Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sedient-transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. the results of the modified Levell II analysis for structure I-65-120-6016 on Georgetown Road crossing Little Eagle Creek and 1-65 in Marion County, Indiana, are presented. The site is in the city of Indianapolis in the northwestern part of Marion County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 5.2 feet for the modeled discharge of 3,450 cubic feet per second and approximately 5.6 feet for the modeled discharge of 5,210 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97305","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transporation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Robinson, B., and Voelker, D.C., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-120-6016 crossing Little Eagle Creek and I-65 in Marion County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-305, iv, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97305.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53110,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0305/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0305/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Marion","city":"Indianapolis","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9523,39.638],[-86.248,39.6335],[-86.3268,39.6318],[-86.3281,39.8526],[-86.328,39.8662],[-86.325,39.8662],[-86.3267,39.9238],[-86.2967,39.9246],[-86.2757,39.925],[-86.2385,39.9259],[-85.9801,39.9269],[-85.9411,39.9272],[-85.9369,39.9272]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Marion\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658f6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24354,"text":"ofr97302 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-85-5527 crossing Sugar Creek in Johnson County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-12T13:40:26","indexId":"ofr97302","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-302","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-85-5527 crossing Sugar Creek in Johnson County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sediment transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when a given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. The results of the modified Level II analysis for structure 1-65-85-5527 on Interstate 65 crossing Sugar Creek in Johnson County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the town of Amity in the southeastern part of Johnson County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 26.8 feet for the modeled discharge of 26,000 cubic feet per second and approximately 30.8 feet for the modeled discharge of 34,100 cubic feet per second
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97302","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, B., Voelker, D.C., and Miller, R.L., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-65-85-5527 crossing Sugar Creek in Johnson County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-302, iv, 25 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97302.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0302/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53452,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0302/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Johnson County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6993eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24084,"text":"ofr97228 - 1997 - Annotated bibliography of selected publications, through 1996, Cheyenne municipal well field areas, Cheyenne, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"ofr97228","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-228","title":"Annotated bibliography of selected publications, through 1996, Cheyenne municipal well field areas, Cheyenne, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Annotated bibliographies for 55 hydrology and geology manuscripts pertaining to the Cheyenne municipal wells fields are listed in this report. For each manuscript, a citation is provided, a summaryparagraph is presented, key words are listed, and a location of the report is given. The report lists manuscripts, conference proceedings, and guidebooks published by the U. S. Geological Survey, State of Wyoming, Geological Society of America, Wyoming State Geological Survey,private consultants, and University of Wyoming.Information on geological formations, structural geology, aquifer characteristics, water levels, well- field production, water-demand projections, and water quality is included in the manuscripts. The Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities, the University of Wyoming, and the U. S. Geological Surveycooperatively produced this annotated bibliography to allow easy access and efficient utilization of existing data. The manuscripts were authored between 1910 and 1996, reflecting work completed over a long period of development in the Cheyenne, Wyoming area. Some manuscripts did not receive broad distribution and indexing, thus they have been difficult to locate in the past. By having the references and summaries within one report, time and effort to gather previous study results will be minimized.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97228","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Ogle, K., and Jordan, B., 1997, Annotated bibliography of selected publications, through 1996, Cheyenne municipal well field areas, Cheyenne, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-228, iii, 33 p. :map (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97228.","productDescription":"iii, 33 p. :map (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1752,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr97-228","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156811,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0228/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53248,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bd2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogle, K.M.","contributorId":38178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogle","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jordan, B.J.","contributorId":21581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23908,"text":"ofr97303 - 1997 - Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T10:41:38","indexId":"ofr97303","displayToPublicDate":"1998-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-303","title":"Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Level II scour evaluations follow a process in which hydrologic, hydraulic, and sedient-transport data are evaluated to calculate the depth of scour that may result when given discharge is routed through a bridge opening. the results of the modified Levell II analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 on Interstate 70 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana, are presented. The site is near the town of Greenfield in the central part of Hancock County. Scour depths were computed with the Water Surface PROfile model, version V050196, which incorporates the scour-calculation procedures outlined in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18. Total scour depths at the piers were approximately 6.5 feet for the modeled discharge of 6,900 cubic feet per second and approximately 8.0 feet for the modeled discharge of 9,140 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr97303","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Robinson, B., and Voelker, D.C., 1997, Modified level II streambed-scour analysis for structure I-70-104-5128 crossing Brandywine Creek in Hancock County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-303, iv, 19 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97303.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53112,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0303/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Hancock","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-85.5774,39.9459],[-85.5759,39.8738],[-85.5969,39.8735],[-85.5968,39.786],[-85.6333,39.7862],[-85.6338,39.6987],[-85.6876,39.6987],[-85.7993,39.6993],[-85.913,39.6976],[-85.9518,39.6969],[-85.9541,39.8696],[-85.9379,39.87],[-85.9369,39.9272],[-85.8625,39.9286],[-85.8624,39.9436],[-85.5774,39.9459]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hancock\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e84f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.A.","contributorId":63035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voelker, D. C.","contributorId":36572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voelker","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22853,"text":"ofr96634 - 1997 - Hydrologic description of the Braden River watershed, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:02","indexId":"ofr96634","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-634","title":"Hydrologic description of the Braden River watershed, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"The Braden River watershed drains an 83-square mile area in west-central Florida and is the largest tributary to the Manatee River. The hydrology of the Braden River was altered in 1936 when the city of Bradenton created Ward Lake, a reservoir with an 838-foot broad-crested weir 6 miles upstream from the mouth. In 1985 the reservoir, which is the sole source of drinking water for the city of Bradenton, was expanded and supplies an annual average of 5.7 million gallons of water per day. The Braden River can be hydrologically divided into three distinct sections that include an 8.6-mile reach of naturally incised, free-flowing channel; a 6.4-mile reach of impounded river created by the Ward Lake reservoir and weir; and a 6-mile reach of tidal estuary. Ten first-order and two second-order tributaries that flow into the Braden River were examined in this report. \rThe Braden River watershed is dominated by low topographic relief. The two physiographic zones that contain the Braden River watershed, the Gulf Coast Lowlands and De Soto Plain, are both poorly drained and have numerous depressional features. The climate is subtropical with an annual average rainfall of 56 inches, annual average temperatures of 72 degrees Fahrenheit, and estimated annual lake evaporation of 52 inches. The soil series in the watershed are predominantly Myakka-Cassia and the EauGallie-Floridana; these series are characterized as nearly level and poorly drained soils. Land use within the watershed is the fastest changing characteristic that affects the hydrology of the system. The western half of the watershed is typically urban and includes parts of the city of Bradenton. Land use in the eastern half of the watershed is predominantly agricultural, but the explosive population growth of the area is driving the development of medium to high-density residential communities. \rThe three major aquifers underlying the Braden River watershed are the surficial, intermediate, and Floridan aquifer systems. The surficial aquifer generally is underlain in places by a clay layer that enhances the ground-water flow of the surficial aquifer to surface-water bodies. The intermediate aquifer system has discontinuous water-bearing units, but retards ground-water movement between the surficial and Floridan aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer system consists of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers separated by a middle confining unit. The Upper Floridan aquifer is the primary source for ground-water withdrawals in the watershed and has, at times, heads 20 feet higher than land-surface elevation. \rDischarge over the Ward Lake weir into the tidal estuary was measured using volumetric and standard discharge measurement techniques. Annual mean flow for water years 1993 and 1994 were 59.7 and 57.3 cubic feet per second, respectively. Weir coefficients, calculated from discharge measurements, ranged from 0.023 to 2.99, depending on the head of water over the weir, and the method of determining length of flow on the weir. Weir coefficients calculated from the theoretical rating ranged from 0.032 to 3.11. No significant seepage was found around the ends of the weir, and no leakage was detected through the weir. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96634","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DelCharco, M., and Lewelling, B., 1997, Hydrologic description of the Braden River watershed, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-634, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96634.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1310,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-634/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155882,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60704e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DelCharco, M.J.","contributorId":23172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DelCharco","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewelling, B. R.","contributorId":17969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewelling","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22897,"text":"ofr97200 - 1997 - Flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr97200","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-200","title":"Flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia","docAbstract":"This report presents flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Park (C & O Canal NHP). Data were compiled for the floods of (1) March 17-19, 1936; (2) June 22-24, 1972; (3) November 4-7, 1985; (4) January 19-21, 1996; (5) September 6-8, 1996; and (6) the peak of record for 6 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations on the Potomac River and 10 streamflow-gaging stations on selected tributaries to the Potomac River. Peak discharge, peak gage height, the date and time of the peak, and approximate recurrence interval are presented for each flood event at these streamflow-gaging stations.Data compiled from selected high-flow discharge measurements on the six Potomac River streamflow- gaging stations are presented. The gage height, top width, cross-sectional area, mean velocity, maximum velocity, and discharge are presented for each selected discharge measurement. Any corresponding discharge on the C & O Canal that was measured or estimated for these dischrge measurements is presented. Ranges of Manning's roughness coefficient were computed for the range of selected discharge measurements, based on estimates of water-surface slope or the channel-bed slope. These data will be used for subsequent hydraulic studies by engineers for maintenance, protection, or restoration of the C & O Canal. An inventory of selected references, flood studies, and additional USGS data along the Potomac River and the C & O Canal NHP also are presented. Included are (1) a listing of selected flood studies and reports, and (2) a listing of USGS indirect flood-discharge measurements that have been made at the six Potomac River streamflow-gaging stations in the vicinity of the C & O Canal NHP. Information on historical streamflow-gaging station records and discharge measurements on the C & O Canal also is presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97200","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Doheny, E.J., 1997, Flood-hydrology data for the Potomac River and selected tributaries in the vicinity of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Maryland, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-200, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97200.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1360,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/ofr-97-200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52305,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49abe4b07f02db5c5bbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doheny, Edward J. 0000-0002-6043-3241 ejdoheny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6043-3241","contributorId":4495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doheny","given":"Edward","email":"ejdoheny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":189094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5745,"text":"pp1422D - 1997 - Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5745,"text":"pp1422D - 1997 - Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","indexId":"pp1422D","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T13:06:43","indexId":"pp1422D","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1422","chapter":"D","title":"Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States","docAbstract":"Chemical quality of ground water, spring water, and surface water differs substantially among the three physiographic provinces. Maps showing regional variations for 18 water properties and constituents are included in this Regional Aquifer System Analysis study report. Systematic variations in water quality are due to differences in geologic and hydrologic factors that include the dominant lithology, the availability of soluble minerals, and the degree of exposure of water to rock. Most ground water in the study area is low in concentrations of dissolved minerals, is moderately hard, and is slightly acidic. Spring water is generally harder than ground water and is slightly alkaline; whereas, surface water is softer than the ground water and is also slightly alkaline.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1422D","usgsCitation":"Briel, L.I., 1997, Water quality in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces, eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1422, Report: viii, 115 p.; Plate: 22.50 x 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1422D.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 115 p.; Plate: 22.50 x 28.00 inches","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":32322,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.98 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":32323,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"19.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":110639,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76352.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76352"},{"id":122544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -75.0146484375,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -75.87158203125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -78.24462890625,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 39.07890809706475\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -84.48486328124999,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -86.15478515625,\n 36.2265501474709\n ],\n [\n -87.07763671875,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -87.64892578125,\n 35.31736632923788\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -87.73681640625,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 33.247875947924385\n ],\n [\n -87.20947265625,\n 32.84267363195431\n ],\n [\n -86.33056640625,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 33.44977658311846\n ],\n [\n -81.93603515625,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -77.62939453125,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -76.79443359375,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n -75.78369140625,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -75.3662109375,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -74.68505859374999,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -74.15771484375,\n 40.66397287638688\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48f3e4b07f02db55aa83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Briel, L. I.","contributorId":7265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briel","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26795,"text":"wri974092 - 1997 - Ground-water hydrology and water quality of Irwin Basin at Fort Irwin National Training Center, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-07T13:03:58","indexId":"wri974092","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4092","title":"Ground-water hydrology and water quality of Irwin Basin at Fort Irwin National Training Center, California","docAbstract":"Geohydrologic data were collected from Irwin Basin at Fort Irwin National Training Center in the Mojave Desert of southern California by the U.S. Geological Survey during 199296 to deter mine the quantity and quality of ground water available in this basin. In addition to data collected from existing wells and test holes, 17 monitoring sites were constructed in Irwin Basin to provide data on subsurface geology, ground-water levels, and ground-water quality. Eleven of these sites were multiple-well monitoring sites that were constructed to provide depth-dependent geohydrologic data in the aquifer system. The aquifer system of Irwin Basin, defined on the basis of hydrologic data collected from wells in Irwin Basin, consists of an upper and a lower aquifer. A 1994 water-table contour map shows that a cone of depression beneath Irwin Basin well field has developed as a result of ground-water development. Water-quality samples collected from Irwin Basin wells to determine potential sources of ground-water degradation indicate that water in three areas in the basin contains high nitrate and dissolved-solids concentrations. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicate that present-day precipitation is not a major source of recharge in this basin. Tritium and carbon-14 data indicate that most of the basin was recharged before 1953 and that this water may be more than 14,000 years old.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974092","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fort Irwin National Training Center","usgsCitation":"Densmore, J., and Londquist, C.J., 1997, Ground-water hydrology and water quality of Irwin Basin at Fort Irwin National Training Center, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4092, vi, 159 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974092.","productDescription":"vi, 159 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55685,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Calfornia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Irwin National Training Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.71666667,\n 35.21666667\n ],\n [\n -116.65000000,\n 35.21666667\n ],\n [\n -116.65000000,\n 35.28333333\n ],\n [\n -116.71666667,\n 35.28333333\n ],\n [\n -116.71666667,\n 35.21666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Jill N. 0000-0002-5345-6613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5345-6613","contributorId":89179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Jill N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Londquist, Clark J.","contributorId":44149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Londquist","given":"Clark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24793,"text":"ofr97202 - 1997 - Geochemical and hydrologic considerations in remediating phosphorus-contaminated ground water in a sewage plume near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T09:45:19","indexId":"ofr97202","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-202","title":"Geochemical and hydrologic considerations in remediating phosphorus-contaminated ground water in a sewage plume near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97202","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., and LeBlanc, D., 1997, Geochemical and hydrologic considerations in remediating phosphorus-contaminated ground water in a sewage plume near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-202, iv, 20 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97202.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.69427490234375,\n 42.145078043817534\n ],\n [\n -70.67230224609375,\n 42.145078043817534\n ],\n [\n -70.67230224609375,\n 42.1817234984124\n ],\n [\n -70.69427490234375,\n 42.1817234984124\n ],\n [\n -70.69427490234375,\n 42.145078043817534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 41.352072144512924\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 41.352072144512924\n ],\n [\n -69.8291015625,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 42.17968819665961\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 41.352072144512924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, D.R.","contributorId":87141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28897,"text":"wri974100 - 1997 - Hydrology and water chemistry of the Benton Lake basin with emphasis on the fate of dissolved solids at Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri974100","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4100","title":"Hydrology and water chemistry of the Benton Lake basin with emphasis on the fate of dissolved solids at Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri974100","usgsCitation":"Nimick, D., 1997, Hydrology and water chemistry of the Benton Lake basin with emphasis on the fate of dissolved solids at Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, west-central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4100, vi, 79 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974100.","productDescription":"vi, 79 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4100/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4100/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db604d61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25593,"text":"wri974086 - 1997 - Hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in water, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1992 through 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri974086","displayToPublicDate":"1998-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4086","title":"Hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in water, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1992 through 1995","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Center [distributor,","doi":"10.3133/wri974086","usgsCitation":"Bartholomay, R.C., Tucker, B., Ackerman, D.J., and Liszewski, M.J., 1997, Hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected radiochemical and chemical constituents in water, Snake River Plain Aquifer, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho, 1992 through 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4086, vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974086.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4086/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54336,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4086/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6115f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholomay, R. C.","contributorId":66271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tucker, B.J.","contributorId":42230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liszewski, M. J.","contributorId":107308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25749,"text":"wri954136 - 1997 - Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T16:36:20.328575","indexId":"wri954136","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4136","title":"Relation of hydrogeologic characteristics to distribution of radioactivity in ground water, Newark Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The distribution of radioactivity in ground water in the Newark Basin is controlled by the lithology of the aquifer and the degree of contact between the water that flows through the fractured strata and the radioactive lithologic units. The primary water-bearing lithologic units of the Newark Basin that contain elevated levels of radioactivity are the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation and the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Lithologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of these rock aquifers that affect the spatial distribution of radionuclides in the water include the concentration of radioactive minerals in the strata; the continuity of radioactive strata; the orientation, depth, interconnectedness, and continuity of regional and local fracture patterns; and the geochemical environment, which affects radionuclide solubility.
The stratigraphic zones of uranium enrichment and the continuity of the radioactive strata differ between the Stockton Formation and the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Uranium enrichment in both formations, however, is identified in permeable sections of strata that have sharp contacts with, or that are enclosed by, less permeable zones. In the Stockton Formation, basal conglomerates overlying fine-grained mudstones are the most radioactive lithology. In interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, the uranium-rich zones are the black and white carbonate-rich siltstone and mudstone laminae overlying massive fine-grained mudstones. Most samples of the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation tended to be slightly enriched in uranium relative to thorium, whereas all samples of the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation were heavily enriched in uranium with respect to thorium, with a maximum concentration of uranium of 6,200 parts per million (ppm).
Spatial orientation of radioactive zones is controlled by the depositional environment of the host lithology. Radioactive strata in the arkosic sandstones of the Stockton Formation, which is deltaic or fluvial/deltaic in origin, arc stratigraphically discontinuous and nonplanar. In contrast, the radioactive lacustrine black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation are laterally continuous and planar.
Geophysical logs of boreholes indicate that the number and depths of probable waterbearing fractures are greater in the arkoses of the Stockton Formation and red mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the interbedded red and black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation, despite the fact that fracture-density counts in cores indicate that black mudstones are more highly fractured than the other rock types. The total number of fractures is greater and bedding-plane fractures are generally more common in the lower part of the Passaic Formation than in the Stockton Formation. Fractures in the Stockton Formation form a well-connected network consisting of both bedding-plane and several sets of high-angle fractures present on a regional scale. The large-scale continuity of interconnected bedding-plane fractures and high-angle regional fractures may be partly responsible for the higher yields observed for wells in the Stockton Formation than for wells in the Passaic Formation and may facilitate migration of dissolved radionuclides far from their source. The well-connected fracture network may increase the likelihood that circulating water comes in contact with radioactive strata. Water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation may also contain high levels of radioactivity, primarily as a result of the high frequency of radioactive strata and of fracturing, rather than the presence of a well-connected regional fracture system.
Ground-water chemistry is dominated by the calcium cation and the bicarbonate anion, both derived from abundant secondary calcite in the fractures. The concentrations of uranium and radium in water that comes into contact with radioactive rock are controlled by the water chemistry. Uranium is the dominant alpha emitter in the oxidizing waters in the red mudstones of the Passaic Formation, whereas radium-226 (226Ra) is the dominant alpha emitter in the suboxic (reducing) water in the black mudstones of the lower part of the Passaic Formation. Because the lithology of the Stockton Formation and, in places, the lower part of the Passaic Formation varies greatly, wells can intercept multiple fracture zones that can contain oxic or suboxic waters, thereby resulting in the presence of both uranium and radium in detectable quantities in the same water sample.
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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ticie A.","contributorId":74736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ticie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Payne, Dorothy F.","contributorId":88825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ivahnenko, Tamara 0000-0002-1124-7688 ivahnenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1124-7688","contributorId":93524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"Tamara","email":"ivahnenk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30032,"text":"wri974074 - 1997 - Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri974074","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4074","title":"Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96","docAbstract":"The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey was initiated in 1978 and was completed in 1995. The purpose of this program was to define the regional geohydrology and establish a framework of background information on geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of the Nation's important aquifer systems. This information is critically needed to develop an understanding of the Nation's major ground-water flow systems and to support better management of ground-water resources. Twenty-five of the Nation's major aquifer systems were studied under this program. Starting in 1988, the program devoted part of its resources to compilation of a National Ground Water Atlas that presets a comprehensive summary of the Nation's major ground-water resources. The atlas, which is designed in a graphical format supported by descriptive text, serves as a basic reference for the location, geography, geology, and hydrologic characteristics of the major aquifers in the Nation. This bibliography lists 1,105 reports that result from various studies of the program. The list of reports for each study follows a brief description of that study. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri974074","usgsCitation":"Sun, R.J., Weeks, J., and Grubb, H.F., 1997, Bibliography of Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program of the US Geological Survey, 1978-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4074, iv, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974074.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri974074","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4074/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58834,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, Ren Jen","contributorId":68721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Ren","email":"","middleInitial":"Jen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weeks, John B.","contributorId":36123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grubb, Hayes F.","contributorId":91079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubb","given":"Hayes","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6815,"text":"fs14897rev - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38162,"text":"fs14897 - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"fs14897","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6815,"text":"fs14897rev - 1997 - Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","indexId":"fs14897rev","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:41:29","indexId":"fs14897rev","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"148-97","title":"Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"As part of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), all States are required to establish water-quality standards for every river basin in the State. During 1994, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment proposed to the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission (CWQCC) an aquatic-life standard of 225 µg/L (micrograms per liter) for the dissolved-zinc concentration in the Animas River downstream from Silverton (fig.1). The CWQCC delayed implementation of this water-quality standard until further information was collected and a plan for the cleanup of abandoned mines was developed. Dissolved-zinc concentrations in this section of the river ranged from about 270 µg/L during high flow, when rainfall and snowmelt runoff dilute the dissolved minerals in the river (U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, p. 431), to 960 µg/L (Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, written commun., 1996) during low flow (such as late summer and middle winter when natural springs and drainage from mines are the main sources for the streams).
\nMining sites in the basin were developed between about 1872 and the 1940's, with only a few mines operated until the early 1990's. For local governments, mining sites represent part of the Nation's heritage, tourists are attracted to the historic mining sites, and governments are obligated to protect the historic mining sites according to the National Historic Preservation Act (Public Law 89-665).
\nIn the context of this fact sheet, the term \"natural sources of dissolved minerals\" refers to springs and streams where no effect from mining were determined. \"Mining-related sources of dissolved minerals\" are assumed to be: (1 ) Water draining from mines , and (2) water seeping from mine-waste dump pile where the waste piles were saturated by water draining from mines. Although rainfall and snowmelt runoff from mine-waste piles might affect water quality in streams, work described in this fact sheet was done during low-flow conditions when springs and drainage from mine were the main sources of dissolved minerals affecting the streams. Data are being collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to determine the magnitude and sources of dissolved minerals during rainfall- and snowmelt-runoff periods.
\nThis fact sheet presents results of studies done by the USGS in collaboration with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and was prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District. The studies were done at selected sites in the Upper Animas River Basin to determine natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals and are continuing in the basin with the Animas River Stakeholders Group and as part of the Department of the Interior Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative. The results of these studies will provide useful information for determining water-quality standards in the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14897rev","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwestern Colorado Water Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Wright, W.G., 1997, Natural and mining-related sources of dissolved minerals during low flow in the Upper Animas River Basin, southwestern Colorado (Revised Edition, October 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 148-97, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14897rev.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0148/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.819996,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.979928 ], [ -107.498474,37.748458 ], [ -107.819996,37.748458 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised Edition, October 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48afe4b07f02db52f2ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1281,"text":"wsp2468 - 1997 - Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T21:13:10.775705","indexId":"wsp2468","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2468","title":"Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992","docAbstract":"Available pesticide data (1966-92) for surface and ground water were analyzed for the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, one of 60 large hydrologic systems being studied as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Most of the pesticide data were for the San Joaquin Valley, one of the most intensively farmed and irrigated areas of the United States. Data were obtained from the Storage and Retrieval data base of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the water-quality data base of the U.S. Geological Survey, and from data files of State agencies.
Pesticides detected in surface water include organochlorine pesticides, organophosphate pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and triazine herbicides. Pesticides detected in ground water include triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides and soil fumi gants. Surface-water data indicate seasonal patterns for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which are attributed to their use on almond orchards and alfafa fields. Organochlorine pesticides were detected primarily in river-bed sediments. Concentrations detected in bed sediments of the San Joaquin River near Vernalis are among the highest of any major river system in the United States. Patterns and timing of pesticide use indicate that pesticides might be present in surface-water systems during most months of a year.
The most commonly detected pesticide in ground water is the soil fumigant, dibromochloropropane. Dibromochloropropane, used primarily on vineyards and orchards, was detected in ground water near the city of Fresno. Triazine and other organonitrogen herbicides were detected near vineyards and orchards in the same general locations as the detections of dibromochloropropane. Pesticides were detected in ground water of the east side of the valley floor, where the soils are sandy or coarsegrained, and water-soluble pesticides with long environmental half-lives were used. In contrast, fewer pesticides were detected in ground water of the west side of the valley, where soils generally are finer grained.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2468","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1997, Pesticides in surface and ground water of the San Joaquin-Tulare basins, California: Analysis of available data, 1966 Through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2468, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2468.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wsp_2468.bmp"},{"id":414262,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25566.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14632,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2468/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin-Tulare basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.4,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 34.825\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.783\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 38.783\n ],\n [\n -121.4,\n 34.825\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24848,"text":"ofr9735 - 1997 - Pollen and geochronological data from South Florida; Taylor Creek Site 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:46:38.891948","indexId":"ofr9735","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T21:55:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-35","displayTitle":"Pollen and Geochronological Data from South Florida: Taylor Creek Site 2","title":"Pollen and geochronological data from South Florida; Taylor Creek Site 2","docAbstract":"Many recent changes in plant and animal communities of the Everglades have been attributed to human alteration of the environment, such as changes in the hydrologic regime and increased agricultural activity, but cause-and-effect relationships between environmental and biotic changes have not been documented scientifically. This report on pollen and geochronological evidence from cores collected along Taylor Creek is the first of a series documenting the biotic history of a series of sites in southern Florida. \r\nPollen and geochronology were analyzed from two cores collected at site 2 along Taylor Creek, one short core (35 cm long) to provide high-resolution data and one long core (98 cm long) to provide a record of the last few millenia. Analysis of pollen assemblages from these cores indicate that marsh and slough vegetation, primarily sawgrass with some incursions by cattails, dominated the area for most of the last two millenia, until about 1950-1960. At that point, sawgrass pollen declined to lower abundances than recorded elsewhere in the core, and tree pollen became much more abundant in the cores. This change reflects the vegetational response to alterations in the hydrologic system throughout much of the last century.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9735","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Willard, D., and Holmes, C.W., 1997, Pollen and geochronological data from South Florida; Taylor Creek Site 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-35, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9735.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53847,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0035/ofr9735.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.60 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 97-35"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Taylor Creek Site 2","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.70693969726562,\n 25.19251511519153\n ],\n [\n -80.52703857421875,\n 25.19251511519153\n ],\n [\n -80.52703857421875,\n 25.30678678767568\n ],\n [\n -80.70693969726562,\n 25.30678678767568\n ],\n [\n -80.70693969726562,\n 25.19251511519153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
One of the most important sources of year-to-year climate variation in the Southwest is the El Niño phenomenon of the tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño is a natural but largely unpredictable condition that results from complex interplay among clouds and storms, regional winds, oceanic temperatures, and ocean currents along the equatorial Pacific.
Under \"normal\" conditions, the tropical trade winds blow from east to west,
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of normal and El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean. From NOAA El Niño website.
ponding up warm water in the western Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, the trade winds pull up cold, deep, nutrient-rich waters along the equator from the Ecuadorian coast to the central Pacific. The warmth of the western Pacific results in a particularly vigorous hydrologic cycle there with towering cumulus clouds and tropical storms that \"radiate\" atmospheric waves and disturbances across vast regions of the globe. Heat and moisture lofted into the upper atmosphere by the clouds and storms are distributed by high-altitude winds across vast regions of the globe.
During an El Niño, this situation is disrupted and the trade winds weaken, thus reducing the upwelling of cool waters in the eastern Pacific and allowing the pool of warm water in the west to drift eastward toward South America. As the central and eastern Pacific warms, atmospheric pressure gradients along the equator weaken, and the trade winds diminish even more.
These changes in sea-level pressure of the atmosphere are characteristic of the strongest El Niño and were identified as the \"Southern Oscillation\" of the global atmosphere by Sir Gilbert Walker in the early decades of this century. A chicken-and-egg relation exists between the changes in ocean temperatures and changes in winds (and atmospheric pressure gradients); the two sets of changes reinforce and drive each other but neither is clearly or universally \"the\" initiator of El Niño. Ocean temperatures and surface winds interact to form the complex process, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The interactions can be set off by subtle changes in one or the other, by buffeting from other parts of the tropics, or from regions beyond the tropics. Such a complex interplay and its uncertain (and variable) origins are the primary limitations on our ability to predict El Niño.
As the waters of the central and eastern Pacific warm, the powerful tropical Pacific storms begin to form farther east than usual (Fig. 1). As the distribution of storms spreads east along the equator, their influence on global weather systems also changes. Most notably, for our purposes, the jet stream over the North Pacific Ocean is invigorated and pulled farther south than normal, where it collects moisture and storms and carries them to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
During an El Niño, the trade winds are too weak to cause upwelling of nutrient-rich waters off the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Generations of South American fisherman thus have recognized these conditions by the disappearance of their standard catch, commonly during December and January, every three to seven years. Because of the near coincidence in timing between these conditions and Christmas, the fishing communities have called the phenomenon \"El Niño\", for the Christ child. The geologic record suggests that El Niño conditions have been a part of earth's climate for at least several thousand years.
An El Niño event usually lasts for several seasons, and, along with its other effects, represents an interruption of the \"normal\" seasonal cycle of the tropical climate. After a few seasons, and usually during spring time (in the Northern Hemisphere), the seasonal cycle reasserts itself and the tropical ocean cools back to the normal east-to-west sea-surface temperature gradients. Sometimes the warm El Niño events give way to unusually cold sea-surface temperatures and unusually strong trade winds, a condition now called La Niña. On other occasions, La Niñas may begin on their own, without an immediately preceding El Niño. The effects of the El Niño and La Niña on global climate are, in part, mirror images of each other. For example, drought is a common occurrence in the southwestern United States during La Niña, in contrast to the wet years associated with El Niño.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"conferenceTitle":"Impact of Climate Change and Land Use in the Southwestern United States","conferenceDate":"Sep 3-5, 1997","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, R.L., Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., Stephens, D., Highland, L.M., and Wilson, R.C., 1997, Effects of El Nino on streamflow, lake level, and landslide potential, in Impact of climate change and land use in the southwestern United States, Sep 3-5, 1997, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374198,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/natural/elnino/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.892578125,\n 48.48748647988415\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 45.336701909968134\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 40.44694705960048\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 34.23451236236987\n ],\n [\n -119.5751953125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -119.21264648437499,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.68530273437501,\n 33.93424531117312\n ],\n [\n -118.54248046874999,\n 33.88865750124075\n ],\n [\n -117.12112426757811,\n 32.534078465469605\n ],\n [\n -116.01974487304688,\n 32.6266533099821\n ],\n [\n -114.70825195312501,\n 32.74570253945518\n ],\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 32.505129231918936\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 31.325486676506983\n ],\n [\n -108.2208251953125,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -108.204345703125,\n 31.793555207271424\n ],\n [\n -106.5069580078125,\n 31.793555207271424\n ],\n [\n -106.63330078125,\n 31.872892847840678\n ],\n [\n -106.58935546875,\n 32.008075959291055\n ],\n [\n -103.0682373046875,\n 32.01739159980399\n ],\n [\n -103.0517578125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -102.996826171875,\n 37.01571219880126\n ],\n [\n -106.67724609375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.99377838872517\n ],\n [\n -109.061279296875,\n 41.008920735004885\n ],\n [\n -111.05529785156249,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -111.0443115234375,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -116.96044921875,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -117.26806640625,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -116.47705078125,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stephens, Doyle","contributorId":64497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Doyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Highland, Lynn M. highland@usgs.gov","contributorId":1292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Highland","given":"Lynn","email":"highland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, Raymond C. rwilson@usgs.gov","contributorId":5103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Raymond","email":"rwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70217734,"text":"70217734 - 1997 - Hydrologic inferences from strontium isotopes in pore water from the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-29T17:00:39.282863","indexId":"70217734","displayToPublicDate":"1997-12-31T10:49:20","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic inferences from strontium isotopes in pore water from the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Calcite is ubiquitous at Yucca Mountain, occurring in the soils and as fracture and cavity coatings within the volcanic tuff section. Strontium is a trace element in calcite, generally at the tens to hundreds of ppm level. Because calcite contains very little rubidium and the half-life of the 87Rb parent is billions of years, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the calcite record the ratio in the water from which the calcite precipitated. Dissolution and reprecipitation does not alter these compositions so that, in the absence of other sources of strontium, one would expect the strontium ratios along a flow path to preserve variations inherited from strontium in the soil zone. Strontium isotope compositions of calcites from various settings in the Yucca Mountain region have contributed to the understanding of the unsaturated zone (UZ), especially in distinguishing unsaturated zone calcite from saturated zone calcite. Different populations of calcite have been compared, either to group them together or distinguish them from each other in terms of their strontium isotope compositions. Ground water and perched water have also been analyzed; this paper presents strontium isotope data obtained on pore water.
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Ecosystem respiration can be measured at night by eddy covariance methods, but the data may not be reliable because of low turbulence or other methodological problems. We used relationships between woody tissue, foliage, and soil respiration rates and temperature, with temperature records collected on site to estimate ecosystem respiration rates at six coniferous BOREAS sites at half-hour or 1-hour intervals, and then compared these estimates to nocturnal measurements of CO2 exchange by eddy covariance. Soil surface respiration was the largest source of CO2 at all sites (48–71%), and foliar respiration made a large contribution to ecosystem respiration at all sites (25–43%). Woody tissue respiration contributed only 5–15% to ecosystem respiration. We estimated error for the scaled chamber predictions of ecosystem respiration by using the uncertainty associated with each respiration parameter and respiring biomass value. There was substantial uncertainty in estimates of foliar and soil respiration because of the spatial variability of specific respiration rates. In addition, more attention needs to be paid to estimating foliar respiration during the early part of the growing season, when new foliage is growing, and to determining seasonal trends of soil surface respiration. Nocturnal eddy covariance measurements were poorly correlated to scaled chamber estimates of ecosystem respiration (r2=0.06–0.27) and were consistently lower than scaled chamber predictions (by 27% on average for the six sites). The bias in eddy covariance estimates of ecosystem respiration will alter estimates of gross assimilation in the light and of net ecosystem exchange rates over extended periods.
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