The Mountain Home plateau area occupies approximately 1,220 square miles of the western Snake River Plain in southwestern Idaho. About 40,000 acres are presently (1977) irrigated with ground water, about 30,000 acres with surface water. An estimated 450,000 acres are potentially irrigable, if water is available. Development of ground-water re-sources has caused water-level declines in several places. Largest declines are south of Mountain Home, where water levels dropped more than 20 feet in the last 9 years.
Ground water in the area occurs primarily under water-table conditions. Perched-water zones are present in several locations. The most productive aquifer in the eastern part of the plateau is basalt of the Bureau Formation of the Idaho Group. In the western part, the most productive aquifers are sand and gravel of the older terrace gravel lithologic unit and the Idaho Group.
Recharge to the ground-water system is water from the Boise River drainage basin, precipitation on the plateau and adjacent mountains, and leakage from irrigation structures. Ground-water movement is generally south or southwest. Natural ground-water discharge from the plateau is about 18,000 acre-feet annually.
The chemical composition of the ground water generally reflects water characteristics in the area of the source of recharge and, for the most part, is good. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope analyses suggest that the water at the lower end of the ground-water flow system underlying the plateau was recharged a long time ago, although climatic conditions then were similar to current conditions in the Boise River basin.
Additional large-scale ground-water development will probably result in economically prohibitive pumping lifts, which also would consume excessive amounts of energy. Therefore, large-scale new agricultural development would depend heavily on the availability of surface water. However, one or several deep test holes, in selected places, could help answer some questions about the occurrence of ground water and perhaps encourage further exploration for untapped deep artesian aquifers.
The occurrence of perched-water zones beneath lands irrigated by surface water suggests that more zones of this type could develop if water is imported into the area to irrigate additional lands, and if the efficiency of the present distribution systems remains unchanged.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri77108","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Young, H., 1977, Reconnaissance of ground-water resources in the Mountain Home plateau area, southwest Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-108, Report: iv, 40 p.; 5 Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri77108.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 40 p.; 5 Figures","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380232,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-3.pdf","text":"Figure 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 3"},{"id":380231,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-4.pdf","text":"Figure 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 4"},{"id":380230,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-5.pdf","text":"Figure 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 5"},{"id":380229,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-6.pdf","text":"Figure 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 6"},{"id":380228,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/figure-9.pdf","text":"Figure 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Figure 9"},{"id":159946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":380227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0108/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Mountain Home plateau area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 44\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63be41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221379,"text":"5221379 - 1977 - Lead and PCB's in canvasback ducks: Relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T14:42:03.283082","indexId":"5221379","displayToPublicDate":"1977-12-01T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead and PCB's in canvasback ducks: Relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood","docAbstract":"Blood samples were taken for two successive years from canvasback ducks trapped in the Chesapeake Bay. The first winter (1972–1973) five plasma enzymes known to respond to organochlorine poisoning were examined. Abnormal enzyme elevations suggested that 20% of the population sampled (23/115 ducks) might contain organochlorine contaminants, but no residue analyses were performed. The second winter (1974) two of the same enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, and a third enzyme known to be specifically inhibited by lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, were assayed in 95 blood samples. Blood residues of organochlorine compounds and of lead were determined in representative samples, and the correlations between residue levels and enzyme changes were examined.
The enzyme bioassays in 1974 indicated that lead was a more prevalent environmental contaminant than organochlorine compounds in canvasback ducks; 17% of the blood samples had less than one-half of the normal delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, but only 11% exhibited abnormal aspartate aminotransferase or lactate dehydrogenase activities. These findings were confirmed by residue analyses that demonstrated lead concentrations four times higher than background levels, but only relatively low organochlorine concentrations. There was a highly significant inverse correlation between delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and blood lead concentrations (P<0.01), and a weaker but significant correlation between plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity and blood PCB concentrations (P<0.05).
It was apparent that delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in the blood provided a sensitive and precise estimate of lead contamination in waterfowl. In canvasback ducks 200 ppb of lead in the blood caused a 75% decrease in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, a magnitude of enzyme inhibition that disturbs heme synthesis and is regarded as detrimental in humans.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02220886","usgsCitation":"Dieter, M.P., Perry, M., and Mulhern, B.M., 1977, Lead and PCB's in canvasback ducks: Relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02220886.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8925","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieter, Michael P.","contributorId":80547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Matthew 0000-0001-6452-9534 mperry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":179173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew","email":"mperry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":333685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulhern, Bernard M.","contributorId":105177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulhern","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233487,"text":"70233487 - 1977 - Nevada test site craters used for astronaut training","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:24:24.980206","indexId":"70233487","displayToPublicDate":"1977-11-01T11:19:40","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nevada test site craters used for astronaut training","docAbstract":"Craters produced by chemical and nuclear explosives at the Nevada Test Site were used to train astronauts before their lunar missions. The craters have characteristics suitable for reconnaissance-type field investigations. The Schooner test produced a crater about 300 m across and excavated more than 72 m of stratigraphic section deposited in a fairly regular fashion so that systematic observations yield systematic results. Other features common on the Moon, such as secondary craters and glass-coated rocks, are present at Schooner crater. Smaller explosive tests on Buckboard Mesa excavated rocks from three horizontal alteration zones within basalt flows so that the original sequence of the zones could be determined. One crater illustrated the characteristics of craters formed across vertical boundaries between rock units. Although the exercises at the Nevada Test Site were only a small part of the training of the astronauts, voice transcripts of Apollo missions 14, 16, and 17 show that the exercises contributed to astronaut performance on the Moon.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Moore, H., 1977, Nevada test site craters used for astronaut training: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 6, p. 719-733.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"733","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404241,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Nevada Test Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.45,\n 36.50\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 36.50\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -116.45,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -116.45,\n 36.50\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009876,"text":"70009876 - 1977 - Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T16:07:03.620859","indexId":"70009876","displayToPublicDate":"1977-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional numerical model has been coded to use the strongly implicit procedure for solving the finite-difference approximations to the ground-water flow equation. The model allows for: (1) the representation of each aquifer and each confining bed by several layers; and (2) the use of an anisotropic hydraulic conductivity at each finite-difference block. The model is compared with a previously developed quasi-three-dimensional model by simulating the steady-state flow in an aquifer system in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. The aquifer system consists of two aquifers separated by a leaky confining bed. The upper aquifer receives recharge from precipitation and is hydraulically connected to streams. For this problem, in order to make a valid comparison of results, a single layer was used to represent each aquifer. Furthermore, the need for a layer to represent the confining bed was eliminated by incorporating the effects of vertical leakage into the vertical component of the anisotropic hydraulic conductivity of the adjacent aquifers. Thus, the problem was represented by only two layers in each model with a total of about 2,100 equations. This restricted the effects of flow in the confining layer to the vertical component, but simulations with a third layer in the three-dimensional model permitting horizontal flow in the confining bed show that the two-layer approach is reasonable. Convergence to a solution of this problem takes about one minute of computer time on the IBM/155. This is about 30 times faster than the time required using the quasi-three-dimensional model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(77)90076-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Trescott, P., and Larson, S.P., 1977, Solution of three-dimensional groundwater flow equations using the strongly implicit procedure: Journal of Hydrology, v. 35, no. 1-2, p. 49-60, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(77)90076-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219270,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Piceance Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.01801547352804,\n 40.42979415974247\n ],\n [\n -109.01801547352804,\n 39.054617661058586\n ],\n [\n -106.97565719199748,\n 39.054617661058586\n ],\n [\n -106.97565719199748,\n 40.42979415974247\n ],\n [\n -109.01801547352804,\n 40.42979415974247\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b925be4b08c986b319e7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trescott, P.C.","contributorId":16399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trescott","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S. P.","contributorId":34903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156437,"text":"70156437 - 1977 - Chemical dissolution of sulfide minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-21T13:08:33","indexId":"70156437","displayToPublicDate":"1977-08-31T18:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical dissolution of sulfide minerals","docAbstract":"Chemical dissolution treatments involving the use of aqua regia, 4 N HNO3, H2O2-ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, KClO3+HCl, and KClO3+HCl followed by 4 N HNO3 were applied to specimens of nine common sulfide minerals (galena, chalcopyrite, cinnabar, molybdenite, orpiment, pyrite, stibnite, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite) mixed individually with a clay loam soil. The resultant decrease in the total sulfur content of the mixture, as determined by using the Leco induction furnace, was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each chemical treatment. A combination of KClO3+HCl followed by 4 N HNO3 boiling gently for 20 min has been shown to be very effective in dissolving all the sulfide minerals. This treatment is recommended to dissolve metals residing in sulfide minerals admixed with secondary weathering products, as one step in a fractionation scheme whereby metals in soluble and adsorbed forms, and those associated with organic materials and secondary oxides, are first removed by other chemical extractants.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Chao, T.T., and Sanzolone, R.F., 1977, Chemical dissolution of sulfide minerals: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 4, p. 409-412.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"412","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue4/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d84bb2e4b0518e3546efec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chao, T. T.","contributorId":31900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185635,"text":"70185635 - 1977 - Disposal of saltwater during well construction--Problems and solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-26T10:19:31","indexId":"70185635","displayToPublicDate":"1977-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disposal of saltwater during well construction--Problems and solutions","docAbstract":"The recent interest in the disposal of treated sewage effluent by deep-well injection into salt-water-filled aquifers has increased the need for proper disposal of salt water as more wells are drilled and tested each year.
The effects on an unconfined aquifer of the improper disposal of salt water associated with the construction of three wells in southeastern Florida emphasize this need. In two of the wells provisions to prevent and detect salt-water contamination of the unconfined aquifer were practically nonexistent, and in one well extensive provisions were made. Of the three drilling sites the one with proper provision for detection presented no serious problem, as the ground water contaminated by the salt water was easily located and removed. The provisions consisted of drilling a brine-injection well to dispose of salt water discharged in drilling and testing operations, using a closed drilling circulation system to reduce spillage, installing shallow observation wells to map the extent and depth of any salt-water contamination of the shallow aquifer, and installing a dewatering system to remove contaminated ground water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03173.x","usgsCitation":"Pitt, W.A., Meyer, F.W., and Hull, J.E., 1977, Disposal of saltwater during well construction--Problems and solutions: Groundwater, v. 15, no. 4, p. 276-283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03173.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"276","endPage":"283","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63043e4b05ec799131133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitt, William A. Jr.","contributorId":77944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Frederick W.","contributorId":39373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hull, John E.","contributorId":15616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hull","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223634,"text":"5223634 - 1977 - The chromosomes of the Didelphidae (Marsupialia) and their evolutionary significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T15:24:03.68339","indexId":"5223634","displayToPublicDate":"1977-06-01T12:19:25","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1019,"text":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chromosomes of the Didelphidae (Marsupialia) and their evolutionary significance","docAbstract":"One hundred and seventy-seven specimens of American didelphids, representing 9 genera and 22 species have been studied for their chromosomal constitution. Didelphids are very conservative in chromosomal complements. All of the studied species can be sorted into one of three kinds of karyotypes: 2n= 14 (three species of Didelphis, one of Lutreolina, two of Philander, and one of Chironectes), 2n = 14 (eight species of Marmosa, one of Metachirus, three of Caluromys, and one of Dromiciops), and 2n= 18 (three species of Monodelphis). These karyotypes are stable, showing only minor variations within each basic pattern. It is concluded that chromosomals evolution in the Didelphidae proceededs from low numbers to higher numbers by a process of centromeric fissioning complemented by some pericentric inversions and/or translocations. The pattern of karyotypic stability is consistent with bradytely at the organismic level of evolution. This is explained by a low rate of regulatory genetic evolution promoted by epistatic selection favouring the retention of chromosomal arrangements highly advantageous for overall adaptation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1095-8312.1977.tb00265.x","usgsCitation":"Reig, O., Gardner, A., Bianchi, N.O., and Patton, J.L., 1977, The chromosomes of the Didelphidae (Marsupialia) and their evolutionary significance: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 9, no. 2, p. 191-216, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1977.tb00265.x.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reig, O.","contributorId":96803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reig","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Alfred 0000-0002-4945-1641 agardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4945-1641","contributorId":166760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Alfred","email":"agardner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bianchi, N. O.","contributorId":63124,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bianchi","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patton, James L.","contributorId":192534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70233532,"text":"70233532 - 1977 - Borehole geophysical investigations in the south Texas uranium district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:27:19.387238","indexId":"70233532","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T11:15:28","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Borehole geophysical investigations in the south Texas uranium district","docAbstract":"Contrasts of electrical properties between uranium deposits and their host rocks in South Texas are subtle. In places where deposits are small or deep, conventional geophysical well-logging techniques and hole-to-hole measurements may be the only practical method to detect changes in rock properties associated with the occurrence of uranium ore deposits. Two separate ore-producing areas in South Texas were chosen for studying borehole geophysical techniques applied to uranium-exploration problems. Extensive measurements of physical properties were made on cores and taken from holes where electrical-resistivity, induced-polarization and gamam-ray logs were run. These analyses show that: (1) induced-polarization anomalies are caused by a change in pyrite content and clay-sized material content and (2) resistivity anomalies are associated with a change in clay-sized material content and cementation. In addition to conventional borehole techniques, hole-to-hole induced-polarization and resistivity tests were made in South Texas. These measurements were made by placing a current source down one hole and a receiver cable down an adjacent hole whose separation ranged from 30 to 300 m and hole depths varied from 80 to 270 m. These tests show that hole-to-hole measurements can be used to detect changes in physical properties, associated with uranium ore, that occur between boreholes. Hole-to-hole measurements provide a link between surface measurements and well logs and can minimize the amount of drilling needed to locate an ore deposit. Accordingly, borehole geophysics will become an increasingly important evaluation tool as mineral exploration goes deeper.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Starkey, H.S., 1977, Borehole geophysical investigations in the south Texas uranium district: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 3, p. 343-357.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"357","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404359,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue3/report.pdf","size":"20263 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.536376953125,\n 28.408312587374258\n ],\n [\n -97.0257568359375,\n 28.408312587374258\n ],\n [\n -97.0257568359375,\n 29.286398892934763\n ],\n [\n -98.536376953125,\n 29.286398892934763\n ],\n [\n -98.536376953125,\n 28.408312587374258\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starkey, Harry S.","contributorId":293582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70233529,"text":"70233529 - 1977 - Cauldron subsidence of Oligocene age at Mount Lewis, Shoshone Range, Nevada: A reasonable interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:02:28.786794","indexId":"70233529","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T10:53:34","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cauldron subsidence of Oligocene age at Mount Lewis, Shoshone Range, Nevada: A reasonable interpretation","docAbstract":"James Gilluly has rejected the interpretation of Wrucke and Silberman (U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 876, 1975) that a thrust fault and tear fault mapped by Gilluly and Gates (U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 465, 1965) as structures bounding the upper plate of the Roberts Mountains thrust at Mount Lewis are parts of a ring fracture around an area that underwent volcanic collapse. In his discussion (this volume) of our paper, Gilluly fails to consider important questions that we presented in support of the subsidence hypothesis. Instead of answering these critical questions, Gilluly merely recapitulates the interpretations that he and Gates gave in Professional Paper 465. We presented new information, including a map of one critical area along the cauldron boundary where, among other significant differences in geologic interpretation, we found the ring fault where previously no steep fault was shown. Gilluly believes that the paucity of dikes along the ring fracture at Mount Lewis is highly anomalous for cauldrons. However, the amount of dike rock is comparable to that in known cauldrons (some cauldrons have none) and is what might be expected at high levels in subsidence structures that have undergone relatively little resurgent igneous activity after collapse. Gilluly concludes that in formulating our interpretation of volcanic collapse, we have ignored much evidence that he and Gates have presented on thrust faulting; in the Shoshone Range. On the contrary, we have considered their ideas and have reinterpreted them using new evidence that strongly supports the concept of cauldron subsidence at Mount Lewis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Wrucke, C.T., and Silberman, M.L., 1977, Cauldron subsidence of Oligocene age at Mount Lewis, Shoshone Range, Nevada: A reasonable interpretation: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 3, p. 331-335.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"335","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue3/report.pdf","size":"20263 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mount Lewis, Shoshone Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.9062042236328,\n 40.360933936261134\n ],\n [\n -116.81488037109375,\n 40.360933936261134\n ],\n [\n -116.81488037109375,\n 40.431791632323645\n ],\n [\n -116.9062042236328,\n 40.431791632323645\n ],\n [\n -116.9062042236328,\n 40.360933936261134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wrucke, Chester T.","contributorId":21145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wrucke","given":"Chester","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Silberman, Miles L.","contributorId":92536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silberman","given":"Miles","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233527,"text":"70233527 - 1977 - A reconnaissance investigation of a large meromictic lake in southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T15:36:45.614705","indexId":"70233527","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T10:14:34","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A reconnaissance investigation of a large meromictic lake in southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"Redoubt Lake is one of the largest documented meromictic lakes in North America. The chemocline extends in depth from 80 to 100 m (meters) and the steepest gradient is between 98 and 100 m. The monimolimnion is anoxic, contains hydrogen sulflde, and has a salinity about two-thirds that of seawater. Turnover appears to introduce additional sodium chloride from the chemocline to the mixolimnion, but diffusion is probably the dominant mixing mechanism. Vertical profiles show a dichothermic temperature curve. A minimum temperature of 3°C in the chemocline is unexplained, but higher temperatures in the monimolimnion may be a result of solar radiation. At the lower limit of the chemocline there is a sharp decrease in pH, which could be due to bacterial action. Redoubt Lake is probably a relict fiord. The data presented herein support the hypothesis that the lake was gradually isolated from the sea by uplift. While seawater was entering the lake, it probably mixed with the freshwater in the mixolimnion and therefore the monimolimnion is less saline than seawater. Geologic and geophysical evidence support the speculation that significant amounts of saltwater inflow probably ceased about 650-800 years before the present.
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A.","contributorId":20300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCoy","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70204858,"text":"70204858 - 1977 - Interactions of nutrients, plant growth and herbivory in a mangrove ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T09:47:39","indexId":"70204858","displayToPublicDate":"1977-05-01T09:37:04","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of nutrients, plant growth and herbivory in a mangrove ecosystem","docAbstract":"The effect of nutrient enrichment of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) was studied by comparing two mangrove—covered islands in the Indian River at Ft. Pierce, Florida, USA, one (high nutrient) with and one (low nutrient) without a breeding colony of pelicans and egrets. Repeated measurements taken on > 100 tagged branches in each area revealed higher growth rates at the high nutrient site. Trees at the high nutrient site showed greater additions of (1) leaves; (2) reproductive parts; (3) new lateral branches; and (4) larger increments to existing stems. Growth in the fertilized stand also began earlier in the year and had a second maximum not shared by the low nutrient area. Both leaves and fruits at the high nutrient site were richer in nitrogen. More striking than the effects on plant growth, however, was the proportionately much greater stimulation of herbivory by insects in response to nutrient enrichment. Larvae of the five lepidopteran species that we observed feeding on buds or leaves were either more abundant or only present in the high nutrient area, as was the scolytid beetle that infested seedlings before they dropped from the parent tree. This difference in herbivory between sites disappeared when the birds seasonally migrated away from their nesting areas at the high nutrient site. This observation and the demonstration that the mangrove skipper Phocides pigmalion attains a higher growth efficiency on high nutrient leaves are both consistent with the hypothesis that increased nutritive value of vegetation (correlated with the increased concentration of nitrogen) is responsible for the 4x greater losses to herbivores in the high nutrient. Implications for environmental management and in more complex communities are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1939001","usgsCitation":"Onuf, C.P., Teal, J.M., and Valiela, I., 1977, Interactions of nutrients, plant growth and herbivory in a mangrove ecosystem: Ecology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 514-526, https://doi.org/10.2307/1939001.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"526","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.33520698547362,\n 27.466165116128437\n ],\n [\n -80.30679702758789,\n 27.466165116128437\n ],\n [\n -80.30679702758789,\n 27.48345120431016\n ],\n [\n -80.33520698547362,\n 27.48345120431016\n ],\n [\n -80.33520698547362,\n 27.466165116128437\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Onuf, Christopher P.","contributorId":55091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onuf","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teal, John M.","contributorId":218237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teal","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valiela, Ivan","contributorId":189387,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valiela","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233080,"text":"70233080 - 1977 - Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T16:32:56.038882","indexId":"70233080","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T11:25:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH","docAbstract":"One-gram samples of hectorite were treated with 40 millilitres each of hydrochloric acid (6 N), acetic acid (4.5 N), distilled water, natural seawater, sodium chloride (0.6 N), and sodium hydroxide (2.5 N) for 10 days in stoppered plastic centrifuge tubes. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the structure was virtually destroyed by the hydrochloric and acetic acids. Analyses of the supernatant liquids were made to determine amounts of the elements removed by the various treatments. All treatments removed at least some SiO2, MgO, CaO, Li2O, and F. The acids removed most of the lithium and magnesium after 3 days. The fluorine and the magnesium released by the acetic acid began to form sellaite (MgF2 ). After 5 days, sufficient sellaite was produced to be discernible by X-ray diffraction. The loss of silica from the sample when it was treated with sodium hydroxide amounted to about 10 percent of the total sample.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Starkey, H., Mountjoy, W., and Gardner, J.M., 1977, Removal of fluorine and lithium from hectorite by solutions spanning a wide range of pH: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 235-242.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403828,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starkey, Harry C.","contributorId":102074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starkey","given":"Harry C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mountjoy, Wayne","contributorId":21973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountjoy","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, Johnnie M.","contributorId":293201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Johnnie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70233059,"text":"70233059 - 1977 - Pleistocene fishes from Alameda County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T15:36:36.362775","indexId":"70233059","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T10:27:50","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene fishes from Alameda County, California","docAbstract":"Six types of freshwater fishes were recovered from an early Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) locality on the east side of San Francisco Bay, Alameda County, Calif. The fauna includes one centrarchid, one salmonid, three cyprinids, and one catostomid. The fauna indicates fluvial and slow-moving or lacustrine aquatic environments. One of the cyprinids and the catostomid are assigned to provisional genera because of the inadequate amount of material available for study and the obvious differences between these fossils and known fossil or recent fishes. They are new additions to the Pleistocene fish fauna of California. Paleogeographic distribution of some of these fishes indicates former fluvial or lacustrine connections between Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, and California. The Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil fish faunas indicate the widespread occurrence of genera now endemic to California. A similar picture is presented by the molluscan evidence.
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Richard W.","contributorId":28241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casteel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233036,"text":"70233036 - 1977 - Intrusive rocks of the Yakutat-St. Elias area, south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T14:35:17.066585","indexId":"70233036","displayToPublicDate":"1977-03-01T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intrusive rocks of the Yakutat-St. Elias area, south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Twenty-three plutons, exposed over a total area of nearly 1200 km2, have been studied in the Alaska part of the St. Elias Mountains between long 138° and 141°W. Results of potassium-argon age determinations combined with field relations, petrography, and major- and trace-element chemistry suggest six major intrusive events: (1) late Paleozoic gabbro to quartz diorite intruded Paleozoic metamorphic rocks that are probably equivalent to the Kaskawulsh Group in adjacent areas of Canada, (2) Triassic quartz diorite formed one small pluton in undated metamorphic rocks near Mt. St. Elias, (3) Jurassic tonalite and granite intruded upper Paleozoic(?) and lower Mesozoic(?) metamorphic rocks, (4) Late Cretaceous or Tertiary altered tonalite formed three widely separated plutons in metasedimentary rocks of Jurassic(?) and Cretaceous age in the Yakutat Group, (5) Eocene granodiorite and granite, and (6) late Cenozoic tonalite and granodiorite intruded both the Yakutat Group and upper Paleozoic(?) and lower Mesozoic(?) metamorphic rocks. The Paleozoic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous or Tertiary plutonic suites are restricted to particular geologic terranes, and the Jurassic and Eocene suites correlate with regional plutonic belts present elsewhere in southern Alaska. The distribution of the Tertiary plutons does not require large-scale horizontal displacements along the Fairweather and other major high-angle faults. The available data indicate that the mineral resource potential of the Yakutat-St. Elias area is low for those deposits that are generally related to magmatic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T., Plafker, G., and Lanphere, M.A., 1977, Intrusive rocks of the Yakutat-St. Elias area, south-central Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 2, p. 155-172.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"172","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403791,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue2/report.pdf","size":"18181 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"St. Elias, Yakutat","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 60.32150850738404\n ],\n [\n -141.13037109375,\n 59.772991625706695\n ],\n [\n -140.745849609375,\n 59.701013531997326\n ],\n [\n -140.3173828125,\n 59.68438118751815\n ],\n [\n -139.74609375,\n 59.81168490365651\n ],\n [\n -139.74609375,\n 59.85033331585688\n ],\n [\n -139.70214843749997,\n 59.9054675732672\n ],\n [\n -139.6142578125,\n 59.7619281579702\n ],\n [\n -139.647216796875,\n 59.62332522313024\n ],\n [\n -139.76806640625,\n 59.567723306212955\n ],\n [\n -139.866943359375,\n 59.52317553544798\n ],\n [\n -139.306640625,\n 59.338792483494494\n ],\n [\n -138.746337890625,\n 59.147769484619786\n ],\n [\n -138.482666015625,\n 59.085738569819505\n ],\n [\n -137.999267578125,\n 58.90464570302001\n ],\n [\n -137.999267578125,\n 59.439489583059725\n ],\n [\n -138.66943359375,\n 59.81168490365651\n ],\n [\n -138.702392578125,\n 59.91097597079679\n ],\n [\n -139.075927734375,\n 60.01546201341472\n ],\n [\n -139.19677734375,\n 60.10319489936693\n ],\n [\n -139.06494140625,\n 60.354130331374286\n ],\n [\n -139.70214843749997,\n 60.343260013555195\n ],\n [\n -139.98779296875,\n 60.19615576604439\n ],\n [\n -140.47119140625,\n 60.32150850738404\n ],\n [\n -140.537109375,\n 60.23435742267943\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 60.32150850738404\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis","contributorId":90282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":846659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200642,"text":"70200642 - 1977 - High temperature heat content and heat capacity of silicate glasses: experimental determination and a model for calculation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T14:21:11","indexId":"70200642","displayToPublicDate":"1977-02-01T14:20:32","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High temperature heat content and heat capacity of silicate glasses: experimental determination and a model for calculation","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of silicate melts is fundamental to quantitative characterization of igneous systems. This paper presents new data on one of these properties, heat content, for silicate glasses and supercooled silicate liquids and derives partial molar heat contents for the glasses. The high temperature heat contents of two FeO-rich synthetic silicate glasses and five glasses and three supercooled liquids prepared from igneous rocks ranging from basalt to rhyolite were measured by drop calorimetry. Heat capacities of silicate liquids and the change in heat capacity at the glass transformation are discussed.
Bulk composition of ferromanganese nodules from the pelagic environment of the Pacific Ocean is apparently related to nodule-growth rate, sediment-accumulation rate, and biologic productivity in the overlying seawater. Nodules with a high
Ground water is the principle source of water supply in Lee County, Florida where an estimated 30,000 wells have been drilled since 1990. These wells ranges in depth from about 10 to 1,240 feet and tap the water table aquifer or one or more of the artesian water-bearing units or zones in the Tamiami Formation, the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation, the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation and the Tampa Limestone and the Suwannee Limestone. Before 1968, nearly all wells were constructed with galvanized or black iron pipe. Many of these wells are sources of saline-water intrusion into freshwater-bearing zones.
The water-bearing zones in the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation, Tampa Limestone, and Suwannee Limestone are artesian-they have higher water levels and usually contain water with a higher concentration of dissolved solids than do the aquifers occurring at shallower depths. The water from these deeper aquifers generally range in dissolved solids concentration from about 1,500 to 2,400 mg/L, and in chloride from about 500 to 1,00 mg/L. A maximum chloride concentration of 15,200 mg/L has been determined. Few of the 3,00 wells estimated to have been drilled to these zones contain sufficient casing to prevent upward flow into overlaying water-bearing zones. Because of water-level differentials, upward movement and lateral intrusion of saline water occurs principally into the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation where the chloride concentrations in water unaffected by saline-water intrusion ranges from about 80 to 150 mg/L. Where intrusion from deep artesian zones has occurred, the chloride concentration in water from the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation ranges from about 300 to more than 2,100 mg/L.
Surface discharges of the saline water from wells tapping the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation and the Suwannee Limestone also had affected the water-table aquifer which normally contains water with 10 to 50 mg/L of chloride. In one area, the chloride concentration in water from the water table aquifer ranged from 200 to 590 mg/L as a result of intrusion.
In areas adjacent to tidal-water bodies, the water table aquifer contains water that is very saline, Where the wells in such areas have been constructed with metal casings, the metal corrodes when exposed to the saline water, and many ultimately develop holes. This permits saline water to leak into the well where the water level in the well is lower than the water table. The intrusion of saline water from the water-table aquifer into the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation is a major problem in parts of Cape Coral. Withdrawal of water from the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation has caused water levels to decline below the lowest annual position of the water table, so that downward leakage is perennial. In some coastal areas, wells that tap the upper part of the Hawthorn Formation contain water whose chloride concentration is as much as 9,500 mg/L.
Upward leakage of saline water from the deep artesian aquifers and downward leakage of saline water from the water-table aquifer can be prevented by proper well construction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri7733","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Board of County Commissioners of Lee County","usgsCitation":"Boggess, D.H., Missimer, T., and O’Donnell, T., 1977, Saline-water intrusion related to well construction in Lee County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-33, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7733.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0033/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1961,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1977/0033/wri7733.pdf","text":"Report","size":"980 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Lee 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Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Granite rocks from the Granite Mountains, Wyo. have been proposed as the source of uranium deposits in the Crooks Gap, Gas Hills and Shirley Basin uranium districts, Wyoming. We have divided these granitic rocks into four units: (1) a biotitic phase which forms the dominant unit at the western end of the Granite Mountains, (2) a leucocratic phase which was found from 215 to 405 metres in drill hole GM-1, (3) silicified zones which crosscut the granitic rocks and form topographic highs, and (4) fractured zones, in drill hole GM-1, which seem to have been hydrothermally altered. The biotitic phase is hypidiomorphic-granular to xenomorphic-granular alkali granite with anomalously high contents of U (10 parts per million), Th (50 ppm), and Pb (50 ppm). Fission-track studies show that uranium is located in zircon, sphene, apatite, monzite, xenotime, biotite, chlorite, epidote, and magnetite; no intergranular uranium was found. The leucocratic phase is mineralogically similar to the biotitic phase, but contains less than half as much iron. It is xenomorphic granular and commonly contains rounded and retrograded garnets, which suggests that this phase is either metamorphic or contaminated with metamorphic materials. The leucocratic phase has anomalously high contents of U (8 ppm) and Pb (55 ppm), but has a low Th content (10 ppm). The silicified phase and fracture zones exhibit cataclastic and crystalloblastic textures and are highly variable in mineralogy. Potassium-bearing minerals are generally absent. Microcline is replaced by albite and (or) quartz, and biotite is replaced by clinozoisite. Uranium values may be anomalously high in the fracture zones. One sample contains 1100 ppm radium-equivalent uranium. In this and other uranium-rich samples from the fracture zones, the uranium is associated with iron oxides which commonly fill microfractures. According to our model and currently available data, an alkali granite is the best crystalline source rock for uranium, especially if it is unmetamorphosed and rapidly exposed to near-surface conditions for the first time when a favorable basin existed nearby.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J.S., Bunker, C.M., Bush, C.A., Doering, W.P., and Scott, J.H., 1977, Geochemical and petrological studies of a uraniferous granite from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 61-81.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"81","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Granite Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.24417114257812,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -107.33230590820312,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -107.33230590820312,\n 42.76314586689492\n ],\n [\n -108.24417114257812,\n 42.76314586689492\n ],\n [\n -108.24417114257812,\n 42.439674178149424\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, John S. 0000-0002-7536-0444 jstuckless@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-0444","contributorId":4974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"John","email":"jstuckless@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunker, C. M.","contributorId":75138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doering, W. P.","contributorId":7270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doering","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scott, J. H.","contributorId":15204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70232936,"text":"70232936 - 1977 - Application of a hydrometeorological model to the south-central Sierra Nevada of California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T16:08:19.394798","indexId":"70232936","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T10:53:25","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a hydrometeorological model to the south-central Sierra Nevada of California","docAbstract":"A hydrometeorological streamflow-prediction model (HM model) developed for the North Cascades of Washington has been tested in the south-central Sierra Nevada of California. Twenty-four drainages ranging in mean altitude from 770 to 3,160 metres, including several of the major ones such as those of the Kern, Kings, and Merced Rivers, were examined. Eight U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration precipitation stations were evaluated. Of these, three proved to be of significant value for nearly all the drainages used. Results are given for predictions on February 1, March 1, and April 1 of monthly runoff of five major drainages for the April-September season. Also demonstrated is the April 1 prediction of a daily hydrograph for the April-September season for 2 diverse years. The altitude distribution of storage and runoff, both observed and predicted, is determined by using several drainages with different area-altitude profiles. Results of this calculation for two drainages show that, on the average, approximately 50 percent of the April-July runoff originates above 2,800 m. The influence of subsequent precipitation on prediction accuracy is determined by relating prediction error and actual precipitation occurring after the prediction day. Results for three basins show that about 75 percent of the error of a January-September prediction on January 1 is due to precipitation occurring during the prediction season. Comparisons of prediction accuracy are made for five major drainages: the Kern River near Kernville; the Kings River below North Fork, near Trimmer (inflow to Pine Flat Dam); the Kings River at Piedra; the Merced River at Pohono Bridge, near Yosemite; and the Merced River below Merced Falls Dam, near Snelling. The accuracy of the HM model appears to be about 24 percent higher than existing operational methods in predicting the April-July runoff on April 1.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Tangborn, W.V., and Rasmussen, L.A., 1977, Application of a hydrometeorological model to the south-central Sierra Nevada of California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 5, no. 1, p. 33-48.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1977/vol5issue1/report.pdf","size":"29206 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.97619628906249,\n 36.9367208722872\n ],\n [\n -119.15222167968751,\n 36.9367208722872\n ],\n [\n -119.15222167968751,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -119.97619628906249,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -119.97619628906249,\n 36.9367208722872\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tangborn, Wendell V.","contributorId":32152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangborn","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, Lowell A.","contributorId":36930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Lowell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014357,"text":"1014357 - 1977 - Inheritance of muscle and liver types of supernatant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T15:35:53.283673","indexId":"1014357","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":998,"text":"Biochemical Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Inheritance of muscle and liver types of supernatant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","title":"Inheritance of muscle and liver types of supernatant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","docAbstract":"The genetics of allelic variation for NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH-s) found in the supernatant of liver and white muscle extracts of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was examined. Twenty progeny from each of 50 controlled matings were examined for IDH phenotypes. Progeny data clearly indicated that the IDH-s variation in the muscle is controlled by two loci—one fixed and one with two alleles producing molecules of different electrophoretic mobilities. IDH-s variation in the liver is controlled by two disomic loci which code for four alleles. No linkage between the loci controlling IDH-s in the liver and the loci controlling it in the muscle was detected.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF00520190","usgsCitation":"Reinitz, G.L., 1977, Inheritance of muscle and liver types of supernatant NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Biochemical Genetics, v. 15, no. 5/6, p. 445-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00520190.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"445","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"5/6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee4c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reinitz, G. L.","contributorId":74336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000257,"text":"1000257 - 1977 - Abnormal tooth development in a sea lamprey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-29T10:31:34","indexId":"1000257","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abnormal tooth development in a sea lamprey","docAbstract":"Sea lampreys en route to their spawning grounds have been captured at mechanical or electrical structures that have been in operation for 1 to 27 spawning seasons (1949-75) on some 167 tributaries of the upper Great Lakes; more than 750,000 were taken in 1949-70 (Smith 1971). Among these lampreys (all of which were routinely examined at the time of capture) was one female (length, 434 mm; weight, 130 g) with markedly underdeveloped teeth. It was captured in May 1968 at an electrical barrier in the Ocqueoc River, a Michigan tributary of Lake Huron","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[127:ATDIAS]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Manion, P.J., and Hanson, L.H., 1977, Abnormal tooth development in a sea lamprey: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 39, no. 3, p. 127-128, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[127:ATDIAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266671,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1977)39[127:ATDIAS]2.0.CO;2"},{"id":128913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3a57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manion, Patrick J.","contributorId":99080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manion","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Lee H.","contributorId":67833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009822,"text":"70009822 - 1977 - Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:54:28.352299","indexId":"70009822","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity","docAbstract":"Witherspoon, P.A. and Gale, J.E., 1977. Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity. Eng. Geol., 11(1): 23-55. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of fractured rocks are considered with regard to the role they play in induced seismicity. In many cases, the mechanical properties of fractures determine the stability of a rock mass. The problems of sampling and testing these rock discontinuities and interpreting their non-linear behavior are reviewed. Stick slip has been proposed as the failure mechanism in earthquake events. Because of the complex interactions that are inherent in the mechanical behavior of fractured rocks, there seems to be no simple way to combine the deformation characteristics of several sets of fractures when there are significant perturbations of existing conditions. Thus, the more important fractures must be treated as individual components in the rock mass. In considering the hydraulic properties, it has been customary to treat a fracture as a parallel-plate conduit and a number of mathematical models of fracture systems have adopted this approach. Non-steady flow in fractured systems has usually been based on a two-porosity model, which assumes the primary (intergranular) porosity contributes only to storage and the secondary (fracture) porosity contributes only to the overall conductivity. Using such a model, it has been found that the time required to achieve quasi-steady state flow in a fractured reservoir is one or two orders of magnitude greater than it is in a homogeneous system. In essentially all of this work, the assumption has generally been made that the fractures are rigid. However, it is clear from a review of the mechanical and hydraulic properties that not only are fractures easily deformed but they constitute the main flow paths in many rock masses. This means that one must consider the interaction of mechanical and hydraulic effects. A considerable amount of laboratory and field data is now available that clearly demonstrates this stress-flow behavior. Two approaches have been used in attempting to numerically model such behavior: (1) continuum models, and (2) discrete models. The continuum approach only needs information as to average values of fracture spacing and material properties. But because of the inherent complexity of fractured rock masses and the corresponding decrease in symmetry, it is difficult to develop an equivalent continuum that will simulate the behavior of the entire system. The discrete approach, on the other hand, requires details of the fracture geometry and material properties of both fractures and rock matrix. The difficulty in obtaining such information has been considered a serious limitation of discrete models, but improved borehole techniques can enable one to obtain the necessary data, at least in shallow systems. The possibility of extending these methods to deeper fracture systems needs more investigation. Such data must be considered when deciding whether to use a continuum or discrete model to represent the interaction of rock and fluid forces in a fractured rock system, especially with regard to the problem of induced seismicity. When one is attempting to alter the pressure distribution in a fault zone by injection or withdrawal of fluids, the extent to which this can be achieved will be controlled in large measure by the behavior of the fractures that communicate with the borehole. Since this is essentially a point phenomenon, i.e., the changes will propagate from a relatively small region around the borehole, the use of a discrete model would appear to be preferable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(77)90018-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Witherspoon, P.A., and Gale, J., 1977, Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity: Engineering Geology, v. 11, no. 1, p. 23-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(77)90018-7.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480619,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7qv695b7","text":"External Repository"},{"id":219110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5358e4b0c8380cd6ca03","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Witherspoon, P. A.","contributorId":8219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Witherspoon","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gale, J.E.","contributorId":68025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009838,"text":"70009838 - 1977 - Orientale and Caloris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:52:48","indexId":"70009838","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orientale and Caloris","docAbstract":"Applications of experimental explosion-crater data to Orientale and recent geologic mapping of the basin have produced a new stratigraphy and genetic model for Orientale that are also applicable to Caloris. The inner-basin scarp of Orientale is thought to be a bench separating the upper parts of the basin from its deep bowl-shaped interior. The elongated and complexly fractured domes of the basin floor formed by inward compression in the terminal stages of the cratering sequence. The Inner Montes Rook are considered a central peak ring. The Montes Rook and the nonlineated knobby and associated smoother materials that overlie the Cordillera scarp around much of its circumference are the uppermost parts of the overturned rim flap which formed early in the cratering event. The knobs and smaller massifs are probably coherent blocks quarried from deep within the moon. They were among the last materials to leave the basin and had little radial momentum unlike the lineated Hevelius which formed earlier by disaggregation of the rim flap, secondary cratering, and the ground surge. The Cordillera scarp, best seen on the east side of the basin but poorly developed and discontinuous on the west, is a primary feature formed early in the crater excavation process by basinward motions of the walls and the fractured zone beyond the rim of the expanding cavity. The Cordillera scarp is overlain by ejecta over most of its extent, and post-basin internal slumping, previously thought to be important, must be a subordinate process in development of the scarp. The basin fill in Caloris has no counterpart in Orientale but the materials between the most prominent scarp and the weakly developed outer scarp appear to be the degraded and possibly mantled equivalents of the massifs and knobs associated with the Montes Rook. The radially lineated terrain that generally lies beyond the outer scarp of Caloris is considered the subdued counterpart of the Hevelius Formation, which generally shows the same relation to the Cordillera scarp at Orientale. Thus, the prominent innermost scarp of the Caloris basin is the equivalent of the Montes Rook. Beyond this scarp is the overturned flap covered by large blocks and massifs derived from a deep horizon in Mercury where the bedrock is more coherent than the upper impact-brecciated layers. The radially lineated deposits, as in Orientale, are earlier-arriving basin ejecta and secondary-crater materials mixed with the pre-basin surface all of which were modified by the ground surge. This comparison between Orientale and Caloris suggests that one or more buried ring structures should be present inside Caloris and that Mercury is also layered internally as is the moon. The differences in spacing and development of the ring structures or circumferential scarps of Orientale and Caloris are probably gravitational effects. ?? 1977.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(77)90033-4","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"McCauley, J., 1977, Orientale and Caloris: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 15, no. 2-3, p. 220-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90033-4.","startPage":"220","endPage":"250","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267351,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(77)90033-4"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a708fe4b0c8380cd760c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70009972,"text":"70009972 - 1977 - Application of gold compositional analyses to mineral exploration in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-05T17:46:29.68865","indexId":"70009972","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of gold compositional analyses to mineral exploration in the United States","docAbstract":"New and more complete compositional data are presented for a large number of water samples from the Lake Magadi area, Kenya. These water samples range from dilute inflow (<0.1 g/kg dissolved solids) to very concentrated brines (>300 g/kg dissolved solids). Five distinct hydrologic stages can be recognized in the evolution of the water compositions: dilute streamflow, dilute ground water, saline ground water (or hot spring reservoir), saturated brines, and residual brines. Based on the assumption that chloride is conserved in the waters during evaporative concentration, these stages are related to each other by the concentration factors of about 1:28:870:7600:16,800.
Dilute streamflow is represented by perennial streams entering the Rift Valley from the west. All but one (Ewaso Ngiro) of these streams disappear in the alluvium and do not reach the valley floor. Dilute ground water was collected from shallow pits and wells dug into lake sediments and alluvial channels. Saline ground water is roughly equivalent to the hot springs reservoir postulated by Eugster (1970) and is represented by the hottest of the major springs. Saturated brines represent surficial lake brines just at the point of saturation with respect to trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O), while residual brines are essentially interstitial to the evaporite deposit and have been subjected to a complex history of precipitation and re-solution.
The new data confirm the basic hydrologic model presented by Eugster (1970) which has now been refined, particularly with respect to the early stages of evaporative concentration. Budget calculations show that only bromide is conserved as completely as chloride. Sodium follows chloride closely until trona precipitation, whereas silica and sulfate are largely lost during the very first concentration' step (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water). A large fraction of potassium and all calcium plus magnesium are removed during the first two concentration steps (dilute streamflow-dilute ground water-saline ground water). Carbonate and bicarbonate are the dominant anions, and mechanisms by which they are extracted from the solution include precipitation of alkali and alkaline-earth carbonates, and degassing, as well as precipitation and re-solution of efflorescent crusts. Much sulfate is apparently lost from solution by sorption as well as subsurface reduction.
Seasonal runoff, principally from the valley floor north of Lake Magadi, is considered to be the principal recharge to the Magadi ground water system. Evaporative concentration is the overall process responsible for the chemical evolution of the brines. This includes not only simple evaporation, but also mineral precipitation as films and cements in the unsaturated zone, re-solution, and reprecipitation of efflorescent crusts, with consequent recycling of salts. In fact, a large fraction of the solutes are acquired through dissolution of efflorescent crusts.
Data were obtained for borehole brines from as deep as 297 m. They show the existence of two distinct brine bodies below the present lake, one shallow, coexistent with bedded salts, and highly concentrated (260 g/kg average dissolved solids), and the other deeper in lacustrine sediments or fractured lavas, and only half as concentrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Jones, B., Eugster, H., and Rettig, S., 1977, Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, no. 1, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(77)90186-7.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220872,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3333e4b0c8380cd5edfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rettig, S.L.","contributorId":42592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rettig","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}