The Cranmoor area of central Wisconsin is the principal cranberry producing area of the State. Cranberries are grown in only about 2.5 square miles of an 80-square-mile marsh and swamp in the Cranberry Creek basin. Cranberry growers have built reservoirs and ditches throughout 25 square miles of marsh for better management of the area's natural water supply. Additional water is diverted into the basin to supplement the cranberry needs. In the 1966-67 hydrologic budget for Cranberry Creek basin, annual inputs were 27.8 inches of precipitation, 3.8 inches of surface-water diversion into the basin, and 1.1 inches decrease in stored water. Annual outputs were. 20.8 inches of evapotranspiration, 11.7 inches of runoff, and 0.2 inch of groundwater outflow. During the 1966-67 period, precipitation averaged about 3 inches per year below normal. The water used for cranberry culture is almost exclusively surface water. Efficient management of the basin's water supply, plus intermittent diversions of about 100 cubic feet per second from outside the basin, provide cranberry growers with a sufficient quantity of water. Although the quantity of surface water is adequate, the pH (generally 5.7-6.7) is slightly high for optimum use. Dissolved oxygen is slightly low, generally between 4 and 10 milligrams per liter. The water is soft; iron and manganese contents vary seasonally, being high in winter and summer and low in spring. Additional supplies of surface water can be obtained by increasing diversions from outside the basin and by increasing reservoir capacity within the basin. Ground water, although not presently used for cranberries, is available in the central, southern, and eastern parts of the basin, where the thickness of the saturated alluvium exceeds 50 feet. Well yields in these areas might be as much as 1,000 gpm (gallons per minute). Additionally, well yields of as much as 1,000 gpm may be expected from saturated alluvium southeast of Cranberry Creek basin. Where saturated alluvium is less than 50 feet thick, in the northern and western parts of the basin, well yields generally are less than 50 gpm. Ground water is also available from sandstone in the western part of the basin. Where the sandstone is thickest (about 60 ft.), well yields may be as much as 200 gpm. The quality of ground water is similar to that of surface water. The pH of water from the shallow alluvium ranges between 6.0 and 6,6; the pH of water from the deep alluvium is about 7.0. Ground water is soft to moderately hard, 22 to 88 milligrams per liter, and contains excessive amounts of iron and manganese.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1999I","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with University Extension-the University of Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, L.J., 1972, Water for cranberry culture in the Cranmoor area of central Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999, Report: iii, 20 p.; 2 Plates: 34.50 x 24.00 inches and 17.00 x 27.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1999I.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 20 p.; 2 Plates: 34.50 x 24.00 inches and 17.00 x 27.00 inches","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26922,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26923,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26921,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Cranmoor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.3131103515625,\n 44.50825885600572\n ],\n [\n -90.450439453125,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -90.3570556640625,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -90.164794921875,\n 44.07969327425713\n ],\n [\n -90.02197265625,\n 44.24126379833979\n ],\n [\n -89.9615478515625,\n 44.296332880058706\n ],\n [\n -89.9176025390625,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -89.945068359375,\n 44.46123053905882\n ],\n [\n -90.0164794921875,\n 44.53175879707938\n ],\n [\n -90.142822265625,\n 44.57873024377564\n ],\n [\n -90.3131103515625,\n 44.50825885600572\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d1e4b07f02db547e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Louis J.","contributorId":53768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16480,"text":"ofr72446 - 1972 - Interim results of geological investigations in the vicinity of the Ergani-Maden massive copper deposits near Maden, Elazig, Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T17:28:42.262071","indexId":"ofr72446","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-446","title":"Interim results of geological investigations in the vicinity of the Ergani-Maden massive copper deposits near Maden, Elazig, Turkey","docAbstract":"As a result of geologic studies and geochemical reconnaissance by Griffitts, Albers, and brier in 1969 in the Ergani-Maden district of eastern Turkey, seven areas were recommended for more detailed investigation. Two of these, here termed Areas 1 and 2, were mapped geologically and sampled geochemically in June and July 1970 by .4. E. Weissenborn, U. S. Geological Survey, and Omer Oner and Metin Sengun, Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA), an agency of the Turkish Government. This study was part of a mineral exploration and training project conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with MTA under the auspices of the Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of State. Mapping and sampling of four of the other areas was completed in August and September by Oner and Sengun, but this report concerns only Areas 1 and 2.
The geological environment in Areas 1 and 2 appears favorable for additional ore bodies of the Ergani-Maden type, which have been Turkey's most important producer of copper. Weak but distinct anomalies developed by the geochemical sampling in Area 1 adjacent to the Mihrap Dagi deposit suggest that other ore bodies maybe found along the northwesterly trend defined by the Mihrap Dagi, Arpa Meydan, Ana Yatak mines, and the Mizir Tepe prospect. Recommendations are made for 8 drill holes in Area 1 to test this possibility.
Two additional holes are also recommended in Arc.: 1. Two less pronounced anomalies were developed in Area 2.
Two drill holes are suggested to test them.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72446","collaboration":"Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, Turkey","usgsCitation":"Weisseborn, A., Oner, O., and Sengun, M., 1972, Interim results of geological investigations in the vicinity of the Ergani-Maden massive copper deposits near Maden, Elazig, Turkey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-446, Report: ii, 39 p.; 6 Figures: 12.25 x 5.57 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72446.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 39 p.; 6 Figures: 12.25 x 5.57 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":484695,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/figure-12.pdf","text":"Figure 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484693,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/figure-10.pdf","text":"Figure 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484692,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484691,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/figure-8.pdf","text":"Figure 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":484696,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/figure-13.pdf","text":"Figure 13","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484694,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0446/figure-11.pdf","text":"Figure 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Turkey","otherGeospatial":"Elazig","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.34783873348857,\n 38.754961518480826\n ],\n [\n 39.338323106705076,\n 38.754961518480826\n ],\n [\n 39.338323106705076,\n 38.75488596976689\n ],\n [\n 39.34783873348857,\n 38.75488596976689\n ],\n [\n 39.34783873348857,\n 38.754961518480826\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.309658507047175,\n 38.71490098442894\n ],\n [\n 39.309658507047175,\n 38.7149008433162\n ],\n [\n 39.309659327362,\n 38.7149008433162\n ],\n [\n 39.309659327362,\n 38.71490098442894\n ],\n [\n 39.309658507047175,\n 38.71490098442894\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.27082563041051,\n 38.698301084754775\n ],\n [\n 39.271525937330495,\n 38.698301084754775\n ],\n [\n 39.271525937330495,\n 38.69830279748368\n ],\n [\n 39.27082563041051,\n 38.69830279748368\n ],\n [\n 39.27082563041051,\n 38.698301084754775\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 39.276329529053584,\n 38.70395093988748\n ],\n [\n 39.17298169190087,\n 38.70395093988748\n ],\n [\n 39.17298169190087,\n 38.63885750480196\n ],\n [\n 39.276329529053584,\n 38.63885750480196\n ],\n [\n 39.276329529053584,\n 38.70395093988748\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weisseborn, A.E.","contributorId":61050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weisseborn","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oner, Omer","contributorId":46965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oner","given":"Omer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sengun, Metin","contributorId":50915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sengun","given":"Metin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14348,"text":"ofr72195 - 1972 - Mineral deposits of the northwestern Hijaz quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-02T21:09:30.652159","indexId":"ofr72195","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-195","title":"Mineral deposits of the northwestern Hijaz quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance of portions of the Northwestern Hijaz quadrangle in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was made during 1964 and 1965 as part of a mineral survey of the Precambrian crystalline rocks of the country. The survey is being made under the terms of an agreement between the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and the United States Geological Survey. Ancient gold and copper mines occur in the area, and deposits of iron minerals, chromite, copper minerals, asbestos, magnesite, gypsum, and glass sand have been discovered in recent years.
The land surface of the quadrangle consists of a narrow coastal plain, a mountainous belt, and a plateau. The mountainous bolt is made up of Precambrian rocks that include three major stratigraphic units separated by unconformities. The two older units are slightly metamorphosed and are intruded by plutonic rocks of many kinds. Granitic rocks predominate but intrusions of syenite, diorite, gabbro, and peridotite are known. Dikes are abundant throughout the mountainous area. The Precambrian rocks have been folded on north- to northwest-trending axes. A major northwest-striking wrench fault zone crosses the central portion of the quadrangle. North-, northeast-, and east-trending faults are locally prominent.
The plateau lies in the northeastern part of the quadrangle. It is made up of unmetamorphosed gently dipping sandstone of Paleozoic age overlain in part by flood basalts of Tertiary to Quaternary age. Sedimentary rocks of Miocene(?) age crop out in the coastal area.
Gold was mined in the area during the eighth and ninth centuries A. D. The ancient gold mines were reexamined in the 1930s but wore found to be too small and too low grade for mining. Exploration for minerals other than gold began in 1950.
The present work consisted of the examination of geological features that are potentially favorable for the presence of mineral deposits such as intrusive contacts, fault zones, quartz veins, and hydrothermally altered areas. Samples of wadi sediment were collected in areas that appeared most favorable. The samples were analyzed spectrographically for trace amounts of 27 elements to confirm the presence or absence of mineralization.
Massive magnetite bodies that range in size from a few hundred to a few thousand tons wore discovered in the course of the work as well as widely scattered traces of secondary copper minerals. The wadi samples disclosed several areas that contain from 5 to 10 times the average trace amounts of base metals and molybdenum; these areas should be prospected in more detail.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72195","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R.F., and Trent, V.A., 1972, Mineral deposits of the northwestern Hijaz quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-195, Report: 42 p.; 1 Figure: 40.89 x 40.24 inches; 1 Table: xiii, 11.64 x 7.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72195.","productDescription":"Report: 42 p.; 1 Figure: 40.89 x 40.24 inches; 1 Table: xiii, 11.64 x 7.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427322,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0195/figure-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427321,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0195/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427323,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0195/table-1.pdf","text":"Table 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0195/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Hijaz quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35,\n 28\n ],\n [\n 35,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 39,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 39,\n 28\n ],\n [\n 35,\n 28\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"SA(IR) 80","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6359e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Robert Francis","contributorId":8864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trent, Virgil A.","contributorId":47381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trent","given":"Virgil","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":46048,"text":"ofr72429 - 1972 - Flood of June 1972: Chemung River near East Corning, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T13:10:38","indexId":"ofr72429","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-429","title":"Flood of June 1972: Chemung River near East Corning, New York","docAbstract":"In June 1972, tropical storm Agnes caused sever flooding in Pennsylvania and southern New York. The flood, on many major streams were the highest known since the river valleys were settled. Maximum discharges were as much as twice the discharge of a 50-year flood. In southern New York, large areas in Corning, Elmire, Wellsville, Salamanca, and in many smaller communities were inundated to depths of several feet. Levels of all of the Finger Lakes were higher than any previously recorded, and extensive flooding of lakeside properties resulted.
\nThe extent of flooding shown on the map was delineated by the U.S. Geological Survey from earlier photography and limited field survey.
\nThe investigation was conducted in cooperation with the State of New York and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72429","usgsCitation":"Wagner, L., and Hamecher, P., 1972, Flood of June 1972: Chemung River near East Corning, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-429, 1 Plate: 6.90 x 9.56 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72429.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 6.90 x 9.56 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287481,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287480,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0429/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New York","city":"East Corning","otherGeospatial":"Chemung River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.0,42.0 ], [ -77.0,42.125 ], [ -76.875,42.125 ], [ -76.875,42.0 ], [ -77.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, L.A.","contributorId":12427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamecher, P.H.","contributorId":57425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamecher","given":"P.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6363,"text":"pp698 - 1972 - Petrographic and chemical reconnaissance study of some granitic and gneissic rocks near the San Andreas fault from Bodega Head to Cajon Pass, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T11:20:43","indexId":"pp698","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"698","title":"Petrographic and chemical reconnaissance study of some granitic and gneissic rocks near the San Andreas fault from Bodega Head to Cajon Pass, California","docAbstract":"This petrographic and chemical study is based on reconnaissance sampling of granitic and related gneissic rock in the California Coast and Transverse Ranges. In the Coast Ranges, granitic rocks are restricted to an elongate belt, the Salinian block, between the San Andreas and Sur-Nacimiento fault zones. These rocks have a considerable compositional range, but are dominantly quartz monzonite and granodiorite. Moist of the Salinian block seems to be a structurally coherent basement block of chemically related granitic rocks. However, on both the east and the west sides of the block, gneiss crops out in abundance; these rocks may be structurally separate from the main part of the Salinian block. In the Transverse Ranges, the granitic and related rocks are dominantly of granodiorite composition, and in many areas granitic and gneissic rocks are intimately intermixed.
Chemically the rocks of the California Coast and Transverse Ranges are somewhat intermediate in character between those of the east-central part of the Sierra Nevada batholith and those of the western part of the Sierra Nevada batholith and the southern California batholith. Probably the closest similarity is to the east-central Sierra Nevada rocks, but the rocks of the Coast and Transverse Ranges are somewhat higher in Al2O3 and lower in K2O than Sierran rocks of the comparable SiO2 content.
Granitic basement rocks of the Salinian block are now anomalously sandwiched between Franciscan terranes. The petrographic and chemical data are compatible with the concept that the Salinian rocks were originally part of the great batholithic belt along the west coast, which is exemplified by the Sierra Nevada hatholith. It also seems most likely that the Salinian block was transported from somewhere south of the Sierra Nevada batholith by large-scale right-lateral movement along the San Andreas fault zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp698","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1972, Petrographic and chemical reconnaissance study of some granitic and gneissic rocks near the San Andreas fault from Bodega Head to Cajon Pass, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 698, Report: v, 92 p.; 2 Plates: 48.04 x 36.66 inches and 48.51 x 19.37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp698.","productDescription":"Report: v, 92 p.; 2 Plates: 48.04 x 36.66 inches and 48.51 x 19.37 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0698/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33731,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0698/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33732,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0698/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":33733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0698/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688138","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, Donald C.","contributorId":146987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67402,"text":"i591L - 1972 - Map showing landslides and areas of potential landsliding in the Salina quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T21:22:21.882867","indexId":"i591L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"591","chapter":"L","title":"Map showing landslides and areas of potential landsliding in the Salina quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"The term “landslide” is broadly defined as any “downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials composed of natural rock, soils, artificial fills, or combinations of these materials. The moving mass may proceed by any one of three principal types of movement: falling, sliding, or flossing, or by their combinations” (Varnes, 1958). Landslides and areas of potential landslides are fairly common in the rugged terrain of the Salina quadrangle. In much of the western half of the map area, relatively high rainfall, steep slopes, and flat layers of hard rock on top of very soft incompetent rock all favor landsliding, chiefly as slides and earth flows. In arid parts of the quadrangle, principally in the east half, alternating flat layers of hard and soft rocks are eroded to bare cliffs separated by benches, and rockfalls are the dominant type of landsliding. Landslides were more active in the wetter climate of the Pleistocene Epoch, which ended several thousand years ago (Smith and others, 1963, p. 52). Although landslide deposits are abundant in the Salina quadrangle, few landslide movements have been documented during historic time, partly because landslides are generally less active now than during Pleistocene times, partly because movement is commonly very slow and thus escapes notice, and partly because of the remoteness and sparse population of the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/i591L","usgsCitation":"Williams, P., 1972, Map showing landslides and areas of potential landsliding in the Salina quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 591, 1 Plate: 39.86 x 27.62 inches; Cover: 9.18 x 11.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i591L.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.86 x 27.62 inches; Cover: 9.18 x 11.77 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493513,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9385.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0591l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":256588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":8,"text":"Cover"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0591l/report.pdf","text":"Folio Cover","size":"37 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256587,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0591l/plate-1.pdf","text":"Map I-591-L","size":"9.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salina quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,38 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -110,39 ], [ -110,38 ], [ -112,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Paul L.","contributorId":91086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Paul L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1131,"text":"wsp1880A - 1972 - Floods of August 1967 in east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-02T18:25:42.243603","indexId":"wsp1880A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1880","chapter":"A","title":"Floods of August 1967 in east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"East-central Alaska had record floods near Fairbanks following extensive rains of August 8-20, 1967. Precipitation during this period totaled as much as 10 inches, which is close to the average annual precipitation for this area. \r\n\r\nThe most extensive flooding occurred in the White Mountains northeast of Fairbanks and along the major streams draining those mountains. Some of the major streams flooded were the Salcha, Chena, Chatanika, Tolovana, and lower Tanana Rivers, and Birch Creek west of Circle. \r\n\r\nPeak discharges on some streams in the flood area were from two to four times the probable 50-year flood. The peak discharge of 74,400 cubic feet per second of the Chena River at Fairbanks, from 1,980 square miles of drainage area, was 2.6 times the 50-year flood. \r\n\r\nThe rise of ground-water levels in the Tanana River flood plain to the land surface during the flood caused foundation failures and prevented drainage of subsurface structures. Above-normal ground-water levels existed until the middle of September. \r\n\r\nTotal flood damage was estimated in excess of $85 million. Six lives were reported lost, and about 12,000 persons were evacuated during the flood. This report has been prepared to furnish hydrologic data for development planning. Included are discussions of antecedent streamflow, meteorology of the storm, descriptions of floods, flood damage, flood frequency, ground-water conditions, and stages and discharges of major streams for August 1967.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1880A","usgsCitation":"Childers, J.M., Meckel, J.P., and Anderson, G.S., 1972, Floods of August 1967 in east-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1880, Report: vi, 77 p.; 2 Plates: 31.00 x 24.29 inches and 40.00 x 24.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1880A.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 77 p.; 2 Plates: 31.00 x 24.29 inches and 40.00 x 24.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411246,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25104.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":25910,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25909,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25911,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137946,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1880a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","otherGeospatial":"White Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.976,\n 64.872\n ],\n [\n -147.976,\n 64.777\n ],\n [\n -147.5,\n 64.777\n ],\n [\n -147.5,\n 64.872\n ],\n [\n -147.976,\n 64.872\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e052d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childers, Joseph M.","contributorId":14379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meckel, James P.","contributorId":54174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meckel","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Gary S.","contributorId":36534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":48145,"text":"ofr73119 - 1972 - Generalized subsurface geology of the water-bearing deposits, northern San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-11T21:22:31.788721","indexId":"ofr73119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-119","title":"Generalized subsurface geology of the water-bearing deposits, northern San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The study area includes about 5,000 square miles of the northern part of the San Joaquin Valley, a broad structural trough drained by the San Joaquin River. Fresh ground water is mostly in unconsolidated deposits derived from the Coast Ranges on the west and the Sierra Nevada on the east.. The interfingering of Coast Range and Sierran alluvium, together with the variability and lenticularity of each, causes variation in the hydrologic properties both vertically and horizontally in San Joaquin Valley deposits. A persistent confining stratum, the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation, can be correlated through most of the study area. Informally, the deposits above the clay are termed the upper units the clay is termed the confining clay stratums and the deposits from the bottom of the clay to the base of fresh water, where known, are termed the lower unit. The upper unit is composed of beds, lenses, and tongues of gravel, sand, and clay ranging in thickness from about 100 feet in the north to 500 feet at the south end of the study area. A distinctive white clay, at or near the base of the upper unit, can be traced across the center of the valley. The confining clay stratum is the greenish to bluish gray lacustrine Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation; it ranges from 0 to 130 feet in thickness. No attempt to delineate the top and bottom of the Tulare Formation was made because of the thickness and similarity of deposits overlying and underlying the Corcoran. The lower unit is lithologically similar to the upper unit and ranges in thickness, where the base of fresh water has been mapped, from 90 to more than 1,400 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73119","usgsCitation":"Hotchkiss, W.R., 1972, Generalized subsurface geology of the water-bearing deposits, northern San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-119, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73119.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":84851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162303,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394221,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52127.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.6083,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -120.1056,\n 36.75\n ],\n [\n -120.1056,\n 37.8711\n ],\n [\n -121.6083,\n 37.8711\n ],\n [\n -121.6083,\n 36.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotchkiss, W. R.","contributorId":61820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotchkiss","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3610,"text":"cir676 - 1972 - Estimated use of water in the United States in 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-09T13:34:34","indexId":"cir676","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"676","title":"Estimated use of water in the United States in 1970","docAbstract":"Estimates of water use in the United States in 1970 indicate that an average of about 370 bgd (billion gallons per day)about 1,800 gallons per capita per day--was withdrawn for the four principal off-channel uses which are (1) public-supply (for domestic, commercial, and industrial uses), (2) rural (domestic and livestock), (3) irrigation, and (4) self-supplied industrial (including thermoelectric power). In 1970, withdrawals for these uses exceeded by 19 percent the 310 bgd estimated for 1965. Increases in the various categories of off-channel water use since 1965 were: approximately 25 percent for self-supplied industry (mainly in electric-utility thermoelectric plants), 13 percent for public supplies, 13 percent for rural supplies, and 8 percent for irrigation. Industrial water withdrawals included 54 bgd of saline water, a 20 percent increase in 5 years. The fifth principal withdrawal use, hydroelectric power (an in-channel use), amounted to 2,800 bgd, a 5-year increase of 22 percent. In computing total withdrawals, recycling within a plant (reuse) is not counted, but withdrawal of the same water by a downstream user (cumulative withdrawals) is counted. The quantity of fresh water consumed--that is, water made unavailable for further possible withdrawal because of evaporation, incorporation in crops and manufactured products, and other causes--was estimated to average 87 bgd for 1970, an increase of about 12 percent since 1965.
\nEstimates of water withdrawn from the principal sources indicated that 68 bgd came from fresh ground water, l bgd came from saline ground water, 250 bgd came from fresh surface water, 53 bgd came from saline surface water, and 0.5 bgd was reclaimed sewage.
\nThe average annual streamflow--simplified measure of the total available water supply--is approximately 1,200 bgd in the conterminous United States. Total water withdrawn in 1970 for off-channel uses (withdrawals other than for hydroelectric power) amounted to about 30 percent of the average annual streamflow: 7 percent of the 1,200 bgd basic supply was consumed. However, comparisons of Water Resources Council regions indicate that the rate of withdrawal was higher than the locally dependable supply in the Middle Atlantic, Texas-Gulf, Rio Grande, Lower Colorado, and California-South Pacific regions. Consumption amounted to nearly 25 percent of withdrawals in the conterminous United States; however, fresh-water consumption amounted to only 14 percent of off-channel withdrawals in the 31 Eastern States and ranged from 30 percent to nearly 70 percent of off-channel withdrawals in the Water Resources Council regions in the West. In the Rio Grande and Lower Colorado regions, fresh-water consumption in 1970 exceeded the estimated dependable supply of fresh water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir676","usgsCitation":"Murray, C.R., and Reeves, E.B., 1972, Estimated use of water in the United States in 1970: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 676, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir676.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1972/0676/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30646,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1972/0676/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db5461a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, Charles Richard","contributorId":34115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[{"id":36966,"text":"Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":147252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reeves, E. Bodette","contributorId":100366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bodette","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12882,"text":"ofr7260 - 1972 - A preliminary study of peat resources in eastern Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-22T16:51:58.002549","indexId":"ofr7260","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-60","title":"A preliminary study of peat resources in eastern Maine","docAbstract":"Nineteen peat deposits in southeastern Aroostook County (fig. 1) contain an estimated 4,987,000 tons of peat. The location, size and quality data for each deposit are given in tables 1, 2 and 3. Thirty-eight deposits in Washington County (fig. 2) contain an estimated 20,041,000 tons of peat. The location, size and quality data for each deposit are given in tables 4, 5 and 6. Twenty additional deposits containing estimated 3,802,000 tons in Washington County (fig. 2) were not sampled in detail but are described in tables 7 and 8. In addition to the deposits studied, it is estimated that there are at least as many more deposits of similiar size and quality in the area studied.
Data in this study were obtained by conducting pace and compass traverses across swamps, marshes and heaths. Auger holes were put down by hand using a Davis sampler and Macaulay peat borer along the traverses to collect samples of the peat and to determine the thickness and stratigraphy of the deposits and the configuration of the depression in which they lie. The amount of peat was estimated from auger hole data and from the surface area measured on topographic and air photo maps. In calculating tonnages, 1 acre-foot of peat in place was considered equivalent to 200 tons of air-dried peat. Samples from all of the deposits were analyzed under the supervision of Irving May in the laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey for moisture, ash, organic content, water-holding capacity, fiber size (exceeding 0.15mm),and acidity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7260","usgsCitation":"Cameron, C.C., 1972, A preliminary study of peat resources in eastern Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-60, 25 leaves :maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7260.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147083,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0060/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cameron, Cornelia Clermont","contributorId":20737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"Cornelia","email":"","middleInitial":"Clermont","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59160,"text":"mf350 - 1972 - Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Chugach Mountains near Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-12T17:18:21.068784","indexId":"mf350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"350","title":"Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Chugach Mountains near Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"The area between Knik and Turnagain Arms east of Anchorage is underlain mostly by rocks that are part of an extensive arcuate belt of thick Mesozoic marine deposits that extend through the Chugach-Kenai-Kodiak Mountains. The two main units in this belt are the Jurassic (?) and Cretaceous Valdez (?) Group composed of flysch deposits and the McHugh Complex composed of oceanic metavolcanic sequences tectonically mixed with metaclastic rocks derived from a continental magmatic arc. Deformation of the McHugh Complex is characterized by pervasive, closely spaced shear fractures and is melange-like in some areas. Deformation of the Valdez (?) Group is characterized by tight folding that was initiated before the sediments were completely lithified. The folds have steeply dipping axial surfaces that are overturned to the northwest in some areas and to the southeast in other areas. The Jurassic and(or) Cretaceous McHugh Complex is separated from the Valdez (?) Group by the Eagle River thrust fault. The Valdez (?) Group was probably deposited primarily on oceanic crust that was collapsed against the continental margin in latest Cretaceous to early Tertiary time.
An accurate belt of upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic rocks to the north and west had been deformed, accreted to the continental margin, and intruded by plutons prior to the deposition of the Jurassic (?) and Cretaceous sediments. Rocks of the continental terrane that underlie the Wrangell and Talkeetna Mountains and the Alaska Range are locally exposed in the map area north and west of the Knik fault zone. Near the village of Eklutna, the junction between the two terranes is marked by an ophiolitic assemblage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf350","usgsCitation":"Clark, S.H., 1972, Reconnaissance bedrock geologic map of the Chugach Mountains near Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 350, 1 Plate: 36.85 x 25.10 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf350.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.85 x 25.10 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0350/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":418018,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0350/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Chugach Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,60.75 ], [ -150,61.5 ], [ -148.75,61.5 ], [ -148.75,60.75 ], [ -150,60.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a74e4b07f02db6447a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59524,"text":"mf356 - 1972 - Maps showing distribution of anomalous amounts of selected elements in stream-sediment and rock samples, Eagle quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-22T10:37:51","indexId":"mf356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"356","title":"Maps showing distribution of anomalous amounts of selected elements in stream-sediment and rock samples, Eagle quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"Maps showing the distribution of anomalous amounts of selected elements found in more than 1,600 stream-sediment and more than 1,500 rock samples have been prepared form results of semiquantitative spectrographic analyses. The samples were collected in the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska, in the summers of 1968, 1969, 1970, and 1971.
\nFigure 1 is a map showing localities for all stream-sediment samples analyzed and indicates by symbols those containing anomalous amounts of one or more of the following elements: gold (Au), silver (Ag), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), and zinc (Zn). Figure 2 shows the localities for analyzed rock samples and indicates those containing specified amounts of the same elements as selected from the stream-sediment samples.
\nMaps similar to these which showed the distribution of anomalous amounts of selected elements in stream-sediment and rock samples from the Eagle quadrangle were compiled in 1971 and issued as a U.S. Geological Survey open-file report (Foster and Yount, 1971). The maps of this report are revised from the open-file maps to include the sampling in the summer of 1971.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf356","usgsCitation":"1972, Maps showing distribution of anomalous amounts of selected elements in stream-sediment and rock samples, Eagle quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 356, 2 Plates: 35.50 x 22.66 inches and 34.54 x 21.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf356.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 35.50 x 22.66 inches and 34.54 x 21.94 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf356.JPG"},{"id":327224,"rank":101,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0356/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":327225,"rank":102,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/0356/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":111258,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/13149","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -144,64 ], [ -144,65 ], [ -141,65 ], [ -141,64 ], [ -144,64 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051f9","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643096,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yount, Martha E.","contributorId":173046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yount","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643097,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13648,"text":"ofr72122 - 1972 - Analyses of stream-sediment and rock samples from parts of the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T21:28:14.28466","indexId":"ofr72122","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-122","title":"Analyses of stream-sediment and rock samples from parts of the Eagle quadrangle, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Southeastern Alaska, about 525 miles long and averaging about 125 miles in width, consists of a narrow mainland strip and numerous islands. For the most part, it is a region of rugged relief with numerous glaciers capping many of the higher mountainous areas and with long linear fiords forming the inland waterways. A maritime climate prevails with mild winters and cool summers. The southeastern part of the region receives the highest precipitation in the continental United States. Ketchikan, with a population of 6,994 in 1970, is the largest city. Geology and structure of the area are complex. Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks crop out and range in age from Paleozoic to Tertiary. Surficial deposits of Pleistocene and Holocene age mantle many areas.
All of southeastern Alaska, except probably the highest peaks, was covered by glacier ice advances of late Pleistocene age. Major deglaciation was well advanced by 10,000 years ago--a time which approximately marks the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. There followed a period of warm climate called the Hypsithermal, which in southeastern Alaska began 7,000-8,000 years ago and ended about 4,800-3,500 years ago. Glaciers in most places receded back of their present positions. The Hypsithermal was followed by an interval (termed Neoglaciation) of cooler climate and resurgence of glacier ice which continues to the present, although most glaciers are now rapidly receding.
During the past 10,000 years worldwide sea level has risen about 100 feet, but during the past 4,000 years it has risen only about 10 feet or about 0.03 inch per year. With sea level used as a datum, the amount of sea-level rise must be added to the apparent uplift of land for the time under consideration to determine the actual amount of land uplift.
The widespread presence of emergent marine deposits, several hundred feet above sea level, demonstrates that the land in southeastern Alaska has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known has been uplifted since the last major deglaciation. The greatest known uplift is in the vicinity of Juneau where glaciomarine deposits are present 750 feet above present sea level. Part of southeastern Alaska is presently undergoing one of the most rapid rates of uplift of any place in the world. The fastest emergence is occurring in the Glacier Bay area where the land is being uplifted relative to sea level approximately 3.9 cm per year. Most or all of the uplift appears to be due to rebound as a result of deglaciation.
Southeastern Alaska lies within the circum-Pacific earthquake belt, one of the world's greatest zones of seismic activity. During historic time, there have been five earthquakes in the region with magnitudes of 8 or greater, three with magnitudes of 7 to 8, eight with magnitudes of 6 to 7, more than 15 with magnitudes of 5 to 6, and about 140 recorded earthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 5 or of unassigned magnitudes. All of the earthquakes with magnitudes 8 or greater, and a large proportion of the others, appear to be related to the active Fairweather- Queen Charlotte Islands fault system or its western extension, the Chugach-St. Elias fault. Earthquake epicenters on the Denali fault system, the other major fault system in southeastern Alaska, are few in comparison. However, because high microearthquake activity has been recorded recently on this system and earthquakes of moderate size have occurred on some of its segments, the Denali fault system probably should not be dismissed as a relict fault system of no current tectonic importance. There are numerous other known faults, as well as lineaments that may be faults of varying degrees of tectonic activity in southeastern Alaska, adjacent Canada, and eastern Alaska. One of these elements is the Totschunda fault system, which connects with the Denali fault system in eastern Alaska; it has been very active during Holocene time but few historical earthquake epicenters appear to be related to it.
Both historical seismicity and geologic conditions, such as frequency and recency of faulting, must be considered together to permit an assessment of the future earthquake probability of an area. Data are too few for both factors for an accurate evaluation to be made of earthquake probability in southeastern Alaska. However, information compiled in the form of strain-release and seismic-zone maps permit some generalizations. Thus, it is tentatively concluded that most, if not all, of southeastern Alaska should be placed in seismic zone 3, a zone in which earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 will occur from time to time and where there may be major damage to manmade structures.
Inferred effects from future earthquakes in southeastern Alaska include: (1) surface displacement along faults and other tectonic land-level changes, (2) ground shaking, (3) compaction, (4) liquefaction in cohesionless materials, (5) reaction of sensitive and quick clays, (6) water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing, (7) earthquake-induced sub aerial slides and slumps, (8) earthquake induced subaqueous slides, (9) effects on glaciers and related features, (10) effects on ground water and stream flow, and (11) tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves. Because of the reconnaissance nature of our studies in the coastal communities and the sparsity of laboratory data on physical properties of geologic units in each area studied, the inferred effects must be largely empirical and generalized. Therefore, the inferences are based in large part upon the effects of past major earthquakes in Alaska and elsewhere, particularly upon the well-documented effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964.
Buildings, highways, bridges, tunnels, harbor facilities, pipelines, canals, and other manmade structures may be severely damaged or destroyed by fault displacement or related tectonic land-level changes in southeastern Alaska. Direct damage from fault rupture would be restricted virtually to structures built directly athwart the fault. In California and Nevada, fault rupture almost always accompanies shocks of magnitude 6.5 or greater. The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, and the Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, dramatically illustrated the severe adverse effects that can result from uplift or subsidence over a wide area.
The variable most responsible for the degree of shaking at any epicentral distance is the type of ground. Generally, shaking is considerably greater in poorly consolidated deposits than in hard bedrock, particularly if the deposits are water saturated. Severe shaking of alluvial deposits and manmade fill, with resultant heavy damage, is well documented from the records of many past earthquakes.
Damage commonly has been heavy as a result of ground settlement caused by compaction of loose sediments by shaking during an earthquake. This has been especially true where compaction was accompanied by tectonic downdrop of land, such as occurred during the Chilean earthquake of 1960 and the Alaska earthquake of 1964. Loosely emplaced manmade fill, deltaic deposits, beach deposits, and alluvial deposits may be susceptible to compaction in southeastern Alaska during a severe earthquake.
Liquefaction of sand and silt is a fairly common effect of large earthquakes. It was well illustrated at Niigata, Japan, during the earthquake of June 16, 1964, and resulted in extensive damage. When part of a sloping soil mass liquefies, the entire mass can undergo catastrophic failure and can flow as a high-density liquid. In southeastern Alaska, deltaic deposits probably would be most susceptible to liquefaction.
Sensitive and quick clays, which lose a considerable part of their strength when shaken, commonly fail during an earthquake and become rapid earthflows. Extensive studies were made of the sensitivity of the Bootlegger Cove Clay at Anchorage because of the marked loss of shear strength and dramatic failures of the deposits during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. If similar sensitive clays are present in some places in southeastern Alaska, they most likely are in some of the emergent fine-grained marine deposits; supporting data to confirm their presence, however, are largely lacking.
Records of some 50 major earthquakes show that in at least half of the instances water and sediment have been ejected from surficial deposits Water-sediment ejection and associated subsidence and ground fracturing commonly cause extensive damage to the works of man. Ejecta may fill basements and other low-lying parts of buildings. Agricultural land can be covered with a blanket of infertile soils, and small ponds can be filled or made shallow. In southeastern Alaska these phenomena are most likely to occur on valley floors, deltas, tidal flats, alluvial fans, swamps, and lakeshores.
Earthquake-induced sliding on land generally is confined to steep slopes but may take place in fine-grained deposits on moderately to nearly flat surfaces if the deposits are subject to liquefaction. A large rockslide triggered by the Lituya Bay, Alaska, earthquake of July 10, 1958, generated a wave that surged up the opposite wall of the inlet to a record height of 1,740 feet. During the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of August 17, 1959, a spectacular rockslide plunged into the Madison River canyon, buried 28 people, dammed the river, and created a large lake. Earthquake-records are replete with accounts of sliding of surficial deposits during moderate to large earthquakes. Most or all of the general factors that favor subaerial landsliding are present in southeastern Alaska.
Earthquake-induced subaqueous slides can produce adverse effects both nearshore and some distance offshore. Nearshore sliding may progress shoreward and destroy harbor facilities and other structures, commonly with substantial loss of life. Disastrous large submarine slides occurred along the fronts of deltas in Seward and Valdez during the Alaska earthquake of 1964. In similar fashion, the largest submarine slides in southeastern Alaska likely will be triggered along the larger delta fronts. Sliding farther offshore can constitute a threat to navigation because of changes in water depths. Also underwater sliding can break communication cables.
Glaciers were not greatly affected by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 despite the fact that about 20 percent of the area that underwent strong shaking is covered by ice. In contrast, the cataclysmic avalanche of ice and rock that fell from a high glacier-covered peak in Peru during the earthquake of May 31, 1970, produced devastating effects downvalley on man and his works in the form of mudflows. Most towns in southeastern Alaska are sufficiently distant from glaciers so as not be to directly affected.
Both the Alaska earthquake of 1964 and the Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake of 1959 significantly affected ground- and surface-water regimens. Water levels in some wells declined whereas in others flow increased. Some springs discharged at a rate three times as much as normal; flow of others decreased or stopped. Discharge of many streams increased markedly. Most or all of the effects described above could occur in parts of southeastern Alaska during future large earthquakes.
Tsunamis, seiches, and other abnormal water waves associated with large earthquakes commonly cause vast property damage and heavy loss of life. Tsunami effects can be devastating to coastal areas as far as many thousands of miles from their generation source. Seiche effects generally are confined to inland bodies of water or to relatively enclosed coastal bodies of water. Abnormal waves generated by submarine sliding or by subaerial sliding into water generally produce only local effects but may be highly devastating. Tsunami waves resulting from the Chilean earthquake of 1960 inflicted extensive damage and loss of life on coastal communities throughout a large part of southern Chile, and significant runups and damage were recorded in many places throughout the Pacific Ocean area. The tsunami waves generated by the Alaska earthquake of 1964 struck with devastating force along a broad stretch of the Alaska coast and produced heavy property damage and loss of life as far away as Crescent City, Calif. Seiche waves generated by that earthquake reached runup heights of 20-30 feet on some lakes in Alaska, and water-level fluctuations were recorded on streams, reservoirs, lakes, and swimming pools in States bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Waves generated by submarine sliding struck violently at a number of places during or immediately after the quake and were the major cause of loss of life and damage to property. Slide-generated waves probably would have a higher destructive potential in southeastern Alaska than either tsunami waves or seiche waves because of their possibly higher local runups and because they can hit the shores almost without warning during or immediately after an earthquake.
Nonearthquake-related geologic hazards, although generally far less dramatic than those related to earthquakes, tend to occur so much more frequently or persistently that their aggregate effects can be significant. Three kinds of geologic hazards of this type are discussed: (1) nonearthquake-induced landsliding and subaqueous sliding, (2) flooding, and (3) land uplift.
The potential for nonearthquake-triggered landsliding in southeastern Alaska ranges widely from place to place. Past sliding generally furnishes the clue in the prediction of where and in what materials future sliding will occur. Fast-moving rockslides, debris slides, and mudflows can be expected to occur from time to time on steep slopes and be highly destructive to highways, power plants, pipelines, buildings, and other facilities located on a slope or at its base. Present slow downslope movement of talus can be expected to continue at the same general rate unless conditions are changed by man or there are climatic changes. Snow and debris avalanches can be especially hazardous during winter months. Long-inactive landslides may be triggered into renewed activity or new slides may be created by man-induced modifications. Accelerated slope erosion and debris flows may follow large-scale clearing and cutting of timber. Subaqueous sliding can be expected to occur periodically along fronts of deltas and on other oversteepened underwater slopes.
Floods have been common in parts of southeastern Alaska because of heavy precipitation and rapid runoff from steep slopes with resulting heavy damage to roads and other facilities. Continued damage can be expected in the future unless more remedial measures are taken.
Current uplift of land in southeastern Alaska, although probably not affecting man significantly in a short period of time, may have some adverse long-term effects. These long-term effects should be borne in mind when facilities such as docks and boat harbors are constructed on or near the shore, where there is a critical relation between height of land and water.
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Richard Walter","contributorId":105280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemke","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yehle, Lynn A. yehle@usgs.gov","contributorId":3794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yehle","given":"Lynn","email":"yehle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":169812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35964,"text":"b1359 - 1972 - Geology and Mineral Resources of the Northern Part of the North Cascades National Park, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-30T13:00:51.650808","indexId":"b1359","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1359","title":"Geology and Mineral Resources of the Northern Part of the North Cascades National Park, Washington","docAbstract":"The northern part of the North Cascades National Park in northern Washington is north of the Skagit River between Mount Shuksan on the West and Ross Lake on the east. The area occupies approximately 500 square miles of steep mountains and thickly forested valleys centered on the precipitous Picket Range.\r\n\r\nOld metamorphic rocks and young volcanic and sedimentary rocks are intruded by large masses of granitic rocks that together form a diverse, complicated, but well-exposed geologic section. The granitic rocks are the most abundant in the area; they intrude most of the other rocks, and they separate one suite of rocks in the eastern part of the area from a second suite in the western part. In the eastern part of the area, the oldest rocks are the Custer Gneiss of McTaggart and Thompson, a thick sequence of biotite and hornblende gneisses and schists. We have divided these rocks into three generalized units: light-colored gneiss, banded gneiss, and amphibole-rich gneiss. To the northeast of these rocks lies a metagabbro. This rock type is complex and is made up of several types of gabbro, diorite, amphibolite, ultramafic rocks, and quartz diorite that crop out along the Ross Lake fault zone. To the northeast of these rocks and also along the Ross Lake fault zone is the phyllite and schist of Ross Lake. These rocks are the highly sheared and metamorphosed equivalents of the plagioclase arkose and argillite sequence of Jurassic and Cretaceous age that is so widespread on the east side of Ross Lake. The Cretaceous Hozomeen Group of Cairnes lies along Ross Lake northeast of the phyllite and schist and consists mainly of slightly metamorphosed greenstones with subordinate chert and phyllite. The phyllite in this unit is similar to that in the underlying phyllite and schist of Ross Lake with which it appears to be interbedded. The youngest rocks in the eastern part of the area are the Skagit Volcanics a thick sequence of welded tuff-breccia with some flows and air-laid tuffs. These rocks, which are probably early Tertiary in age, overlie the Hozomeen Group and the Custer Gneiss along the Canadian border.\r\n\r\nIn the western part of the area the oldest rocks are greenschist and phyllite of Mount Shuksan. These fine-grained foliated and crinkled rocks commonly contain narrow lenses or layers of quartz. They are unconformably overlain by the Chuckanut Formation in the southern part of the area. This formation, which is of Paleocene and Late Cretaceous age, is made up mainly of gently dipping plagioclase arkose with some interbedded black argillite and conglomerate. The Hannegan Volcanics overlie the Chuckanut in the northern part of the area and the greenschist and phyllite of Mount Shuksan in the central part. The Hannegan Volcanics which are of early Tertiary age, consist principally of air-laid volcanic breccias and tuffs, but also include some flows and one small porphyry stock.\r\n\r\nThe Chilliwack composite batholith consists of several types of granitic rocks, which were intruded at different times in the Tertiary. The two principal rock types are granodiorite and quartz diorite, but small bodies of quartz monzonite diorite, and alaskite are found in many parts of the area. Contacts between the various rock types may be either abrupt or gradational. All rocks of the Chilliwack batholith are younger than the other rock types except the Skagit and Hannegan Volcanics, which are in part younger than rocks of the batholith.\r\n\r\nAt least two periods of deformation are indicated by the tight folding of the older Custer Gneiss and the greenschist and phyllite of Mount Shuksan and the gentle folding of the younger Chuckanut Formation. At least three periods of faulting occurred, one before and two after the intrusion of the Chilliwack batholith. The two largest fault structures are the Ross Lake fault zone and a long northeast-striking fault that extends for 20 miles from Mount Shuksan down the Chilliwack Valley. The Ross Lake fault zone is pro","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1359","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Tabor, R.W., Weis, P., Robertson, J.F., Van Noy, R.M., and Pattee, E.C., 1972, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Northern Part of the North Cascades National Park, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1359, vii, 132 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1359.","productDescription":"vii, 132 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":63910,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1359/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":12504,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1359/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":264146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1359/plate-2.pdf","size":"8242","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264145,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1359/plate-1.pdf","size":"2924","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":167382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1359/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"North Cascades National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,47.5 ], [ -122,49 ], [ -119,49 ], [ -119,47.5 ], [ -122,47.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer Hay","contributorId":39754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"Hay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":215518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weis, Paul L.","contributorId":102872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Paul L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robertson, Jacques F.","contributorId":98376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Jacques","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Noy, Ronald M.","contributorId":19955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Noy","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pattee, Eldon C.","contributorId":39034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"Eldon","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":48176,"text":"ofr73199 - 1972 - Geology and ground water of the Pajaro Valley area, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T19:54:13.902678","indexId":"ofr73199","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-199","title":"Geology and ground water of the Pajaro Valley area, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California","docAbstract":"The Pajaro Valley area, California, covering about 120 square miles, extends from the southern part of Santa Cruz County to several miles south of the county line into Monterey County. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Santa Cruz Mountains on the east. The city of Watsonville is the largest center of population.\r\n\r\nDeposits that range in age from Pliocene to Holocene make up the ground-water reservoir. These include, from oldest to youngest, the Purisima Formation, Aromas Red Sands of Allen (1946), terrace deposits, alluvium, and dune sand. These deposits underlie an area of about 80 square miles and have a maximum thickness of about 4,000 feet. The alluvium yields most of the water pumped from wells in the area.\r\n\r\nPre-Pliocene rocks underlie and form the boundaries of the ground-water reservoir. These rocks contain ground water in fractures and in sandstone beds. However, they are not an important source of ground water. There is close continuity between the geology of the Pajaro Valley area and that of the Soquel-Aptos area, which is contiguous on the north.\r\n\r\nGround water in the Pajaro Valley area is derived from three sources: (1) Precipitation within the Pajaro Valley area that reaches the ground-water body by direct infiltration or by seepage from streams, (2) seepage from the Pajaro River as it crosses the Pajaro Valley carrying runoff which originates upstream from the valley, and (3) precipitation in the Soquel-Aptos area that infiltrates and then moves southeastward at depth into the Pajaro Valley area.\r\n\r\nGround water in most wells in the Pajaro Valley area occurs under confined (artesian) conditions; the only exception is ground water in the upper, near-surface part of the alluvium and that in the dune sand. It moves south from the north part of the area and southwest away from the San Andreas fault toward and out under Monterey Bay. In the south part of the area, ground-water movement is almost due west. The San Andreas fault probably is the only fault that has a restrictive effect on the movement of ground water.\r\n\r\nWater levels in wells in the Pajaro Valley area in 1970 averaged about 2 feet lower than that in 1950. Ground-water pumpage averaged 46,100 acre-feet per year during the period 1963 through 1969.\r\n\r\nThere are two distinct ground-water quality zones in the Pajaro Valley area: a shallow, semiperched zone of poor-quality water and a deeper, confined zone of good quality-water. Also, sea-water intrusion has occurred in limited areas near the mouth of the Pajaro River and in the vicinity of McClusky Slough.\r\n\r\nThe channel of the Pajaro River near Aromas and the beds of streams that drain the area north and northeast of Watsonville have the greatest potential for artificial recharge by surface infiltration of water. The gravel at the base of the alluvium is the best zone for injection of water through wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73199","usgsCitation":"Muir, K.S., 1972, Geology and ground water of the Pajaro Valley area, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-199, Report: iv, 33 p.; 3 Plates: 33.53 × 21.22 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73199.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 3 Plates: 33.53 × 21.22 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388963,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_2298.htm"},{"id":84907,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0199/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":170866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84910,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84908,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0199/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84909,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0199/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Monterey County, Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Pajaro Valley area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.87408447265625,\n 36.81808022778526\n ],\n [\n -121.6021728515625,\n 36.81808022778526\n ],\n [\n -121.6021728515625,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -121.87408447265625,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -121.87408447265625,\n 36.81808022778526\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cacf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muir, K. S.","contributorId":53764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muir","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48096,"text":"ofr72462 - 1972 - A summary view of water supply and demand in the San Francisco Bay Region, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T07:35:21","indexId":"ofr72462","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-462","title":"A summary view of water supply and demand in the San Francisco Bay Region, California","docAbstract":"This report presents a summary view of the water-supply situation in the nine counties that comprise the San Francisco Bay region, California, and thereby provides water data, based on 1970 conditions, that are needed for regional planning. For the purpose of this study the nine-county region has been divided into 15 subregions on the basis of hydrologic and economic considerations. Firm water supply is tabulated for each subregion by source--ground water, surface water, and imported water. Water demand in 1970 is tabulated for each subregion by type of use or demand--public supply, rural self-supply, irrigation, self-supplied industrial water and thermoelectric power generation.
\nThe San Francisco Bay region is dependent to a large degree on imported water. Under 1970 conditions of development, the firm water supply is 2.2 million acre-feet per year; of that quantity, almost 1 million acre-feet per year is imported water. The water demand in 1970 was 1.9 million acre-feet, about half of which was consumed. Under 1970 conditions of water development and use, a series of dry years would probably necessitate some curtailment of irrigation activities in four of the subregions, where the bulk of the demands i for irrigation water. Under those same conditions there is generally ample water for municipal and industrial use throughout the region, except in eastern Marin County where the firm municipal supple does not exceed the 1970 demand for municipal and industrial water.
\nAlthough the firm water supply of the San Francisco Bay region, including imported water, is generally adequate to meet present needs, supplemental supply will be required to meet increased demand in the future. The expansion of existing surface-water facilities and the construction of new surface-water projects, now considered feasible, could provide a combined firm supplemental yield of slightly more than 1 million acre-feet per year, almost three-fourths of which would be available for import by those subregions that might experience a water deficient in the future. However, any supplemental water that might be developed by such alternative methods as desalination of brackish or salt water, weather modification, and various conservation measure, will correspondingly reduce requirement for supplemental water from the more conventional sources.
\nThe aspect of water quality is not discussed in this paper. Because of the present availability of imported water of good or acceptable quality, water quality, as it affects the supply, is not a serious problem at this time, except perhaps in local areas adjacent to San Francisco Bay and in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. In those areas ground water has been degraded by salinity intrusion. Although the prediction of future trends in population, land use, and water demand is beyond the scope of this report, there is not doubt that vigilance and careful planning will be required to prevent serious future deterioration of the quality of the water supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr72462","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S.E., 1972, A summary view of water supply and demand in the San Francisco Bay Region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-462, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72462.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287753,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0462/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.0,37.0 ], [ -124.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,37.0 ], [ -124.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5f0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, Saul E.","contributorId":46010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"Saul","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15001,"text":"ofr72256 - 1972 - Preliminary geologic map of the eastern Solomon and southeastern Bendeleben quadrangles, eastern Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-24T22:16:50.505652","indexId":"ofr72256","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-256","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the eastern Solomon and southeastern Bendeleben quadrangles, eastern Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72256","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., Grybeck, D., Elliott, R.L., and Hudson, T., 1972, Preliminary geologic map of the eastern Solomon and southeastern Bendeleben quadrangles, eastern Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-256, Report: 11 p.; 2 Plates: 14.36 × 29.40 inches and 23.19 × 14.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72256.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; 2 Plates: 14.36 × 29.40 inches and 23.19 × 14.54 inches","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0256/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397588,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8692.htm"},{"id":43829,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0256/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43830,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0256/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43831,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"eastern Solomon and southeastern Bendeleben quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.5,\n 64.25\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 64.25\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 65.5\n ],\n [\n -163.5,\n 65.5\n ],\n [\n -163.5,\n 64.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db674324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":170392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grybeck, Donald","contributorId":8066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grybeck","given":"Donald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hudson, Travis","contributorId":90282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":12432,"text":"ofr724 - 1972 - A geochemical study of the Rio Pantanos area, Department of Antioquia, Colombia preliminary report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr724","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-4","title":"A geochemical study of the Rio Pantanos area, Department of Antioquia, Colombia preliminary report","docAbstract":"Geochemical sampling in the Western Cordillera has delineated an 18 km 2 area anomalous in copper, molybdenum, and silver. Highly anomalous metal contents are found in stream sediment, soil, and outcrop samples collected within this area. The area is underlain by intrusive granodiorite to quartz diorite that has porphyritic and granitoid phases. Most of the outcrop samples contain disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. \r\n\r\nA geochemical reconnaissance sampling program in the Western Cordillera, formulated by Andros Jimeno V., Director, Instituto National de Investigaciones Geologico-Mineras (INGEOMINAS), and Earl M. Irving, U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) Chief of Party in Colombia, was carried out from 1969 to 1971 by geologists of the INGEOMINAS office in Medellin. This work was part of a cooperative program of INGEOMINAS and the USGS sponsored by the Government of Colombia and the Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of State. \r\n\r\nSeventeen generally east-trending traverses were completed across the Western Cordillera. These traverses, generally paralleling major drainages, cross the range at intervals of 10 to 30 km.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr724","usgsCitation":"Alminas, H.V., and Mosier, E.L., 1972, A geochemical study of the Rio Pantanos area, Department of Antioquia, Colombia preliminary report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-4, iv, 34 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr724.","productDescription":"iv, 34 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40672,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40673,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40674,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40675,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40676,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":40677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alminas, Henry V.","contributorId":59783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alminas","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, Elwin L.","contributorId":70374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"Elwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13911,"text":"ofr72146 - 1972 - Complete Bouguer gravity map of eastern Puerto Rico and principal facts for gravity stations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T20:29:01.79362","indexId":"ofr72146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-146","title":"Complete Bouguer gravity map of eastern Puerto Rico and principal facts for gravity stations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72146","usgsCitation":"Griscom, A., 1972, Complete Bouguer gravity map of eastern Puerto Rico and principal facts for gravity stations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-146, Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 55.37 x 47.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72146.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 55.37 x 47.89 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493217,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8677.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":42555,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0146/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0146/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"60000","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.25,\n 18.486\n ],\n [\n -66.25,\n 17.9\n ],\n [\n -65.574,\n 17.9\n ],\n [\n -65.574,\n 18.486\n ],\n [\n -66.25,\n 18.486\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a886a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griscom, Andrew","contributorId":23520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68312,"text":"ha377 - 1972 - Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55906,"text":"ofr69127 - 1969 - Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas","indexId":"ofr69127","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68312,"text":"ha377 - 1972 - Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas","indexId":"ha377","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-23T12:57:37","indexId":"ha377","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"377","title":"Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Water is available in Clay, Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Counties from ground-water and surface-water sources. However, ground water is more accessible in many places than surface water. Ground water is available from the alluvium, which covers all the area except Crowleys Ridge, and is also available from other formations below the alluvium.
Surface water is available from the Black and Cache Rivers west of Crowleys Ridge, and from the St/ Francis and Little Rivers, and from many ditches and laterals east of the ridge. Continuous water supplies are not available from streams on Crowleys Ridge, but additional surface-water supplies could be made available from reservoirs storage on the ridge. Average annual streamflow ranges from 1.2 cfs per sq mi (Cubic feet per second per square mile) in the western part of the four counties to 1.4 cfs per sq mi in the eastern part. Average annual precipitation is about 48 inches.
Use of water in the area for agriculture greatly exceeds all other used combined, and progressively greater amounts of water are being used for irrigation. In 1965, 111.4 mgd (million gallons per day) was used for irrigation of other crops. An additional 16.9 mgd was used by industry, municipalities, and others. Of these amounts, 180.1 mgd was ground water and 19.7 mgd was surface water, or a total of 199.8 mgd. More than 80 manufacturing firms, many of which are closely allied to agriculture, use moderate amounts of water, mostly from municipal supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha377","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Commission","usgsCitation":"Hines, M.S., Plebuch, R.O., and Lamonds, A.G., 1972, Water resources of Clay, Greene, Craighead, and Poinsett Counties, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 377, 2 Plates: 44.00 x 38.50 inches and 45.00 x 38.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha377.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 44.00 x 38.50 inches and 45.00 x 38.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366867,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/377/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":185693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/377/plate-1-thumb.jpg"},{"id":89760,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/377/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Clay County, Craighead County, Greene County, Poinsett County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91,35.5 ], [ -91,36.5 ], [ -90.5,36.5 ], [ -90.5,35.5 ], [ -91,35.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, Marion S.","contributorId":29388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Marion","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plebuch, Raymond O.","contributorId":15177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plebuch","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamonds, A. G.","contributorId":8450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamonds","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68383,"text":"ha380 - 1972 - Water resources of the Crow Wing River watershed, central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:23:16","indexId":"ha380","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"380","title":"Water resources of the Crow Wing River watershed, central Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Crow Wing River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, drains an area of about 3,760 square miles, essentially all of which is covered by glacial deposits.
\nTopography of most of the watershed is slightly- to moderately-undulating and has local relief of up to about 50 feet. The margin of the watershed, particularly the southwestern and northwestern parts, is higher and has local relief often exceeding 150 feet. The higher areas contain numerous lakes and, in the extreme north and east parts of the watershed, are heavily forested.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ha380","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., Oakes, E., Ericson, D., and Helgesen, J.O., 1972, Water resources of the Crow Wing River watershed, central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 380, 4 Plates: 41.68 x 33.86 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha380.","productDescription":"4 Plates: 41.68 x 33.86 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f057e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, Gerald F.","contributorId":18374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakes, E.L.","contributorId":38652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakes","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ericson, D.W.","contributorId":80295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ericson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2573,"text":"wsp2003 - 1972 - Availability of ground water for irrigation from glacial outwash in the Perham area, Otter Tail County, Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55927,"text":"ofr69216 - 1969 - Ground water for irrigation in the Perhem area, Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota","indexId":"ofr69216","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Ground water for irrigation in the Perhem area, Otter Tail County, west-central Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2573,"text":"wsp2003 - 1972 - Availability of ground water for irrigation from glacial outwash in the Perham area, Otter Tail County, Minnesota","indexId":"wsp2003","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Availability of ground water for irrigation from glacial outwash in the Perham area, Otter Tail County, Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:04:32","indexId":"wsp2003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003","title":"Availability of ground water for irrigation from glacial outwash in the Perham area, Otter Tail County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The Perham study area includes about 350 square miles of surficial deposits of glacial outwash in the central part of Otter Tail County in west-central Minnesota. The aquifer characteristics have a wide range, as follows: Transmissivity values range from nearly 0 along the perimeter of the area to more than 100,000 gallons per day per foot in the central parts of the area; storage coefficient values range from 0.1 to 0.2; and the saturated thickness of the upper outwash material ranges from nearly 0 to more than 100 feet. Most of the aquifer material is fairly well sorted and is in the particle-size range of fine to coarse sand.
\nWells penetrating the full thickness of the aquifer and developed to 100 percent efficiency can be expected to yield 1,200 gallons per minute for 30 days and to have drawdowns of less than two-thirds the aquifer thickness in much of the area; however, well yields vary widely within short distances. Yields of 300 gallons per minute or less can be expected from wells drilled near the edges of the area and in the general area east and southeast of Otter Tail Lake.
\nResults from the mathematical analyses show that the amount of streamflow leaving the area will not be depleted within the 10-year analysis period, if not more than 6 inches of water per year is used on all the irrigable land in the outwash area. If pumpage and its effects on the streams is assumed to be prorated proportionately along the full length of the streams within the area, then the levels of lakes along these streams generally will not be lowered appreciably. However, owing to the heterogeneity of the aquifer and the other variable factors involved, some reaches of the streams may cease to flow when full ground-water development is approached, which, in turn, would result in a decline in some lake levels. Lakes and ponds not connected to streams in the area are expected to be lowered considerably or to be dried up completely as pumping becomes more extensive in years to come.
\nIf irrigation wells and other large-yield wells in the study area are spaced 1 mile or more away from streams and lakes, the effect of ground-water pumping on the streams will be small, and the lake levels will be affected very little. However, the lakes and ponds are expected to approach normal levels during periods of above-normal precipitation and during periods of no pumping.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2003","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the West Central Minnesota Resource Conservation and Development Committee and the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters, Soils, and Minerals","usgsCitation":"Reeder, H.O., 1972, Availability of ground water for irrigation from glacial outwash in the Perham area, Otter Tail County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2003, Document: v, 45 p.; 3 Plates: 34 x 26 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2003.","productDescription":"Document: v, 45 p.; 3 Plates: 34 x 26 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28845,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2003/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28846,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2003/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28844,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2003/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Otter Tail County","otherGeospatial":"Perham area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.95,\n 46.7\n ],\n [\n -95.95,\n 46.166667\n ],\n [\n -95.35,\n 46.166667\n ],\n [\n -95.35,\n 46.7\n ],\n [\n -95.95,\n 46.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667dbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeder, Harold O.","contributorId":14381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeder","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44238,"text":"ofr72341 - 1972 - Structure contour map of the Avella and part of the Steubenville East quadrangles, Washington County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44238,"text":"ofr72341 - 1972 - Structure contour map of the Avella and part of the Steubenville East quadrangles, Washington County, Pennsylvania","indexId":"ofr72341","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Structure contour map of the Avella and part of the Steubenville East quadrangles, Washington County, Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":67049,"text":"i908 - 1976 - Geologic map of the Avella quadrangle and part of the Steubenville East Quadrangle, Washington County, Pennsylvania","indexId":"i908","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Avella quadrangle and part of the Steubenville East Quadrangle, Washington County, Pennsylvania"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":67049,"text":"i908 - 1976 - Geologic map of the Avella quadrangle and part of the Steubenville East Quadrangle, Washington County, Pennsylvania","indexId":"i908","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Avella quadrangle and part of the Steubenville East Quadrangle, Washington County, Pennsylvania"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-15T19:19:16.585502","indexId":"ofr72341","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-341","title":"Structure contour map of the Avella and part of the Steubenville East quadrangles, Washington County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72341","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources","usgsCitation":"Schweinfurth, S.P., 1972, Structure contour map of the Avella and part of the Steubenville East quadrangles, Washington County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-341, 1 Plate: 23.98 x 32.75 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72341.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 23.98 x 32.75 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0341/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402230,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0341/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Avella quadrangle, Steubenville East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.51666666666667,40.25 ], [ -80.51666666666667,40.3675 ], [ -80.36749999999999,40.3675 ], [ -80.36749999999999,40.25 ], [ -80.51666666666667,40.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweinfurth, Stanley P.","contributorId":99123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweinfurth","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15770,"text":"ofr72324 - 1972 - Reconnaissance geologic map of the west half of the Solomon quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-17T19:29:20.879167","indexId":"ofr72324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-324","title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of the west half of the Solomon quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Solomon quadrangle adjoins the Bering Sea east of Nome, Alaska. It has a common west border with the Nome quadrangle (Sainsbury and others, 1972b) and a common north border with the Bendeleben 1:250,000- scale quadrangle.
Part of the area was mapped by Smith (1910), who discussed the rocks in some detail. The rocks mapped by Smith were remapped in 1971 along with the unmapped part of the west half of the Solomon quadrangle. Maps covering half the area of the present report have been issued in preliminary form at a scale of 1:63,360 (Sainsbury and others, 1972, 1972a). Consequently, only a brief text accompanies this map.
The east half of the Solomon quadrangle has been mapped by Thomas P. Miller, U.S. Geological Survey (unpublished). Mapping techniques of the various workers led to different maps and results; hence the map of the west half is presented only in preliminary form- a final compilation of the entire Solomon quadrangle may incorporate changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr72324","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., Hudson, T., Ewing, R., and Marsh, W.R., 1972, Reconnaissance geologic map of the west half of the Solomon quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-324, Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 32.91 x 29.61 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72324.","productDescription":"Report: 10 p.; 1 Plate: 32.91 x 29.61 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400724,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0324/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":106534,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8706.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8706"},{"id":148987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0324/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44785,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0324/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Solomon quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 64\n ],\n [\n -162,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -165,\n 64\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682c6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Travis","contributorId":90282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ewing, Rodney","contributorId":106914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewing","given":"Rodney","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marsh, William R.","contributorId":34524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}