{"pageNumber":"3970","pageRowStart":"99225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70248022,"text":"70248022 - 1994 - Aeromagnetic evidence for a buried Early Cretaceous magmatic arc, northeast Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T13:58:19.343711","indexId":"70248022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-10T08:50:39","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic evidence for a buried Early Cretaceous magmatic arc, northeast Japan","docAbstract":"<p><span>Positive aeromagnetic anomalies, recent drilling, and models constructed from these data delineate the plutonic roots of the Early Cretaceous Kitakami magmatic arc in northeast Japan. Buried plutons, mostly offshore, produce belts of positive magnetic anomalies. These anomalies and magnetotelluric data suggest that the plutons form a batholith 70–120 km wide, nearly 800 km long, and 10–15 km thick. The batholith may mark the location of the main Kitakami arc. Most of the exposed Kitakami plutons are 2–20 km in diameter; some are 3 km thick. The small plutons line up along NW trending faults; some may have been satellite vents that tapped into the magma supply of the main arc. The batholithic roots of the main arc now compose almost half of the modern Japan forearc basement. Steep magnetic gradients, offset anomalies, and basin stratigraphy portray extensive faulting of the Kitakami batholith during oblique subduction in the Late Cretaceous and rifting in the Miocene. The eastern boundary of the Kitakami batholith lies between 90 and 140 km west of the modern trench, much closer than the 300-km distance between the active arc and trench. The Early Cretaceous forearc basin and accretionary prism may underlie the modern forearc basin east of the batholith, but clear evidence is lacking. Much of the Early Cretaceous margin, including most of its forearc therefore is missing. How the material was removed is unknown: it could have been strike-slip faulted, eroded by subduction-related processes, or both.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB00855","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1994, Aeromagnetic evidence for a buried Early Cretaceous magmatic arc, northeast Japan: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 99, no. B11, p. 22165-22185, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00855.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"22165","endPage":"22185","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              138.5858445616867,\n              45.50873646911339\n            ],\n            [\n              138.5858445616867,\n              34.718873519249016\n            ],\n            [\n              144.1924469394902,\n              34.718873519249016\n            ],\n            [\n              144.1924469394902,\n              45.50873646911339\n            ],\n            [\n              138.5858445616867,\n              45.50873646911339\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"99","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":881534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70243819,"text":"70243819 - 1994 - Paleozoic plate-tectonic evolution of the Tarim and western Tianshan Regions, western China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-22T02:15:59.150313","indexId":"70243819","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T21:02:46","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic plate-tectonic evolution of the Tarim and western Tianshan Regions, western China","docAbstract":"<p><span>The plate-tectonic evolution of the Tarim basin and nearby western Tianshan region during Paleozoic time is reconstructed in an effort to further constrain the tectonic evolution of Central Asia, providing insights into the formation and distribution of oil and gas resources. The Tarim plate developed from continental rifting that progressed during early Paleozoic time into a passive continental margin. The Yili terrane (central Tianshan) broke away from the present eastern part of Tarim and became a microcontinent located somewhere between the Junggar ocean and the southern Tianshan ocean. The southern Tianshan ocean, between the Tarim craton and the Yili terrane, was subducting beneath the Yili terrane from Silurian to Devonian time. During the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, the Tarim plate collided with the Yili terrane by sinistral accretional docking that resulted in a late Paleozoic deformational episode. Intracontinental shortening (A-type subduction) continued through the Permian with the creation of a magmatic belt.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819409465504","usgsCitation":"Shi, Y., Lu, H., Jia, D., Cai, D., Wu, S., Chen, C., Howell, D.G., and Valin, Z.C., 1994, Paleozoic plate-tectonic evolution of the Tarim and western Tianshan Regions, western China: International Geology Review, v. 36, no. 11, p. 1058-1066, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819409465504.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1058","endPage":"1066","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417284,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Tarim Region, Tianshan Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              72.1312740853939,\n              42.48569294241568\n            ],\n            [\n              72.1312740853939,\n              36.61922749358027\n            ],\n            [\n              104.25483193359253,\n              36.61922749358027\n            ],\n            [\n              104.25483193359253,\n              42.48569294241568\n            ],\n            [\n              72.1312740853939,\n              42.48569294241568\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shi, Yangshen","contributorId":305592,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shi","given":"Yangshen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Huafu","contributorId":305588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lu","given":"Huafu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jia, Dong","contributorId":305589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jia","given":"Dong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cai, Dongsheng","contributorId":145912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cai","given":"Dongsheng","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16294,"text":"China National Offshore Oil Company, Beijing, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":873376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wu, Shimin","contributorId":305590,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wu","given":"Shimin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chen, Chuming","contributorId":305591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Chuming","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Howell, David G.","contributorId":12091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":873379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Valin, Zenon C. 0000-0001-6199-6700 zenon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-6700","contributorId":3742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valin","given":"Zenon","email":"zenon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70243817,"text":"70243817 - 1994 - Tectonic controls on ore-bearing intrusions of the Talnakh Ore Junction: Position, morphology, and ore distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-22T01:32:02.306744","indexId":"70243817","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T20:18:22","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic controls on ore-bearing intrusions of the Talnakh Ore Junction: Position, morphology, and ore distribution","docAbstract":"<p><span>Analysis of fifteen hundred deep boreholes permits understanding of Noril'sk-type, ore-bearing intrusions with respect to stratigraphic position, thickness, and ore distribution, and provide insights into the evolution of the Talnakh and Noril'sk ore junctions. Weakly miner-alized, Lower Talnakh-type intrusions were emplaced early in each ore junction, followed by emplacement of the ore-bearing intrusions. The morphology of the Lower Talnakh-type intrusions appears to have been controlled largely by inferred, arcuate faults; tight, N-S-trend-ing folds in the Noril'sk-Kharaelakh fault zone; and pre- Tungusskaya anticlines. The spreading and morphology of the ore-bearing intrusions were influenced by these features, but were more strongly controlled by the Noril'sk-Kharaelakh fault zone and by arcuate, thickened lenses within the Lower Talnakh-type intrusions. Host-rock characteristics strongly influenced the shapes of the ore-bearing intrusions in section and plan, the configurations of their flanking and frontal parts, and the attitudes of their peripheral sills.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206819409465503","usgsCitation":"Zen’ko, T.E., and Czamanske, G., 1994, Tectonic controls on ore-bearing intrusions of the Talnakh Ore Junction: Position, morphology, and ore distribution: International Geology Review, v. 36, no. 11, p. 1033-1057, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819409465503.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1033","endPage":"1057","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Talnakh Ore Junction","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              87.71507646476249,\n              70.40882712034667\n            ],\n            [\n              87.71507646476249,\n              68.4150453357748\n            ],\n            [\n              93.22976746369244,\n              68.4150453357748\n            ],\n            [\n              93.22976746369244,\n              70.40882712034667\n            ],\n            [\n              87.71507646476249,\n              70.40882712034667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen’ko, Tatyana E.","contributorId":305623,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zen’ko","given":"Tatyana","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169054,"text":"70169054 - 1994 - Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T20:50:36.059065","indexId":"70169054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T14:45:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5107,"text":"Iowa Geological Survey Bureau Technical Information Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"32","title":"Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic data were collected in the Bloody Run and Sny Magill watersheds in Clayton County, Iowa during the 1992 Water Year (October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992) to provide data on suspended sediment and stream discharge from these watersheds. &nbsp;Suspended-sediment samples were collected daily during normal flow and several times during rainstorms. &nbsp;Stream stage was recorded continuously and stream-discharge measurements were made monthly to develop a stage-discharge relation. &nbsp;Data on drainage-basin morphology and precipitation were quantified to help understand the variability in sediment and stream discharge. &nbsp;The total suspended-sediment discharge for Water Year 1992 was 2,720 tons at site BR1 on Bloody Run and 1,940 tons at site SN1 on Sny Magill Creek &nbsp;The daily median suspended-sediment discharge was 1.1 tons at both sites BR1 and SN1. &nbsp;The maximum daily mean stream discharge (205 cubic feet per second) at site BR1 on Bloody Run occurred on November 1, 1991. &nbsp;The median daily discharge at BR1 for the 1992 Water year was 24 cubic feet per second or 0.70 cubic feet per second per square mile (ft<sup>3</sup>/s/mi<sup>2</sup>). &nbsp;The maximum daily mean stream discharge at site SN1 on Sny Magill Creek was 90 cubic feet per second which occurred on April 20, 1992. &nbsp;The median daily discharge at site SN1 for the 1992 Water Year was 15 cubic feet per second or 0.54 ft<sup>3</sup>/s/mi<sup>2</sup>.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sny Magill water shed monitoring project, baseline data","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., and Eash, D.A., 1994, Suspended sediment and stream discharge in Bloody Run and Sny Magill watershed, water year 1992: Iowa Geological Survey Bureau Technical Information Series 32, 17 p.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"89","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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}\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e7e0c7e4b0f59b85d6ab24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, David A. 0000-0002-2749-8959 daeash@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-8959","contributorId":1887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"David","email":"daeash@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":622695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129580,"text":"70129580 - 1994 - Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T14:09:26","indexId":"70129580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T14:08:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Range Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.2307/4003072","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.S., and Cates, R.G., 1994, Ungulate herbivory of willows on Yellowstone's northern winter range: Journal of Range Management, v. 48, no. 6, p. 563-565, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003072.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"563","endPage":"565","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/644313","text":"External Repository"},{"id":295692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295691,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4003072"}],"volume":"48","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a1918e4b04d2014abfb7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis S.","contributorId":44851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cates, Rex G.","contributorId":34453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cates","given":"Rex","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129393,"text":"70129393 - 1994 - Residency patterns of migrating sandpipers at a midcontinental stopover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T13:42:41","indexId":"70129393","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T13:40:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residency patterns of migrating sandpipers at a midcontinental stopover","docAbstract":"Arctic-nesting shorebirds require several refueling stops during their long migrations between breeding grounds and Central and South American wintering areas. The protection of stopover habitats for transcontinental migrants depends on whether birds fly long distances between a few select sites or fly short distances and stop at several wetlands. Although the Great Plains historically provided a vast array of wetlands for use by migrants, wetland loss and conversion have reduced the availability of stopover sites in recent decades. In this study, we examined (1) residency periods, (2) fat dynamics, and (3) migration chronology of two shorebird species, the Semipalmated Sandpiper (<i>Calidris pusilla</i>) and White-rumped Sandpiper (<i>C. fuscicollis</i>) at Quivira National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Kansas. Semipalmated Sandpipers had prolonged periods of species residency with overlapping arrivals and departures. Individual residency periods were highly variable and were unrelated to lipid reserves upon arrival. In contrast, White-rumped Sandpipers arrived and departed more synchronously. Birds that arrived in poor condition stayed longer than those with more body fat in 1991, but not in 1992. Wind direction did not influence patterns of departures of either species. We hypothesize that Semipalmated Sandpipers are ecologically eurytopic when migrating across the Great Plains in the spring. Highly variable patterns in arrival, residency, and lipid levels indicate that spring migration of this species is relaxed and opportunistic. White-rumped Sandpipers showed a pattern of reduced flexibility. Flight range estimates suggest that most birds require intermediate stopovers before reaching the breeding grounds. Interior wetlands appear to function as migration stopovers rather than staging areas for shorebirds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Club","publisherLocation":"Santa Clara, CA","doi":"10.2307/1369104","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., and Knopf, F.L., 1994, Residency patterns of migrating sandpipers at a midcontinental stopover: The Condor, v. 96, no. 4, p. 949-958, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369104.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"958","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295577,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369104"}],"volume":"96","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775bfe4b0f888a81b8342","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":45650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70234112,"text":"70234112 - 1994 - Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-29T14:17:47.192336","indexId":"70234112","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T09:07:19","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification)","docAbstract":"<p>Recent borehole-geotechnical data and strong-motion measurements constitute a new empirical basis to account for local geological conditions in earthquake-resistant design and site-dependent, building-code provisions. They provide new unambiguous definitions of site classes and rigorous empirical estimates of site-dependent amplification factors in terms of mean shear-wave velocity. A simple four-step methodology for estimating site-dependent response spectra is specified herein. Alternative techniques and commentary are presented for each step to facilitate application of the methodology for different purposes. Justification for the methodology is provided in terms of definitions for the new site classes and derivations of simple empirical equations for amplification as a function of mean shear-wave velocity and input ground-motion level. These new results provide a rigorous framework for improving estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design, site-dependent building-code provisions, and predictive maps of strong ground shaking for purposes of earthquake hazard mitigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publishing","doi":"10.1193/1.1585791","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 1994, Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (methodology and justification): Earthquake Spectra, v. 10, no. 4, p. 617-653, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585791.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"653","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Armenia, Mexico, United States","state":"California","city":"Gyumri, Mexico City, San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"Leninakan, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.72277832031251,\n              37.155938651244625\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7010498046875,\n              37.155938651244625\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7010498046875,\n              37.92686760148135\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.72277832031251,\n              37.92686760148135\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.72277832031251,\n              37.155938651244625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.591064453125,\n              18.693082160033953\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.4539794921875,\n              18.693082160033953\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.4539794921875,\n              20.004322295998723\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.591064453125,\n              20.004322295998723\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.591064453125,\n              18.693082160033953\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              43.732452392578125,\n              40.613952441166596\n            ],\n            [\n              44.056549072265625,\n              40.613952441166596\n            ],\n            [\n              44.056549072265625,\n              40.88133311333721\n            ],\n            [\n              43.732452392578125,\n              40.88133311333721\n            ],\n            [\n              43.732452392578125,\n              40.613952441166596\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70203011,"text":"70203011 - 1994 - Geographic variation in Yellow-headed Blackbirds from the northern Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-11T07:50:20","indexId":"70203011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T07:48:42","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geographic variation in Yellow-headed Blackbirds from the northern Great Plains","docAbstract":"<p><span>We assessed geographic variability in morphology among Yellow-headed Blackbirds (</span><i>Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus</i><span>) collected from breeding populations in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota in the United States and Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan in Canada during spring. Both male and female Yellow-headed Blackbirds tended to be larger in the more northern breeding populations. Males collected in Manitoba and southeast Saskatchewan tended to be more like populations from the United States, whereas other populations in Saskatchewan and Alberta populations were morphologically similar to each other. For females, however, only the Manitoba population was similar to the U. S. populations, and the females from the southeastern Saskatchewan were similar to other Saskatchewan birds. Southeastern Saskatchewan appears to represent a transitional region between northwestern and southeastern breeding populations of Yellow-headed Blackbirds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/1369112","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D.J., Bleier, W.J., and Linz, G.M., 1994, Geographic variation in Yellow-headed Blackbirds from the northern Great Plains: The Condor, v. 96, no. 4, p. 1030-1036, https://doi.org/10.2307/1369112.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1030","endPage":"1036","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","volume":"96","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, Daniel J. 0000-0003-1223-5045 dtwedt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"Daniel","email":"dtwedt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":760778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bleier, William J.","contributorId":66833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleier","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":760779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linz, George M.","contributorId":32859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linz","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":760780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014879,"text":"1014879 - 1994 - Tag recovery estimates of migration of striped bass from spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T17:20:44.922075","indexId":"1014879","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tag recovery estimates of migration of striped bass from spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"<p><span>In 1988–1991 striped bass&nbsp;</span><i>Morone saxatilis</i><span>&nbsp;were collected for tagging from various spawning areas within the Hudson River (New York) and the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland). The fish were tagged and released during traditional periods of spawning and recovered by commercial and recreational fishermen. The proportion of fish that migrated in spring–fall from spawning areas in Chesapeake Bay to more northern waters of mid‐Atlantic and New England states was estimated from the geographically stratified tag returns. Most of the tagged fish were 40–100 cm total length (TL). The estimated proportion of migrant striped bass increased with body size, and nearly all fish larger than 100 cm TL left the bay during the spring–fall migration. Sex‐specific differences in migration appear to be associated with the differences in body size of mature males and females, thus lending support to previously hypothesized patterns of striped bass migration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0950:TREOMO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dorazio, R., Hattala, K., McCollough, C., and Skjeveland, J., 1994, Tag recovery estimates of migration of striped bass from spawning areas of the Chesapeake Bay: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 950-963, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0950:TREOMO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"950","endPage":"963","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131652,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.64014265718913,\n              38.037240405344704\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.64014265718913,\n              37.05558315556111\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75718981384003,\n              37.05558315556111\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.75718981384003,\n              38.037240405344704\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.64014265718913,\n              38.037240405344704\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db6870cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorazio, R.M. 0000-0003-2663-0468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":23475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hattala, K.A.","contributorId":88690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattala","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCollough, C.B.","contributorId":6015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCollough","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Skjeveland, J.E.","contributorId":80224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skjeveland","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70186680,"text":"70186680 - 1994 - The Death Valley turtlebacks reinterpreted as Miocene­ Pliocene folds of a major detachment surface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T09:50:43","indexId":"70186680","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3566,"text":"The Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Death Valley turtlebacks reinterpreted as Miocene­ Pliocene folds of a major detachment surface","docAbstract":"<p><span>Determining the origin of extension parallel folds in metamorphic core complexes is fundamental to understanding the development of detachment faults. An excellent example of such a feature occurs in the Death Valley region of California where a major, undulatory, detachment fault is exposed along the well-known turtleback (antiformal) surfaces of the Black Mountains. In the hanging wall of this detachment fault are deformed strata of the Copper Canyon Formation. New age constraints indicate that the Copper Canyon Formation was deposited from ~6 to 3 Ma. The formation was folded during deposition into a SE-plunging syncline with an axial surface coplanar with that of a synform in the underlying detachment. This relation suggests the turtlebacks are a folded detachment surface formed during large-scale extension in an overall constrictional strain field. The present, more planar, Black Mountains frontal fault system may be the result of out-stepping of a normal fault system away from an older detachment fault that was deactivated by folding.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629715","usgsCitation":"Holm, D.K., Fleck, R.J., and Lux, D.R., 1994, The Death Valley turtlebacks reinterpreted as Miocene­ Pliocene folds of a major detachment surface: The Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 6, p. 718-727, https://doi.org/10.1086/629715.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"718","endPage":"727","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a548e4b09da6799d63c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holm, Daniel K.","contributorId":190669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holm","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleck, Robert J. 0000-0002-3149-8249 fleck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-8249","contributorId":1048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert","email":"fleck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lux, Daniel R.","contributorId":86395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lux","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186282,"text":"70186282 - 1994 - Heterogeneous  hydrofrac­ ture development and accretionary fault dynamics: Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:24:03.870838","indexId":"70186282","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heterogeneous  hydrofrac­ ture development and accretionary fault dynamics: Reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1052:HHDAAF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fischer, M.P., Engelder, T., Brown, K.M., Bekins, B., Clennell, B., Dewhurst, D., and Westbrook, G.K., 1994, Heterogeneous  hydrofrac­ ture development and accretionary fault dynamics: Reply: Geology, v. 22, no. 11, p. 1052-1054, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1052:HHDAAF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1052","endPage":"1054","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339065,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Mark P.","contributorId":190316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fischer","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engelder, Terry","contributorId":190317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engelder","given":"Terry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Kevin M.","contributorId":190318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":139407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clennell, Ben","contributorId":190319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clennell","given":"Ben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dewhurst, David","contributorId":190320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dewhurst","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Westbrook, Graham K.","contributorId":190321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Westbrook","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":5223370,"text":"5223370 - 1994 - Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-03T16:52:11.43887","indexId":"5223370","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Operation of a tide gate installed in the Savannah River by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to reduce dredging activities increased salinities upstream in important spawning habitat for striped bass&nbsp;</span><i>Morone saxatilis</i><span>. To assess the effects of salinity on survival and growth of striped bass at early life stages, newly fertilized eggs and 48‐h‐posthatch larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of seawater, with salinities ranging from 0 to 33‰ (g/L) in increments of 3‰; in addition, older larvae (5‐d posthatch) were exposed to salinities of 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24‰. Eggs were exposed until 24 h posthatch, 48‐h‐posthatch larvae were exposed for 10 d, and 5‐d‐posthatch larvae were exposed for 6 d. Eggs died within 24 h in salinities greater than 18‰. Both survival and total length of larvae hatched from eggs exposed to salinities of 15‰ or higher were reduced. Percent mortality and mean total lengths of newly hatched larvae followed the same pattern for each of three sets of salinity regimes (i.e., changes in salinities over time) that striped bass eggs might encounter during passage downstream in the Savannah River. Hardening eggs in freshwater did not increase survival or length of hatched larvae over that shown by eggs hardened in saline water. The 5‐d‐posthatch larvae were less sensitive to salinity than the 48‐h‐posthatch larvae. Survival of larvae was negatively correlated with both salinity and exposure time. For 48‐h‐posthatch larvae, the 10‐d LC50 (the salinity lethal to 50% of the test fish within 10 d) was 10‰. Probabilities of survival for larval striped bass exposed to different salinities for different amounts of time can be estimated from curves generated from models of survival analysis. Salinities judged to be critical to Savannah River striped bass eggs and larvae are those greater than 9‰.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0904:EOSOSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., and Lasier, P., 1994, Effects of salinity on striped bass eggs and larvae from the Savannah River, Georgia: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 6, p. 904-912, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0904:EOSOSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"904","endPage":"912","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198817,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.94133296941517,\n              34.55082847030519\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.69060077193754,\n              34.04030146259746\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1926428019976,\n              33.499417610464135\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.66260200962468,\n              32.91722010344145\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.04106261129654,\n              31.95504027996425\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.77563448759524,\n              31.982402320997252\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.62256340554039,\n              33.23565845021632\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.50843872608834,\n              34.105574103834876\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.78082409881974,\n              34.58845657531778\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.94133296941517,\n              34.55082847030519\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60faab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, P. V.","contributorId":43075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lasier, P. J.","contributorId":79201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lasier","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70204859,"text":"70204859 - 1994 - Sea turtle survey: Cooperative effort in the Mansfield Channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T10:00:19","indexId":"70204859","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-31T09:49:55","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1498,"text":"Endangered Species Technical Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea turtle survey: Cooperative effort in the Mansfield Channel","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Shaver, D., 1994, Sea turtle survey: Cooperative effort in the Mansfield Channel: Endangered Species Technical Bulletin, v. 19, no. 5.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366695,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Mansfield Channel","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.34993934631348,\n              26.557821604347843\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.26685523986816,\n              26.557821604347843\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.26685523986816,\n              26.56734120289038\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.34993934631348,\n              26.56734120289038\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.34993934631348,\n              26.557821604347843\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaver, Donna","contributorId":27372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70201387,"text":"70201387 - 1994 - Venus cartography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:18:23","indexId":"70201387","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-25T11:18:02","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Venus cartography","docAbstract":"<p><span>The entire surface of the planet Venus is being mapped at global and regional scales (1:50,000,000 through 1:1,500,000) with synthetic aperture radar (SAR), radar altimeter, and radiometer measurements of physical properties from the Magellan spacecraft. The mapping includes SAR image mosaics, shaded relief maps, and topographic contour overlays made from altimetry data and by radargrammetric methods. Methods used include new techniques of radar image processing that became operational as a result of the Magellan mission. The area being mapped (at a resolution of 75 m/pixel) is roughly equivalent to that of Earth, including seafloors. The mapping is designed to support geologic and geophysical investigations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/94JE01908","usgsCitation":"Batson, R.M., Kirk, R.L., Edwards, K., and Morgan, H., 1994, Venus cartography: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E10, p. 21173-21181, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE01908.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"21173","endPage":"21181","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360202,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"99","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5ae4b034bf6a856a22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Kathleen","contributorId":43833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, H.F.","contributorId":211389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017610,"text":"70017610 - 1994 - The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:07:12.14972","indexId":"70017610","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994","docAbstract":"<p><span>The most costly American earthquake since 1906 struck Los Angeles on 17 January 1994. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake resulted from more than 3 meters of reverse slip on a 15-kilometer-long south-dipping thrust fault that raised the Santa Susana mountains by as much as 70 centimeters. The fault appears to be truncated by the fault that broke in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake at a depth of 8 kilometers. Of these two events, the Northridge earthquake caused many times more damage, primarily because its causative fault is directly under the city. Many types of structures were damaged, but the fracture of welds in steel-frame buildings was the greatest surprise. The Northridge earthquake emphasizes the hazard posed to Los Angeles by concealed thrust faults and the potential for strong ground shaking in moderate earthquakes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.266.5184.389","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Jones, L., Aki, K., Boore, D., Çelebi, M., Donnellan, A., Hall, J., Harris, R., Hauksson, E., Heaton, T., Hough, S., Hudnut, K., Hutton, K., Johnston, M., Joyner, W., Kanamori, H., Marshall, G., Michael, A., Mori, J., Murray, M., Ponti, D., Reasenberg, P., Schwartz, D., Seeber, L., Shakal, A., Simpson, R., Thio, H., Tinsley, J., Todorovska, M., Trifunac, M., Wald, D., and Zoback, M., 1994, The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994: Science, v. 266, no. 5184, p. 389-397, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5184.389.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.83600017145218,\n              34.36246801960607\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.83600017145218,\n              33.51800616545353\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.21146418265272,\n              33.51800616545353\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.21146418265272,\n              34.36246801960607\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.83600017145218,\n              34.36246801960607\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n   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A.","contributorId":20934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shakal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12640,"text":"California Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":376993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Simpson, R.","contributorId":49934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Thio, H.","contributorId":66125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thio","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Tinsley, J.","contributorId":107151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27},{"text":"Todorovska, M.","contributorId":55694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todorovska","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":28},{"text":"Trifunac, M.","contributorId":15890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trifunac","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":29},{"text":"Wald, D. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":37866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31}]}}
,{"id":70129028,"text":"70129028 - 1994 - Biodiversity of the San Luis Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-16T11:34:27","indexId":"70129028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-07T11:31:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Biodiversity of the San Luis Valley","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Change in the west: the evolution of the watershed approach: proceedings of the sixth annual conference","conferenceTitle":"Change in the west: the evolution of the watershed approach: proceedings of the sixth annual conference","conferenceDate":"1994-10-05T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Alamosa, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Riparian Association","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"Kotliar, N.B., 1994, Biodiversity of the San Luis Valley, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295391,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Luis Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de1de4b0b0a643c732b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotliar, N. B.","contributorId":99915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotliar","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018038,"text":"70018038 - 1994 - Thorium-230 ages of corals and duration of the last interglacial sea-level high stand on Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T15:22:16.950983","indexId":"70018038","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thorium-230 ages of corals and duration of the last interglacial sea-level high stand on Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>Thorium-230 ages of emergent marine deposits on Oahu, Hawaii, have a uniform distribution of ages from ∼114,000 to ∼131,000 years, indicating a duration for the last interglacial sea-level high stand of ∼17,000 years, in contrast to a duration of ∼8000 years inferred from the orbitally tuned marine oxygen isotope record. Sea level on Oahu rose to ≥1 to 2 meters higher than present by 131,000 years ago or ∼6000 years earlier than inferred from the marine record. Although the latter record suggests a shift back to glacial conditions beginning at ∼119,000 years ago, the Oahu coral ages indicate a near present sea level until ∼114,000 years ago.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.266.5182.93","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., Ludwig, K., Muhs, D., and Simmons, K.R., 1994, Thorium-230 ages of corals and duration of the last interglacial sea-level high stand on Oahu, Hawaii: Science, v. 266, no. 5182, p. 93-96, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5182.93.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"96","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.29518008009612,\n              21.73422797998829\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.29518008009612,\n              21.22301150679195\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5997900348673,\n              21.22301150679195\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.5997900348673,\n              21.73422797998829\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.29518008009612,\n              21.73422797998829\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"266","issue":"5182","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2e9e4b08c986b325a94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70226701,"text":"70226701 - 1994 - Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T19:23:38.827875","indexId":"70226701","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T12:48:26","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth","docAbstract":"<p>Pollen assemblages from five mid-Pliocene, deep-marine and shallow-marine sites in the North Atlantic Ocean region were analyzed quantitatively to estimate vegetational composition and terrestrial paleoclimates during a time interval centered at about 3 Ma. Three subarctic sites (58–67°N latitude) from the Norwegian Sea, northern Iceland, and the Labrador Sea yielded pollen assemblages characteristic of mixed conifer-hardwood vegetation; these assemblages have no close modern analogs, but the most similar modern vegetation is that of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Tsuga</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(hemlock)-northern hardwood forests of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (45–50°N). The presence of such vegetation at these sites indicates mid-Pliocene January temperatures from 4 to 10°C warmer than today and a northward shift of the deciduous forest zone into areas presently occupied by boreal forests. Pollen assemblages from the mid-latitude (36°N) Yorktown Formation site in southeastern Virginia, USA represent<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Quercus-Carya-Pinus</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(oak-hickory-pine) forests, similar to those presently occupying much of the Atlantic coastal plain of the United States. Modern analogs for this site are located off the coasts of North Carolina and South Carolina, indicating mid-Pliocene January temperatures 3–5°C warmer than today. In southwestern Florida (27°N), pollen assemblages from the mid-Pliocene Pincrest Beds are representative of pine-dominated communities, similar to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Pinus palustris/P. ellittii</i><span>&nbsp;</span>forests (longleaf/slash pine) growing in Florida today. Close modern analogs for the Pinecrest Beds are located at numerous sites around the Florida peninsula, indicating mid-Pliocene temperatures about the same as today for this region.</p><p>These sites show a gradient from much higher than present temperatures at high latitudes to little change from present temperatures at low latitudes and low elevations; a similar pattern is shown by mid-Pliocene sea-surface and isotopic data. Such a gradient also is consistent with the northward migration of the boreal forest zone, covering sites as far north as Meighen and Banks Islands, a northward shift of the deciduous-boreal forest boundary in both North America and Europe, and little change in vegetational distribution in low elevation sites in subtropical latitudes during the mid-Pliocene warm interval. Atmospheric temperaturs estimated from vegetational distributions indicate a Pliocene to modern temperature anomaly of a similar pattern and magnitude to that indicated by sea-surface temperatures. These data are most consistent with current general circulation model simulations of climate changes in response to increased meridional heat transport.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(94)90141-4","usgsCitation":"Willard, D.A., 1994, Palynological record from the North Atlantic region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of global warmth: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 275-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90141-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":410,"text":"National Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Iceland, Norway, United States","state":"Florida, Newfoundland and Labrador, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Labrador Sea, Norwegian Sea, Pinecrest Beds, Yorktown Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -4.04296875,\n              67.31868827035339\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.7303466796874998,\n              67.31868827035339\n            ],\n            [\n              -1.7303466796874998,\n              67.97875365614591\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.04296875,\n              67.97875365614591\n            ],\n            [\n              -4.04296875,\n              67.31868827035339\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -17.60833740234375,\n              66.00573538989191\n            ],\n            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-77.5360107421875,\n              36.575835338491764\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5150146484375,\n              36.575835338491764\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.5150146484375,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5360107421875,\n              38.496593518947584\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5360107421875,\n              36.575835338491764\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":827842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129533,"text":"70129533 - 1994 - Interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and temperature on the growth of dioecious <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T10:37:32","indexId":"70129533","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T10:34:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1575,"text":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and temperature on the growth of dioecious <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i>","docAbstract":"Experiments of plant growth responses to different CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and temperatures were conducted in growth chambers to explore the interactive effects of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment and temperature on the growth and dry matter allocation of dioecious <i>Hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata</i> (L.f.) Royle]. <i>Hydrilla</i> plants were exposed to two atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations (350 and 700 ppm) and three temperatures (15, 25 and 32°C) under a 12-hr photoperiod for about 2 months. The plant growth analysis showed that elevated CO<sub>2</sub> appeared to enhance the growth of <i>Hydrilla</i>, and that the percentage of the enhancement is strongly temperature-dependent. Maximum biomass production was achieved at 700 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> and 32°C. At 15°C, the total dry matter production was increased about 27% by doubling CO<sub>2</sub>, due to a 26% enhancement of leaf biomass, a 34% enhancement of stem biomass and 16% enhancement of root biomass. At 25°C, the dry matter production was increased about 46% by doubling CO<sub>2</sub>, due to a 29% enhancement of leaf biomass, a 27% enhancement of stem biomass and 40% enhancement of root biomass. At 32°C, however, the percentage of the enhancement of total dry matter production by doubling CO<sub>2</sub> was only about 7%. The dry matter allocation among different plant parts was influenced by temperature but not by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon Press","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0098-8472(94)90016-7","usgsCitation":"Chen, D., Coughenour, M.B., Eberts, D., and Thullen, J., 1994, Interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and temperature on the growth of dioecious <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i>: Environmental and Experimental Botany, v. 34, no. 4, p. 345-353, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90016-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"353","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295643,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(94)90016-7"}],"volume":"34","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18e0e4b04d2014abfb42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, De-Xing","contributorId":87479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"De-Xing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coughenour, M. B.","contributorId":26233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coughenour","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberts, Debra","contributorId":6781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Debra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thullen, Joan S.","contributorId":84683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thullen","given":"Joan S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70186645,"text":"70186645 - 1994 - Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T13:42:04","indexId":"70186645","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Garnet-rich xenoliths in a Tertiary dike in the eastern Mojave Desert, California, preserve information about the nature and history of the lower crust. These xenoliths record pressures of ∼ 10–12 kbar and temperatures of ∼ 750–800°C. Approximately 25% have mafic compositions and bear hornblende + plagioclase + clinopyroxene + quartz in addition to garnet. The remainder, all of which contain quartz, include quartzose, quartzofeldspathic, and aluminous (kyanite±sillimanite-bearing) varieties. Most xenoliths have identifiable protoliths—mafic from intermediate or mafic igneous rocks, quartzose from quartz-rich sedimentary rocks, aluminous from Al-rich graywackes or pelites, and quartzofeldspathic from feldspathic sediments and/or intermediate to felsic igneous rocks. However, many have unusual chemical compositions characterized by high FeO(t), FeO(t)/MgO, Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>, and Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>/CaO, which correspond to high garnet abundance. The mineralogy and major-and trace-element compositions are consistent with the interpretation that the xenoliths are the garnet-rich residues of high-pressure crustal melting, from which granitic melt was extracted. High </span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr and low </span><sup>143</sup><span>Nd/</span><sup>144</sup><span>Nd, together with highly discordant zircons from a single sample with Pb/Pb ages of ∼ 1.7 Ga, demonstrate that the crustal material represented by the xenoliths is at least as old as Early Proterozoic. This supracrustal-bearing lithologic assemblage may have been emplaced in the lower crust during either Proterozoic or Mesozoic orogenesis, but Sr and Nd model ages&gt; 4 Ga require late Phanerozoic modification of parent/daughter ratios, presumably during the anatectic event. Pressures of equilibration indicate that peak metamorphism and melting occurred before the Mojave crust had thinned to its current thickness of &lt;30 km. The compositions of the xenoliths suggest that the lower crust here is grossly similar to estimated world-wide lower-crustal compositions in terms of silica and mafic content; however, it is considerably more peraluminous, has a lower </span><i>mg</i><span>-number, and is distinctive in some trace element concentrations, reflecting its strong metasedimentary and restitic heritage.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/35.5.1377","usgsCitation":"Hanchar, J.M., Miller, C., Wooden, J., Bennett, V.C., and Staude, J.G., 1994, Evidence from xenoliths for a dynamic lower crust, eastern Mojave Desert, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 35, no. 5, p. 1377-1415, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/35.5.1377.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"1377","endPage":"1415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339344,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75405e4b09da6799c0c7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanchar, John M.","contributorId":190636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanchar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Calvin F.","contributorId":18437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Calvin F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, Victoria C.","contributorId":190637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bennett","given":"Victoria","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Staude, John-Mark G.","contributorId":190638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staude","given":"John-Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70185721,"text":"70185721 - 1994 - Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T15:35:18.472394","indexId":"70185721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Accurate predictions of carbon and energy cycling rates in the environment depend on sampling frequencies and on the spatial variability associated with biological activities. We examined the variability associated with anaerobic biodegradation rates at two sites in an alluvial sand aquifer polluted by municipal landfill leachate. In situ rates of methane production were measured for almost a year, using anaerobic wells installed at two sites. Methane production ranged from 0 to 560 μmol · m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> · day</span><sup>-1</sup><span> at one site (A), while a range of 0 to 120,000 μmol · m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> · day</span><sup>-1</sup><span> was measured at site B. The mean and standard deviations associated with methane production at site A were 17 and 57 μmol · m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> · day</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, respectively. The comparable summary statistics for site B were 2,000 and 9,900 μmol · m</span><sup>-2</sup><span> · day</span><sup>-1</sup><span>. The coefficients of variation at sites A and B were 340 and 490%, respectively. Despite these differences, the two sites had similar seasonal trends, with the maximal rate of methane production occurring in summer. However, the relative variability associated with the seasonal rates changed very little. Our results suggest that (i) two spatially distinct sites exist in the aquifer, (ii) methanogenesis is a highly variable process, (iii) the coefficient of variation varied little with the rate of methane production, and (iv) in situ anaerobic biodegradation rates are lognormally distributed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994","usgsCitation":"Adrian, N.R., Robinson, J.A., and Suflita, J.M., 1994, Spatial variability in biodegradation rates as evidenced by methane production from an aquifer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 10, p. 3632-3639, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.10.3632-3639.1994.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3632","endPage":"3639","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479322,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index 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,{"id":70185722,"text":"70185722 - 1994 - Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated N-, s-, and o-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T11:49:01","indexId":"70185722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated N-, s-, and o-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries","docAbstract":"<p><span>The fate of several halogenated and nonhalogenated heterocyclic compounds in anoxic aquifer slurries was investigated Substrate depletion and methane formation were monitored in serum bottle incubations by HPLC and GC, respectively Pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, and furan were not mineralized following an 11-month incubation, but the corresponding carboxylated or oxygenated compounds were That is, &gt;74% of the theoretically expected amount of methane was recovered from nicotinic acid, uracil, or 2-furoic acid Chlorinated derivatives, like 2 chloro- or 6-chloronicotinic acid, as well as 4 chloro- and 5-chlorouracil resisted mineralization However, 5-bromouracil was reductively dehalogenated to stoichiometric amounts of uracil, whereas 2-chloropyrimidine was metabolized to a more polar unidentified compound that resisted further anaerobic biodegradation Microorganisms acclimated to 5-bromouracil were unable to transform 4 chloro or 5 chlorouracil These findings illustrate how the structure of heterocyclic contaminants influences their susceptibility to anaerobic decay</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131002","usgsCitation":"Adrian, N.R., and Suflita, J.M., 1994, Anaerobic biodegradation of halogenated and nonhalogenated N-, s-, and o-heterocyclic compounds in aquifer slurries: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 10, p. 1551-1557, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131002.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1551","endPage":"1557","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7636e4b0ee37af29e4ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adrian, Neal R.","contributorId":189942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adrian","given":"Neal","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185409,"text":"70185409 - 1994 - Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:19:34","indexId":"70185409","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra","docAbstract":"<p>We thank Dawes and Short [this issue] for presenting an alternate technique for the efficient solution of the transient storage solute transport equations. After reading their comment, it is clear that several points in our original manuscript are in need of clarification. In this reply we provide additional information on our solution technique and comment briefly on the alternate scheme of Dawes and Short.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00986","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., and Charpa, S.C., 1994, Reply to “Comment on ‘An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams\" by R. L. Runkel and S. C. Chapra: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2863-2865, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00986.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"2863","endPage":"2865","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b96e4b0236b68f8295c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Charpa, Steven C.","contributorId":189638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Charpa","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017201,"text":"70017201 - 1994 - Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T15:33:35.038301","indexId":"70017201","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5426,"text":"Hydrology Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>One hundred samples were collected from the surface of the Upper Fremont Glacier at equally spaced intervals defined by an 8,100 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;snow grid to assess the significance of lateral variability in major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values. For the major ions, the largest concentration range within the snow grid was sodium (0.5056 mg/l) and the smallest concentration range was sulfate (0.125 mg/l). Del oxygen-18 values showed a range of 7.45 per mil. Comparison of the observed variability of each chemical constituent to the variability expected by measurement error indicated substantial lateral variability within the surface-snow layer. Results of the nested ANOVA indicate most of the variance for every constituent is in the values grouped at the two smaller geographic scales (between 506 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;and within 506 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;sections). Calcium and sodium concentrations and del oxygen-18 values displayed the largest amount of variance at the largest geographic scale (between 2,025 m</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;sections) within the grid and ranged from 14 to 26 per cent of the total variance. The variance data from the snow grid were used to develop equations to evaluate the significance of both positive and negative concentration/value peaks of nitrate and del oxygen-18 with depth, in a 160 m ice core. Solving the equations indicates that both the nitrate and del oxygen-18 ice-core profiles have concentration/value trends that exceed the limits expected from lateral variability. Values of del oxygen-18 in the section from 110-150 m below the surface consistently vary outside the expected limits and possibly represents cooler temperatures during the Little Ice Age from about 1810 to 1725 A.D.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1994.0015","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Schuster, P., and Reddy, M., 1994, Assessment of spatial variability of major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values in surface snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA: Hydrology Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 371-388, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"371","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490146,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Fremont Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.74140699033266,\n              43.39547302682709\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.74140699033266,\n              43.03946312247234\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.24483755572332,\n              43.03946312247234\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.24483755572332,\n              43.39547302682709\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.74140699033266,\n              43.39547302682709\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee5be4b0c8380cd49d01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, P. F.","contributorId":30197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70186570,"text":"70186570 - 1994 - Isotopic complexities and the age of the Delfonte volcanic rocks, eastern Mescal Range, southeastern California: Stratigraphic and tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T14:01:21","indexId":"70186570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic complexities and the age of the Delfonte volcanic rocks, eastern Mescal Range, southeastern California: Stratigraphic and tectonic implications","docAbstract":"<p id=\"p-1\">Combined U-Pb zircon, Rb-Sr, <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar laser-fusion, and conventional K-Ar geochronology establish a late Early Cretaceous age for the Delfonte volcanic rocks. U-Pb zircon analyses define a lower intercept age of 100.5 ± 2 Ma that is interpreted as the crystallization age of the Delfonte sequence. Argon studies document both xenocrystic contamination and postemplacement Ar loss. Rb-Sr results from mafic lavas at the base of the sequence demonstrate compositionally correlated variations in initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratios (Sr<sub>i</sub>) from 0.706 for basalts to 0.716 for andesitic compositions. This covariation indicates substantial mixing of subcontinental lithosphere with Proterozoic upper crust. Correlations between Rb/Sr and Sr<sub>i</sub> may result not only in pseudoisochrons approaching the age of the crustal component, but also in reasonable but incorrect apparent ages approaching the true age.</p><p id=\"p-2\">Ages obtained in this study require that at least some of the thrust faulting in the Mescal Range-Clark Mountain portion of the foreland fold-and-thrust belt occurred later than ca. 100 Ma and was broadly contemporaneous with emplacement of the Keystone thrust plate in the Spring Mountains to the northeast. Comparison of the age and Rb-Sr systematics of ash-flow tuff boulders in the synorogenic Lavinia Wash sequence near Goodsprings, Nevada, with those of the Delfonte volcanic rocks supports a Delfonte source for the boulders. The 99 Ma age of the Lavinia Wash sequence is nearly identical to the Delfonte age, requiring rapid erosion, transport, and deposition following Delfonte volcanism.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1242:ICATAO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., Mattinson, J., Busby, C., Carr, M.D., Davis, G.A., and Burchfiel, B., 1994, Isotopic complexities and the age of the Delfonte volcanic rocks, eastern Mescal Range, southeastern California: Stratigraphic and tectonic implications: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 10, p. 1242-1253, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1242:ICATAO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1242","endPage":"1253","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339239,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60276e4b09da6799ac69f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattinson, J.M.","contributorId":18940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattinson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busby, C.J.","contributorId":47186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, M. D.","contributorId":51767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davis, G. A.","contributorId":44940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burchfiel, B.C.","contributorId":30262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burchfiel","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
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