The oxygen isotope composition of both calcite and aragonite of the pelecypod Inoceramus is lighter than the composition of the aragonite of associated baculites and other cephalopods from the western interior region, the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains, parts of Canada, and West Greenland. This difference cannot be explained by biotic and oceanographic factors or by postdepositional alteration of original isotopic compositions. Metabolic fractionation of oxygen isotopes by Inoceramus is strongly implied by the data and is not contradicted by what is known of the processes involved in the biologic deposition of shell carbonate. In addition, the oxygen isotope compositions of the inocerams and of some baculites are so light as to indicate temperatures greater than 30° C, which is too high for mollusks to tolerate. The unreasonable range of the indicated temperatures seems to be partly the result of metabolic fractionation of oxygen and partly the result of the Late Cretaceous sea in the western interior region having had a light oxygen isotope composition because of dilution with fresh water. The carbon isotope composition of the aragonite from Inoceramus is consistently heavier than that of the calcite in the same specimen by amounts ranging from 1 to 3 per mil. Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes within Inoceramus thus is indicated. The carbon isotope composition of the aragonite from baculites and other cephalopods is consistently lighter than that in either the aragonite or calcite in Inoceramus, indicating either that the cephalopods fractionated carbon isotopes from the dissolved carbonate in sea water differently than did inocerams or that the cephalopods utilized carbon of a different isotopic composition, probably from their food source, for their metabolic processes. While oxygen isotope data from the inocerams are not useful for paleotemperature interpretations, the oxygen isotope data from the baculites, if taken at face value, suggest either warmer temperatures for the western interior sea than around the periphery of Cretaceous North America, or water of oxygen isotope composition lighter than world oceans, or both. Data from British Columbia, southeastern Alaska, and West Greenland to the Gulf Coastal Plain do not indicate a well-developed latitudinal distribution of temperature in Late Cretaceous time. A general decline in temperatures during late Campanian and early Maestrichtian time is not evident. © 1969, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1903:DOOACI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., and Rye, R., 1969, Distribution of oxygen and carbon isotopes in fossils of late cretaceous age, western interior region of North America: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 10, p. 1903-1922, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1903:DOOACI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1903","endPage":"1922","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tourtelot, H. A.","contributorId":79140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R.O.","contributorId":189158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rye","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223865,"text":"70223865 - 1969 - The A. J. Collier Thrust Belt of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T16:42:59.928903","indexId":"70223865","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T11:33:45","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The A. J. Collier Thrust Belt of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2595:TAJCTB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., 1969, The A. J. Collier Thrust Belt of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 12, p. 2595-2596, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2595:TAJCTB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"2595","endPage":"2596","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389068,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.04858398437497,\n 66.2447378667497\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 66.28453710088559\n ],\n [\n -161.91650390625,\n 66.05817496076195\n ],\n [\n -162.103271484375,\n 66.10271940699756\n ],\n [\n -162.630615234375,\n 66.07600210896848\n ],\n [\n -162.806396484375,\n 66.12496236487968\n ],\n [\n -163.71826171875,\n 66.10716955858042\n ],\n [\n -163.8720703125,\n 66.21373941545203\n ],\n [\n -163.7841796875,\n 66.29778954541035\n ],\n [\n -163.828125,\n 66.38155976071747\n ],\n [\n -163.597412109375,\n 66.60503840767025\n ],\n [\n -164.13574218749997,\n 66.6268403656443\n ],\n [\n -164.9267578125,\n 66.55263537734461\n ],\n [\n -165.95947265624997,\n 66.32427350198294\n ],\n [\n -166.97021484375,\n 66.00908582293678\n ],\n [\n -168.22265625,\n 65.69899739579667\n ],\n [\n -168.1787109375,\n 65.58572002329473\n ],\n [\n -167.464599609375,\n 65.37599365291614\n ],\n [\n -166.92626953124997,\n 65.32100518302974\n ],\n [\n -167.047119140625,\n 65.1553484721756\n ],\n [\n -166.497802734375,\n 64.85827416038332\n ],\n [\n -166.5966796875,\n 64.74601725111455\n ],\n [\n -166.26708984375,\n 64.52482316878353\n ],\n [\n -164.959716796875,\n 64.39218980549674\n ],\n [\n -164.388427734375,\n 64.5389958071547\n ],\n [\n -163.641357421875,\n 64.52009732015118\n ],\n [\n -163.179931640625,\n 64.36843760829052\n ],\n [\n -162.960205078125,\n 64.48699346670011\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.29705772139192\n ],\n [\n -162.59765625,\n 64.36368470447427\n ],\n [\n -162.509765625,\n 64.50591486519582\n ],\n [\n -161.74072265625,\n 64.75070395955947\n ],\n [\n -161.52099609375,\n 64.72257151400665\n ],\n [\n -161.38916015625,\n 64.75070395955947\n ],\n [\n -161.16943359375,\n 64.87693823228865\n ],\n [\n -161.04858398437497,\n 66.2447378667497\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223906,"text":"70223906 - 1969 - Progress on a gravity map of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T17:34:22.498241","indexId":"70223906","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T12:27:24","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progress on a gravity map of Alaska","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began gravity surveys in Alaska ten years ago with local surveys in the Copper River and Tanana Basins. Shortly before the 1963 AGU gravity symposium [Barnes, 1965], the emphasis shifted from local surveys to the preparation of a reconnaissance gravity map of the whole state with a 10-mgal contour interval on a scale of 1:2,500,000, which would be similar to the gravity map of the United States [Woollard and Joesting, 1964]. Data have now been obtained in approximately three-fourths of the state, but there are large variations in both station density and geologic usefulness of the coverage. The amount of coverage is primarily influenced by the distribution of water bodies because more than three-fourths of the stations have been obtained by riverboats, small skiffs, and floatplanes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00550","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1969, Progress on a gravity map of Alaska: Eos Science News, v. 50, no. 10, p. 550-552, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00550.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"550","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"50","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, David F.","contributorId":72787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"David F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70224621,"text":"70224621 - 1969 - The structure and tectonic history of the eastern Aleutian Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-30T17:34:49.906947","indexId":"70224621","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T12:24:36","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The structure and tectonic history of the eastern Aleutian Trench","docAbstract":"The tectonic character of the eastern Aleutian Trench and some major events in its geologic history can be estimated from nine continuous seismic reflection records. A section of pre-trench, deep oceanic sediments rests on the down-warped crust that forms the trench. Nearly horizontal undeformed strata that unconformably overlie this deep oceanic section partially fill the trench. The trench fill is thickest near present sediment sources. A Pliocene age for development of the eastern Aleutian Trench is estimated from the thickness of deep oceanic sediment that accumulated after the trench began to fill. The eastern Aleutian Trench thus appears younger than the central Aleutian Trench—a relation which helps to explain the distribution of sediment along the two trench segments.
Depression of the eastern Aleutian Trench diminished or virtually ended soon after the trench began to fill. The undeformed fill provides no evidence for a large thrust fault zone at the base of the continental slope. Nor is there any evidence that oceanic sediments have disappeared beneath the continents in late Tertiary time. These observations are difficult to reconcile with the simple model of a continental margin advanced in the hypothesis of plate tectonics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1889:TSATHO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R.E., and Shor, G.G., 1969, The structure and tectonic history of the eastern Aleutian Trench: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 10, p. 1889-1902, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1889:TSATHO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1889","endPage":"1902","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Trench, Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.3212890625,\n 52.855864177853974\n ],\n [\n -169.0576171875,\n 52.07950600379697\n ],\n [\n -153.80859375,\n 55.89995614406812\n ],\n [\n -144.580078125,\n 60.673178565817715\n ],\n [\n -150.205078125,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -169.365234375,\n 53.85252660044951\n ],\n [\n -169.3212890625,\n 52.855864177853974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":824385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shor, George G. Jr.","contributorId":266140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shor","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":824386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223885,"text":"70223885 - 1969 - Standardization of gravimeter calibrations in the geological survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-13T12:47:59.891523","indexId":"70223885","displayToPublicDate":"1969-10-01T07:13:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Standardization of gravimeter calibrations in the geological survey","docAbstract":"The calibration of gravimeters has long been primarily the concern of geodesists involved in measuring large gravity differences, but recent developments suggest that the precision and stability of gravimeter calibrations may have greater geologic importance in the future. First, the use of high-speed computers and an increasing variety of supplemental data now make possible the geologic interpretation of gravity anomalies so small that they would not have been noticed in surveys made ten years ago. The kind of gravity interpretation that identifies small reefs and local accumulations of petroleum [McCulloh, 1967] often requires local increases in station density and the assurance that the calibration of meters used in all parts of a survey are compatible. Second, temporal changes of gravity have already been measured in connection with earthquakes [Barnes, 1966], volcanic eruptions [Iida et al, 1952], and the movement of ice caps [Behrendt, 1967]; they are now being considered for several other types of geologic processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO050i010p00526","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., Oliver, H., and Robbins, S.L., 1969, Standardization of gravimeter calibrations in the geological survey: Eos Science News, v. 50, no. 10, p. 526-527, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO050i010p00526.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"527","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389138,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Washington","city":"Anchorage, Denver, Eugene, Fairbanks, Fresno, Los Angeles, Menlo Park, Merced, Palm Springs, Port Angeles, Portland, Red Bluff, Safford","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake, Heliograph Point, Lookout Mountain, Mount Evans, Mount Hamilton, Mount Hood, Mount Lassen, Mount Pinos, Mount San Jacinto, Murphy Dome, Obstruction Peak, Sentinel Dome, Skeggs Point, Ski Bowl 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L.","contributorId":68291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011515,"text":"70011515 - 1969 - Paleozoic tectonic history of the Arctic basin north of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T19:07:13.434319","indexId":"70011515","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic tectonic history of the Arctic basin north of Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.165.3893.549","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Churkin, M., 1969, Paleozoic tectonic history of the Arctic basin north of Alaska: Science, v. 165, no. 3893, p. 549-555, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3893.549.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"555","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221530,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -170.04889146722115,\n 77.10220137296741\n ],\n [\n -170.04889146722115,\n 70.12260593160204\n ],\n [\n -139.19473610249165,\n 70.12260593160204\n ],\n [\n -139.19473610249165,\n 77.10220137296741\n ],\n [\n -170.04889146722115,\n 77.10220137296741\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"165","issue":"3893","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7474e4b0c8380cd7765e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Churkin, M. Jr.","contributorId":46682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churkin","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70223878,"text":"70223878 - 1969 - Cretaceous, Tertiary, and early Pleistocene rocks from the continental margin in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-10T21:03:56.525131","indexId":"70223878","displayToPublicDate":"1969-08-01T15:45:29","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous, Tertiary, and early Pleistocene rocks from the continental margin in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"Rocks dredged from the continental margin in eastern Bering Sea in and near the Pribilof Canyon indicate that the acoustic basement represents the upper surface of thoroughly lithified turbidite beds of graywacke and siltstone of Late Cretaceous age. The stratified sequence covering the acoustic basement is gently deformed and includes marine clastic and diatomaceous sediments ranging in age from middle or late Miocene through early Pleistocene. Dense argillite, siltstone, and calcareous sandstone of early Tertiary age in and near the Zhemchug Canyon probably represent an older part of this sequence. The main layered sequence accumulated above the acoustic basement in shallow water, and, because the older beds now lie as much as 1000 m below sea level, the continental margin must have undergone considerable subsidence during late Tertiary and Quaternary time. A rich pollen flora indicates that the shoreline lay only a few tens of kilometers away from the site of the Pribilof Canyon during late Miocene time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1471:CTAEPR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, D., Scholl, D.W., Addicott, W.O., Pierce, R.L., Smith, P.B., Wolfe, J.A., Gershanovich, D., Kotenev, B., Lohman, K.E., Lipps, J.H., and Obradovich, J.D., 1969, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and early Pleistocene rocks from the continental margin in the Bering Sea: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 8, p. 1471-1480, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1471:CTAEPR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1471","endPage":"1480","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Pribilof Canyon, Zhemchug Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -174.517822265625,\n 54.99022172004893\n ],\n [\n -164.520263671875,\n 54.99022172004893\n ],\n [\n -164.520263671875,\n 58.21123794344608\n ],\n [\n -174.517822265625,\n 58.21123794344608\n ],\n [\n -174.517822265625,\n 54.99022172004893\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, David M.","contributorId":37409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Addicott, Warren O.","contributorId":80668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Addicott","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pierce, Richard L.","contributorId":265588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierce","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Patsy Beckstead","contributorId":69135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Patsy","email":"","middleInitial":"Beckstead","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wolfe, Jack A.","contributorId":102474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gershanovich, David","contributorId":265589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gershanovich","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kotenev, Boris","contributorId":265590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kotenev","given":"Boris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lohman, Kenneth E.","contributorId":265591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lohman","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lipps, Jere H.","contributorId":174189,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lipps","given":"Jere","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Obradovich, John D.","contributorId":84361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70198454,"text":"70198454 - 1969 - Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-07T10:15:34","indexId":"70198454","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T09:58:04","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"On the basis of potassium-argon mineral ages, plutonic rocks in an area of approximately 22,000 square miles in the southern Alaska Range and the Aleutian Range can be assigned to age groups that show differences in chemical characteristics and geographic distribution. The plutonic groups are Early and Middle Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary, and middle Tertiary in age. Most of the plutonic rocks in the Aleutian Range south of Iliamna Lake appear to be Jurassic, but north of Iliamna Lake, Jurassic plutonic rocks seem to be restricted to a belt on the southeast side of the Chigmit Mountains—Alaska Range. In the western or northwestern part of the Alaska Range north of Iliamna Lake, only Cretaceous and Tertiary plutonic rocks have been found. Rocks rich in K-feldspar are predominant in the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons, but subordinate in the Jurassic plutons. Most of the mineralization in the region is associated with the Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1969, Age and chemistry of mesozoic and tertiary plutonic rocks in south-central Alaska: GSA Bulletin, v. 80, no. 1, p. 23-44, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[23:AACOMA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":356239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":741492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169094,"text":"70169094 - 1969 - Heat flow in the Arctic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-17T11:12:16","indexId":"70169094","displayToPublicDate":"1969-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow in the Arctic","docAbstract":"","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic3221","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., and Marshall, B.V., 1969, Heat flow in the Arctic: Arctic, v. 22, no. 3, p. 300-311, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3221.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"311","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic3221","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56ebd530e4b0f59b85da065d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, B. Vaughan","contributorId":83896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Vaughan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224295,"text":"70224295 - 1969 - Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T17:57:45.961422","indexId":"70224295","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-15T12:45:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca","docAbstract":"
Cambridium, Bagenovia, and Stenothecoides, composing the Family Cambridiidae, a monotypic superfamily and an order, were in 1960 assigned (although with a query) to the molluscan class Monoplacophora. The basic error of this assignment, according to the author, was the assumption that these specimens are univalves. One specimen from Siberia and a second from Alaska demonstrate that Stenothecoides is bivalved; Bagenovia was first described as a bivalve, but the implication of two valves was ignored.
Short internal ridges normal to the shell margin in Cambridium and Stenothecoides, described by Rasetti and Horný, show little resemblance to features of pelecypod shells. These markings are not homologous to paired muscle scars of monoplacophorans. The asymmetric bivalved shell and internal furrows are interpreted as features of class-rank significance; the extinct class Stenothecoida is proposed to accommodate these genera. These animals are most common in Lower Cambrian, but range into Middle Cambrian. They may have been functionally similar to brachiopods, but were unable to compete with those more efficient bivalves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01250.x","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., 1969, Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca: Lethaia, v. 2, no. 1, p. 49-62, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01250.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochelson, Ellis L.","contributorId":90802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039379,"text":"70039379 - 1969 - Safety and survival in an earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T01:01:57","indexId":"70039379","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T12:50:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Safety and survival in an earthquake","docAbstract":"Many earth scientists in this country and abroad are focusing their studies on the search for means of predicting impending earthquakes, but, as yet, an accurate prediction of the time and place of such an event cannot be made. From past experience, however, one can assume that earthquakes will continue to harass mankind and that they will occur most frequently in the areas where they have been relatively common in the past. In the United States, earthquakes can be expected to occur most frequently in the western states, particularly in Alaska, California, Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Montana. The danger, however, is not confined to any one part of the country; major earthquakes have occurred at widely scattered locations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039379","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Office of Emergency Preparedness","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1969, Safety and survival in an earthquake: General Information Product, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039379.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261520,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039379/report.pdf"},{"id":261521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039379/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafb9e4b0c8380cd87758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14037,"text":"ofr69123 - 1969 - Geochemical maps of an area northwest of the Chulitna River, central Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-01T20:18:42.209167","indexId":"ofr69123","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-123","title":"Geochemical maps of an area northwest of the Chulitna River, central Alaska Range","docAbstract":"An area northwest of the Chulitna River in west-central Alaska Range locally shows local anomalous concentrations of gold, silver, arsenic, copper, zinc, and lead in stream-sediment samples. Most stream sediments showing anomalous concentrations of metals can be correlated with either known or newly discovered deposits or occurrences described in Circular 617.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr69123","usgsCitation":"Hawley, C.C., and Clark, A.L., 1969, Geochemical maps of an area northwest of the Chulitna River, central Alaska Range: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-123, Report: 4 p.; 6 Plates: 12.92 x 19.07 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr69123.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 6 Plates: 12.92 x 19.07 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416579,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8360.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":42689,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42688,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42687,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42686,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42684,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42690,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147062,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42685,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0123/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chulitna River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 63.329\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -149.5,\n 63\n ],\n [\n -149.5,\n 63.329\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 63.329\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawley, C. C.","contributorId":102070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawley","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Allen L.","contributorId":96258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70191233,"text":"70191233 - 1969 - Environmental impact of oil development in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-01T16:26:20","indexId":"70191233","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Environmental impact of oil development in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"It is reported that in the spring of 1969 a high official of one of the oil companies was flying over the area of oil development in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay. He is quoted as saying \"If the American people could see what we are doing to their land here, they would want to abolish the use of the reciprocating engine.\"
The last really large area of wilderness in the United States is the' Brooks Range and the Arctic Coastal Plain which stretches from that range to the Arctic Ocean. The proving of the exploratory oil wells which have been drilled on the coastal plain in the vicinity of Prudhoe Bay makes it virtually certain that this heretofore mostly unknown country will rapidly and vigorously be exposed to a variety of changes caused by the influx of men and their equipment. Even within the first four months of 1969 the whole aspect of the central part of the region has been importantly changed by the drilling programs of several large oil companies.
So suddenly was this change brought about that no long-range plans have been developed either to soften the effect of such development on the natural environment or even to record the progress of these effects. Yet the absence of a plan provides an inadvertent potential advantage in that there has' been no history of increasingly firm Federal policy which, in other places, has often made it difficult to take newly conceived action in line with the increasing societal interest in environmental preservation. The lack of firm Federal policy provides here a unique opportunity for the application of new rules and investigative techniques aimed at minimizing the adverse effects on the environment while5.at the same time, not unduly hindering the development of the natural resources.
But the speed with which the changes are being wrought makes it imperative that the principles applicable here to environmental protection or preservation, be enunciated immediately and that from these principles flow farsighted regulations which reflect the new interest in combining resource development with environmental protection.
The present report constitutes a brief summary of the conditions existing in northern Alaska in the spring of 1969, presenting some inferences on the environmental changes which can be expected in the future and offering some specific steps which, if taken immediately and positively, could greatly ameliorate the adverse effects of rapid development in the absence of positive steps for environmental protection.
In that regard, then, this report is ephemeral in character because the conditions in northern Alaska will surely change with great rapidity. Considering the\"fragility and sensitivity of the ecosystems existing there, the changes can be both harsh and permanent. Therefore, whatever value lies in the recommendations made here., the results of their application will depend on the promptness of their consideration, amendment, and application. Whatever form the actions might take for minimizing the harm to the environment, the urgency of the matter can hardly be overestimated.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1969, Environmental impact of oil development in northern Alaska, 44 p.","productDescription":"44 p.","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":346305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":346304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/Reference/Profile/49302"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","publicComments":"This report is the result of reconaissance of physical, biological, and social impacts of oil development in northern Alaska, conducted at the request of the U.S. Geological Survey.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d1fe95e4b05fe04cc23526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210017,"text":"5210017 - 1968 - Home range and travels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-14T20:01:07.120467","indexId":"5210017","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"","chapter":"10","title":"Home range and travels","docAbstract":"The concept of home range was expressed by Seton (1909) in the term 'home region,' which Burr (1940, 1943) clarified with a definition of home range and exemplified in a definitive study of Peromyscus in the field. Burt pointed out the ever-changing characteristics of home-range area and the consequent absence of boundaries in the usual sense--a finding verified by investigators thereafter. In the studies summarized in this paper, sizes of home ranges of Peromyscus varied within two magnitudes, approximately from 0.1 acre to ten acres, in 34 studies conducted in a variety of habitats from the seaside dunes of Florida to the Alaskan forests. Variation in sizes of home ranges was correlated with both environmental and physiological factors; with habitat it was conspicuous, both in the same and different regions. Food supply also was related to size of home range, both seasonally and in relation to habitat. Home ranges generally were smallest in winter and largest in spring, at the onset of the breeding season. Activity and size also were affected by changes in weather. Activity was least when temperatures were low and nights were bright. Effects of rainfall were variable. Sizes varied according to sex and age; young mice remained in the parents' range until they approached maturity, when they began to travel more widely. Adult males commonly had larger home ranges than females, although there were a number of exceptions. An inverse relationship between population density and size of home range was shown in several studies and probably is the usual relationship. A basic need for activity and exploration also appeared to influence size of home range. Behavior within the home range was discussed in terms of travel patterns, travels in relation to home sites and refuges, territory, and stability of size of home range. Travels within the home range consisted of repeated use of well-worn trails to sites of food, shelter, and refuge, plus more random exploratory travels. Peromyscus generally used and maintained several or many different home sites and refuges in various parts of their home ranges, and frequently shifted about so that their principal activities centered on different sets of holes at different times. Once established, many Peromyscus remained in the same general area for a long time, perhaps for the duration of their lives. Extent of their travels in different directions and intensity of use of different portions of their home ranges varied within a general area in response to habitat changes, loss of neighbors, or other factors. Various authors have obtained both direct and indirect evidence of territoriality, in some degree, among certain species of Peromyscus. Young mice dispersed from their birth sites to establish home ranges of their own. Adults also sometimes left their home areas; some re-established elsewhere; others returned after exploratory travels. Most populations contained a certain proportion of transients; these may have been wanderers or individuals exploring out from established home ranges or seeking new ones. When areas were depopulated by removal trapping, other Peromyscus invaded. Invasion rates generally followed seasonal trends of reproduction and population density. Peromyscus removed from their home areas and released elsewhere returned home from various distances, but fewer returned from greater distances than from nearby; speed of return increased with successive trials. The consensus from present evidence is that ho-ming is made possible by a combination of random wandering and familiarity with a larger area than the day-to-day range. Records of juvenile wanderings during the dispersal phase and of adult explorations very nearly encompassed the distances over which any substantial amount of successful homing occurred. Methods of measuring sizes of home ranges and the limitations of these measurements were discussed in brief synopsis. It was co","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogy","publisherLocation":"Stillwater, Oklahoma","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Stickel, L., 1968, Home range and travels, chap. 10 of Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia), p. 373-411.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"373","endPage":"411","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf52","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"King, John A.","contributorId":113318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505924,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stickel, L.F.","contributorId":41095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickel","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38821,"text":"pp544E - 1968 - Seismic seiches from the March 1964 Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T20:30:42.561793","indexId":"pp544E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"544","chapter":"E","title":"Seismic seiches from the March 1964 Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"Seismic seiches caused by the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, were recorded at more than 850 surface-water gaging stations in North America and at 4 in Australia. In the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, 763 of 6,435 gages registered seiches. Nearly all the seismic seiches were recorded at teleseismic distance. This is the first time such far-distant effects have been reported from surface-water bodies in North America. The densest occurrence of seiches was in States bordering the Gulf of Mexico. The seiches were recorded on bodies of water having a wide range in depth, width, and rate of flow. In a region containing many bodies of water, seiche distribution is more dependent on geologic and seismic factors than on hydro-dynamic ones. The concept that seiches are caused by the horizontal acceleration of water by seismic surface waves has been extended in this paper to show that the distribution of seiches is related to the amplitude distribution of short-period seismic surface waves. These waves have their greatest horizontal acceleration when their periods range from 5 to 15 seconds. Similarly, the water bodies on which seiches were recorded have low-order modes whose periods of oscillation also range from 5 to 15 seconds. Several factors seem to control the distribution of seiches. The most important is variations of thickness of low-rigidity sediments. This factor caused the abundance of seiches in the Gulf Coast area and along the edge of sedimentary overlaps. Major tectonic features such as thrust faults, basins, arches, and domes seem to control seismic waves and thus affect the distribution of seiches. Lateral refraction of seismic surface waves due to variations in local phase-velocity values was responsible for increase in seiche density in certain areas. For example, the Rocky Mountains provided a wave guide along which seiches were more numerous than in areas to either side. In North America, neither direction nor distance from the epicenter had any apparent effect on the distribution of seiches. Where seismic surface waves propagated into an area with thicker sediment, the horizontal acceleration increased about in proportion to the increasing thickness of the sediment. In the Mississippi Embayment however, where the waves emerged from high rigidity crust into the sediment, the horizontal acceleration increased near the edge of the embayment but decreased in the central part and formed a shadow zone. Because both seiches and seismic intensity depend on the horizontal acceleration from surface waves, the distribution of seiches may be used to map the seismic intensity that can be expected from future local earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544E","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Vorhis, R.C., 1968, Seismic seiches from the March 1964 Alaska earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, Report: 43 p.; 1 Plate: 39.97 inches x 27.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544E.","productDescription":"Report: 43 p.; 1 Plate: 39.97 inches x 27.98 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388056,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4595.htm"},{"id":65745,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/pp544e_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65744,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/pp544e_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":104508,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4595"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Arthur","contributorId":102548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, Robert C.","contributorId":52555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13090,"text":"ofr6857 - 1968 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13090,"text":"ofr6857 - 1968 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"ofr6857","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59237,"text":"mf467 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf467","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59237,"text":"mf467 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf467","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T16:04:32.637174","indexId":"ofr6857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-57","title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6857","usgsCitation":"1968, Metallic mineral resources map of the Sitka Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-57, Report: 6 p.; 1 Plate: 28.10 x 22.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6857.","productDescription":"Report: 6 p.; 1 Plate: 28.10 x 22.17 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146136,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":423808,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":423809,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0057/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Sitka Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.6667,\n 57\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 57\n ],\n [\n -134,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -136.6667,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -136.6667,\n 57\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db6284e2","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Cobb, Edward H.","contributorId":64689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890607,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38818,"text":"pp543J - 1968 - Effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, on shore processes and beach morphology","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38818,"text":"pp543J - 1968 - Effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, on shore processes and beach morphology","indexId":"pp543J","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"chapter":"J","title":"Effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, on shore processes and beach morphology"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:19:06.712305","indexId":"pp543J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"543","chapter":"J","title":"Effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, on shore processes and beach morphology","docAbstract":"Some 10,000 miles of shoreline in south-central Alaska was affected by the subsidence or uplift associated with the great Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964. The changes in shoreline processes and beach morphology that were suddenly initiated by the earthquake were similar to those ordinarily caused by gradual changes in sea level operating over hundreds of years, while other more readily visible changes were similar to some of the effects of great but short-lived storms. Phenomena became available for observation within a few hours which would otherwise not have been available for many years.\n\nIn the subsided areas—including the shorelines of the Kenai Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and Cook Inlet—beaches tended to flatten in gradient and to recede shoreward. Minor beach features were altered or destroyed on submergence but began to reappear and to stabilize in their normal shapes within a few months after the earthquake. Frontal beach ridges migrated shoreward and grew higher and wider than they were before. Along narrow beaches backed by bluffs, the relatively higher sea level led to vigorous erosion of the bluff toes. Stream mouths were drowned and some were altered by seismic sea waves, but they adjusted within a few months to the new conditions.\n\nIn the uplifted areas, generally around Prince William Sound, virtually all beaches were stranded out of reach of the sea. New beaches are gradually developing to fit new sea levels, but the processes are slow, in part because the material on the lower parts of the old beaches is predominantly fine grained. Streams were lengthened in the emergent areas, and down cutting and bank erosion have increased.\n\nExcept at Homer and a few small villages, where groins, bulkheads, and cobble-filled baskets were installed, there has been little attempt to protect the postearthquake shorelines. The few structures that were built have been only partially successful because there was too little time to study the habits of the new shore features and to design appropriate protection measures. Emergence of large areas that were once below water and permanent submergence of once-useful land areas have led to many problems of land use and ownership in addition to the destruction or relocation of wildfowl, shellfish, and salmon habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Regional effects (Professional Paper 543)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp543J","usgsCitation":"Stanley, K.W., 1968, Effects of the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, on shore processes and beach morphology: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 543, vi, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543J.","productDescription":"vi, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277850,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543j/index.html"},{"id":395994,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99033.htm"},{"id":65742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543j/pp543j_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543j/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.8193359375,\n 56.68037378950137\n ],\n [\n -145.72265625,\n 56.68037378950137\n ],\n [\n -145.72265625,\n 63.93737246791484\n ],\n [\n -154.8193359375,\n 63.93737246791484\n ],\n [\n -154.8193359375,\n 56.68037378950137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6106c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, Kirk W.","contributorId":8900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13071,"text":"ofr6844 - 1968 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13071,"text":"ofr6844 - 1968 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"ofr6844","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":59203,"text":"mf458 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf458","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":59203,"text":"mf458 - 1972 - Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"mf458","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T19:12:12.060354","indexId":"ofr6844","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-44","title":"Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6844","usgsCitation":"1968, Metallic mineral resources map of the Hughes Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-44, Report: 3 p.; 1 Plate: 23.94 x 23.47 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6844.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; 1 Plate: 23.94 x 23.47 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427055,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0044/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":427054,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0044/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Hughes Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -153,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 66\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 67\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db6274eb","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Cobb, Edward H.","contributorId":58894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":896955,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15648,"text":"ofr68229 - 1968 - Geology and lode gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15648,"text":"ofr68229 - 1968 - Geology and lode gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"ofr68229","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and lode gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39672,"text":"pp625B - 1970 - Geology and lode-gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"pp625B","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Geology and lode-gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39672,"text":"pp625B - 1970 - Geology and lode-gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"pp625B","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and lode-gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-24T20:55:05.501281","indexId":"ofr68229","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-229","title":"Geology and lode gold deposits of the Nuka Bay area, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"Nuka Bay is a deep, T-shaped fiord on the southeast coast of the Kenai Peninsula approximately 60 miles southwest of the port of Seward. Gold-bearing quartz veins were discovered in the area in 1918, and between 1920 and 1940 several small mines were in operation around the North and West Arms of the bay. Estimated total production may have been as much as $164,000.
Bedrock in the Nuka Bay area is a thick Cretaceous section of interbedded slate and graywacke that has been regionally deformed into a series of relatively open, but overturned, folds plunging at low angler to the north-northeast. Except at the folds, bedding and foliation (slaty cleavage) are parallel and dip steeply to the northwest. Small granodiorite dikes fill tensional cross joints in the folded sediments, and a few granodiorite sills are intruded along bedding and foliation planes.
Quartz veins are abundant throughout the region, but contain significant amounts of gold only in a relatively small area, 8 miles long and 6 miles wide, around North and West Arms. The veins are generally less than 5 feet wide and 300 feet long and consist chiefly of massive white quartz. Arsenopyrite with minor amounts of other sulfide and native gold occurs as irregular masses and pods in the quartz. The larger and more productive veins dip steeply and strike east-west, almost normal to the regional structure, and appear to be confined to competent graywacke beds or dikes. Random channel sampling of the quartz veins indicates gold values as high as 9 ounces per ton across zones as wide as 2 feet.
A study of the stream sediments throughout the area disclosed several drainages with detectable gold; one, Babcock Creek, contained 0.5 ppm gold, the others from 0.02 to 0.07 ppm. No base metal anomalies were detected. The area appears to warrant further investigation as a potential producer of small amounts of gold. Diligent smell-scale mining may be economically feasible.
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