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,{"id":67934,"text":"ha730H - 1994 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 7, Idaho, Oregon, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":67934,"text":"ha730H - 1994 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 7, Idaho, Oregon, Washington","indexId":"ha730H","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 7, Idaho, Oregon, Washington"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T15:43:48","indexId":"ha730H","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"H","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 7, Idaho, Oregon, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>The States of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, which total 248,730 square miles, compose Segment 7 of this Atlas. The area is geologically and topographically diverse and contains a wealth of scenic beauty, natural resources, and ground and surface water that generally are suitable for all uses. Most of the area of Segment 7 is drained by the Columbia River, its tributaries, and other streams that discharge to the Pacific Ocean. Exceptions are those streams that flow to closed basins in southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada and to the Great Salt Lake in northern Utah. The Columbia River is one of the largest rivers in the Nation. The downstream reach of the Columbia River forms most of the border between Oregon and Washington. In 1990, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington had populations of 1.0 million, 2.8 million, and 4.9 million, respectively. The more densely populated parts are in lowland areas and stream valleys. Many of the mountains, the deserts, and the upland areas of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington lack major population centers. Large areas of Idaho and Oregon are uninhabited and are mostly public land (fig. 1) where extensive ground-water development is restricted. </p><p>Surface water is abundant in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, though not always available when and where needed. In some places, surface water provides much of the water used for public-supply, domestic and commercial, agricultural (primarily irrigation and livestock watering), and industrial purposes. In arid parts of Segment 7, however, surface water has long been fully appropriated, chiefly for irrigation. Ground water is used when and where surface-water supplies are lacking. </p><p>Ground water is commonly available to shallow wells that are completed in unconsolidated-deposit aquifers that consist primarily of sand and gravel but contain variable quantities of clay and silt. Many large-yield public-supply and irrigation wells and thousands of domestic wells are completed in these types of aquifers, generally in areas of privately owned land (fig. 1). In many places, deeper wells produce water from underlying volcanic rocks, usually basalt. </p><p>Most irrigation (fig. 2) is on lowlands next to streams and on adjacent terraces. Generally, lowlands within a few miles of a main stream are irrigated with surface water diverted by gravity flow from the main stream or a reservoir and distributed through a system of canals and ditches. In some areas, water is pumped to irrigate lands farther from the stream at a higher altitude. Along the Snake and Columbia Rivers, large pumping systems withdraw billions of gallons of water per day from the rivers to irrigate adjacent uplands that are more than 500 feet higher than the rivers. Elsewhere, irrigation water is obtained from large-capacity wells, where depth to water might exceed 500 feet below land surface. </p><p>Aquifers in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as in most other States, differ considerably in thickness and permeability, and well yields differ accordingly. Ground-water levels in a few areas have declined as a result of withdrawals by wells. State governments have taken steps to alleviate declines in some areas by enacting programs that either limit the number of additional wells that can be completed in a particular aquifer (Ground-Water Management Area) or prevent further ground-water development (Critical Ground-Water Area). </p><p>Segment 7 includes some of the driest parts of the Nation, as well as some of the wettest. Average annual precipitation (1951-80) ranges from less than 10 inches in arid parts of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington to more than 80 inches in the western parts of Oregon and Washington (fig. 3). Most storms generally move eastward through the area. The eastward-moving air absorbs the moisture that evaporates from the Pacific Ocean. As this air encounters the fronts of mountain ranges, it rises, cools, and condenses. Accordingly, the western sides of the mountain ranges receive the most precipitation. Much of the annual precipitation moves directly to streams as overland runoff. Some of the precipitation is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, which is the combination of evaporation from the surface and transpiration from the plants. A small part of the precipitation infiltrates the soil and percolates downward to recharge underlying aquifers. </p><p>Average annual runoff ( 1951-80) in the segment varies considerably (fig. 4), and the distribution of the runoff generally parallels that of precipitation. In the arid and the semiarid parts of Segment 7, most precipitation replenishes soil moisture, evaporates, or is transpired by vegetation. Little is left to maintain streamflow or to recharge aquifers. In the wetter parts, much of the precipitation runs off the land surface to maintain streamflow, and because evaporation is usually less in wetter areas, more water is available to recharge aquifers. Precipitation that falls as snow generally does not become runoff until spring thaws begin. Reservoirs constructed on major streams to mitigate flooding and to store water for irrigation, hydroelectric-power generation, and recreation also affect the timing of runoff. The runoff is stored and subsequently released during drier periods to maintain downstream flow.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730H","isbn":"060776757X","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, R., 1994, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 7, Idaho, Oregon, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730H.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"H1","endPage":"H31","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_h/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115244,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730h/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"65.98 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehead, R.L.","contributorId":34891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18410,"text":"ofr94491 - 1994 - Meteorological data for four sites at surface-disruption features in Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, 1985-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr94491","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-491","title":"Meteorological data for four sites at surface-disruption features in Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, 1985-86","docAbstract":"Surface-disruption features, or craters, resulting from underground nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site may increase the potential for ground-water recharge in an area that would normally produce little, if any, recharge. This report presents selected meteorological data resulting from a study of two surface-disruption features during May 1985 through June 1986. The data were collected at four adjacent sites in Yucca Flat, about 56 kilometers north of Mercury, Nevada. Three sites (one in each of two craters and one at an undisturbed site at the original land surface) were instrumented to collect meteorological data for calculating bare-soil evaporation. These data include (1) long-wave radiation, (2) short-wave radiation, (3) net radiation, (4) air temperae, and (5) soil surface temperature. Meteorological data also were collected at a weather station at an undisturbed site near the study craters. Data collected at this site include (1) air temperature, (2) relative humidity, (3) wind velocity, and (4) wind direction.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94491","usgsCitation":"Carman, R.L., 1994, Meteorological data for four sites at surface-disruption features in Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada, 1985-86: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-491, iii, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94491.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0491/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47748,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0491/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db629624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carman, Rita L.","contributorId":6468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carman","given":"Rita","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17621,"text":"ofr94712 - 1994 - Resource assessment of the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr94712","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-712","title":"Resource assessment of the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94712","usgsCitation":"Doebrich, J.L., Albino, G.V., Barker, C., Duffield, W.A., Dunn, V., Hanna, W.F., McFarlan, J., McGuire, D., Miller, M.S., Peters, S.G., Plouff, D., Raines, G.L., Sawatasky, D., and Spanski, G., 1994, Resource assessment of the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-712, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94712.","productDescription":"101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0712/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46819,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0712/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629e22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doebrich, Jeff L. 0009-0009-3427-0985 jdoebric@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3427-0985","contributorId":288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doebrich","given":"Jeff","email":"jdoebric@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Albino, George V.","contributorId":50545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albino","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dunn, V.C.","contributorId":43799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunn","given":"V.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanna, W. F.","contributorId":6835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanna","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McFarlan, J.P.","contributorId":17632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarlan","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McGuire, D.J.","contributorId":80702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Miller, M. S.","contributorId":69107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Peters, S. G.","contributorId":48198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sawatasky, D.L.","contributorId":104081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawatasky","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Spanski, G.T.","contributorId":29842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanski","given":"G.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":29846,"text":"wri944180A - 1994 - Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-17T20:26:54.064108","indexId":"wri944180A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4180","chapter":"A","title":"Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rates of heat loss from eight steam-heated thermal areas and one conductively heated thermal area in Lassen Volcanic National Park have been determined from measurements made during the period 1984-93. Total heat discharge at the steam-heated areas is assumed proportional to the rate of steam upflow from underlying reservoirs. The dominant mode of heat loss differs among the areas studied; at Bumpass Hell and Boiling Springs Lake evaporation from water surfaces dominates, whereas at Devils Kitchen and Little Hot Springs Valley most of the heat is lost by advection in streams. Heat loss from furnaroles, which discharge at temperatures of 93 157°C depending on the area, accounts for less than 30 percent of the total heat loss for all but the smallest thermal areas. Estimates of total heat loss from the eight steam-heated areas range from about 30 megawatts at Bumpass Hell and Boiling Springs Lake to less than 2 megawatts at Terminal Geyser, Pilot Pinnacle and Lassen Peak, and total about 120 megawatts. The corresponding rate of steam upflow required to supply this total heat loss is approximately 40 kilograms per second, with about half providing heat input to the five thermal areas situated on the flanks of Lassen Peak and the remainder supplying heat to thermal areas situated to the southeast of Lassen Peak along or near Hot Springs Creek. For the most part, heat-loss measurements were made during late summer and fall when streamflows were relatively low. At each thermal area, rates of streamflow and advective heat loss are greatest in the spring and early summer, reflecting depletion of stored heat by infiltrating cold water. Such seasonal variations, along with variations due to errors in our heat-loss determinations, result in uncertainties of approximately ± 20 percent in our estimates of total heat loss and steam upflow at all the Park's thermal areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944180A","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M.L., and Colvard, E.M., 1994, Measurements of heat and mass flow from thermal areas in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, 1984-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4180, iii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944180A.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415885,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48054.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58655,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4180a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4180a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Lassen Volcanic National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.3333,\n              40.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5667,\n              40.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.5667,\n              40.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3333,\n              40.333\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.3333,\n              40.5833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6112b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, Michael L.","contributorId":20726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colvard, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":26675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29273,"text":"wri944166 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the City of Olathe Landfill, east-central Kansas, 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri944166","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4166","title":"Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the City of Olathe Landfill, east-central Kansas, 1990-93","docAbstract":"Water quality at the City of Olathe Landfill in east-central Kansas was examined in relation to hydrogeologic conditions to help determine the effects of the landfill on shallow ground water. This study focused on the Wyandotte and Plattsburg Limestones underlying the landfill. The Wyandotte Limestone underlies the entire landfill, whereas the overlying Plattsburg Limestone crops out within the landffll boundaries. Little Cedar Creek, an unnamed tributary, and a pond are located in the landfill. Water samples from seven monitoring wells and five surface-water sites in the vicinity of the City of Olathe Landfill were collected for analysis of inorganic and organic constituents. The inorganic constituents in the ground water that are most affected in the vicinity of the landfill are calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, ammonia, barium, iron, and manganese. The dissolved- organic-carbon concentration at a seep flowing from the Plattsburg Limestone was 1,400 milligrams per liter, indicating that the landfill is affecting the water quality near the seep. Benzene was detected in all of the water samples, and the largest concentration was in a sample collected upgradient of the landfill. The benzene concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level (0.005 milligram per liter) for drinking-water supplies. Six of the eight specific organic compounds detected were found in a water sample collected from the Plattsburg Limestone immediately downgradient of the landfill. No organic compoands, except benzene, were detected in samples collected from the Wyandotte Limestone downgradient of the landfill.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944166","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, P., Shockley, J., and Hargadine, D.A., 1994, Hydrogeology and water-quality conditions at the City of Olathe Landfill, east-central Kansas, 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4166, vi, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944166.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58122,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4166/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, P.P.","contributorId":6887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shockley, J.C.","contributorId":18029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shockley","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hargadine, D. A.","contributorId":18013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18390,"text":"ofr94699 - 1994 - Mapping time-dependent changes in soil slip-debris flow probability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T18:38:32.562449","indexId":"ofr94699","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-699","title":"Mapping time-dependent changes in soil slip-debris flow probability","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94699","usgsCitation":"Campbell, R., Bernknopf, R.L., and Soller, D.R., 1994, Mapping time-dependent changes in soil slip-debris flow probability: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-699, Report: iii, 73 p.; 2 Plates: 62.00 x 40.00 inches and 40.00 x 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94699.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 73 p.; 2 Plates: 62.00 x 40.00 inches and 40.00 x 30.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414474,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12589.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47735,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0699/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21659,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0699/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21658,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0699/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151280,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0699/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              37.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              37.812\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.188,\n              37.812\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.188,\n              37.875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              37.875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69df54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernknopf, Richard L.","contributorId":97061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernknopf","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":20351,"text":"ofr9468 - 1994 - Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr9468","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-68","title":"Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92","docAbstract":"Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data were collected furing storm conditions at five urban watersheds in Nashville, Tennessee. These data can be used to build a database for developing predictive models of the relations between storm- water quality and land use, storm characteristics, and seasonal variations. The primary land and mix of land uses was different for each watershed. Stormwater samples were collected during three storms at each watershed and analyzed for selected volatile, acidic and base/neutral organic compounds; organic pesticides; trace metals; conventional pollutants; and several physical properties. Storm loads were computed for all constituents and properties with event mean concentration above the minimum reporting level. None of the samples con- tained acidic organic compounds at concentrations above the minimum reporting levels. Several constituents in each of the other categories, however, were present at concentrations above the minimum reporting level. For 21 of these constituents, water-quality criteria have been pro- mulgated by the State of Tennessee. For only 8 of the 21 did the value exceed the most restrictive of the criteria: pyrene, dieldrin, and mercury concen- trations and counts of fecal coliform exceeded the criteria for recreational use, copper and zinc concentrations and pH value exceeded the criteria for fish and aquatic life, and lead concentrations exceeded the criteria for domestic supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9468","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G.S., Hoos, A.B., and Pankey, J.T., 1994, Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds, Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-68, iv, 43 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9468.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr_94-68","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outlaw, George S.","contributorId":88767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":182502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pankey, John T.","contributorId":105750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankey","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27425,"text":"wri944029 - 1994 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Fixed-station network and selected water-quality data, April 1987 through August 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T20:23:14.327586","indexId":"wri944029","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4029","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Fixed-station network and selected water-quality data, April 1987 through August 1991","docAbstract":"This report describes selected data-collection activities and the associated data collected during the Kentucky River Basin pilot study of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The data are intended to provide a nationally consistent description and improved understanding of current water quality in the basin. The data were collected at seven fixed stations that represent stream cross sections where constituent transport and water-quality trends can be evaluated. The report includes descriptions of (1) the basin; (2) the design of the fixed-station network; (3) the fixed-station sites; (4) the physical and chemical measurements; (5) the methods of sample collection, processing, and analysis; and (6) the quality-assurance and quality-control procedures. Water-quality data collected at the fixed stations during routine periodic sampling and supplemental high-flow sampling from April 1987 to August 1991 are presented.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944029","usgsCitation":"Griffin, M.S., Martin, G.R., and White, K.D., 1994, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Fixed-station network and selected water-quality data, April 1987 through August 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4029, vi, 149 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944029.","productDescription":"vi, 149 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410395,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47937.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4029/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4029/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.6,\n              38.9403\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.133,\n              38.9403\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.133,\n              36.8903\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6,\n              36.8903\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6,\n              38.9403\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, M. S.","contributorId":93534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, G. R.","contributorId":14004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, K. D.","contributorId":45717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26884,"text":"wri944157 - 1994 - Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer — Predevelopment to 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:27:50.035672","indexId":"wri944157","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4157","title":"Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer — Predevelopment to 1993","docAbstract":"Water-level change in the High Plains aquifer underlying parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming results from differences in recharge from precipitation and ground-water withdrawals for irrigation. From the beginning of irrigation development (1940) to 1980, water levels declined in several areas, and exceeded 100 feet in parts of the Central and Southern High Plains. From 1980 to 1993, water-level declines continued in these same areas, but at a smaller annual rate. This smaller rate of decline was associated with above-normal precipitation during 1981-93 and a decrease in ground-water application rates. Declines exceeding 20 feet from 1980 to 1993 were common in areas of intense irrigation development in the Central and Southern High Plains. In the Northern High Plains, water levels declined 10 to 20 feet from 1980 to 1993 in parts of northeastern Colorado, northwestern Kansas, southwestern Nebraska, and the Nebraska Panhandle. Water-level rises exceeding 20 feet, however, occurred in the Southern High Plains of Texas. Also, rises of 10 to 20 feet occurred in parts of southeastern and south-central Nebraska. The average area-weighted water level rose 0.21 foot from 1992 to 1993 in association was well-above normal precipitation in 1992. Water-level declines, however, continued in the intensively irrigated areas of the Central High Plains. Declines also' continued in the northern part of the Southern High Plains in spite of well-above normal precipitation. Water-level rises from 1992 to 1993 was widespread in eastern and southern Nebraska, northwestern and south-central Kansas, and in the southern two-thirds of the Southern High Plains of Texas in association with well-above normal precipitation in 1992. These rises exceeded 3 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944157","usgsCitation":"Dugan, J.T., and Cox, D.A., 1994, Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer — Predevelopment to 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4157, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944157.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392981,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48036.htm"},{"id":55775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4157/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.361328125,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.361328125,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.8203125,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, D. A.","contributorId":105766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":18316,"text":"ofr94678 - 1994 - Coccolith correlation of Late Cretaceous Point Loma Formation at La Jolla and Carlsbad, San Diego County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr94678","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-678","title":"Coccolith correlation of Late Cretaceous Point Loma Formation at La Jolla and Carlsbad, San Diego County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94678","usgsCitation":"Bukry, D., 1994, Coccolith correlation of Late Cretaceous Point Loma Formation at La Jolla and Carlsbad, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-678, 23 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94678.","productDescription":"23 leaves :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0678/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47665,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0678/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":30980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21546,"text":"ofr94676 - 1994 - A direct-current resistivity survey of the Beaver Dam Wash drainage in southwest Utah, southeast Nevada, and northwest Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T19:48:08.846488","indexId":"ofr94676","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-676","title":"A direct-current resistivity survey of the Beaver Dam Wash drainage in southwest Utah, southeast Nevada, and northwest Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94676","usgsCitation":"Zohdy, A.A., Bisdorf, R.J., and Gates, J.S., 1994, A direct-current resistivity survey of the Beaver Dam Wash drainage in southwest Utah, southeast Nevada, and northwest Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-676, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94676.","productDescription":"87 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404157,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12583.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51135,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0676/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0676/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Beaver Dam Wash drainage","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.125,\n              36.843\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.875,\n              36.843\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.875,\n              37.246\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.125,\n              37.246\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.125,\n              36.843\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zohdy, Adel A. R.","contributorId":61799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zohdy","given":"Adel","email":"","middleInitial":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, Joseph Spencer","contributorId":108089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"Spencer","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18108,"text":"ofr94709 - 1994 - Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T13:35:34","indexId":"ofr94709","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-709","title":"Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California","docAbstract":"<p>Between January and March, 1994, a drilling program was conducted at the Treasure Island Naval Station to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of soils that did and did not liquefy during the Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989. A second goal of this drilling program was to test and calibrate a retrievable piezometer system that is designed to monitor dynamic pore-water pressure during liquefaction.</p><p>Retrievable Piezometer </p><p>A retrievable piezometer can be used to replace failed transducers without redrilling, and the external casing can be installed without the piezometer itself. Many external casings can be installed throughout a region and used only when necessary.</p><p>At two sites the USGS retrievable piezometer was placed at depths between 2.3 and 4.6m. The retrievable piezometer involves augering a hole to the testing depth and emplacing a 33-mm outside diameter pvc pipe with a porous stone. The hole is back filled and sealed with bentonite, the top of the boring is capped with a box flush to the ground. Later, a commercial transducer is connected to a 21-mm outside diameter pvc pipe and lowered down the 33 mm casing and screwed into the bottom porous-stone assembly. A calibrating transducer (the same type and model as in the USGS retrievable piezometer) was installed inside a penetrometer with a 60° conical tip and an external sleeve that protects the porous filter, located immediately behind the tip, during advancement through dry soil. After the instrument was advanced to the proper depth the tip with the porous filter was advanced past the protective sleeve. Pore pressure was elevated separately by dynamic impact and blasting.</p><p>The first calibration tests were conducted within the U.S. Geotechnical Test Site established at the Treasure Island fire station (building 157) (de Alba and others, 1994). A 590 kg weight (diameter 72 cm) was dropped 0.69 to 1.63 m onto a steel plate (91 cm square, 0.6 cm thick) to elevate pore pressure, each test involved dropping the weight one time. The surficial distance from the energy source to the piezometers ranged from 1 to 3.6 m. At an empty field (bounded by 11th and 13th streets and H and I ave) pore pressure was elevated using the 590 kg weight and no. 8 blasting caps (50 grains, 3 grams) and primer cord. The explosives were placed 2 m from the piezometers at depths of 2.4 to 2.7 m. A USGS explosives expert handled the explosives under the supervision of Navy personnel.</p><p>Liquefaction </p><p>Gray and brown, fine to medium grained sand was hydraulically dredged from San Francisco Bay to create Treasure Island (fig. 1). During the Loma Prieta earthquake Treasure Island experience a peak ground acceleration of 0.16 g (Shakal and other, 1989) and portions of the soil beneath Treasure Island liquefied and were vented to the ground surface as sand boils. During November, 1989, a survey of Treasure Island was made to document ground effects such as sand boils, settlement, and ground cracking. During this survey samples of more than 30 sand boils were taken for grain size analysis (Bennett, in press).</p><p>Although the soil beneath the fire station did not liquefy, surrounding areas did. The surrounding liquefaction may have affected the peak ground acceleration. Fifteen seconds into the acceleration record at the fire station there is a sudden drop in ground acceleration, and 16 seconds into the record there is practically no response (Idriss, 1991). De Alba and others (1994) ascribe the behavior of the acceleration record to the liquefaction of the underlying sand.</p><p>Besides the generation of sand boils, Treasure Island experienced significant ground settlement and lateral deformation that damaged lifelines for water and gas (Seed and others, 1990).</p><p>The primary objective of this report is to document the subsurface stratigraphy at the liquefaction and non-liquefaction sites (fig. 2), and to explore the relation between sand boils and subsurface sediment. This documentation adds to the geotechnical data base of liquefaction by clarifying which layers actually liquefy during earthquakes. Another objective is to briefly describe the piezometer calibration test in terms of what was done and where it was done, results of the calibration work will be reported later by the primary investigator, Behnam Hushmand of Hushmand Associates. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94709","usgsCitation":"Bennett, M.J., 1994, Subsurface investigation for liquefaction analysis and piezometer calibration at Treasure Island Naval Station, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-709, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94709.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367101,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Treasure Island Naval Station","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.39078521728516,\n              37.804358908571395\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3495864868164,\n              37.804358908571395\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.3495864868164,\n              37.835818618104156\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39078521728516,\n              37.835818618104156\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39078521728516,\n              37.804358908571395\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6999e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Michael J. mjbennett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Michael","email":"mjbennett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":18188,"text":"ofr94690 - 1994 - Mineral deposit modeling using components for complex mineral deposits; mixed base- and precious-metal veins of the Idaho Batholith, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94690","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-690","title":"Mineral deposit modeling using components for complex mineral deposits; mixed base- and precious-metal veins of the Idaho Batholith, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94690","usgsCitation":"Bliss, J.D., 1994, Mineral deposit modeling using components for complex mineral deposits; mixed base- and precious-metal veins of the Idaho Batholith, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-690, 53 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94690.","productDescription":"53 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1024,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0690/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6358fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28483,"text":"wri944168 - 1994 - Users manual for an expert system (HSPEXP) for calibration of the hydrological simulation program; Fortran","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri944168","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4168","title":"Users manual for an expert system (HSPEXP) for calibration of the hydrological simulation program; Fortran","docAbstract":"Expert system software was developed to assist less experienced modelers with calibration of a watershed model and to facilitate the interaction between the modeler and the modeling process not provided by mathematical optimization. A prototype was developed with artificial intelligence software tools, a knowledge engineer, and two domain experts. The manual procedures used by the domain experts were identified and the prototype was then coded by the knowledge engineer. The expert system consists of a set of hierarchical rules designed to guide the calibration of the model through a systematic evaluation of model parameters.  When the prototype was completed and tested, it was rewritten for portability and operational use and was named HSPEXP. The watershed model Hydrological Simulation Program--Fortran (HSPF) is used in the expert system. This report is the users manual for HSPEXP and contains a discussion of the concepts and detailed steps and examples for using the software. The system has been tested on watersheds in the States of Washington and Maryland, and the system correctly identified the model parameters to be adjusted and the adjustments led to improved calibration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944168","usgsCitation":"Lumb, A., McCammon, R., and Kittle, J., 1994, Users manual for an expert system (HSPEXP) for calibration of the hydrological simulation program; Fortran: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4168, iv, 102 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944168.","productDescription":"iv, 102 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57282,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lumb, A.M.","contributorId":70019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittle, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":89574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittle","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28132,"text":"wri944139 - 1994 - Runoff, precipitation, mass balance, and ice velocity measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1993 balance year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri944139","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4139","title":"Runoff, precipitation, mass balance, and ice velocity measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1993 balance year","docAbstract":"Winter snow accumulation and summer snow, firn, and ice ablation were measured at South Cascade Glacier, Wash., to determine the winter and net balance for the 1993 balance year. The 1993 winter balance, averaged over the glacier, was 1.98 meters, and the net balance was -1.23 meters. This negative valance continued a trend of negative balance years beginning in 1977. Air temperature, barometric pressure, and runoff from this glacier basin and an adjacent non-glacierized basin were also continuously measured. Surface ice velocity was measured over an annual period. This report makes all these data available to users throughout the glaciological and climato1ogical community.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944139","usgsCitation":"Krimmel, R.M., 1994, Runoff, precipitation, mass balance, and ice velocity measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 1993 balance year: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4139, vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944139.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cb25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krimmel, R. M.","contributorId":81093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19586,"text":"ofr94537 - 1994 - Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T20:58:28.283281","indexId":"ofr94537","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-537","title":"Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas","docAbstract":"A study of the Yocum Creek Basin conducted between July 27 and August 3, 1993, described the surface- and ground-water quality of the basin and the streamflow gain and loss. Water samples were collected from  12 sites on the main stem of Yocum Creek and 2 tributaries during periods of low to moderate streamflow (less than 40 cubic feet per second). Water samples were collected from 5 wells and 12 springs located in the basin. In 14 surface- water samples, nitrite plus nitrate concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 3.8 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.06 milligrams per liter as phosphorous. Fecal coliform bacteria counts ranged from 9 to 220 colonies per 100 milliliters, with a median of 49 colonies per 100 milliliters. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 37 to 1,500 colonies per 100 milliliters with a median of 420 colonies per 100 milliliters. Analyses for selected metals collected near the mouth of Yocum Creek indicate that metals are not present in significant concen- trations in surface-water samples. Diel dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperatures were measured at two sites on the mainstem of the stream. At the upstream site, dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 9.9 milligrams per liter and temperatures ranged from 18.5 to 23.0 degrees Celsius. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were higher and tempentture values were lower at the upstream site than those at the downstream site. Five wells were sampled in the basin and dissolved ammonia was present in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Dissolved nitrite plus nitrate was present in wells, with concen- trations ranging from less than 0.02 to 6.0 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Volatile organic compound samples were collected at two wells and two springs. Chloroform was the only volatile organic compound found to be above the detection limit. Analysis indicated that 0.2 micrograms per liter of chloroform was present in one spring-water sample. In springs sampled, nitrite plus nitrate concen- trations ranged from 1.4 to 7.0 milligrams per llter as nitrogen. Dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 0.2 to 0.49 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. Orthophosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.07 milligrams per liter as phosphorus. Fecal colfform bacteria counts ranged from 3 to 200 colonies per 100 milliliters, with a median of 18 colonies per 100 milliliters. Fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 110 to more than 2,000 colonies per 100 milliliters with a median of 350 colonies per 100 milliliters. Large producing springs 1ocated in the mid to upper reaches of the basin contribute most of the flow to Yocum Creek. Streamflow increased an average of 29 percent on the mainstem of the stream. One losing reach was discovered on the mainstem of the stream and two losing reaches on tributaries to the mainstem. Surface flow steadily decreased along these reaches to the point where surface flow was not present, and the streambed became dry. These observations suggest that significant interaction exists between the underlying Springfield aquifer and surface flow in the Yocum Creek Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94537","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Green, W.R., 1994, Water-quality reconnaissance and streamflow gain and loss of Yocum Creek basin, Carroll County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-537, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94537.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407093,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0537/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":151908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0537/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Carroll County","otherGeospatial":"Yocum Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.514,\n              36.163\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.323,\n              36.163\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.323,\n              36.514\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.514,\n              36.514\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.514,\n              36.163\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":20435,"text":"ofr94710 - 1994 - Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T17:37:31.640984","indexId":"ofr94710","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-710","title":"Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs","docAbstract":"<p>On March 15, 1979, four moderate earthquakes (ML 4.9, 5.3, 4.5, 4.8) occurred in the Homestead Valley area of the Mojave Desert (Figure 1). At that time, they were noteworthy for a vigorous aftershock sequence and for off-fault epicentral locations that formed a cruciform pattern (Hutton, et al., 1980; Stein and Lisowski, 1983). More recently, there is renewed interest in the Homestead Valley sequence because of its proximity and possible relationship to the June 28, 1992 Landers earthquake (MW 7.3). The Homestead Valley earthquakes fall within the Landers aftershock zone, and many of the Homestead Valley epicenters align with the Landers surface rupture (Figure 2). </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94710","usgsCitation":"Perry-Huston, S., and Eberhart-Phillips, D., 1994, Homestead Valley, California, aftershocks (March 17-18, 1979) recorded on portable seismographs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-710, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94710.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49974,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0710/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0710/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Homestead Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115,\n              33.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -115,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              35.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              33.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry-Huston, Sue","contributorId":76337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry-Huston","given":"Sue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, Donna 0000-0003-0392-8659","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-8659","contributorId":190650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"Donna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30579,"text":"wri944140 - 1994 - Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:51:28","indexId":"wri944140","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4140","title":"Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90","docAbstract":"<p>The City of Virginia Beach currently (1994) supplies water to about 400,000 people in southeastern Virginia. The city plans to withdraw water from the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston to meet projected water needs of the population to the year 2030. The purpose of this report is to (1) describe the temporal and spatial distribution of selected water-quality constituents, (2) document current (1989) land use and land cover in the Pea Hill Arm drainage basin, and (3) discuss relations, if any, between the quality of water in the inlets within the Pea Hill Arm and land uses. The report focuses on water-quality problems in the basin, including changes in concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and algae associated with urban development adjacent to water bodies.</p><p>The Pea Hill Arm was classified as mesotrophic on the basis of the range of concentrations of total phosphorus (0.001 to 0.61 milligrams per liter); the range of concentrations of total organic-plus-ammonia nitrogen (0.2 to 1.4 milligrams per liter); and the range of concentrations of chlorophyll a (1.4 to 56 micrograms per liter). These water-quality data were collected at 3 feet below the water surface during water years 1989-90.</p><p>Thermal stratification in Pea Hill Arm generally began in April and ended in September. Water below a depth of about 25 feet generally became anoxic by June. Destratification generally began in late September and was completed by November. Lake Gaston followed the same general stratification and destratification pattern as Pea Hill Arm, except Lake Gaston was partially destratified during the summer when large amounts of water were released from John H. Kerr Reservoir and Lake Gaston Dams. </p><p>During water year 1988, streamflows were 33 percent below the long-term mean-annual streamflows at one of the major streams to Lake Gaston. Low streamflows contributed to elevated specific conductances and concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity from October 1988 to February 1989 at sampling stations in the Pea Hill Arm and Lake Gaston.</p><p>About 75 percent of the land use in the Pea Hill Arm is forest land. The remaining 25 percent of the Pea Hill Arm drainage basin is 8 percent pasture/open land, 8 percent open water, 6 percent residential land, and 3 percent cropland. No statistical relations are present between water-quality constituents measured and developed land uses within 11 basins in the Pea Hill Arm Basin, except during periods of stormwater runoff. During a stormwater-runoff event, there was a relation between total nitrite plus nitrate and land use (Kendall's tau correlation coefficient of 0.69). The relation between the developed land use and total nitrite plus nitrate can also be related to the increased ground-water inputs during high base-flow periods.</p><p>Spatial differences in water-quality constituents as determined by Wilcoxon (matched-pairs) signed-rank tests and cluster analyses were longitudinal and primarily grouped into riverine, transition, and lacustrine zones. These zones were grouped on the basis of flow characteristics and nutrient concentrations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Virginia Beach","usgsCitation":"Woodside, M., 1994, Land use in, and water quality of, the Pea Hill Arm of Lake Gaston, Virginia and North Carolina, 1988-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4140, Report: vii, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 24.56 x 26.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944140.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 54 p.; 1 Plate: 24.56 x 26.32 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59338,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Gaston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.29544067382812,\n              36.38259604087706\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.29544067382812,\n              36.69264861993992\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.64450073242188,\n              36.69264861993992\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.64450073242188,\n              36.38259604087706\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.29544067382812,\n              36.38259604087706\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a150","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodside, Michael D. mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","contributorId":2903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"Michael D.","email":"mdwoodsi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28225,"text":"wri944209 - 1994 - Assessment of concentrations of trace elements in ground water and soil at the Small-Arms Firing Range, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T20:49:27.18702","indexId":"wri944209","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4209","title":"Assessment of concentrations of trace elements in ground water and soil at the Small-Arms Firing Range, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples were collected from four shallow water-table aquifer observation wells beneath the Small-Arms Firing Range study area at Shaw Air Force Base. Water-chemistry analyses indicated that total lead concentrations in shallow ground water beneath the study area do not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level established for lead in drinking water (0.05 milligrams per liter). All other trace element total concentrations in ground water beneath the study area were at or below the detection limit of the analytical methodology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944209","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., 1994, Assessment of concentrations of trace elements in ground water and soil at the Small-Arms Firing Range, Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4209, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944209.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415381,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48078.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57056,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122653,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4209/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Shaw Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.4469,\n              33.9675\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.4469,\n              33.9744\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.440,\n              33.9744\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.440,\n              33.9675\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.4469,\n              33.9675\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6728f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19697,"text":"ofr94459 - 1994 - User's manual for SEDCALC, a computer program for computation of suspended-sediment discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr94459","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-459","title":"User's manual for SEDCALC, a computer program for computation of suspended-sediment discharge","docAbstract":"Sediment-Record Calculations (SEDCALC), a menu-driven set of interactive computer programs, was developed to facilitate computation of suspended-sediment records. The programs comprising SEDCALC were developed independently in several District offices of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to minimize the intensive labor associated with various aspects of sediment-record computations.\r\n\r\nSEDCALC operates on suspended-sediment-concentration data stored in American Standard Code for \r\nInformation Interchange (ASCII) files in a predefined card-image format. Program options within SEDCALC can be used to assist in creating and editing the card-image files, as well as to reformat card-image files to and from formats used by the USGS Water-Quality System. \r\n\r\nSEDCALC provides options for creating card-image files containing time series of equal-interval suspended-sediment concentrations from \r\n\r\n\t\r\n  1. digitized suspended-sediment-concentration traces,\r\n\r\n  2. linear interpolation between log-transformed instantaneous\r\n     suspended-sediment-concentration data stored at unequal time\r\n     intervals, and\r\n\r\n  3. nonlinear interpolation between log-transformed\r\n     instantaneous suspended-sediment-concentration data\r\n     stored at unequal time intervals.\r\nSuspended-sediment discharge can be computed from the streamflow and suspended-sediment-concentration data or by application of transport relations derived by regressing log-transformed instantaneous streamflows on log-transformed instantaneous suspended-sediment concentrations or discharges. The computed suspended-sediment discharge data are stored in card-image files that can be either directly imported to the USGS Automated Data Processing System or used to generate plots by means of other SEDCALC options.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94459","usgsCitation":"Koltun, G., Gray, J.R., and McElhone, T., 1994, User's manual for SEDCALC, a computer program for computation of suspended-sediment discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-459, iv, 46 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94459.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0459/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49179,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0459/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c2e4b07f02db5d3823","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, John R. 0000-0002-8817-3701 jrgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-3701","contributorId":1158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"John","email":"jrgray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5058,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McElhone, T.J.","contributorId":44167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElhone","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":19588,"text":"ofr94497 - 1994 - Concentrations of triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone in western Harvey County, Kansas, spring and fall 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr94497","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-497","title":"Concentrations of triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone in western Harvey County, Kansas, spring and fall 1992-93","docAbstract":"To assess the potential transport of triazine herbicides into the Equus Beds aquifer, soil samples were collected from the unsaturated zone at 27 dryland and 30 irrigated sites in western Harvey County, Kansas. All sites were sampled at a depth of 4 to 6 feet (that is, immediately below the root zone) during March and October-November 1992 and March and October-November 1993. During the October-November 1992 and March 1993 sampling periods, five sites also were sampled at depths of 0 to 4 and 6 to 10 feet. All samples were analyzed for total triazine concentrations using a 20-gram extraction, immunoassay technique with a 0.02 microgram per kilogram detection level. Additionally, 20 samples from each sampling period were analyzed specifically for atrazine and two atrazine metabolites (deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) using a 20-gram extraction, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure with a 0.5 microgram per kilogram detection level. Total triazine concentrations at the 4- to 6-foot depth, with one exception, were less than 1.0 microgram per kilogram, with the majority of the concen- trations less than 0.10 microgram per kilogram. Triazine concentrations at the O- to 4-foot depth ranged from 0.51 to 12.20 micrograms per kilogram. Triazine concentrations at the 6- to 10-foot depth ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.33 microgram per kilogram. The atrazine metabolite deethylatrazine was detected in three samples, with concentrations of 0.63, 1.44, and 1.48 micrograms per kilogram. The atrazine metabolite deisopropylatrazine was not detected in any of the soil samples analyzed. Because the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons included periods of above-normal rainfall, the concentrations of triazine herbicides and metabolites measured during this study may not be indicative of average conditions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94497","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 1994, Concentrations of triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone in western Harvey County, Kansas, spring and fall 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-497, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94497.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0497/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49058,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0497/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69846c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20209,"text":"ofr94452 - 1994 - Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94452","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-452","title":"Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94452","usgsCitation":"Moss, C.P., 1994, Water resources activities of the Mississippi District, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-452, iii, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94452.","productDescription":"iii, 24 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0452/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49755,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0452/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f96ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Carol P.","contributorId":13970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6738,"text":"fs02694 - 1994 - Idaho's surface-water-quality monitoring program: results from five sites sampled during water years 1990-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T08:39:31","indexId":"fs02694","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"026-94","title":"Idaho's surface-water-quality monitoring program: results from five sites sampled during water years 1990-93","docAbstract":"<p>In 1990, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Division of Environmental Quality, implemented a statewide water-quality monitoring program in response to Idaho's antidegradation policy as required by the Clean Water Act. The program objective is to provide water-quality managers with a coordinated statewide network to detect trends in surface-water quality.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The monitoring program includes the collection and analysis of samples from 56 sites on the Bear, Clearwater, Kootenai, Pend Oreille, Salmon, Snake, and Spokane Rivers and their tributaries (fig. 1). Samples are collected every year at 5 sites (annual sites) in drainage basins where long-term water-quality management is practiced, every other year at 19 sites (biennial sites) in basins where land and water uses change slowly, and every third year at 32 sites (triennial sites) where future development may affect water quality. Each year, 25 of the 56 sites are sampled. This report discusses results of sampling at five annual sites.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>During water years 1990-93 (October 1, 1989, through September 30, 1993), samples were collected six times per year at the five annual sites (fig. 1). Onsite analyses were made for discharge, specific conductance, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, bacteria (fecal coliform and fecal streptococci), and alkalinity. Laboratory analyses were made for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and suspended sediment. Suspended sediment, nitrate, fecal coliform, trace elements, and specific conductance were used to characterize surface-water quality. Because concentrations of all trace elements except zinc were near detection limits, only zinc is discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs02694","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Idaho's surface-water-quality monitoring program: results from five sites sampled during water years 1990-93: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 026-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02694.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","temporalStart":"1989-10-01","temporalEnd":"1993-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139725,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs02694.jpg"},{"id":285358,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0026-94/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.24,41.99 ], [ -117.24,49.0 ], [ -111.04,49.0 ], [ -111.04,41.99 ], [ -117.24,41.99 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6734,"text":"fs07494 - 1994 - Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21429,"text":"ofr93405 - 1993 - Determining the source of water pumped from wells along the lower Colorado River","indexId":"ofr93405","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Determining the source of water pumped from wells along the lower Colorado River"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6734,"text":"fs07494 - 1994 - Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","indexId":"fs07494","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:53","indexId":"fs07494","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"074-94","title":"Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","docAbstract":"In the Colorado River valley between the east end of Lake Mead and the international boundary with Mexico (see figure), the river is the principal source of water for agricultural, domestic, municipal, industrial, hydroelectric-power generation, and recreational purposes. Water is stored in surface reservoirs and in the river aquifer---permeable sediments and sedimentary rocks that fill the lower Colorado River valley and adjacent tributary valleys. The hydraulic connection between the river and the river aquifer, overbank flow prior to building of the dams, and infiltration as the reservoirs filled allowed the sediments and sedimentary rocks to become saturated with water from the river. Ratios of isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water from wells indicate that most of the water in the river aquifer beneath the flood plain and in many places beneath the adjacent alluvial slopes originated from the river. The water table in the river aquifer extends from the river, beneath the flood plain, and under the alluvial slopes until it intersects bedrock. Precipitation in the surrounding mountains and inflow from tributary valleys also contribute small quantities of water to the river aquifer.\r\n\r\nConsumptive use of river water in the valley results from evapotranspiration by vegetation (crops and phreatophytes) on the flood plain, pumpage from wells to meet domestic and municipal needs, and pumpage from the river for export to areas in California, Arizona, and Nevada outside of the river valley. Most crops are grown on the flood plain; in a few areas, land on the adjacent terraces has been cultivated. Crops were grown on about 70 percent of the total vegetated area in 1984. Phreatophytes---natural vegetation that obtains water from the river aquifer---covered the remaining vegetated areas on the uncultivated flood plain. Most of the water used for irrigation is diverted or pumped directly from the river and reservoirs. Most of the water used for domestic and municipal purposes is pumped from wells on the flood plain, on adjacent alluvial slopes, and in tributary valleys. River water also is delivered to Mexico in accordance with an international treaty.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs07494","usgsCitation":"Owen-Joyce, S.J., and Wilson, R.P., 1994, Accounting for Consumptive Use of Lower Colorado River Water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah (Supersedes OFR 93-405): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07494.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_074_94.bmp"},{"id":767,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-074-94/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 93-405","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen-Joyce, Sandra J. 0000-0002-4400-5618 sjowen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4400-5618","contributorId":5215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen-Joyce","given":"Sandra","email":"sjowen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Richard P.","contributorId":96655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}