{"pageNumber":"397","pageRowStart":"9900","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10449,"records":[{"id":70009785,"text":"70009785 - 1977 - Cell dimensions and antiferromagnetism of lunar and terrestrial ilmenite single crystals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T17:42:06.409661","indexId":"70009785","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2428,"text":"Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cell dimensions and antiferromagnetism of lunar and terrestrial ilmenite single crystals","docAbstract":"<div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">X-Ray diffraction and anisotropic magnetic measurements have been made on single crystals of lunar ilmenite and on terrestrial ilmenite from Bancroft, Ontario, Canada and the Ilmen Mountains, U.S.S.R. The elongated<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>c</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">c</span></span></span>-axis of lunar ilmenite, previously reported, is confirmed by new measurements. The shorter<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>c</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">c</span></span></span>-axis found in terrestrial specimens is ascribed to Fe<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>substitution for Ti<sup>4+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the titanium layer. Magnetic measurements on the same specimens show that, in agreement with the Ishikawa-Shirane<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al</i>. model, the initial shortening of the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>c</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">c</span></span></span>-axis by the above substitution of small amounts of Fe<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(&lt;8%) causes an increase in Fe<sup>2+</sup>−Fe<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>exchange coupling through Fe<sup>3+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the titanium layer that lowers the Néel transition temperature. The Weiss temperatures and other magnetic parameters confirm this model proposed by Ishikawa and Shirane<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al</i>.</div><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Additional transitions found in one of the terrestrial specimens (Bancroft) have been ascribed to a small amount of an exsolved spinel phase, possibly a solid solution phase of magnetite-ülvospinel. The spinel phase is localized in hematite-rich blebs which exsolved from the host ilmenite-rich phase.</div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-3697(77)90155-X","issn":"00223697","usgsCitation":"Thorpe, A.N., Minkin, J., Senftle, F.E., Alexander, C., Briggs, C., Evans, H.T., and Nord, G.L., 1977, Cell dimensions and antiferromagnetism of lunar and terrestrial ilmenite single crystals: Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, v. 38, no. 2, p. 115-123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(77)90155-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"123","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3dae4b0c8380cd4b9de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorpe, A. N.","contributorId":53504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minkin, J.A.","contributorId":38588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, Corrine","contributorId":51902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Corrine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Briggs, Charles","contributorId":94783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nord, Gordon L. Jr.","contributorId":12498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nord","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70184441,"text":"70184441 - 1977 - Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:34:45","indexId":"70184441","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary","docAbstract":"<p>San Francisco Bay represents one of the largest estuarine areas on the Pacific Coast of North America. Its open waters, tidal flats, tidal marshes and solar evaporation ponds provide critical foraging, resting and breeding habitat for migratory and resident birds. The avifauna of San Francisco Bay has received considerable attention; however, little of it has been directed toward assessing the overall importance of the Bay as a nesting area. Works by Grinnell and Wythe (1927), Grinnell and Miller (1944) and Sibley (1952) are the only comprehensive studies of San Francisco Bay avifauna. These studies, while major contributions, are broad in scope as they relate to the breeding avifauna of the Bay's estuarine areas. Several studies by Johnston (1955, 1956a, b), Marshall (1948a, b), DeGroot (1927, 1931) and Zucca (1954) have concentrated on the breeding biology of individual species; however, much of the marsh reclamation and Bay fill has occurred since. The present breeding status of many resident and migratory birds is poorly known for San Francisco Bay. Included among these are three rare or endangered forms: California Black Rail, California Clapper Rail and California Least Tern. In addition, some species now found in the area represent recent breeding range extensions. This study, undertaken from March to September 1971 and including a few more recent data, presents a quantitative assessment of the present breeding bird populations in the South San Francisco Bay area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Western Field Ornithologists","usgsCitation":"Gill, R., 1977, Breeding avifauna of the south San Francisco Bay estuary: Western Birds, v. 8, no. 1, p. 1-12.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernfieldornithologists.org/archive/V08/journal-08-1.php","text":"Volume 8, Number 1 on Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.30255126953126,\n              37.355967684576406\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90498352050781,\n              37.355967684576406\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.90498352050781,\n              37.644684587165884\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30255126953126,\n              37.644684587165884\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.30255126953126,\n              37.355967684576406\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12664e4b014cc3a3d353f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70169215,"text":"70169215 - 1977 - Landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-31T16:10:14","indexId":"70169215","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landslides","docAbstract":"<p>Landslides are frequent in areas where there is high seismicity and steep slopes. Landslides associated with earthquakes may cause as much damage as the initial ground shaking. They may also occur long after the earthquake.</p>\n<p>Some of the major earthquakes that have occurred during the past 15 years demonstrate the hazards of seismically triggered landslides. THe Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake of 1959 triggered a very large landslide (fig. 1) that killed and injured many people, formed a temporary lake, and blocked travel in the area. The Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake of 1964 triggered extensive subaerial (fig 2.) and submarine landslides; tsunamis (seismic sea waves) generated by the submarine landslides caused extensive damage and many fatalities in coastal areas. The earthquake in western Peru in 1970 triggered a massive debris avalanche (fig. 3) that destroyed the cities of Yungay and Ranrahirca; it probably caused about one-half of the 38,000 fatalities attributed to the earthquake. The San Fernando, Calif., earthquake of February 9, 1971, triggered more than 6000 individual landslides, most of which were small (fig. 4), in the surrounding upland areas. Fortunately, only a few of them damaged manmade structures because residential and industrial development had been restricted almost wholly to the relatively flat floor of the San Fernando Valley.</p>\n<p>Each of the major earthquakes described above had magnitudes greater than 6.5. Although smaller earthquakes may cause less damage to manmade structures by ground shaking, they are capable of triggering slope failures, especially renewed movements of old, marginally stable landslide deposits (fig. 5), in hillside areas.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Nilsen, T.H., 1977, Landslides: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 2, p. 27-33.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be44e4b0f59b85e02ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilsen, T. H.","contributorId":93057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70169198,"text":"70169198 - 1977 - Earthquakes, December 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:17:55","indexId":"70169198","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, December 1976","docAbstract":"<p>The month of December was seismically quiet compared to the previous months of the year. There were no major earthquakes during the month and only one that caused fatalities. On December 8, the Republic of South Africa was struck by an earthquake that caused deaths and damage. The United States experienced &nbsp;number of earthquakes, but only very minor damage was reported.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>This year ended with 18 earthquakes of magnitudes 7.0 or greater and probably ranks as the world's worst year for earthquake fatalities since 1556 when 830,000 people were killed in China.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes, December 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 3, p. 28-29.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"29","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be33e4b0f59b85e02ddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70169199,"text":"70169199 - 1977 - Earthquakes: August-September 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:21:38","indexId":"70169199","displayToPublicDate":"1977-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes: August-September 1976","docAbstract":"<p>Destructive earthquakes continued to strike in many parts of the world during this period. The sparsely populated area of the New Hebrides Islands in the southwest Pacific was struck by a major earthquake (one with a magnitude between 7.0 and 7.9). A great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or above) struck just off the west coast of Mindanao, Philippine Islands, generating a tsunami, killing thousands of people, and causing extensive damage. Three strong earthquakes rocked the Szechwan province of Chian, probably causing loss of life and damage in the epicentral area.</p>\n<p>The Untied States again did not expereince any destructive earthquakes. The strongest, one of magnitude 5.9, was located in southern Alaska.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1977, Earthquakes: August-September 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 9, no. 1, p. 32-33.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be3ae4b0f59b85e02e1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70042931,"text":"70042931 - 1976 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13884,"text":"ofr75149 - 1975 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska","indexId":"ofr75149","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042931,"text":"70042931 - 1976 - Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","indexId":"70042931","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-29T09:52:19","indexId":"70042931","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"25","title":"Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons","docAbstract":"Alaska, which contains about 28% of the land and continental shelf of the United States, is estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey to contain about one third of the nation's undiscovered oil and about one sixth of its undiscovered natural gas. The Survey estimates that fields discovered in Alaska through 1972 ultimately may produce about 26 billion bbl of oil and 68 Tcf of natural gas. In northern Alaska, Paleozoic and Mesozoic shelf and slope carbonate and clastic rocks of the Brooks Range orogen were thrust relatively northward over the depressed south margin of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Arctic platform. A foredeep, the Colville geosyncline, developed across the depressed margin of the platform in earliest Cretaceous time. Detritus from the Brooks Range filled the foredeep and prograded northward to fill the Cretaceous and Tertiary North Chukchi and Umiat-Camden basins and form the progradational Beaufort shelf. The largest petroleum reserves (Prudhoe Bay and associated fields) and the best prospects for additional large discoveries in Alaska lie in the areally extensive upper Paleozoic to Tertiary carbonate and clastic rocks of northern Alaska. In southern Alaska, a series of arc-trench systems developed on oceanic rocks during Jurassic and Cretaceous time. Between these arcs and the metamorphic (continental) terranes of east-central and northern Alaska, large back-arc and arc-trench gap basins received thick volcanic and detrital deposits. These deposits were extensively, and commonly intensely, deformed and disrupted by mid-Jurassic to Tertiary plutonism, Laramide oroclinal bending, wrench faulting, and arc-related compression. This deformation, coupled with low porosity (in part produced by diagenetic mobilization of labile constituents), has left these rocks with only modest, local prospects for petroleum. Laramide events compressed and consolidated (\"continentalized\") the late Mesozoic back-arc basin deposits and welded them to the older continental terranes on the north and east. Subsequent sedimentation was localized and nonmarine except in onshore and offshore coastal basins, where thick sections of mixed marine and nonmarine Tertiary sediments accumulated. The Aleutian arc and the associated Queen Charlotte transform-fault system have dominated structural and depositional patterns in southern Alaska, including many of the Tertiary coastal basins, since the early Cenozoic. The Tertiary coastal basins are areally extensive, and in some areas contain many large folds. They are known to be petroliferous in Bristol Bay and the Gulf of Alaska, and to contain major accumulations of oil and gas at Cook Inlet, but they are relatively little explored.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Circum-Pacific energy and mineral resources (AAPG Memoir 25)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., and Kirschner, C., 1976, Tectonic framework of petroliferous rocks in Alaska: hydrocarbons, chap. <i>of</i> Circum-Pacific energy and mineral resources (AAPG Memoir 25), p. 291-307.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"307","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266658,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/mineral1/data/a175/a175/0001/0250/0291.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.5,51.2 ], [ 172.5,71.4 ], [ -130.0,71.4 ], [ -130.0,51.2 ], [ 172.5,51.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5108fd95e4b0d965cd9f2393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschner, C.E.","contributorId":81107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschner","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70042912,"text":"70042912 - 1976 - Rise of a variable-viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14563,"text":"ofr74251 - 1974 - Rise of a variable viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls","indexId":"ofr74251","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Rise of a variable viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042912,"text":"70042912 - 1976 - Rise of a variable-viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls","indexId":"70042912","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Rise of a variable-viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-15T14:42:26.277635","indexId":"70042912","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rise of a variable-viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls","docAbstract":"Relatively rigid plates making up the outer 50 to 100 km of the Earth are steadily separating from one another along narrow globe-circling zones of submarine volcanism, the oceanic spreading centers. Continuity requires that the viscous underlying material rise beneath spreading centers and accrete onto the steadily diverging plates. It is likely that during the rise the viscosity changes systematically and that the viscous tractions exerted on the plates contribute to the unique pattern of submarine mountains and earthquake faults observed at spreading centers. The process is modeled by viscous creep in a wedge-shaped conduit (with apex at the sea floor) in which the viscosity varies as <i>r<sup>m</sup></i> where <i>r</i> is distance from the apex and <i>m</i> is a parameter. For these conditions, the governing differential equations take a simple form. The solution for the velocity is independent of <i>r</i> and of the sign of <i>m</i>. As viscous stresses vary as <i>r<sup>m-1</sup></i>, the pattern of stress on the conduit wall is sensitive to viscosity variation. For negative <i>m</i>, the viscous pressure along the base of the conduit is quite uniform; for positive <i>m</i>, it falls toward zero in the axial region as the conduit base widens. For small opening angles, viscous forces push the plates apart, and for large ones, they oppose plate separation. Though highly idealized, the solution provides a tool for investigating tectonic processes at spreading centers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Lachenbruch, A.H., and Nathenson, M., 1976, Rise of a variable-viscosity fluid in a steadily spreading wedge-shaped conduit with accreting walls: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 2, p. 181-188.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266646,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5108fd91e4b0d965cd9f237e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lachenbruch, Arthur H.","contributorId":27850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lachenbruch","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":472579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70001198,"text":"70001198 - 1976 - Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 ° 49′ N","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-15T10:45:18","indexId":"70001198","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 ° 49′ N","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">Eighty samples of submarine basaltic lava were sampled from an 8 km segment of the floor and walls of the inner rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during the French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (project Famous). The samples were collected from outcrops and talus slopes by the three submersibles: Alvin, Archimede, and Cyana at water depths of about 2600 meters.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">The early formed mineral content of the pillow lavas' glassy margins enables classification of the rocks into 5 types: (1) olivine basalt, (2) picritic basalt, (3) plagioclase-olivine-pyroxene basalt, (4) aphyric basalt, and (5) plagioclase-rich basalt. Chemical and mineralogical study indicates that at least 4 types are directly interrelated and that types (1) and (2) are higher-temperature, primitive lavas, and types (3) and (4) are lower-temperature, differentiated lavas derived from the primitive ones by crystal-liquid differentiation. The plagioclase-rich basalts also have a chemical composition of their glass comparable to that of the most differentiated basalts (types 3 and 4) but they differ in their greater amount of early formed plagioclase (12&ndash;35%).</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">In general, the mineralogical variation across the rift valley shows an assymetrical distribution of the major basalt types. Despite the mineralogical diversity of the early formed crystals, the chemistry of the basalt glasses indicates a symmetrical and a gradual compositional change across the rift valley. Based primarily on their chemistry, the rock types 1 and 2 occupy an axial zone 1.1 km wide and make up the central volcanic hills. Differentiated lavas (types 3, 4) occupy the margins and walls of the inner rift valley and also occur near the center of the rift valley between the central hills.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">FeO/MgO ratios of olivine and coexisting melt indicate that the average temperature of eruption was 40 &deg; C higher for the primitive melts (types 1 and 2). Aside from major elements trends, the higher temperature character of the primitive basalts is shown by their common content of chrome spinel.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">The thickness of manganese oxide and palagonite on glassy lava provide an estimate of age. In a general fashion the relative age of the various volcanic events follow the compositional zoning observed in the explored area. Most of the youngest samples are olivine basalt of the axial hills. Most older samples occur in the margins of the rift valley (West and N.E. part of explored area) but are significantly younger than the spreading age of the crust on which they are erupted. Intermediate lava types occur mainly east of the rift valley axis and in other areas where plagioclase&mdash;olivine&mdash;pyroxene basalt and aphyric basalt are present.</p>\n<p class=\"Para\">The above relations indicate that the diverse lava types were erupted from a shallow, zoned magma chamber from fissures distributed over the width of the inner rift valley and elongate parallel to it. Differentiation was accomplished by cooling and crystallization of plagioclase, olivine, and clinopyroxene toward the margins of the chamber. The centrally located hills were built by the piling up of frequent eruption of mainly primitive lavas which also are the youngest flows. In contrast smaller and less frequent eruptions of more differentiated lavas were exposed on both sides of the rift valley axis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00384746","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Hekinian, R., Moore, J., and Bryan, W., 1976, Volcanic rocks and processes of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 36 ° 49′ N: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 58, no. 1, p. 83-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384746"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hekinian, R.","contributorId":44273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hekinian","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryan, W.B.","contributorId":100412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70001182,"text":"70001182 - 1976 - On the origin of the livingstonite deposits at Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-03T14:16:52.879066","indexId":"70001182","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the origin of the livingstonite deposits at Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p>Livingstonite is the principal ore mineral in the deposits of the Huitzuco District in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. The ore is found in the lower part of the Morelos Formation, which consists of a thick bed of sedimentary anhydrite containing lenses of dolomite and dolomite breccia. In the unweathered ore practically all the mercury is in the livingstonite, whereas the antimony occurs partly in the livingstonite and partly in stibnite. Native sulfur forms pockets as much as 30 centimeters in diameter in the ore and is also found in gypsum on the surface away from the ore.</p><p>It appears that the deposition of livingstonite, rather than of the combination of cinnabar and stibnite that is more usual in other districts, was caused by the native sulfur present in considerable quantity scattered through the sedimentary dolomite and anhydrite above, below, and in the ore. Since the formula of livingstonite is actually HgSb<sub>4</sub>S<sub>8</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>(not HgSb<sub>4</sub>S<sub>7</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>as was previously supposed), it is not stable in solutions containing only HgS, Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>S, and H<sub>2</sub>O. It has been proved by one of us, experimentally, that in order to form livingstonite, the solutions must contain elemental sulfur in addition to HgS, Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>S, and H<sub>2</sub>O. In such solutions the solubility of mercuric sulfide is extremely low. However, the problem of transport is overcome if the elemental sulfur is already present in the wall rock. In that case, the reaction of the elemental sulfur with a solution containing mercuric sulfide and antimony sulfide, but not saturated with either, would precipitate livingstonite, as was proved by our experimental work.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00203095","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Tunell, G., Learned, R.E., and Lawrence, E., 1976, On the origin of the livingstonite deposits at Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico: Mineralium Deposita, v. 11, no. 1, p. 71-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203095.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"82","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","city":"Huitzuco","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.5084228515625,\n              17.28770905062193\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.5965576171875,\n              17.28770905062193\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.5965576171875,\n              17.96305758238804\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5084228515625,\n              17.96305758238804\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.5084228515625,\n              17.28770905062193\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1976-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tunell, G.","contributorId":49908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tunell","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Learned, R. E.","contributorId":9638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Learned","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, E.F.","contributorId":65210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"E.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223476,"text":"5223476 - 1976 - [Book review] American sportsmen and the origins of conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T10:29:58","indexId":"5223476","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:19","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] American sportsmen and the origins of conservation","docAbstract":"<p>The relationship of this book to ornithology is so indirect that the work barely merits a review on these pages. In a rather subtle way, however, the book may have a considerable effect on at least one aspect of ornithology, that involving scientific collecting. In essence, the volume is an entry in the hunting versus antihunting controversy, by a historian who is a sportsman. A challenge to antihunting preservationists, the premise is that sportsmen (those who hunt and fish for pleasure rather than for food or profit), and not preservationists, were the founders of conservation concepts in the United States. The implied conclusion is that modern hunting and fishing are valid, conservation- oriented activities. The proof of the thesis depends on demonstrating that those persons who led the conservation movement were in fact sportsmen, as defined, rather than fitting any other categorization, and that only those who fit the definition were effective. The method is to detail both the sporting proclivities and conservation efforts of leaders in the movement and to ignore or belittle other activities of those persons and other persons not considered sportsmen. Although effective in making a point, the technique suffers from the difficulties inherent in any one-character classification. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Banks, R.C., 1976, [Book review] American sportsmen and the origins of conservation: The Auk, v. 93, no. 4, p. 864-865.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"864","endPage":"865","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18217,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4085028"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","publicComments":"A review of: <i> American sportsmen and the origins of conservation. J. F. Reiger. 1975. New York, Winchester Press. 316 pp</i>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5dd985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Richard C.","contributorId":102933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222800,"text":"5222800 - 1976 - Thermal adaptiveness of plumage color in screech owls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-16T09:51:59","indexId":"5222800","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:16","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal adaptiveness of plumage color in screech owls","docAbstract":"<p>Clinal variation in the relative proportions of red and gray plum- age phases in Screech Owls (<i>Otus asio</i>) was analyzed by Owen (1963) and Marshall (1967). This variation was well known prior to Owen's work, but was misinterpreted (Baird, et al. 1874, Hasbrouck 1893, Allen 1893).]</p><p>Laurel VanCamp and Charles Henny (MS) have 30 years of data on a northern Ohio Screech Owl population. They observed an over- winter decline (from about 25% to 15%) in the proportion of red phase birds in the winter of 1951-52. This decline was correlated with a severe winter of above normal snowfall and below average temperatures. They examined banding and recovery data and found overwinter survival of red and gray birds to be the same except for this one severe winter when 44% more red phase birds were lost than grays (VanCamp and Henny MS). Differential mortality was reported by Gullion and Marshall (1968) for red and gray phase Ruffed Grouse (<i>Bonasa umbellus</i>) where snow conditions for roosting is apparently the critical factor for grouse overwinter survival and is related to predation. Snow- roosting has not, to our knowledge, been observed in Screech Owls. VanCamp and Henny (MS) discuss the observations of Ruffed Grouse and Screech Owls and suggest that possible thermoregulatory differences between red and gray phase birds could account for differential overwinter survival.</p><p>Our objective was to test for differences between color phase in oxygen uptake at several ambient temperatures. We hypothesized that oxygen uptake would be greater by red phase birds, especially at lower temperatures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Mosher, J.A., and Henny, C.J., 1976, Thermal adaptiveness of plumage color in screech owls: The Auk, v. 93, no. 3, p. 614-619.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"614","endPage":"619","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341291,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084961"}],"volume":"93","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mosher, James A.","contributorId":97475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosher","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5221376,"text":"5221376 - 1976 - Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Inhibition in ducks dosed with lead shot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-12T18:54:42.472584","indexId":"5221376","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:14","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1561,"text":"Environmental Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Inhibition in ducks dosed with lead shot","title":"Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Inhibition in ducks dosed with lead shot","docAbstract":"Lead concentration in blood and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity was measured in mallard ducks dosed with one all-lead shot or one lead-iron combination shot. For 2 weeks after dosage, lead in blood of ducks given an all-lead shot was fourfold higher than in those dosed with lead-iron shot. At 3 and 4 weeks, the differences in lead residues were directly proportional to lead content of the shots. ALAD activities measured at these intervals were inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with the concentration of lead in the blood, suggesting that biochemical responses to the two types of shot were dependent upon the quantity of lead present.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-9351(76)90032-3","usgsCitation":"Finley, M.T., Dieter, M.P., and Locke, L.N., 1976, Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Inhibition in ducks dosed with lead shot: Environmental Research, v. 12, no. 2, p. 243-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9351(76)90032-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"243","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66f3a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finley, M. T.","contributorId":40297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dieter, M. P.","contributorId":89626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, L. N.","contributorId":73539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70162513,"text":"70162513 - 1976 - The source of hydrothermal solutions at Puerto Maunabo and its bearing on the base-metal-potassium feldspar association in Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:56:41","indexId":"70162513","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The source of hydrothermal solutions at Puerto Maunabo and its bearing on the base-metal-potassium feldspar association in Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>A quartz oligoclase porphyry exposed near Puerto Maunabo may provide evidence to further our understanding of the base-metal-potassium feldspar association known to occur in many of the porphyry-type copper deposits of Puerto Rico. The porphyry appears to be a magmatic differentiate on the border of the San Lorenzo batholith that may represent a source of mineralizing hydrothermal solutions. The porphyry intrudes an albitized quartz diorite border phase of the batholith that contains large roof pendants of metavolcanic rock. These roof pendants are mostly metamorphosed to greenschist metamorphic facies, but in the vicinity of Puerto Maunabo south of the porphyry, they reach amphibolite metamorphic facies; north of the porphyry, similar xenolithic lenses of metavolcanic rock appear to have been converted entirely to an oligoclase quartz felsite. The layered albitized quartz felsite has the same composition and texture as irregular veinlets in the albitized quartz diorite and as the groundmass in the porphyry. The K<sup>+</sup> ions arid basic ions of Fe<sup>+2</sup>, Cu<sup>+2</sup>, Mg<sup>+2</sup> apparently were mobilized during final magmatic crystallization and then escaped as hydrothermal solutions that followed open conduits within a zone of structural weakness which also permitted the emplacement of the porphyry. The volcanic rock of Cerro Piedra Hueca, in contact with the albitized quartz diorite, and generally along strike west of the porphyry, has been altered to a quartz sericite rock entirely devoid of mafic silicates. This is the southeasternmost exposure of hydrothermally altered volcanic rock in the regional zone of northwest-trending faults that contains the principal porphyry-type copper deposits of Puerto Rico. The texture, mineralogy, and geologic environment of the porphyry at Puerto Maunabo are similar to those of the ore-bearing porphyries but differ in one important aspect. Most ore-bearing porphyries contain hydrothermal potassium feldspar and reddish-brown biotite intimately associated with the base-metal sulfides. In the porphyry of Puerto Maunabo, potassium feldspar is conspicuously absent, and only a trace of biotite is present; the only sulfide present is pyrite. The physical and chemical environment required to precipitate K<sup>+</sup> ions, either as potassium feldspar or biotite, apparently is very similar to that required to precipitate base-metal sulfides. At Puerto Maunabo, these conditions evidently did not prevail, and potassium and the base metals may have been carried in solution to a more favorable environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Pease, M.H., 1976, The source of hydrothermal solutions at Puerto Maunabo and its bearing on the base-metal-potassium feldspar association in Puerto Rico: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 1, p. 61-65.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"65","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314841,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Maunabo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.203369140625,\n              18.443135757230902\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.1868896484375,\n              18.500447458475094\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.17041015625,\n              18.547324589827422\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.060546875,\n              18.557739984085266\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.917724609375,\n              18.516074596589366\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.76391601562499,\n              18.516074596589366\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.6265869140625,\n              18.516074596589366\n            ],\n            [\n              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H. Jr.","contributorId":15213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pease","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011175,"text":"70011175 - 1976 - Revised Miocene and Pliocene diatom biostratigraphy of Upper Newport Bay, Newport Beach, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-12T16:14:14.401738","indexId":"70011175","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Revised Miocene and Pliocene diatom biostratigraphy of Upper Newport Bay, Newport Beach, California","docAbstract":"<p>North Pacific diatom zones XXIII through IX of Schrader are recognizable in the middle Miocene to lower Pliocene stratigraphic section exposed around Upper Newport Bay in Newport Beach, California. Correlation with DSDP Site 173 and other stratigraphic sections in California allows the selection of diatom datums that are the most reliable for long-distance correlation. Individual diatom datums are proposed as markers for North Pacific diatom zones XXIII through IX.</p><p>Correlations with DSDP Site 173 reveal a hiatus in the lower part of Core 15 that corresponds with a distinct lithologic and floral change in the core.</p><p>Preliminary silicoflagellate data for the Upper Newport Bay stratigraphic section supports the diatom correlations. Correlation with calcareous nannofossil, radiolarian, and silicoflagellate zones at Upper Newport Bay and at DSDP Site 173 suggests that the boundary between North Pacific diatom zones XVII and XVI approximates the middle Miocene/upper Miocene boundary. The Miocene/Pliocene boundary is estimated to be in North Pacific diatom zone X.</p><p>One new stratigraphically useful diatom species is described, <i>Lithodesmium reynoldsii</i>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(76)90004-9","issn":"03778398","usgsCitation":"Barron, J., 1976, Revised Miocene and Pliocene diatom biostratigraphy of Upper Newport Bay, Newport Beach, California: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 1, p. 27-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(76)90004-9.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"63","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502530,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":221158,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Newport Beach","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.97393798828125,\n              33.55970664841198\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.77755737304686,\n              33.55970664841198\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.77755737304686,\n              33.6420625047537\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.97393798828125,\n              33.6420625047537\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.97393798828125,\n              33.55970664841198\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aacabe4b0c8380cd86d9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barron, J.A. 0000-0002-9309-1145","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":95461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39586,"text":"pp813E - 1976 - Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – California region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-14T21:19:21.369651","indexId":"pp813E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"813","chapter":"E","title":"Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – California region","docAbstract":"<p>Most people in the California Region live in a semiarid or arid climate, with precipitation less than the potential evapotranspiration- environments of perennial water deficiency. The deficiency becomes most onerous during the characteristically rainless summers and during recurrent droughts that may continue for 10--20 years. However, water from winter rain and snow can be stored for use during the dry summer months, and water stored during a wet climatic period can be used in a succeeding dry period; moreover, perennial deficiency can be overcome by bringing water from areas of perennial surplus. Ground-water reservoirs have especial significance in arid and semiarid regions as repositories where water is stored or can be stored with minimum loss by evaporation.</p>\n<p>Nearly all the ground-water reservoirs of the California Region are in alluvial sediments of valleys and plains that flank the mountain ranges. The largest, underlying the vast Central Valley, occupies 10 percent of the area of the region, has an estimated usable capacity exceeding 100 million acre-feet (125 cubic kilometres), and has an annual pumpage from wells of about 13 million acre-feet (16 cubic kilometres). Another 10 percent of the region is occupied by 55 developed ground-water reservoirs that are widely distributed; aggregate annual pumpage from them is about 3 1/2 million acre-feet (4 cubic kilometres). In the southeastern desert about 60 ground-water reservoirs occupy still another 10 percent of the region; these have been explored only enough to show that most have some usable water, but current use is negligible. In northeastern California and adjacent Oregon and Nevada, ground-water reservoirs are identified only in valleys and lowlands where wells are feasible, but basaltic rocks of the Cascade Range and Modoc Plateau are excellent aquifers distributed over an area constituting about 15 percent of the region. In sum, slightly less than half the California Region is underlain by ground-water reservoirs, either in valley fill or in volcanic rocks, which can yield significant quantities of water to wells.</p>\n<p>The rest of the California Region includes the mountains, canyons, slopes, and foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Basin Ranges, whose consolidated rocks and products of their weathering may be permeable locally but are not generally so. Here, the prevailing method of ground-water development is still mostly trial and error, and while in many places a well can yield enough water for a family, some families might have to do without amenities such as flush toilets and automatic washers.</p>\n<p>For more than half a century the California Region has led all others in North America in pumping of ground water as well as in the area, variety, yield, and export of crops irrigated by water from wells. It has led in the development and use of deep-well turbine pumps for large yield and in the drilling of water wells to great depths. At the same time, such developments have resulted in the elimination of artesian pressures that produced thousands of flowing wells in the 19th century and led to the wide distribution of \"falling water tables.\" Also, California was first to induce encroachment of seawater into wells (in 1906); first to recognize subsidence of land caused by pumping from wells (in 1933), generating news about land sinking in San Jose, Long Beach, and along the Delta-Mendota and Friant-Kern Canals; and first to experience pollution of ground-water reservoirs by brines, chemicals, industrial wastes, and petroleum byproducts including gasoline. The region has led in research in several fields leading to solution of many of these problems.</p>\n<p>Ground-water problems developed rapidly after World War II with booming population, agriculture, industry, and water demand during several years of regionwide drought. Water levels in wells trended downward almost everywhere as a natural effect of the drought and at accelerated rates in areas of pumping for new enterprises or to supplement subnormal surface-water supplies. The declines in many pumping areas exceeded 100 feet (30 metres), and in some confined aquifers the potentiometric surface was drawn down more than 330 feet (100 metres). The depletion of ground-water storage has had \"permanent\" side effects, including subsidence of the land exceeding 10 feet (3 metres) in extensive areas, and seawater intrusion that ended the useful lives of many wells along the coast and as much as 6 miles (10 kilometres) inland. Some problems have been solved, but these solutions have at times created other problems. Many ground-water reservoirs have gone through one or more stages - exploration for productive aquifers, exploitation and development for use of the water, restriction to the perennial supply or \"safe\" yield, importation of surface water, artificial recharge of ground water, conjunctive use of surface and ground water, protection of water quality, and integrated management of use and disposal of water. This evolutionary sequence is unique for each reservoir, and so generalizations become difficult in a regional appraisal; also, the changes with time are significant and varied, and knowledge of prior events is a prerequisite in an appraisal of the resource in a specific year.</p>\n<p>As of 1970, water levels in many wells had risen significantly from the minimum levels of record reached during the 1960's or earlier; only in areas of new development and in desert areas of long-continued \"mining\" of nonreplenished water was ground-water storage still being depleted. Land subsidence has continued at diminishing rates and practically has come to a halt in some areas; invading seawater has been stopped or nudged back in most places where problems were significant. The current, favorable situation has been helped by climatic variations, from drought in 1945-52 and exceedingly dry years in 1959 and 1961 to above-normal precipitation in 1969 and 1970; but most of the serious problems have been solved by human efforts, including especially the implementation of the California Water Plan, transporting water from areas of perennial surplus to areas where it is used in lieu of ground water or for ground-water replenishment. All major urban areas now import water to supplement or replace the water pumped from wells. Extensive agricultural areas that formerly were irrigated solely by ground water now obtain some of their water from surface reservoirs and canals, especially in the Central Valley. With surface water available as an alternative supply, well owners can view their ground&nbsp;water with complacency. But complacency can lead to neglect and carelessness and consequent deterioration of the ground-water resource by pollution.</p>\n<p>Claiming heritage from the English Common Law, the existing California law grants to the landowner (riparian) and private enterprise (appropriator) rights to the water stored in ground-water reservoirs or discharged from them, including the base flow of streams. Ground-water development has been by private and local enterprise, and the California legislature has protected and encouraged local responsibility, control, and management of ground water. As to surface water, a constitutional amendment in 1928 limited riparian rights to the quantities of water that were \"reasonably required for the beneficial use to be served.\" The surpluses have become public waters which are collected, stored, transported, and delivered under various contracts by Federal, State, and other agencies. The agencies have not stored water underground because of uncertainty as to their rights, but some local agencies have been encouraged with favorable pricing schedules to undertake the artificial recharge and management of ground-water reservoirs. Thus, conjunctive use of surface and ground water has become a matter of interagency negotiation.</p>\n<p>Of all the constraints on effective use of ground-water reservoirs, the most formidable may be the attitudes of people. Assurance of water supply is vital in areas of water deficiency, and Government has assumed increasing responsibility for the welfare of people in these areas. Unfortunately, when Government provides this assurance, most beneficiaries demand continued subsidy to the exclusion of perhaps cheaper private development. Indeed, as the water resources are presently segregated-with private rights predominant in ground water and public interest dominant in surface water-ground-water development has suffered for lack of public concern. The region has the scientific and technologic capability for effective use of groundwater reservoirs, as shown by the achievements and programs of several districts, but many districts are not organized or staffed for such comprehensive management and will need assistance and scientific expertise available from State and Federal agencies. Those agencies, in turn, may not have the scientific data that are essential to prevent haphazard activities and to enable programs to be organized for the most effective and attractive utilization of the water resources. In these days of increasing concern over pollution, existing data are generally inadequate to assess the natural deterioration of ground waters as a basis for defining pollution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp813E","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H.E., and Phoenix, D.A., 1976, Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water resources – California region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 813, Report: iv, 51 p.; Plate: 20.00 x 25.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp813E.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 51 p.; Plate: 20.00 x 25.84 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67170,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0813e/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"7.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H. E.","contributorId":12829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phoenix, D. A.","contributorId":92665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phoenix","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":10363,"text":"ofr76784 - 1976 - Quality-of-water data, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1970-1975","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:23","indexId":"ofr76784","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"76-784","title":"Quality-of-water data, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1970-1975","docAbstract":"One of the most pressing problems of Palm Beach County, Florida, is the present and potential contamination of the surface and ground-water resources. The canals which dissect the urban and agricultural areas are convenient receptacles for storm-water runoff, sewage effluent, and agricultural wastes. Contaminants in the canals may enter the shallow aquifer as the canal water infiltrates. The quality of water in the shallow aquifer is further influenced by constituents in infiltrating rainwater, septic tank effluent, and many other sources of contamination. The County Health Department has stated that many of the canals and lakes, including Lake Worth, an estuary, have reached levels of contamination rendering them unfit for recreation (Land and others, 1972). The purpose of this report is to: (1) Compile the basic water-quality data collected during 1970-75 as a part of the monitoring program. (2) Make these data available in a usable form to assist in urban and regional planning of the county 's water resources. The water-quality programs include 36 surface-water stations on canals and lakes and 136 ground-water stations which have been regularly sampled. Both urban and agricultural areas are included in the sampling programs. (Woodard-USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr76784","usgsCitation":"Miller, W.L., and Lietz, A.C., 1976, Quality-of-water data, Palm Beach County, Florida, 1970-1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-784, 100 p. :maps ;27 cm.; (109 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr76784.","productDescription":"100 p. :maps ;27 cm.; (109 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636516","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Wesley L.","contributorId":91859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Wesley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lietz, Arthur C.","contributorId":44910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":161258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70112336,"text":"70112336 - 1976 - Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:14:20","indexId":"70112336","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T15:21:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"<p>An uncontrolled thermographic mosaic, which covers most of the area of Yellowstone National Park, has been compiled. The recording of aerial thermographic data on videotape is established as one of the prerequisites for the preparation of more accurate mosaics. Post-mission processing of the videotape record can rectify the nadir line to a topographic map base, correct for v/h variations in adjacent flight lines, correct for yaw distortions, rectify distortions caused by pitch, and rectify distortions produced by non-linearity of the side-wise scan. Installation of a thermal infrared scanning radiometer in a gyrostabilized mount and post-mission processing of the videotape record (principally rectification of side-wise scan distortion) would yield a controlled, photogrammetrically accurate thermographic mosaic. However, the techniques used in the preparation of the uncontrolled thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park can be immediately applied to the preparation of regional thermographic mosaics, important to geologists and other scientists and engineers in studies of geothermal and volcanic areas, and to other types of environmental investigations such as pollution studies of large water bodies (e.g., harbors, estuaries, lakes, etc.), where a precise planimetric image is not critical.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Photogrammetry","publisherLocation":"Falls Church, VA","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., Hasell, P.G., Sellman, A.N., and Smedes, H.W., 1976, Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 42, no. 10, p. 1315-1324.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1315","endPage":"1324","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288546,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asprs.org/Photogrammetric-Engineering-and-Remote-Sensing/PE-RS-Archive-Search-2009-and-earlier.html"},{"id":288547,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"42","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc59e4b0e83db6d09037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hasell, Philip G. Jr.","contributorId":77054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasell","given":"Philip","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sellman, Albert N.","contributorId":14741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sellman","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smedes, Harry W.","contributorId":35383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smedes","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70233438,"text":"70233438 - 1976 - Field recalibration of radiometers by using the shading technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T16:58:05.335994","indexId":"70233438","displayToPublicDate":"1976-11-01T11:55:29","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field recalibration of radiometers by using the shading technique","docAbstract":"<p>Use of radiometers to measure radiant energy components in energy budgets is widespread in water-resources studies. Previous experience has shown that readings of radiometers may contain substantial errors. These errors may be due to deterioration of the instrument during use and (or) inaccurate initial calibration. Both of these errors may be detected and corrected by proper field recalibration. After 10 months in the field, two Beckman-Whitley total hemispherical radiometers and one Eppley pyranometer were recalibrated by using the shading technique. The working standard was an Eppley pyrheliometer. Errors as great as 38 percent were discovered. New calibration constants were determined for all three field instruments. The shading technique is a rapid, accurate method of recalibrating under field conditions. It is important that the working standard be directly traceable to a primary standard which has participated in the International Comparisons of Pyrheliometers. With, an accurate working standard and careful technique, very accurate field recalibration is possible.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Jackman, A.P., and Noble, R., 1976, Field recalibration of radiometers by using the shading technique: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 6, p. 757-764.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"757","endPage":"764","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackman, Alan P.","contributorId":28239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackman","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, Richard D.","contributorId":293491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Noble","given":"Richard D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70156620,"text":"70156620 - 1976 - Fracturing and subsidence of the land surface caused by the withdrawal of ground water in the Milford area, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-16T11:39:38","indexId":"70156620","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-26T17:30:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracturing and subsidence of the land surface caused by the withdrawal of ground water in the Milford area, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>Fracturing and subsidence of the land surface in the Milford area of Utah have resulted from the decline of water levels due to pumping in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. To the writers' knowledge, these are the first such effects of ground-water withdrawal reported in Utah.</p>\n<p>The fracturing is in an area about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 11 miles (18 km) long near Milford, in an unsaturated clay-silt zone (locally peaty at top) in the upper part of the principal ground-water reservoir. The fractures range in length from several feet to more than 100 feet (30 m), and their maximum measured depth in 1972 was 4 feet (1.2 m).</p>\n<p>Land subsidence in the Milford area is demonstrated by three lines of evidence: (1) collapse structures, (2) well casings that protrude higher above the land surface than when first placed in the borehole, and (3) lower elevations at National Ocean Survey (formerly U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey) bench marks in 1970 than in 1908. This evidence shows that land subsidence in the Milford area is of two types, each having a different origin. One type has a near-surface origin in the clay-silt zone in the upper part of the principal groundwater reservoir, and the other is in the lower artesian aquifers of the principal ground-water reservoir. The amount of observed subsidence ranges from 0.05 foot (0.015 m) at the bench mark at Read to about 6 feet (1.8 m) at collapse structures in the Hay Springs area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Cordova, R., and Mower, R.W., 1976, Fracturing and subsidence of the land surface caused by the withdrawal of ground water in the Milford area, Utah: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 5, p. 505-510.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"510","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue5/report.pdf","text":"Full Journal issue","size":"19.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Milford, Hay Springs","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.5,\n              38.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.5,\n              38.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              38.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.5,\n              38.2\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.5,\n              38.2\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91b4e4b0518e354dd16b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordova, R.M.","contributorId":77511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordova","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222343,"text":"5222343 - 1976 - Determining population size of territorial red-winged blackbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-18T17:58:26.940079","indexId":"5222343","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T12:19:11","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining population size of territorial red-winged blackbirds","docAbstract":"<p>Population sizes of territorial male red-winged blackbirds (<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>) were determined with counts of territorial males (area count) and a Petersen-Lincoln Index method for roadsides (roadside estimate). Weather conditions and time of day did not influence either method. Combined roadside estimates had smaller error bounds than the individual transect estimates and were not hindered by the problem of zero recaptures. Roadside estimates were usually one-half as large as the area counts, presumably due to an observer bias for marked birds. The roadside estimate provides only an index of major changes in populations of territorial male redwings. When the roadside estimate is employed, the area count should be used to determine the amount and nature of observer bias. For small population surveys, the area count is probably more reliable and accurate than the roadside estimate.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800574","usgsCitation":"Albers, P., 1976, Determining population size of territorial red-winged blackbirds: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 40, no. 4, p. 761-768, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800574.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"768","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66740c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albers, P.H.","contributorId":26646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albers","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011155,"text":"70011155 - 1976 - The \"Soil\" of Mars (Viking 1)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T16:44:42.791157","indexId":"70011155","displayToPublicDate":"1976-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The \"Soil\" of Mars (Viking 1)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The location of the Viking 1 lander is most ideal for the study of soil properties because it has one footpad in soft material and one on hard material. As each soil sample was acquired, information on soil properties was obtained. Although analysis is still under way, early results on bulk density, particle size, angle of internal friction, cohesion, adhesion, and penetration resistance of the soil of Mars are presented.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.194.4260.91","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Shorthill, R., Moore, H., Scott, R., Hutton, R., Liebes, S., and Spitzer, G., 1976, The \"Soil\" of Mars (Viking 1): Science, v. 194, no. 4260, p. 91-97, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4260.91.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"97","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220961,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"194","issue":"4260","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba60ee4b08c986b320e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, H.J. II","contributorId":99289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, R.F.","contributorId":95161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutton, R.E.","contributorId":102623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liebes, S. Jr.","contributorId":105290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liebes","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spitzer, G.R.","contributorId":58393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitzer","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70205621,"text":"70205621 - 1976 - Geochronology of the Arabian Shield, western Saudi Arabia: K-Ar results ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-27T14:26:42","indexId":"70205621","displayToPublicDate":"1976-09-27T14:17:26","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochronology of the Arabian Shield, western Saudi Arabia: K-Ar results ","docAbstract":"<p><span>An orogenic event, correlated with the Pan-African event in eastern Africa, affected the Arabian Peninsula between 510 and 610 m.y. ago and is well-recorded geochronologically. The event probably included two thermal pulses or maxima, the first occurring between 560 and 610 m.y. ago and the second between 510 and 540 m.y. ago. The earlier pulse, the more severe one, included the majority of the igneous activity and metamorphism. During the last part of the 510- to 610-m.y. period, left-lateral strike-slip faulting occurred along a set of northwest-trending en echelon fracture zones, whose composite displacement may be as large as 240 km. At least one and probably more orogenic events affected the Arabian Peninsula before the Pan-African event, but only minimum ages can be assigned to these, because thermal effects of the 510- to 610-m.y. event have reset K-Ar ages. Major diorite-granite batholiths, however, formed before 760 m.y. ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<9:GOTASW>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R.J., Coleman, R.G., Cornwall, H.R., Greenwood, W., Hadley, D.G., Schmidt, D.L., Prinz, W.C., and Ratte, J.C., 1976, Geochronology of the Arabian Shield, western Saudi Arabia: K-Ar results : GSA Bulletin, v. 87, no. 1, p. 9-21, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<9:GOTASW>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","otherGeospatial":"Arabian Shield ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              37.320556640625,\n              19.12440952808487\n            ],\n            [\n              42.308349609375,\n              19.12440952808487\n            ],\n            [\n              42.308349609375,\n              24.946219074360084\n            ],\n            [\n              37.320556640625,\n              24.946219074360084\n            ],\n            [\n              37.320556640625,\n              19.12440952808487\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornwall, H. R.","contributorId":92333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Greenwood, W.R.","contributorId":34502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hadley, D. G.","contributorId":121261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmidt, D. L.","contributorId":23934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Prinz, W. C.","contributorId":82670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinz","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ratte, James C. jratte@usgs.gov","contributorId":875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratte","given":"James","email":"jratte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":771902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70232795,"text":"70232795 - 1976 - Mississippi carbonate shelf margins, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T16:43:20.340036","indexId":"70232795","displayToPublicDate":"1976-07-01T11:34:30","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi carbonate shelf margins, western United States","docAbstract":"<p>Regional linear carbonate shelf margins, or stratigraphic reefs, are postulated to have developed during Mississippian time along the eastern flank of the Cordilleran miogeosyncline in the Western United States. These shelf margins are analogous to well-documented ancient and modern geologic counterparts, such as the Guadalupian reef of the West Texas Permian basin, the Lower Cretaceous Edwards shelf margin of the Gulf Coast, and the modern Florida reef tract-Straits of Florida province. Two Mississippian shelf margins are believed to have existed: The lower one developed as an integral part of a widespread carbonate depositional complex of Kinderhookian through early Meramecian age; the upper shelf margin developed west of the earlier stratigraphic reef as part of a regional carbonate depositional complex of middle Meramecian to late Chesterian age. Evidence for both shelf margins consists of (1) a linear physical barrier, (2) restricted sediments in the shelf interior, (3) abrupt basinward thinning of sediments and basin-starvation just seaward of the shelf edge, (4) profound fades-changes coincident with the basinward thinning from light-colored, skeletal, shelf carbonate rocks to dark, fine-grained, silty, basinal carbonate rocks, and (5) the consistent regional occurrence of the first four patterns. Seaward topographic relief along the front edge of the lower shelf margin was probably about 200-400 m, and maximum relief along the central sector of the upper shelf margin may have approached 1,000 m. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rose, P.R., 1976, Mississippi carbonate shelf margins, western United States: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 4, p. 449-466.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"466","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403543,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403539,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue4/report.pdf","size":"21912 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-104.053249,41.001406],[-102.124972,41.002338],[-102.051292,40.749591],[-102.04192,37.035083],[-102.979613,36.998549],[-103.002247,36.911587],[-103.064423,32.000518],[-106.565142,32.000736],[-106.577244,31.810406],[-106.750547,31.783706],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-111.000643,31.332177],[-114.813613,32.494277],[-114.722746,32.713071],[-117.118868,32.534706],[-117.50565,33.334063],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-119.159554,34.119653],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-120.441975,34.451512],[-120.608355,34.556656],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.873046,35.225688],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.880167,36.950151],[-122.140578,36.97495],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.511983,37.77113],[-122.425942,37.810979],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.144396,37.581866],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.301804,38.105142],[-122.484411,38.11496],[-122.492474,37.82484],[-122.972378,38.020247],[-123.103706,38.415541],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.536073,42.814175],[-124.150267,43.91085],[-123.962887,45.280218],[-123.996766,46.20399],[-123.548194,46.248245],[-124.029924,46.308312],[-124.06842,46.601397],[-123.97083,46.47537],[-123.84621,46.716795],[-124.022413,46.708973],[-124.108078,46.836388],[-123.86018,46.948556],[-124.138035,46.970959],[-124.425195,47.738434],[-124.672427,47.964414],[-124.727022,48.371101],[-123.981032,48.164761],[-122.748911,48.117026],[-122.637425,47.889945],[-123.15598,47.355745],[-122.527593,47.905882],[-122.578211,47.254804],[-122.725738,47.33047],[-122.691771,47.141958],[-122.796646,47.341654],[-122.863732,47.270221],[-122.67813,47.103866],[-122.364168,47.335953],[-122.429841,47.658919],[-122.230046,47.970917],[-122.425572,48.232887],[-122.358375,48.056133],[-122.512031,48.133931],[-122.424102,48.334346],[-122.689121,48.476849],[-122.425271,48.599522],[-122.796887,48.975026],[-104.048736,48.999877],[-104.053249,41.001406]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.795938,33.962929],[-119.916216,34.058351],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.369984,32.839273],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.32446,33.348782],[-118.593969,33.467198],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-122.519535,48.288314],[-122.66921,48.240614],[-122.400628,48.036563],[-122.419274,47.912125],[-122.744612,48.20965],[-122.664928,48.374823],[-122.519535,48.288314]]],[[[-122.800217,48.60169],[-122.883759,48.418793],[-123.173061,48.579086],[-122.949116,48.693398],[-122.743049,48.661991],[-122.800217,48.60169]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arizona\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, Peter R.","contributorId":19958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70232922,"text":"70232922 - 1976 - An evaluation of methods for measuring algal growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T15:00:25.711312","indexId":"70232922","displayToPublicDate":"1976-07-01T09:45:15","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of methods for measuring algal growth","docAbstract":"<p>Algal growth was expressed as milligrams dry weight per litre with use of the electronic particle counter for determining cell number and cell volume. A gravimetric constant in milligrams dry weight per cubic micrometre was determined. This constant was applicable throughout the growth curve since there was a linear relationship between total cell weight and total cell volume. Cell volume must be considered in measuring growth because there is a change in average cell volume in addition to an increase in cell numbers throughout the growth curve. <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> and <i>Selenastrum capricornutum</i> exhibited similar growth curves when growth was expressed as cells per litre or as milligrams dry weight per litre. <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> appeared to have a lower algal growth potential when measured in cells per litre but had the same growth potential as <i>C. vulgaris</i> and <i>S. capricornutum</i> when expressed as milligrams dry weight per litre. The growth rate for <i>Scenedesmus quadricauda</i> was less than the other three, regardless of how the results were expressed. The image analysis system was used to count different types of algae in a mixed culture. <i>C. reinhardtii</i>, <i>C. vulgaris</i>, and <i>Anacystis nidulans</i> were not grossly distorted by the sample preparation method and could be distinguished from one another by variations in morphology. The counts could be separated by computing the ratio of area to length for each particle and by allowing the computer to sort and count each of the three types. Typical ratios ranged from 5 to 7 for <i>G. reinhardtii</i>, 2 to 4 <i>C. vulgaris</i>, and 0.2 to 1.3 for <i>A. nidulans</i>. The number of types to be counted in a mixture was limited only by the ability to apply shape factors without having an overlap between each type. Both the image analysis and electronic particle counter produced equal count and size measurements. Fluorescence was a sensitive measure of growth on a laboratory prepared medium since there was a logarithmic relationship between fluorescence and cells per millilitre for both <i>C. vulgaris</i> and <i>S. capricornutum</i>. Fluorescence measurements were not satisfactory for determining growth in samples of varying chemical composition (which occurs in natural samples) because the chlorophyll-to-cell ratio varied with media composition. This was especially pronounced with <i>C. vulgaris</i>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Shoaf, W.T., and Lium, B.W., 1976, An evaluation of methods for measuring algal growth: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 4, p. 497-504.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"504","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403610,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue4/report.pdf","size":"21912 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoaf, W. Thomas","contributorId":21631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoaf","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lium, Bruce W.","contributorId":75907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lium","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70232916,"text":"70232916 - 1976 - Evaluation of three collecting methods for a reconnaissance of stream benthic invertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-13T14:43:46.740316","indexId":"70232916","displayToPublicDate":"1976-07-01T08:59:38","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of three collecting methods for a reconnaissance of stream benthic invertebrates","docAbstract":"<p>A 1-day reconnaissance of the Dietrich River, Alaska, included collection of benthic invertebrates. Three methods were used at each of five stations to increase sampling effectiveness and to evaluate each method. Chironomidae and Plecoptera comprised 91 percent of all individuals and 47 percent of all taxa in the combined faunal list. At each station, the most abundant organisms were taken by all methods but the less abundant ones by only one or two methods. The dip net collected the highest percentage of taxa, and the second highest percentage of individuals. The 10-rock method collected the highest percentage of individuals but was relatively ineffective for taxa. The drift net collected the fewest individuals, but the percentage of taxa was relatively high. Of the 27 unique taxa (those taxa collected by only one of the methods), 15 were collected by dip net, 8 by drift net, and 4 by the 10-rock method. The methods differed in their effectiveness with regard to collecting the most abundant taxonomic groups. Although the dip net was most effective for collecting taxa, more thorough scrubbing of substrates to remove clinging organisms probably would improve the technique.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Slack, K.V., Nauman, J.W., and Tilley, L.J., 1976, Evaluation of three collecting methods for a reconnaissance of stream benthic invertebrates: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 4, p. 491-495.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"495","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403606,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue4/report.pdf","size":"21912 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Mountains Physiographic Province, Brooks Range, Dietrich River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.80064392089844,\n              67.94513102152824\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.77523803710935,\n              67.943455056295\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.76287841796875,\n              67.96536197248761\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.75704193115234,\n              67.98029835264474\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.7597885131836,\n              67.98531790518423\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.70382690429688,\n              68.02235171917415\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.72305297851562,\n              68.02659139405334\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.7769546508789,\n              67.98930703022876\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.80064392089844,\n              67.94513102152824\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, K. V.","contributorId":82386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nauman, J. W.","contributorId":30630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nauman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tilley, L. J.","contributorId":91836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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