No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.265.5176.1251","usgsCitation":"Reasenberg, P., and Jones, L., 1994, Earthquake aftershocks: Update: Science, v. 265, no. 5176, p. 1251-1252, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5176.1251.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1251","endPage":"1252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417738,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"265","issue":"5176","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, L.M.","contributorId":61433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186683,"text":"70186683 - 1994 - Predicting earthquake effects—Learning from Northridge and Loma Prieta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T10:07:47","indexId":"70186683","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting earthquake effects—Learning from Northridge and Loma Prieta","docAbstract":"The continental United States has been rocked by two particularly damaging earthquakes in the last 4.5 years, Loma Prieta in northern California in 1989 and Northridge in southern California in 1994. Combined losses from these two earthquakes approached $30 billion. Approximately half these losses were reimbursed by the federal government. Because large earthquakes typically overwhelm state resources and place unplanned burdens on the federal government, it is important to learn from these earthquakes how to reduce future losses. My purpose here is to explore a potential implication of the Northridge and Loma Prieta earthquakes for hazard-mitigation strategies: earth scientists should increase their efforts to map hazardous areas within urban regions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.265.5176.1182","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T.L., 1994, Predicting earthquake effects—Learning from Northridge and Loma Prieta: Science, v. 265, no. 5176, p. 1182-1183, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5176.1182.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"1182","endPage":"1183","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339392,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"265","issue":"5176","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a548e4b09da6799d63c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, Thomas L. tholzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"Thomas","email":"tholzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180428,"text":"70180428 - 1994 - Integration of radio telemetry and hydraulic model data for siting and operating juvenile bypass systems on the Columbia River to reduce predation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:07:25","indexId":"70180428","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integration of radio telemetry and hydraulic model data for siting and operating juvenile bypass systems on the Columbia River to reduce predation","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on habitat hydraulics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1st international symposium on habitat hydraulics","conferenceDate":"August 18-20, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Trondheim, Norway","language":"English","publisher":"The Norwegian Institute of Technology","usgsCitation":"Shively, R., Poe, T., and Peters, R., 1994, Integration of radio telemetry and hydraulic model data for siting and operating juvenile bypass systems on the Columbia River to reduce predation, in Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on habitat hydraulics, Trondheim, Norway, August 18-20, 1994, p. 549-561.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"549","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, T.P.","contributorId":51687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, R.","contributorId":51875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186433,"text":"70186433 - 1994 - Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:47:38.139822","indexId":"70186433","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences","docAbstract":"The genetic divergence and phylogeny of the auks was assessed by mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons in a study using 19 of the 22 auk species and two outgroup representatives. We compared more than 500 nucleotides from each of two mitochondrial genes encoding 12S rRNA and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6. Divergence times were estimated from transversional substitutions. The dovekie (Alle alle) is related to the razorbill (Alca torda) and the murres (Uria spp). Furthermore, the Xantus's murrelet (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus) and the ancient (Synthliboramphus antiquus) and Japanese murrelets (Synthliboramphus wumizusume) are genetically distinct members of the same main lineage, whereas brachyramphine and synthliboramphine murrelets are not closely related. An early adaptive radiation of six main species groups of auks seems to trace back to Middle Miocene. Later speciation probably involved ecological differentiations and geographical isolations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.91.17.7912","usgsCitation":"Moum, T., Johansen, S., Erikstad, K.E., and Piatt, J.F., 1994, Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences: PNAS, v. 91, no. 17, p. 7912-7916, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.17.7912.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"7912","endPage":"7916","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491479,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":339151,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moum, Truls","contributorId":190462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moum","given":"Truls","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johansen, Steinar","contributorId":190463,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johansen","given":"Steinar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erikstad, Kjell Einar","contributorId":190464,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erikstad","given":"Kjell","email":"","middleInitial":"Einar","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70202099,"text":"70202099 - 1994 - Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T10:08:34","indexId":"70202099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-15T10:04:52","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California","docAbstract":"Comparison of radar backscatter coefficients (σ°, in dB), calculated by using the empirical model of Oh et al. [1992], to σ° extracted from AIRSAR data of four geologic units at Pisgah shows that the model predicts measured σ°vv and σ°hv to within ±3 dB. The model predicts higher σ°hh than those observed. For smooth surfaces (rms height=s, s<8 cm), model results depend strongly on the accuracy of the surface measurements ( s and dielectric constant, ϵr). For rougher surfaces, the model is less dependent on the accuracy of surface characterizations. The model may be inverted to estimate s from measured σ° for surfaces with ks<3 (k = wavenumber, or 2π/λ, where λ = radar wavelength). Model inversion for a pahoehoe unit at 30° to 50° incidence angles (θ) resulted in an estimate of s to within <1 cm of the measured 3 cm. The inability of the model to estimate accurately σ°hh and the anomalously high nadir Fresnel reflection coefficients (Γo) and ϵr required in the model inversion may both be due to ∼equal co‐polarized ratios (σ°hh/σ°vv=p∼1) of the soils used to derive the model. For effective application to many geologic surfaces, for which p<1 is often observed at θ>30°, the model will require modification to include surfaces with non‐unity σ°hh/σ°vv.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01253","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., 1994, Evaluation of an empirical radar backscatter model for predicting backscatter characteristics of geologic units at Pisgah Volcanic Field, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 17, p. 1803-1806, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01253.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1803","endPage":"1806","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl01253","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":361112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pisgah Volcanic Field","volume":"21","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70210159,"text":"70210159 - 1994 - Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: Seismological and geochemical constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T15:40:57.122281","indexId":"70210159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-10T10:37:57","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: Seismological and geochemical constraints","docAbstract":"Several recent models of crustal evolution are based on the belief that the thickness of the continental crust is proportional to its age, with ancient crust being the thickest. A worldwide review of seismic structure contradicts this belief and falsifies these models, at least for the Archean. Proterozoic crust has a thickness of 40–55 km and a substantial high‐velocity (>7 km/s) layer at its base, while Archean crust is only 27–40 km thick (except at the site of younger rifts and collisional boundaries) and lacks the basal high‐velocity layer. Seismology also provides evidence that the lithosphere is thickest beneath Archean cratons, while diamond ages show that this lithospheric keel must have already existed in the Archean. Geochemical data also indicate significant differences between Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere. Major and trace element studies of sediments show a change in upper crustal composition between the Archean and Proterozoic. Archean rocks are depleted in Si and K and enriched in Na, Ca, and Mg. There is also a marked change in the Eu/Eu* ratio. Mantle xenoliths and continental flood basalts show that the mantle lithosphere beneath Archean crust is ultradepleted in FeO compared to that beneath post‐Archean crust. The secular change in the crust‐forming process is attributed to a decline in mantle temperature, leading to a change in the composition of the lithospheric mantle. The higher temperature of the Archean mantle led to the eruption of komatiitic lavas, producing a refractory lithospheric mantle which is ultradepleted in FeO and volatiles. The resultant lithospheric keel is intrinsically less dense than the surrounding mantle and thus not susceptible to delamination. It was sufficiently thick and cool for diamonds to form during the Archean. In contrast, Proterozoic crust developed above fertile mantle. The eruption of continental flood basalts and underplating of basaltic sills is attributed to subsequent heating and partial melting of the lithospheric mantle. Consequently, Proterozoic crust is thickened and has a high‐velocity basal layer.
The Fairbanks North seismic refraction/ wide-angle reflection profile, collected by the U.S. Geological Survey Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) project in 1987, crosses the complex region between the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes in interior Alaska. This region is occupied by numerous small terranes elongated in a northeast-southwest direction. These seismic data reveal a crustal velocity structure that is divided into three upper-crustal and at least two middle- to lower-crustal domains. The upper-crustal domains are delineated by two steeply dipping low-velocity anomalies that are interpreted as signatures of the Victoria Creek fault, and the Beaver Creek fault or a fault buried by the Beaver Creek fault. This tripartite upper crust extends to 8-10 km depth where a subhorizontal interface undercuts the northern and central domains. Beneath the northern domain, this interface is interpreted as the southeastwardly dipping boundary between the Tozina and Ruby terranes. The continuation of this interface beneath the central domain suggests that it may represent the detachment or basal thrust for thin-skinned tectonic amalgamation of the terranes caught between the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes. The lower crust and Moho reflection exhibit differences from north to south that define at least two lower-crustal domains, interpreted as the Yukon-Tanana and Ruby terranes. Finally, the crustal thickness along the profile is nearly uniform and ranges from 31 to 34 km. Our data suggest that after initial thin-skinned amalgamation of the various terranes, this region experienced thick-skinned tectonic reorganization via strike-slip faulting. This interpretation supports a model in which at least one strand of the Tintina fault exists in this important region of Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America ","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0981:CVSOTN>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Fuis, G.S., Lutter, W.J., Mooney, W.D., and Moore, T.E., 1994, Crustal velocity structure of the northern Yukon-Tanana upland, central Alaska: Results from TACT refraction/wide-angle reflection data: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 8, p. 981-1001, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0981:CVSOTN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"981","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Tanana upland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 61.71070595883174\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 61.71070595883174\n ],\n [\n -141.2841796875,\n 68.80004113882613\n ],\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 68.80004113882613\n ],\n [\n -160.6640625,\n 61.71070595883174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ece8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, Bruce C.","contributorId":58140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":687961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70169382,"text":"70169382 - 1994 - Grizzly bear use of army cutworm moths in the Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T14:50:17.969124","indexId":"70169382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T15:30:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":978,"text":"Bears: Their Biology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Grizzly bear use of army cutworm moths in the Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"The ecology of alpine aggregations of army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) and the feeding behavior of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) at these areas were studied in the Yellowstone ecosystem from 1988 to 1991. Army cutworm moths migrate to mountain regions each summer to feed at night on the nectar of alpine and subalpine flowers, and during the day they seek shelter under various rock formations. Grizzly bears were observed feeding almost exclusively on moths up to 3 months each summer at the 10 moth-aggregation areas we identified. Fifty-one different grizzly bears were observed feeding at 4 of these areas during a single day in August 1991. Army cutworm moths are a preferred source of nutrition for many grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem and represent a high quality food that is available during hyperphagia.
","conferenceTitle":"Ninth International Conference on Bear Research and Management","conferenceDate":"October 1992","conferenceLocation":"Grenoble, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Morges, Switzerland","doi":"10.2307/3872725","usgsCitation":"French, S.P., French, M.G., and Knight, R.R., 1994, Grizzly bear use of army cutworm moths in the Yellowstone Ecosystem: Bears: Their Biology and Management, v. 9, no. 1, p. 389-399, https://doi.org/10.2307/3872725.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"399","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319418,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.92645263671875,\n 45.00365115687189\n ],\n [\n -109.9346923828125,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -109.92645263671875,\n 45.06770141120143\n ],\n [\n -110.0006103515625,\n 45.06770141120143\n ],\n [\n -110.02532958984374,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -110.0555419921875,\n 45.02889163330817\n ],\n [\n -110.70648193359375,\n 45.03083274759959\n ],\n [\n -110.72845458984375,\n 45.04441870436415\n ],\n [\n -110.77239990234375,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -110.77789306640625,\n 45.079339209738094\n ],\n [\n -110.84381103515624,\n 45.07546020688359\n ],\n [\n -110.88226318359375,\n 45.03277379605973\n ],\n [\n -110.928955078125,\n 45.02889163330817\n ],\n [\n -110.94543457031249,\n 45.07158094070473\n ],\n [\n -110.97564697265625,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -111.03607177734375,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -111.09100341796875,\n 45.08515722028692\n ],\n [\n -111.10198974609374,\n 45.106484856646844\n ],\n [\n -111.16241455078125,\n 45.11036175291052\n ],\n [\n -111.17889404296874,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -111.1541748046875,\n 45.052180659942316\n ],\n [\n -111.1102294921875,\n 45.02889163330817\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.11322595798781\n ],\n [\n -109.9951171875,\n 44.11322595798781\n ],\n [\n -109.99237060546875,\n 44.314022698837775\n ],\n [\n -110.050048828125,\n 44.319918120477425\n ],\n [\n -110.06927490234375,\n 44.351350365612305\n ],\n [\n -110.06927490234375,\n 44.40042951858466\n ],\n [\n -110.0555419921875,\n 44.422011314236634\n ],\n [\n -109.97314453125,\n 44.44358514592121\n ],\n [\n -109.962158203125,\n 44.512176171071054\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 44.4906276800508\n ],\n [\n -110.10223388671875,\n 44.478870600803134\n ],\n [\n -110.11871337890624,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -110.1544189453125,\n 44.537632301346136\n ],\n [\n -110.13519287109374,\n 44.5826428195842\n ],\n [\n -110.0665283203125,\n 44.5924231071787\n ],\n [\n -109.99786376953125,\n 44.623708968901205\n ],\n [\n -109.951171875,\n 44.623708968901205\n ],\n [\n -109.874267578125,\n 44.62566377574355\n ],\n [\n -109.78912353515625,\n 44.6706061651103\n ],\n [\n -109.742431640625,\n 44.68623013803223\n ],\n [\n -109.7314453125,\n 44.70965819812379\n ],\n [\n -109.7589111328125,\n 44.736978954208844\n ],\n [\n -109.8358154296875,\n 44.762336674810996\n ],\n [\n -109.8687744140625,\n 44.79547998456467\n ],\n [\n -109.8797607421875,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -109.86328125,\n 44.91619436708165\n ],\n [\n -109.8907470703125,\n 44.96674121705534\n ],\n [\n -109.92645263671875,\n 45.00365115687189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66169e4b07d796bf7706e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"French, Steven P.","contributorId":167904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"French","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"French, Marilynn G.","contributorId":167905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"French","given":"Marilynn","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, Richard R.","contributorId":68660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70129564,"text":"70129564 - 1994 - Relating riparian vegetation to present and future streamflows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T13:19:35","indexId":"70129564","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T13:18:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating riparian vegetation to present and future streamflows","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Tempe, AZ","doi":"10.2307/1941956","usgsCitation":"Auble, G.T., Friedman, J.M., and Scott, M.L., 1994, Relating riparian vegetation to present and future streamflows: Ecological Applications, v. 4, no. 3, p. 544-554, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941956.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295676,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941956"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a190ae4b04d2014abfb6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222603,"text":"5222603 - 1994 - Flow cytometry for monitoring contaminant exposure in black-crowned night-herons","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T17:09:33.553949","indexId":"5222603","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T12:18:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow cytometry for monitoring contaminant exposure in black-crowned night-herons","docAbstract":"The flow cytometry method (FCM) was employed to determine cellular DNA content of black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) embryos and 10-day-old chicks collected at sites differing in types of chemical contamination. The coefficient of variation of DNA content (CV) in blood collected from embryos suggested cytogenetic damage at a site in Louisiana known to be contaminated with petroleum. Blood CV from chicks suggested genetic damage at a site in Texas also known to be contaminated with petroleum. Spleen CVs in chicks were significantly lower than respective means from the reference site. The CVs of chick blood and liver and spleen negatively correlated, suggesting recovery of spleen and liver cells after exposure to a clastogenic compound. Thus, the lower CVs may also have been indicative of genetic damage. Based on the findings of this study, FCM is a potential indicator of certain environmental contaminants in black-crowned night-herons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214260","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Bickham, J., Lyne, T., Lewis, T., Ruedas, L., Custer, C.M., and Melancon, M.J., 1994, Flow cytometry for monitoring contaminant exposure in black-crowned night-herons: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 176-179, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214260.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":336652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bickham, J. W.","contributorId":87483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickham","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyne, T.B.","contributorId":70722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyne","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, T.","contributorId":71501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruedas, L.A.","contributorId":72329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruedas","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70243972,"text":"70243972 - 1994 - Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T16:13:59.411442","indexId":"70243972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T11:01:54","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California","docAbstract":"Most earthquakes occurring near Long Valley caldera since the onset of recurring swarm activity in 1980 have the broad-band signature typical of tectonic or volcano-tectonic earthquakes with impulsive, high-frequency P and S waves. With the Mammoth Mountain earthquake swarm in mid 1989, we began detecting occasional events with a marked deficiency in energy above 5 Hz, a feature typical of long-period (LP) volcanic earthquakes. These events occur beneath the southwest flank of Mammoth Mountain at focal depths ranging from 10 to 28 km, distinctly deeper than the 2- to 10-km depth range for tectonic earthquakes in the area. The LP events occur at intervals ranging from weeks to months. Individual occurrences typically consist of several events within 2 to 5 minutes where the largest event has never been first. Magnitudes range from 0.5 to 1.8. The mid-crustal focal depths of the LP events are similar to occurrences at a number of areas with Holocene volcanism in Japan and the western United States. They may indicate the movement of magmatic fluids but do not necessarily indicate an imminent volcanic eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01371","usgsCitation":"Pitt, A., and Hill, D.P., 1994, Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 16, p. 1679-1682, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01371.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1679","endPage":"1682","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.06651991676378,\n 37.61659398787745\n ],\n [\n -118.75652144550818,\n 37.61659398787745\n ],\n [\n -118.75652144550818,\n 37.790058096479925\n ],\n [\n -119.06651991676378,\n 37.790058096479925\n ],\n [\n -119.06651991676378,\n 37.61659398787745\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitt, Andrew M. pitt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"Andrew M.","email":"pitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186199,"text":"70186199 - 1994 - Dynamic growth of mixed-mode shear cracks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T01:08:56.20403","indexId":"70186199","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic growth of mixed-mode shear cracks","docAbstract":"A pure mode II (in-plane) shear crack cannot propagate spontaneously at a speed between the Rayleigh and S-wave speeds, but a three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) mixed-mode shear crack can propagate in this range, being driven by the mode III (antiplane) component. Two different analytic solutions have been proposed for the mode II component in this case. The first is the solution valid for crack speed less than the Rayleigh speed. When applied above the Rayleigh speed, it predicts a negative stress intensity factor, which implies that energy is generated at the crack tip. Burridge proposed a second solution, which is continuous at the crack tip, but has a singularity in slip velocity at the Rayleigh wave. Spontaneous propagation of a mixed-mode rupture has been calculated with a slip-weakening friction law, in which the slip velocity vector is colinear with the total traction vector. Spontaneous trans-Rayleigh rupture speed has been found. The solution depends on the absolute stress level. The solution for the in-plane component appears to be a superposition of smeared-out versions of the two analytic solutions. The proportion of the first solution increases with increasing absolute stress. The amplitude of the negative in-plane traction pulse is less than the absolute final sliding traction, so that total in-plane traction does not reverse. The azimuth of the slip velocity vector varies rapidly between the onset of slip and the arrival of the Rayleigh wave. The variation is larger at smaller absolute stress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840041184","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., 1994, Dynamic growth of mixed-mode shear cracks: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4, p. 1184-1198, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840041184.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1184","endPage":"1198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187222,"text":"70187222 - 1994 - Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-05T16:02:01.425832","indexId":"70187222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia","title":"Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia","docAbstract":"The P- and S-wave arrivals from local earthquakes were studied using an array of 10 three-component instruments in and around a tunnel at Garni Observatory, Armenia. The array has a three-dimensional configuration with lateral dimensions of 300 to 500 m and a depth extent of 100 m. Estimates of the horizontal and vertical components of slowness for P and S wave fronts were used to determine the angles of approach and the propagation velocity. The results showed that the region around the array has low average velocities for both the P (1.43 km/sec) and S (0.61 km/sec) waves, so wave fronts approach the array at steep angles of incidence. Waveforms from one event show clear reflections from the free surface for both P and S waves. The timing of these reflections gives the velocity variation with depth within the array. We estimated a P velocity of 0.33 km/sec within a few meters of the surface, increasing to several kilometers per second for the deepest portion of the array. Local site variations can greatly complicate the high-frequency waveforms, even for tunnel stations in bedrock. The S waves exhibit stronger site dependent waveforms and time delays than do the P waves.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840041089","usgsCitation":"Mori, J., Filson, J.R., Cranswick, E., Borcherdt, R.D., Amirbekian, R., Aharonian, V., and Hachverdian, L., 1994, Measurements of P and S wave fronts from the dense three-dimensional array at Garni, Armenia: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4, p. 1089-1096, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840041089.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1089","endPage":"1096","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/4/1089/119827/Measurements-of-P-and-S-wave-fronts-from-the-dense"}],"country":"Armenia","city":"Garni","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 44.69341278076172,\n 40.092781012494065\n ],\n [\n 44.76430892944335,\n 40.092781012494065\n ],\n [\n 44.76430892944335,\n 40.14030275194111\n ],\n [\n 44.69341278076172,\n 40.14030275194111\n ],\n [\n 44.69341278076172,\n 40.092781012494065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c1e4b0c2e071a99bc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mori, Jim","contributorId":272217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mori","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Filson, John R. 0000-0001-8840-6301 jfilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8840-6301","contributorId":5078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filson","given":"John","email":"jfilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cranswick, Edward","contributorId":15611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amirbekian, Ruben","contributorId":294578,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amirbekian","given":"Ruben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Aharonian, Vigen","contributorId":294579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aharonian","given":"Vigen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hachverdian, Leon","contributorId":294580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hachverdian","given":"Leon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186949,"text":"70186949 - 1994 - An image of the Columbia Plateau from inversion of high‐resolution seismic data ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:41:24","indexId":"70186949","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An image of the Columbia Plateau from inversion of high‐resolution seismic data ","docAbstract":"We use a method of traveltime inversion of high‐resolution seismic data to provide the first reliable images of internal details of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), the subsurface basalt/sediment interface, and the deeper sediment/basement interface. Velocity structure within the basalts, delineated on the order of 1 km horizontally and 0.2 km vertically, is constrained to within ±0.1 km/s for most of the seismic profile. Over 5000 observed traveltimes fit our model with an rms error of 0.018 s. The maximum depth of penetration of the basalt diving waves (truncated by underlying low‐velocity sediments) provides a reliable estimate of the depth to the base of the basalt, which agrees with well‐log measurements to within 0.05 km (165 ft). We use image blurring, calculated from the resolution matrix, to estimate the aspect ratio of imaged velocity anomaly widths to true widths for velocity features within the basalt. From our calculations of image blurring, we interpret low velocity zones (LVZ) within the basalts at Boylston Mountain and the Whiskey Dick anticline to have widths of 4.5 and 3 km, respectively, within the upper 1.5 km of the model. At greater depth, the widths of these imaged LVZs thin to approximately 2 km or less. We interpret these linear, subparallel, low‐velocity zones imaged adjacent to anticlines of the Yakima Fold Belt to be brecciated fault zones. These fault zones dip to the south at angles between 15 to 45 degrees.
No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., 1994, Memorial to John C. Griffiths, 1912-1992: American Mineralogist, p. 25-27.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"25","endPage":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339169,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ammin.geoscienceworld.org/content/79/7-8/779"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b3e4b09da6799977aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186740,"text":"70186740 - 1994 - Including near-field terms in the isochrone integration method for application to finite-fault or kirchhoff boundary integral problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T00:09:01.386777","indexId":"70186740","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Including near-field terms in the isochrone integration method for application to finite-fault or kirchhoff boundary integral problems","docAbstract":"In many types of seismological and engineering problems, it is necessary to perform a surface integral involving a Green's function having either a source or receiver point on the surface. For far-field terms of the Green's function, it is well known that the surface integral can be reduced to a line integral, yielding a considerable computational advantage. In this work we show that a similar transformation to a line integral can be made for the near-field terms when the Green's function is for a uniform whole space. The necessary condition is that the various terms in the Green's function can be transformed into sums of nondispersive pulses. We accomplish this for near-field terms in a whole space by repeatedly time-differentiating the terms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840041260","usgsCitation":"Joyner, W.B., and Spudich, P., 1994, Including near-field terms in the isochrone integration method for application to finite-fault or kirchhoff boundary integral problems: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4, p. 1260-1265, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840041260.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1260","endPage":"1265","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422072,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840041260"},{"id":339479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a548e4b09da6799d63c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joyner, William B.","contributorId":39786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spudich, Paul","contributorId":54579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186198,"text":"70186198 - 1994 - Routine estimation of earthquake source complexity: The 18 October 1992 Colombian earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T00:23:37.239391","indexId":"70186198","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Routine estimation of earthquake source complexity: The 18 October 1992 Colombian earthquake","docAbstract":"We describe two methods, suitable for routine application to teleseismic recordings, that characterize the time history of seismic events. Stacking short-period signals from large regional arrays provides stable estimates of high-frequency radiation from the source, and an empirical Green's function deconvolution procedure extracts reliable, broadband time functions suitable for analysis of faulting complexity and the spatio-temporal extent of rupture. Combined, these procedures characterize the source radiation of large events (Ms > 7) between 200- and 0.5-sec periods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840041266","usgsCitation":"Ammon, C.J., Lay, T., Velasco, A.A., and Vidale, J.E., 1994, Routine estimation of earthquake source complexity: The 18 October 1992 Colombian earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4, p. 1266-1271, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840041266.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1266","endPage":"1271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338959,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/4/1266/119887/Routine-estimation-of-earthquake-source-complexity"},{"id":338960,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Colombia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.37322,-0.15203],[-75.80147,0.0848],[-76.29231,0.41605],[-76.57638,0.25694],[-77.42498,0.39569],[-77.66861,0.82589],[-77.85506,0.80993],[-78.85526,1.38092],[-78.99094,1.69137],[-78.61783,1.7664],[-78.66212,2.26736],[-78.42761,2.62956],[-77.93154,2.69661],[-77.51043,3.32502],[-77.12769,3.84964],[-77.49627,4.08761],[-77.3076,4.66798],[-77.53322,5.58281],[-77.31882,5.84535],[-77.47666,6.69112],[-77.88157,7.22377],[-77.75341,7.70984],[-77.43111,7.63806],[-77.24257,7.93528],[-77.47472,8.52429],[-77.35336,8.6705],[-76.83667,8.63875],[-76.08638,9.33682],[-75.6746,9.44325],[-75.6647,9.774],[-75.48043,10.61899],[-74.9069,11.08304],[-74.27675,11.10204],[-74.19722,11.31047],[-73.41476,11.22702],[-72.62784,11.73197],[-72.23819,11.95555],[-71.75409,12.4373],[-71.39982,12.37604],[-71.13746,12.11298],[-71.33158,11.77628],[-71.97392,11.60867],[-72.22758,11.1087],[-72.61466,10.82198],[-72.90529,10.45034],[-73.0276,9.73677],[-73.30495,9.152],[-72.78873,9.08503],[-72.66049,8.62529],[-72.43986,8.40528],[-72.3609,8.00264],[-72.47968,7.63251],[-72.44449,7.42378],[-72.19835,7.34043],[-71.96018,6.99161],[-70.67423,7.08778],[-70.09331,6.96038],[-69.38948,6.09986],[-68.98532,6.2068],[-68.26505,6.15327],[-67.69509,6.26732],[-67.34144,6.09547],[-67.52153,5.55687],[-67.7447,5.22113],[-67.82301,4.50394],[-67.62184,3.83948],[-67.33756,3.54234],[-67.30317,3.31845],[-67.80994,2.82066],[-67.44709,2.60028],[-67.18129,2.25064],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-67.06505,1.13011],[-67.26,1.72],[-67.53781,2.03716],[-67.86857,1.69246],[-69.81697,1.71481],[-69.8046,1.08908],[-69.21864,0.98568],[-69.25243,0.60265],[-69.4524,0.70616],[-70.01557,0.54141],[-70.02066,-0.18516],[-69.57707,-0.54999],[-69.42049,-1.12262],[-69.4441,-1.55629],[-69.89364,-4.29819],[-70.39404,-3.76659],[-70.69268,-3.74287],[-70.04771,-2.72516],[-70.81348,-2.25686],[-71.41365,-2.3428],[-71.77476,-2.16979],[-72.32579,-2.43422],[-73.07039,-2.30895],[-73.6595,-1.26049],[-74.1224,-1.00283],[-74.4416,-0.53082],[-75.10662,-0.05721],[-75.37322,-0.15203]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colombia\"}}]}","volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ammon, Charles J.","contributorId":11942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammon","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lay, Thorne","contributorId":70284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lay","given":"Thorne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Velasco, Aaron A.","contributorId":190229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Velasco","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vidale, John E.","contributorId":48850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180401,"text":"70180401 - 1994 - Satellite tobacco mosaic virus sequence variants with only five Nucleotide differences can interfere with each other in a cross protection-like phenomenon in plants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T11:32:47","indexId":"70180401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3696,"text":"Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Satellite tobacco mosaic virus sequence variants with only five Nucleotide differences can interfere with each other in a cross protection-like phenomenon in plants","docAbstract":"The type strain of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) contains two major variants, designated type 5 (T5) and type 6 (T6), which can be easily distinguished by RNase protection analyses. Clones containing cDNA of representative T5 and T6 STMV genomes have only five single-base differences in the entire 1059-nucleotide genome, and RNA transcribed from each clone is highly infectious when inoculated onto tobacco plants. The different RNase protection assay patterns can be used as genetic markers to identify individual STMV variants and to follow the interactions of variants and their progeny during coinfections in plants. The study described here investigated the effects of coinoculation and various delayed inoculations of T5 and T6 variants on the composition of the progeny STMV populations in systemically infected tobacco tissues. When T5 and T6 STMV RNAs were coinoculated or inoculated with 1-hr delays, the progeny from individual plants most often contained a mixture of T5 and T6 genomes. However, when there was a 24-hr delay between inoculations, the balance of T5 and T6 components in the progeny populations shifted toward predominance of the first variant inoculated. With delays of 3 or 7 days only the first variant was evident in the progeny populations, indicating that established replication of one STMV variant interferes with replication of another in a manner similar to the cross protection phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1006/viro.1994.1441","usgsCitation":"Kurath, G., and Dodds, J.A., 1994, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus sequence variants with only five Nucleotide differences can interfere with each other in a cross protection-like phenomenon in plants: Virology, v. 202, no. 2, p. 1065-1069, https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1441.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"1065","endPage":"1069","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334299,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"202","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodds, J. Allan","contributorId":178918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodds","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186304,"text":"70186304 - 1994 - Upper-crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington; gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies: Discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T16:10:58","indexId":"70186304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper-crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington; gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies: Discussion","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1096:UCSBTC>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., and Saltus, R.W., 1994, Upper-crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington; gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies: Discussion: GSA Bulletin, v. 106, no. 8, p. 1096-1101, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1096:UCSBTC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f8fe4b09da67997ecea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186720,"text":"70186720 - 1994 - Some observations of landslides triggered by the 29 April 1991 Racha earthquake, Republic of Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T00:17:50.61002","indexId":"70186720","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some observations of landslides triggered by the 29 April 1991 Racha earthquake, Republic of Georgia","docAbstract":"On 29 April 1991 an Ms 7.0 earthquake occurred in the Racha region of the Great Caucasus Mountains in north-central Republic of Georgia. The earthquake occurred on a thrust fault striking roughly east-west and dipping about 20° to 45° northward; focal depth was 17 ± 2 km. We observed no surface fault rupture, but the earthquake caused extensive structural damage to the many unreinforced stone buildings in the area, and at least 114 people were killed. Many landslides were triggered in a 2500-km2 epicentral area, and they caused much of the structural damage and at least half the fatalities. We observed the following six types of landslides (in order of decreasing abundance): rock falls, debris slides, slumps, earth slides, rock block slides, and rock avalanches. The types of landslides triggered by the earthquake are controlled primarily by lithology and geologic structure. Enigmatic landslide processes associated with this earthquake include (1) delays of several days between earthquake shaking and significant landslide movement, probably caused by changes in groundwater conditions; (2) small co-seismic displacement of landslides active at the time of the earthquake, a possible result of viscoplastic damping of the seismic shaking; and (3) somewhat unusual failure geometries related to local topography and geologic structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840040963","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., Prentice, C., Borissoff, B., Rogozhin, E., and Langer, C., 1994, Some observations of landslides triggered by the 29 April 1991 Racha earthquake, Republic of Georgia: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 4, p. 963-973, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840040963.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"963","endPage":"973","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339448,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/4/963/119785/Some-observations-of-landslides-triggered-by-the"}],"country":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[41.55408,41.53566],[41.70317,41.96294],[41.45347,42.64512],[40.87547,43.01363],[40.32139,43.12863],[39.95501,43.435],[40.07696,43.5531],[40.92218,43.38216],[42.39439,43.22031],[43.75602,42.74083],[43.9312,42.55497],[44.53762,42.71199],[45.47028,42.50278],[45.77641,42.09244],[46.40495,41.86068],[46.14543,41.7228],[46.63791,41.18167],[46.50164,41.06444],[45.9626,41.12387],[45.21743,41.41145],[44.97248,41.24813],[43.58275,41.09214],[42.61955,41.58317],[41.55408,41.53566]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Georgia\"}}]}","volume":"84","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a548e4b09da6799d63cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prentice, C.S.","contributorId":56667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prentice","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Borissoff, B.A.","contributorId":190689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borissoff","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rogozhin, E.A.","contributorId":94021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogozhin","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langer, C.J.","contributorId":31395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186210,"text":"70186210 - 1994 - Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T14:24:23","indexId":"70186210","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits","docAbstract":"The Betic Cordillera in southern Spain is a complex Alpine fold belt that resulted from the Cretaceous through Cenozoic collision of Africa with Europe. The region is illustrative of one of the characteristics of the Alpine-Mediterranean orogen: the occurrence over a limited area of mineral deposits with a wide variety of host rocks, mineralization ages, and styles. The metamorphic basement in the Betic zone is characterized by a nappe structure of superimposed tectonostratigraphic units and consists of lower Paleozoic to Lower Triassic clastic metasedimentary rocks. This is overlain by Middle to Upper Triassic platform carbonate rocks with abundant strata-bound F-Pb-Zn-(Ba) deposits (e.g., Sierra de Gador, Sierra Alhamilla). Cretaceous to Paleogene subduction-related compression in southeastern Spain was followed by Miocene postcollisional extension and resulted in the formation of the Almeria-Cartagena volcanic belt and widespread hydrothermal activity and associated polymetallic mineralization. Typical Miocene hydrothermal deposits include volcanic-hosted Au (e.g., Rodalquilar) and Ag-rich base metal (e.g., Cabo de Gata, Mazarron) deposits as well as complex polymetallic veins, mantos, and irregular replacement bodies which are hosted by Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks and Neogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks (e.g., Cartagena, Sierra Almagrera, Sierra del Aguilon, Loma de Bas).Lead isotope compositions were measured on sulfide samples from nine ore districts and from representative fresh samples of volcanic and basement rock types of the region. The results have been used to evaluate ore-forming processes in southeastern Spain with emphasis on the sources of metals. During a Late Triassic mineralizing event, Pb was leached from Paleozoic clastic metasedimentary rocks and incorporated in galena in strata-bound F-Pb-Zn-(Ba) deposits ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.332 + or - 12, 207Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.672 + or - 12, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.523 + or - 46). The second episode of mineralization was essentially contemporaneous (late Miocene) throughout the region and did not involve remobilization of less radiogenic Triassic ore Pb. Lead isotope data indicate a dominantly Paleozoic metasedimentary source for polymetallic vein- and manto-type deposits that formed by hydrothermal circulation through the Betic basement, driven by Miocene intrusions ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.747 + or - 20, 207 Pb/ 204Pb = 15.685 + or - 9, 208 /Pb/ 204 Pb = 39.026 + or - 37). Lead in Au-(Cu-Te-Sn) ores is isotopically indistinguishable from that of the calc-alkalic volcanic host ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.860 + or - 9, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.686 + or - 8, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.940 + or - 27). In contrast, the Pb in volcanic-hosted Pb-Zn-Cu-(Ag-Au) veins was derived from Paleozoic metamorphic and Miocene volcanic rocks ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.786 + or - 5, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.686 + or - 2, 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.967 + or - 9).A comparison of the Pb isotope data from southeastern Spain with published data from selected Pb-Zn deposits in southern Europe (including Les Malines, L'Argentiere, and the Alpine, Iglesiente-Sulcis, and Montagne Noire districts) indicates the importance of a metasedimentary basement as a common source of ore Pb.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1074","usgsCitation":"Arribas , A., and Tosdal, R.M., 1994, Isotopic composition of Pb in ore deposits of the Betic Cordillera, Spain; origin and relationship to other European deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 5, p. 1074-1093, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1074.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1074","endPage":"1093","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6ac9e4b02ff32c6aea7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arribas , Antonio","contributorId":190234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arribas ","given":"Antonio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tosdal, Richard M.","contributorId":42274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}