Many researchers have studied the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards aquifer or various aspects of the saline-water zone and its relation to the freshwater zone. These studies were summarized and used to synthesize a consistent hydrologic and geochemical framework from which to interpret data from field studies. The concept derived from the previous work on the downdip limit of the freshwater zone is that fresh recharge water entered the aquifer and developed a vast flow system controlled by barrier faults. Some recharge water flows into the saline-water zone rather than toward major freshwater discharge points. The water that enters the salinewater zone continues to dissolve gypsum and dolomite, and calcite precipitates out of the water. This process of dedolomitization has helped to develop the large secondary porosity of the freshwater zone as the downdip limit of the freshwater zone progressively moved downdip in recent geologic time.
\nThe drilling of test holes and installation of monitoring wells began in 1985 and helped to define the downdip limit of the freshwater zone at one location. Dolomite was found in greater amounts in rocks from the saline-water-zone test hole than in rocks from the freshwater-zone test hole. Other mineralogic and lithologic contrasts between the saline-water-zone test hole and the freshwater-zone test hole support the conceptual model of dedolomitization. Geophysical logs and test-hole survey logs helped to define the stratification of freshwater and associated altered rock textures, secondary porosity development, and water chemistry in the freshwater-, saline-water-, and transition-zone test holes.
\nThe differences in actual measured head among the seven completed monitor wells varied over time, especially during periods of substantial water use. The water levels in two monitor wells completed at the freshwater zone (site D; wells Dl and D2) responded quickly and strongly to withdrawals. In the transition zone (site C; wells Cl and C2), the water level in the shallow monitor well (Cl) completed in a cavern responded quickly, but because it was farther from the water-supply wells near site D, it did not respond as strongly to changes in withdrawals at the nearby well field. The water levels in the three salinewater wells at site A (Al, A2, and A3) and the deep site C well (C2) were less responsive to stresses relative to the water-level changes in the freshwater wells (Dl, D2, and Cl).
\nLarge amounts of freshwater were produced from the upper 300 to 350 feet of the aquifer in the freshwater zone (site D). Water produced from below this interval was as saline as that from the saline-water zone (site A). The cavern near the top of the aquifer in the transition zone (site C) produced large amounts of freshwater. The freshwater produced from the cavern was of a different geochemical type than the water from the other wells. The saline-water-zone test hole (site A) produced small amounts of water having specific conductance generally about 5,800 to 6,200 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius.
\nA consistent trend in the water quality was not detected in the monitor-well data for July 1986-April 1987. This was caused, in part, by the average to above-average rainfall and by the lack of large withdrawals during the period. The water quality of samples from several of the wells was similar to the water quality determined by a previous study of the area. Geochemistry of the oil- or gas-well brines from downdip in the saline-water zone had slight resemblance to the geochemistry of the water at the downdip limit of freshwater; updip flow of saline water toward the freshwater zone was not indicated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri934100","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System, Edwards Underground Water District, and Texas Water Development Board","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G., 1994, Analysis of data from test-well sites along the downdip limit of freshwater in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio, Texas, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4100, vi, 92 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934100.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"San Antonio","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, G.E.","contributorId":17260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21485,"text":"ofr94693 - 1994 - Descriptions and elevations for first order, Class II leveling bench marks in the vicinity of Medicine Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr94693","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-693","title":"Descriptions and elevations for first order, Class II leveling bench marks in the vicinity of Medicine Lake, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94693","usgsCitation":"Yamashita, K.M., and Kaiser, W., 1994, Descriptions and elevations for first order, Class II leveling bench marks in the vicinity of Medicine Lake, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-693, 64 leaves :map. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94693.","productDescription":"64 leaves :map. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0693/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51047,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0693/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db6690cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yamashita, Kenneth M.","contributorId":65087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamashita","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, W.P.","contributorId":50044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18108,"text":"ofr94709 - 1994 - Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T13:35:34","indexId":"ofr94709","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-709","title":"Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California","docAbstract":"Between January and March, 1994, a drilling program was conducted at the Treasure Island Naval Station to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of soils that did and did not liquefy during the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989. A second goal of this drilling program was to test and calibrate a retrievable piezometer system that is designed to monitor dynamic pore-water pressure during liquefaction.
Retrievable Piezometer
A retrievable piezometer can be used to replace failed transducers without redrilling, and the external casing can be installed without the piezometer itself. Many external casings can be installed throughout a region and used only when necessary.
At two sites the USGS retrievable piezometer was placed at depths between 2.3 and 4.6m. The retrievable piezometer involves augering a hole to the testing depth and emplacing a 33-mm outside diameter pvc pipe with a porous stone. The hole is back filled and sealed with bentonite, the top of the boring is capped with a box flush to the ground. Later, a commercial transducer is connected to a 21-mm outside diameter pvc pipe and lowered down the 33 mm casing and screwed into the bottom porous-stone assembly. A calibrating transducer (the same type and model as in the USGS retrievable piezometer) was installed inside a penetrometer with a 60° conical tip and an external sleeve that protects the porous filter, located immediately behind the tip, during advancement through dry soil. After the instrument was advanced to the proper depth the tip with the porous filter was advanced past the protective sleeve. Pore pressure was elevated separately by dynamic impact and blasting.
The first calibration tests were conducted within the U.S. Geotechnical Test Site established at the Treasure Island fire station (building 157) (de Alba and others, 1994). A 590 kg weight (diameter 72 cm) was dropped 0.69 to 1.63 m onto a steel plate (91 cm square, 0.6 cm thick) to elevate pore pressure, each test involved dropping the weight one time. The surficial distance from the energy source to the piezometers ranged from 1 to 3.6 m. At an empty field (bounded by 11th and 13th streets and H and I ave) pore pressure was elevated using the 590 kg weight and no. 8 blasting caps (50 grains, 3 grams) and primer cord. The explosives were placed 2 m from the piezometers at depths of 2.4 to 2.7 m. A USGS explosives expert handled the explosives under the supervision of Navy personnel.
Liquefaction
Gray and brown, fine to medium grained sand was hydraulically dredged from San Francisco Bay to create Treasure Island (fig. 1). During the Loma Prieta earthquake Treasure Island experience a peak ground acceleration of 0.16 g (Shakal and other, 1989) and portions of the soil beneath Treasure Island liquefied and were vented to the ground surface as sand boils. During November, 1989, a survey of Treasure Island was made to document ground effects such as sand boils, settlement, and ground cracking. During this survey samples of more than 30 sand boils were taken for grain size analysis (Bennett, in press).
Although the soil beneath the fire station did not liquefy, surrounding areas did. The surrounding liquefaction may have affected the peak ground acceleration. Fifteen seconds into the acceleration record at the fire station there is a sudden drop in ground acceleration, and 16 seconds into the record there is practically no response (Idriss, 1991). De Alba and others (1994) ascribe the behavior of the acceleration record to the liquefaction of the underlying sand.
Besides the generation of sand boils, Treasure Island experienced significant ground settlement and lateral deformation that damaged lifelines for water and gas (Seed and others, 1990).
The primary objective of this report is to document the subsurface stratigraphy at the liquefaction and non-liquefaction sites (fig. 2), and to explore the relation between sand boils and subsurface sediment. This documentation adds to the geotechnical data base of liquefaction by clarifying which layers actually liquefy during earthquakes. Another objective is to briefly describe the piezometer calibration test in terms of what was done and where it was done, results of the calibration work will be reported later by the primary investigator, Behnam Hushmand of Hushmand Associates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94709","usgsCitation":"Bennett, M.J., 1994, Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-709, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94709.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367101,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Island Naval Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39078521728516,\n 37.804358908571395\n ],\n [\n -122.3495864868164,\n 37.804358908571395\n ],\n [\n -122.3495864868164,\n 37.835818618104156\n ],\n [\n -122.39078521728516,\n 37.835818618104156\n ],\n [\n -122.39078521728516,\n 37.804358908571395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Michael J. mjbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Michael","email":"mjbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19455,"text":"ofr94682 - 1994 - Terranes and overlap sequences in the Central and Southern Appalachians, an expanded explanation for part of the Circum-Atlantic terrane map","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:44","indexId":"ofr94682","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-682","title":"Terranes and overlap sequences in the Central and Southern Appalachians, an expanded explanation for part of the Circum-Atlantic terrane map","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94682","usgsCitation":"Horton, J., Drake, A., and Rankin, D., 1994, Terranes and overlap sequences in the Central and Southern Appalachians, an expanded explanation for part of the Circum-Atlantic terrane map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-682, ii, 40 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94682.","productDescription":"ii, 40 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0682/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48929,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0682/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6850ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":180940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, Avery Ala","contributorId":65460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery Ala","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rankin, Douglas W. dwrankin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"Douglas W.","email":"dwrankin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":180941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18442,"text":"ofr94698 - 1994 - The selective salvation of Zeiss Ni 1 levelings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr94698","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-698","title":"The selective salvation of Zeiss Ni 1 levelings","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94698","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., and Gilmore, T.D., 1994, The selective salvation of Zeiss Ni 1 levelings: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-698, iii, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94698.","productDescription":"iii, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0698/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47795,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0698/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e704","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilmore, Thomas D.","contributorId":64235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17574,"text":"ofr94643 - 1994 - Proceedings of the working group meeting on Northeast United States earthquake probability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr94643","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-643","title":"Proceedings of the working group meeting on Northeast United States earthquake probability","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94643","usgsCitation":"Williams, M., Nishenko, S., and Ebel, J., 1994, Proceedings of the working group meeting on Northeast United States earthquake probability: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-643, 24 leaves ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94643.","productDescription":"24 leaves ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1026,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/epubs/openfiles/ofr94-643.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":150149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0643/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0643/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db66035c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, M.E.","contributorId":11613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishenko, S.P.","contributorId":8072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishenko","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebel, J.E.","contributorId":54619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18187,"text":"ofr94677 - 1994 - Grade, tonnage, and other models of blue-mountain-type Au-Ag polymetallic veins, Blue Mountains, Oregon, for use in resource and environmental assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94677","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-677","title":"Grade, tonnage, and other models of blue-mountain-type Au-Ag polymetallic veins, Blue Mountains, Oregon, for use in resource and environmental assessment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94677","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1994, Grade, tonnage, and other models of blue-mountain-type Au-Ag polymetallic veins, Blue Mountains, Oregon, for use in resource and environmental assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-677, 33 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94677.","productDescription":"33 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0677/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47557,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0677/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673699","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26945,"text":"wri944186 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:10:35.143462","indexId":"wri944186","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4186","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Geophysical and lithologic well-log data from 30 wells and chloride data, and water-level data from oil-test wells, supply wells, and observation wells were evaluated to define the hydrogeologic framework at the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina. Elements of the hydrogeologic framework important to this study include six aquifers and their respective confining units. In descending order, these aquifers are the surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River, upper and lower Castle Hayne, and Beaufort. The upper and lower Castle Hayne and Beaufort aquifers and related confining units are relatively continuous throughout the study area. The surficial, Yorktown, Pungo River, and upper and lower Castle Hayne aquifers contain freshwater.\r\n\r\nThe upper and lower Castle Hayne aquifers serve as the Air Station?s principal supply of freshwater. However, the lower Castle Hayne aquifer contains brackish water near its base and there is potential for upward movement of this water to supply wells completed in this aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe potential for brackish-water encroachment is greatest if wells are screened too deep in the lower Castle Hayne aquifer or if pumping rates are too high. Lateral movement of brackish water into aquifers incised by estuarine streams is also possible if ground-water flow gradients toward these bodies are reversed by pumping.\r\n\r\nThe potential for the reversed movement of water from the surficial aquifer downward to the water-supply aquifer is greatest in areas where clay confining units are missing. These missing clay units could indicate the presence of a paleochannel of the Neuse River.\r\n\r\nA quasi three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed and calibrated to simulate conditions at and in the vicinity of the Air Station for the period of 1987-90. Comparisons of 94 observed and computed heads were made, and the average difference between them is -0.2 feet with a root mean square error of 5.7 feet.\r\n\r\nAn analysis was made to evaluate the sensitivity of the model to the absence of the Yorktown and Pungo River confining units in a 1-square-mile area in the southern part of the Air Station. This analysis resulted in a maximum simulated head increase of 2 feet in one 0.11-square-mile model cell in the Pungo River aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944186","usgsCitation":"Eimers, J.L., Daniel, C.C., and Coble, R.W., 1994, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at U.S. Marine Corps Air Station, Cherry Point, North Carolina, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4186, vi, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944186.","productDescription":"vi, 75 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55833,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394279,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48061.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Cherry Point, Marine Corps Air Station","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.85550980979316\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 34.85550980979316\n ],\n [\n -76.83425903320312,\n 34.95574425733423\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.95574425733423\n ],\n [\n -76.9482421875,\n 34.85550980979316\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f72a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eimers, J. L.","contributorId":95919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daniel, C. C. III","contributorId":71953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20664,"text":"ofr94486 - 1994 - Reconnaissance investigations of potential ground-water and sediment contamination at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:25:55","indexId":"ofr94486","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-486","title":"Reconnaissance investigations of potential ground-water and sediment contamination at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1994","docAbstract":"Investigations to provide initial qualitative delineation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination at three former underground storage tank locations at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, were made during March 1994. Ground-water and sediment samples were collected using direct-push technology and analyzed on-site with a gas chromatograph, which provided real-time, semi-quantitative data. In addition, ground-water and sediment samples were collected at selected sites for laboratory analyses to provide a confirmation of the on-site data. These analyses provided qualitative data on the lateral distri- bution of petroleum hydrocarbons. Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected by on-site analysis in ground-water samples from nine locations at Site 1062, suggesting the presence of a contaminant plume. Concentrations ranged from less than the minimum detection limit to 4,511 mg/L (micrograms per liter) for benzene, 15,594 mg/L for toluene, 16,501 mg/L for ethylbenzene, and 19,391 mg/L for total xylenes. Concentrations of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Gasoline Range Organics ranged from 323 mg/L to 3,364 mg/L; Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Diesel Range Organics were not detected. Three samples from this site were analyzed for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes at a laboratory and results showed concentrations ranging from less than the minimum detection limit to 1,070 mg/L for benzene, 7,930 mg/L for toluene, 6,890 mg/L for ethylbenzene, and 1,524 mg/L for total xylenes. Petroleum hydro- carbons were detected by on-site analysis in only one sample at Site 2438. A concentration of 131,000 micrograms per kilogram Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Diesel Range Organics was detected in sample number GP-2-4-13.5. Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected by on-site analysis in only one ground-water sample from Site 2444. A concentration of 3,145 mg/L Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-Gasoline Range Organics was detected at sampling location GP-3-2.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94486","usgsCitation":"Robertson, J., Nagle, D.D., and Rhodes, L.C., 1994, Reconnaissance investigations of potential ground-water and sediment contamination at three former underground storage tank locations, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-486, v, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94486.","productDescription":"v, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50189,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0486/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0486/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Fort Jackson","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.99344253540039,\n 33.9751111297791\n ],\n [\n -80.99344253540039,\n 34.030753873451836\n ],\n [\n -80.90572357177734,\n 34.030753873451836\n ],\n [\n -80.90572357177734,\n 33.9751111297791\n ],\n [\n -80.99344253540039,\n 33.9751111297791\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63ea9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagle, Douglas D.","contributorId":41853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagle","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhodes, Liesl C.","contributorId":83956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"Liesl","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29875,"text":"wri924174 - 1994 - Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri924174","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4174","title":"Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida","docAbstract":"Saltwater intrusion is a potential threat to ground- water quality in the Floridan aquifer in Duval, Nassau, and St. Johns Counties. Five possible mechanisms of saltwater movement that could explain the increases in chloride concentrations in water in the freshwater zones of the Floridan aquifer system are: (1) unflushed pockets of relic seawater, (2) upward leakage of saltwater through failed, uncased, or improperly plugged or constructed wells, (3) lateral movement of saltwater from the north- eastern Florida coast, (4) upconing of saltwater from below pumped wells, and (5) saltwater movement into freshwater zones due to thinning, or breaching by joints, fractures, collapse features, or possibly by faults, of the overlying semiconfining beds. Total ground-water use in the study area increased more than 40 percent between 1965 and 1988, with approximately 90 percent of the water being with- drawn from the Floridan aquifer system. Pumping to satisfy this increase in water use resulted in a decline of the potentiometric surface, thus in- creasing the potential for saltwater movement upward into freshwater zones. The potential for saltwater intrusion is expected to increase as population growth continues and greater demands are placed on ground-water resources. Possible water-management strategies that could reduce this potential threat include: minimizing well depths, installation of new well fields in areas where the thickness of the freshwater lens is greatest, reducing drawdowns in wells fields and other areas where saltwater in- trusion could be occurring, and plugging the lower parts of some of the deeper wells.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924174","usgsCitation":"Spechler, R., 1994, Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system, northeastern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4174, vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924174.","productDescription":"vi, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":58688,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4174/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spechler, R. M.","contributorId":85961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spechler","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18935,"text":"ofr94501 - 1994 - A Fortran coding convention for use in the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:30","indexId":"ofr94501","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-501","title":"A Fortran coding convention for use in the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94501","usgsCitation":"Flynn, K.M., Kittle, J.L., and Lumb, A.M., 1994, A Fortran coding convention for use in the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-501, 64 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94501.","productDescription":"64 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0501/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48333,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0501/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4955e4b0b290850ef101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, Kathleen M.","contributorId":43756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"Kathleen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kittle, John L. Jr.","contributorId":101690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittle","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lumb, Alan M.","contributorId":47792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25675,"text":"wri944002 - 1994 - Nationwide summary of US Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri944002","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4002","title":"Nationwide summary of US Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993","docAbstract":"For many years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been involved in the development of regional regression equations for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at ungaged sites. These regression equations are used to transfer flood characteristics from gaged to ungaged sites through the use of watershed and climatic characteristics as explanatory or predictor variables. Generally these equations have been developed on a statewide or metropolitan area basis as part of cooperative study programs with specific State Departments of Transportation or specific cities. The USGS, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has compiled all the current (as of September 1993) statewide and metropolitan area regression equations into a micro-computer program titled the National Flood Frequency Program.This program includes regression equations for estimating flood-peak discharges and techniques for estimating a typical flood hydrograph for a given recurrence interval peak discharge for unregulated rural and urban watersheds. These techniques should be useful to engineers and hydrologists for planning and design applications. This report summarizes the statewide regression equations for rural watersheds in each State, summarizes the applicable metropolitan area or statewide regression equations for urban watersheds, describes the National Flood Frequency Program for making these computations, and provides much of the reference information on the extrapolation variables needed to run the program.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944002","usgsCitation":"Jennings, M., Thomas, W., and Riggs, H.C., 1994, Nationwide summary of US Geological Survey regional regression equations for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods for ungaged sites, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4002, v, 196 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.) [PGS - 203 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944002.","productDescription":"v, 196 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.) [PGS - 203 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4002/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54443,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4002/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698398","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.E.","contributorId":76775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riggs, H. C.","contributorId":17210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31833,"text":"ofr94669B - 1994 - HyperCard database for Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"ofr94669B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-669","chapter":"B","title":"HyperCard database for Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records Project","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94669B","usgsCitation":"Phi, T.N., and Gardner, J.V., 1994, HyperCard database for Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-669, Two 3 1/2 inch diskettes. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94669B.","productDescription":"Two 3 1/2 inch diskettes. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc59c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phi, Thang N.","contributorId":6102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phi","given":"Thang","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31832,"text":"ofr94669A - 1994 - HyperCard database for Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:04","indexId":"ofr94669A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-669","chapter":"A","title":"HyperCard database for Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records Project","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94669A","usgsCitation":"Phi, T.N., and Gardner, J.V., 1994, HyperCard database for Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-669, 12 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94669A.","productDescription":"12 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0669a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60027,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0669a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc582","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phi, Thang N.","contributorId":6102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phi","given":"Thang","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":93035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5268,"text":"fs01594 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Ozark Plateaus surface-water quality study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs01594","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"015-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Ozark Plateaus surface-water quality study","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs01594","usgsCitation":"Femmer, S.R., and Joseph, R.L., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; Ozark Plateaus surface-water quality study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 015-94, 1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01594.","productDescription":"1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mo.water.usgs.gov/fact_sheets/surfwat.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_015_94.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698574","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Femmer, Suzanne R. sfemmer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Femmer","given":"Suzanne","email":"sfemmer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28842,"text":"wri934116 - 1994 - Application of the precipitation-runoff modeling system model to simulate dry season runoff for three watersheds in south-central Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri934116","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4116","title":"Application of the precipitation-runoff modeling system model to simulate dry season runoff for three watersheds in south-central Guam","docAbstract":"The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model was calibrated and verified using existing hydrologic and climatic data for the Maulap and Imong River watersheds for simulation of dry season runoff from three gaged areas that contribute to the Fena Reservoir water supply. The model was applied to the Almagosa River watershed by transferring calibrated parameters and coefficients because data were not available for daily diversions of as much as 3.9 cubic feet per second of runoff at Almagosa Springs. Application of the model in the watershed of Fena Reservoir can provide a physically based method for estimating reservoir recharge during the dry season, January through May. Estimated recharge can be examined in relation to the effect of varying intensities of monthly reservoir-water production in order to identify a basis for the rational release of water. Differences between simulated and observed monthly mean runoff for dry season months in the verification period (November 1980 through December 1981) ranged from-0.04 cubic feet per second (-3.51 percent) to 0.74 cubic feet per second (30.34 percent) at Maulap River and from 0.03 cubic feet per second (1.3 percent) to 1.19 cubic feet per second (27.95 percent) at Imong River. On the basis of runoff simulations for the four complete dry seasons included in the total calibration and verification periods (1981 and 1984-86), the total volume of runoff during the 5month dry season can be predicted to within 20 percent of actual runoff at Maulap River, and to within 27 percent at Imong River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934116","usgsCitation":"Nakama, L., 1994, Application of the precipitation-runoff modeling system model to simulate dry season runoff for three watersheds in south-central Guam: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4116, v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934116.","productDescription":"v, 38 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4116/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57717,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a66f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakama, L.Y.","contributorId":27097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakama","given":"L.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29273,"text":"wri944166 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the City of Olathe Landfill, east-central Kansas, 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri944166","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4166","title":"Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the City of Olathe Landfill, east-central Kansas, 1990-93","docAbstract":"Water quality at the City of Olathe Landfill in east-central Kansas was examined in relation to hydrogeologic conditions to help determine the effects of the landfill on shallow ground water. This study focused on the Wyandotte and Plattsburg Limestones underlying the landfill. The Wyandotte Limestone underlies the entire landfill, whereas the overlying Plattsburg Limestone crops out within the landffll boundaries. Little Cedar Creek, an unnamed tributary, and a pond are located in the landfill. Water samples from seven monitoring wells and five surface-water sites in the vicinity of the City of Olathe Landfill were collected for analysis of inorganic and organic constituents. The inorganic constituents in the ground water that are most affected in the vicinity of the landfill are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, ammonia, barium, iron, and manganese. The dissolved- organic-carbon concentration at a seep flowing from the Plattsburg Limestone was 1,400 milligrams per liter, indicating that the landfill is affecting the water quality near the seep. Benzene was detected in all of the water samples, and the largest concentration was in a sample collected upgradient of the landfill. The benzene concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level (0.005 milligram per liter) for drinking-water supplies. Six of the eight specific organic compounds detected were found in a water sample collected from the Plattsburg Limestone immediately downgradient of the landfill. No organic compoands, except benzene, were detected in samples collected from the Wyandotte Limestone downgradient of the landfill.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944166","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, P., Shockley, J., and Hargadine, D.A., 1994, Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the City of Olathe Landfill, east-central Kansas, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4166, vi, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944166.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58122,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, P.P.","contributorId":6887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shockley, J.C.","contributorId":18029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shockley","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hargadine, D. A.","contributorId":18013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20351,"text":"ofr9468 - 1994 - Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr9468","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-68","title":"Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data were collected furing storm conditions at five urban watersheds in Nashville, Tennessee. These data can be used to build a database for developing predictive models of the relations between storm- water quality and land use, storm characteristics, and seasonal variations. The primary land and mix of land uses was different for each watershed. Stormwater samples were collected during three storms at each watershed and analyzed for selected volatile, acidic and base/neutral organic compounds; organic pesticides; trace metals; conventional pollutants; and several physical properties. Storm loads were computed for all constituents and properties with event mean concentration above the minimum reporting level. None of the samples con- tained acidic organic compounds at concentrations above the minimum reporting levels. Several constituents in each of the other categories, however, were present at concentrations above the minimum reporting level. For 21 of these constituents, water-quality criteria have been pro- mulgated by the State of Tennessee. For only 8 of the 21 did the value exceed the most restrictive of the criteria: pyrene, dieldrin, and mercury concen- trations and counts of fecal coliform exceeded the criteria for recreational use, copper and zinc concentrations and pH value exceeded the criteria for fish and aquatic life, and lead concentrations exceeded the criteria for domestic supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9468","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G.S., Hoos, A.B., and Pankey, J.T., 1994, Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-68, iv, 43 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9468.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_94-68","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outlaw, George S.","contributorId":88767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pankey, John T.","contributorId":105750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankey","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29353,"text":"wri944155 - 1994 - Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri944155","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4155","title":"Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Physically based mathematical models were developed by use of generalized-least-squares regression analyses to estimate long-term 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges for ungaged streams in Massachusetts. Duration discharges for 61 sites were used in the recession analyses; 37 sites were streamflow-gaging stations and 24 sites were low-flow partial-record stations. The duration discharges were related to basin chacteristics measured from digital data bases, by use of geographic information systems computer software. Significant chacterisfics used in the models were drainage area, area underlain by stratified-drift deposits per unit of stream length in the basin, and a surrogate for the effective head on the aquifer in the stratified-drift deposits, computed by subtracting the minimum basin elevation from the mean basin elevation. Standard errors of prediction were 57.5, 85.6, and 98.5 percent for models for the 95-, 98-, and 99-percent duration discharges, respectively. Model error variances were about 10 times the sampling error variances, indicating that the precision of future models are likely to be improved more by obtaining better measurements of basin characteristics or by adding new sites to the analyses than by collecting more streamflow data at the sites presently used in the analyses. The models were used to predict duration discharges for 35 selected sites in the Concord River, Noah Coastal, South Coastal, Narragansett and Tenmile River Basins. Ninety-perrcent prediction intervals were computed for the estimates at each of the sites, except at sites where values of the independent variables were outside the ranges of those for the sites used in the regression analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944155","usgsCitation":"Ries, K., 1994, Development and application of generalized-least-squares regression models to estimate low-flow duration discharges in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4155, iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944155.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4155/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6672fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19138,"text":"ofr91503 - 1994 - Water wells on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-18T11:30:00.985057","indexId":"ofr91503","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-503","title":"Water wells on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation of well-inventory data collected from December 1988 to September 1990 on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands from 634 wells. The report includes well locations on 1982, 7.5 minute series, USGS topographic maps, which are published to scale, and tables of selected well data. The report includes the following well information: well name, U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Site Identification number, use of water, year well constructed, reported depth of well, measured depth of well, casing diameter, type of well finish and finish interval, land surface altitude of well, depth to water below land surface, date water level measured, and well yield.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91503","usgsCitation":"Green, B., and Cherry, G., 1994, Water wells on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-503, v, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91503.","productDescription":"v, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153295,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0503/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48604,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0503/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Croix","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -64.94502024554683,\n 17.819881966435986\n ],\n [\n -64.94502024554683,\n 17.657759806684382\n ],\n [\n -64.51124639649275,\n 17.657759806684382\n ],\n [\n -64.51124639649275,\n 17.819881966435986\n ],\n [\n -64.94502024554683,\n 17.819881966435986\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, Bruce","contributorId":79129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cherry, Gregory","contributorId":33730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19586,"text":"ofr94537 - 1994 - Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T20:58:28.283281","indexId":"ofr94537","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-537","title":"Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas","docAbstract":"A study of the Yocum Creek Basin conducted between July 27 and August 3, 1993, described the surface- and ground-water quality of the basin and the streamflow gain and loss. Water samples were collected from 12 sites on the main stem of Yocum Creek and 2 tributaries during periods of low to moderate streamflow (less than 40 cubic feet per second). Water samples were collected from 5 wells and 12 springs located in the basin. In 14 surface- water samples, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 3.8 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 milligrams per liter as phosphorous. Fecal coliform bacteria counts ranged from 9 to 220 colonies per 100 milliliters, with a median of 49 colonies per 100 milliliters. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 37 to 1,500 colonies per 100 milliliters with a median of 420 colonies per 100 milliliters. Analyses for selected metals collected near the mouth of Yocum Creek indicate that metals are not present in significant concen- trations in surface-water samples. Diel dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperatures were measured at two sites on the mainstem of the stream. At the upstream site, dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 9.9 milligrams per liter and temperatures ranged from 18.5 to 23.0 degrees Celsius. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were higher and tempentture values were lower at the upstream site than those at the downstream site. Five wells were sampled in the basin and dissolved ammonia was present in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate was present in wells, with concen- trations ranging from less than 0.02 to 6.0 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Volatile organic compound samples were collected at two wells and two springs. Chloroform was the only volatile organic compound found to be above the detection limit. Analysis indicated that 0.2 micrograms per liter of chloroform was present in one spring-water sample. In springs sampled, nitrite plus nitrate concen- trations ranged from 1.4 to 7.0 milligrams per llter as nitrogen. Dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 0.2 to 0.49 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.07 milligrams per liter as phosphorus. Fecal colfform bacteria counts ranged from 3 to 200 colonies per 100 milliliters, with a median of 18 colonies per 100 milliliters. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 110 to more than 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters with a median of 350 colonies per 100 milliliters. Large producing springs 1ocated in the mid to upper reaches of the basin contribute most of the flow to Yocum Creek. Streamflow increased an average of 29 percent on the mainstem of the stream. One losing reach was discovered on the mainstem of the stream and two losing reaches on tributaries to the mainstem. Surface flow steadily decreased along these reaches to the point where surface flow was not present, and the streambed became dry. These observations suggest that significant interaction exists between the underlying Springfield aquifer and surface flow in the Yocum Creek Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94537","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Green, W.R., 1994, Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-537, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94537.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0537/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0537/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Carroll County","otherGeospatial":"Yocum Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.514,\n 36.163\n ],\n [\n -93.323,\n 36.163\n ],\n [\n -93.323,\n 36.514\n ],\n [\n -93.514,\n 36.514\n ],\n [\n -93.514,\n 36.163\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19870,"text":"ofr94369 - 1994 - Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1994; T-129 (trace constituents), M-130 (major constituents), N-42 (nutrients), P-22 (low ionic strength), and Hg-18 (mercury)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:42","indexId":"ofr94369","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-369","title":"Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1994; T-129 (trace constituents), M-130 (major constituents), N-42 (nutrients), P-22 (low ionic strength), and Hg-18 (mercury)","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for five standard reference samples--T-129 (trace constituents), M-130 (major constituents), N-42 (nutrients), P-22 (low ionic strength), Hg-18(mercury),--that were distributed in April 1994 to 157 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 133 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the five reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the five standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94369","usgsCitation":"Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1994, Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1994; T-129 (trace constituents), M-130 (major constituents), N-42 (nutrients), P-22 (low ionic strength), and Hg-18 (mercury): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-369, iii, 101 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94369.","productDescription":"iii, 101 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0369/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49380,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0369/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db62f691","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, H. Keith","contributorId":7260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrar, Jerry W.","contributorId":102067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18546,"text":"ofr94487 - 1994 - Ground-water and precipitation data for South Carolina, 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T11:27:24","indexId":"ofr94487","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-487","title":"Ground-water and precipitation data for South Carolina, 1990","docAbstract":"Continuous water-level data collected from 53 wells in South Carolina during 1990 provide the basic data for this report. Hydrographs are presented for selected wells to illustrate the effects that changes in ground-water recharge and artificial ground-water discharge have had on the ground-water reservoirs in the State. Daily mean water levels are listed in tables. Monthly mean water levels for 1990 and for the entire period of record at each monitoring well are depicted in hydrographs. Also included are precipitation records from ten National Weather Service stations in South Carolina.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94487","usgsCitation":"Conrads, P., Jones, K.H., and Stringfield, W.J., 1994, Ground-water and precipitation data for South Carolina, 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-487, vi, 137 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94487.","productDescription":"vi, 137 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0487/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0487/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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