber-Wellington aquifer, which dips westward at 30 to 40 feet per mile, consists of about 900 feet of interbedded sandstone, shale, and siltstone. Sandstone comprises 35 to 75 percent of the aquifer and averages about 50 percent. Water-table conditions generally exist in the upper 200 feet in the outcrop area of the aquifer; semi-artesian or artesian conditions exist below a depth of 200 feet and beneath rocks of the Hennessey Group (predominantly shale) where the aquifer is fully saturated. Water containing more than 1,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids occurs at various depths through the area. The altitude of the base of fresh water ranges from 250 feet above sea level in the south-central part of the area to 950 feet in the northwestern part. The thickness of the fresh-water zone ranges from less than 150 feet in the northern part of the area to about 850 feet in the southern part. The total amount of water stored in the fresh-water zone is estimated to be 21 million acre-feet based on specific yield of 0.20.\r\nMinimum recharge to the aquifer in 1975 is estimated to be 190 acre-feet per square mile or about 10 percent of the annual precipitation. Total minimum recharge to the aquifer in the study area in 1975 is estimated to be 129,000 acre-feet. Streams in the area are the principal means of ground-water discharge; the amount of discharge is essentially the same as recharge. The amount of groundwater used for municipal and rural water supply in 1975 is estimated to have been 5,000 acre-feet; a similar amount may have been used for industrial purposes. As a result of pumping, the potentiometric surface in 1975 had been lowered about 200 feet in the vicinity of Edmond and about 100 feet in the vicinity of Nichols Hills.\r\n\r\nChemical analyses of water from the aquifer indicates that hardness is greater in the upper part of the aquifer than in the lower part, and that sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids increase with depth.\r\n\r\nReported yields of wells more than 250 feet deep range from 70 to 475 gallons per minute and average 240 gallons per minute. Potential well yields range from 225 gallons per minute when the fresh-water zone is 350 feet thick to about 550 gallons per minute where the fresh water zone is 850 feet thick. These estimates of potential yield are based on an available drawdown of half the thickness of the fresh-water zone and a specific capacity of 1.3 gallons per minute per foot.\r\n\r\nIntrusion of saline water into the fresh-water zone is a potential threat to water quality in the aquifer if the pressure head in the fresh-water zone is reduced sufficiently to allow upconing of saline water. One way to avoid the problem of upconing is by steady pumping at low rates from widely spaced wells; however, information required to determine pumping rates and well spacing is not available.\r\n\r\nFor proper aquifer management the distribution of wells and rates of withdrawals should be designed to capture maximum recharge to the ground-water system. This may be accomplished by developing regional ground-water gradients that are sufficiently large to move water to pumpage centers but not so steep as to cause upconing of saline water or excessive water-level declines.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77278","usgsCitation":"Carr, J.E., and Marcher, M.V., 1977, A preliminary appraisal of the Garber-Wellington Aquifer, southern Logan and northern Oklahoma counties, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-278, v, 23 p. :ill., maps (5 fold. in pocket) ;26 cm.; (49 p., 5 sheets - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77278.","productDescription":"v, 23 p. :ill., maps (5 fold. in pocket) ;26 cm.; (49 p., 5 sheets - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":35843,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35844,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35845,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35846,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35847,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":35848,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0278/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a9072","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, Jerry E.","contributorId":47758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marcher, Melvin V.","contributorId":11590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcher","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":157359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":11778,"text":"ofr77272 - 1977 - Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Metlakatla area, Annette Island, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquakes and other geologic hazards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr77272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-272","title":"Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Metlakatla area, Annette Island, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquakes and other geologic hazards","docAbstract":"A program to study the engineering geology of most larger Alaska coastal communities and to evaluate their earthquake and other geologic hazards was started following the 1964 Alaska earthquake; this report about the Metlakatla area, Annette Island, is a product of that program. Field-study methods were of a reconnaissance nature, and thus the interpretations in the report are tentative. \r\n\r\nLandscape of the Metlakatla Peninsula, on which the city of Metlakatla is located, is characterized by a muskeg-covered terrane of very low relief. In contrast, most of the rest of Annette Island is composed of mountainous terrane with steep valleys and numerous lakes. During the Pleistocene Epoch the Metlakatla area was presumably covered by ice several times; glaciers smoothed the present Metlakatla Peninsula and deeply eroded valleys on the rest. of Annette Island. The last major deglaciation was completed probably before 10,000 years ago. Rebound of the earth's crust, believed to be related to glacial melting, has caused land emergence at Metlakatla of at least 50 ft (15 m) and probably more than 200 ft (61 m) relative to present sea level.\r\n\r\nBedrock in the Metlakatla area is composed chiefly of hard metamorphic rocks: greenschist and greenstone with minor hornfels and schist. Strike and dip of beds are generally variable and minor offsets are common. Bedrock is of late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic age. Six types of surficial geologic materials of Quaternary age were recognized: firm diamicton, emerged shore, modern shore and delta, and alluvial deposits, very soft muskeg and other organic deposits, and firm to soft artificial fill. A combination map unit is composed of bedrock or diamicton. Geologic structure in southeastern Alaska is complex because, since at least early Paleozoic time, there have been several cycles of tectonic deformation that affected different parts of the region. Southeastern Alaska is transected by numerous faults and possible faults that attest to major movements of the earth's crust. The latest of the major tectonic events in the Metlakatla region occurred in middle Tertiary time; some minor fault activity probably continues today at depth. Along the outer coast of southeastern Alaska and British Columbia, major faulting activity occurs in the form of active, strike-slip movement along the Queen Charlotte fault about 100 mi (160 kin) west-southwest of Metlakatla. Some branching subsidiary faults also may be active, at least one of which may be the Sandspit fault. \r\n\r\nMany major and smaller earthquakes occur along the outer coast. These shocks are related to movements along the Queen Charlotte fault. A few small earthquakes occur in the region between the outer coast and the Coast Mountains, which includes Metlakatla. 0nly a few earthquakes have been reported as felt at Metlakatla; these shocks and others felt in the region are tabulated. Historically, the closest major earthquake was the magnitude 8.1 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake of August 22, 1949, which occurred along the Queen Charlotte fault 125 mi (200 km) southwest of Metlakatla. No damage was reported at Metlakatla. The probability of destructive earthquakes affecting Metlakatla is unknown. A consideration of the tectonics and earthquake history of the region, however, suggests that sometime in the future an earthquake with a magnitude of about 8 will occur along that segment of the Queen Charlotte fault nearest to Metlakatla. Smaller earthquakes with magnitudes of 6 or more might occur elsewhere in the Metlakatla region or south-southeastward near Dixon Entrance or Hecate Strait. \r\n\r\nSeveral geologic effects that have characterized large earthquakes elsewh6re may be expected to accompany some of the possible major earthquakes that might affect the Metlakatla area in the future. Evaluation of effects indicates that fault displacement and tectonic uplift or subsidence are probably unlikely, and ground shaking in general probably would be strongest","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr77272","usgsCitation":"Yehle, L.A., 1977, Reconnaissance engineering geology of the Metlakatla area, Annette Island, Alaska, with emphasis on evaluation of earthquakes and other geologic hazards: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-272, iv, 93 p. :maps (4 fold.) ;28 cm.; (2 sheets, scale 1:9,600; 2 sheets, scale 1:25,000 - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr77272.","productDescription":"iv, 93 p. :maps (4 fold.) ;28 cm.; (2 sheets, scale 1:9,600; 2 sheets, scale 1:25,000 - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95023,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-01.pdf","size":"494","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95024,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-02.pdf","size":"674","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95025,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-03.pdf","size":"542","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95026,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-04.pdf","size":"906","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95027,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-05.pdf","size":"1561","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95028,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-06.pdf","size":"441","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95029,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-07.pdf","size":"542","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95030,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-08.pdf","size":"305","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95031,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-09.pdf","size":"285","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95032,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/plate-10.pdf","size":"224","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39664,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1977/0272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"9600","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6442c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":163717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":11813,"text":"ofr7756 - 1977 - Ground-water resources and geology of Colquitt County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T10:12:07","indexId":"ofr7756","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"77-56","title":"Ground-water resources and geology of Colquitt County, Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>Limestone beds of Eocene, Oligocene, and lower Miocene age, called the principal artesian aquifer, are the chief source of ground water for Colquitt County. Because streams are small, undependable and relatively inaccessible to most users, ground water is the most important source for increased industrial and agricultural water use. Southeast of Moultrie the principal artesian aquifer is very productive, and has transmissivity in excess of 145,000 feet squared per day (13,500 meters squared per day). A structural or paleogeographic feature called the Suwannee strait traverses the county from near the southwest corner to the northeast corner. In this strait, limestone in the principal artesian aquifer is partly replaced by fine-grained clastic sediment, impairing transmissivity and making wells hard to construct. Transmissivity is much lower northwest of the strait than it is southeast, probably because of facies changes in the aquifer.</p>\n<p>In the belt of the hypothesized Ochlockonee fault, water containing greater-than-usual concentrations of dissolved solids is produced. This anomaly could be the result of the fault having acted as a conduit when the vertical hydraulic gradient was upward from a deeper aquifer, or be the result of the movement of ground water from a sulfate-rich source in the sediments of the Suwannee strait. In south-central Colquitt County, clay-capped permeable beds extending above potentiometric surfaces create conditions favorable for breathing wells.</p>\n<p>Predominantly clastic beds of Miocene age overlie the Suwannee Limestone. These beds have a transmissivity of about 2,280 feet squared per day (215 meters squared per day), but they are of comparatively little importance because larger yields can be obtained from the underlying principal artesian aquifer. Moreover, wells are difficult to construct in the poorly consolidated clastic sediments, and water from these shallow beds is likely to be depleted during droughts.</p>\n<p>The ground water is generally hard, but is otherwise of good quality. One exception is near the hypothesized Ochlockonee fault where water contains higher-than-usual concentrations of various ions, especially sulfate. Another exception occurs along the axis of the Suwannee strait where clay minerals in the channel facies may soften the water by ion exchange.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Doraville, Georgia","doi":"10.3133/ofr7756","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Geologic and Water Resources Division","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, E.A., 1977, Ground-water resources and geology of Colquitt County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-56, vi, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7756.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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,{"id":2566,"text":"wsp1608P - 1977 - Ground-water resources of Cambodia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp1608P","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1608","chapter":"P","title":"Ground-water resources of Cambodia","docAbstract":"Cambodia (now the Khmer Republic), in tropical, humid southeast Asia, has an area of 175,630 km and a population of about 5 million. The Mekong River, one of the world's largest rivers, flows through Cambodia. Also, the Tonle Sap (Grand Lac), a highly productive fresh-water lake, functions as a huge off-channel storage reservoir for flood flow of the Mekong River. Surfacewater discharge in streams and rivers of Cambodia is abundant during the wet season, mid-May through mid-November, when 85 percent of the precipitation falls, but is frequently deficient during the remainder of the year. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,370 mm in the central lowlands to more than 5,000 mm in the mountainous highlands. The mean annual temperature for the country is 27.5?C and the evaporation rate is high. \r\n\r\nDuring 1960-63, 1,103 holes were drilled in 16 of the 18 khets (provinces), of which 795 or approximately 72 percent, were productive wells at rates ranging from 1.1 to 2,967 l/min. The productive wells ranged in depth from 2 to 209.4 m and were 23.2 m deep on the average. \r\n\r\nMr. Rasmussen ' studied the subsurface geology of Cambodia in considerable detail by examining drillers' logs and constructing nine geologic cross sections. The principal aquifer tapped by drilled wells in Cambodia is the Old Alluvium. In many places, however, dug wells and a few shallow drilled wells obtain water from the Young Alluvium. Sandstone of the Indosinias Formation yields moderate to small quantities of water to wells in a number of places. Also, wells tapping water-bearing basalt have a small to moderate yield. The quality of water is recorded in only a few analyses. The dissolved solids concentrations appear to be generally low so that the water is usable for most purposes without treatment. Some well waters, however, are high in iron and would have to be aerated and filtered before use. In this report, well records are tabulated, and the geology and hydrology is discussed by khets. The bulk of the available information is on the central lowlands and contiguous low plateaus, as the mountainous areas on the west and the high plateaus on the east are relatively unexplored with respect to their ground-water availability. \r\n\r\nNo persistent artesian aquifer has been identified nor have any large potential ground-water sources been found .although much of the country yet remains to be explored by test drilling. Well irrigation for garden produce is feasible on a modest scale in many localities throughout Cambodia. It does not seem likely, however, that large-scale irrigation from wells will come about in the future. Ground water may be regarded as a widely available supplemental source to surface water for domestic, small-scale industrial, and irrigation use.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1608P","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, W., and Bradford, G.M., 1977, Ground-water resources of Cambodia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1608, iv, 122 p. :maps (3 fold. col. in pocket) ;23 cm. --, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1608P.","productDescription":"iv, 122 p. :maps (3 fold. col. in pocket) ;23 cm. --","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608p/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28832,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608p/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28833,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608p/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28834,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608p/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28835,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1608p/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696d00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, William Charles","contributorId":12021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"William Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, Gary M.","contributorId":21529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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