The purpose of this workshop is to exchange information on on-going and soon-to-be-initiated whitebark pine research and management projects. By doing so we hope to encourage future work on this valuable species. We also hope to promote the use of consistent methods for evaluation and investigation of whitebark pine, and to provide avenues of collaboration.
\nSpeakers will present information on a variety of topics related to whitebark pine management and research. Featured presentation topics include anthropomorphic utilization of whitepark pine forests, whitebark pine natural regeneration, blister rust and the decline of whitebark pine, blister rust resistance studies, ecological mapping of the species, restoration and management projects, and survey/monitoring techniques. Information gained from these presentations may hopefully be used in the planning of future projects for the conservation of whitebark pine.
","largerWorkTitle":"Workshop proceedings: Research and management in whitebark pine ecosystems","conferenceTitle":"Workshop proceedings: Research and management in whitebark pine ecosystems","conferenceDate":"1994-05-03T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Glacier National Park, MT","language":"English","publisher":"USDI, National Biological Survey, Glacier Field Station","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Kendall, K.C., and Coen, B., 1994, Workshop proceedings: research and management in whitebark pine ecosystems, 147 p.","productDescription":"147 p.","numberOfPages":"147","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775d7e4b0f888a81b8362","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, Katherine C. 0000-0002-4831-2287 kkendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-2287","contributorId":3081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Katherine","email":"kkendall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coen, Brenda","contributorId":98239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coen","given":"Brenda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016995,"text":"70016995 - 1994 - Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T15:44:22.792832","indexId":"70016995","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives","docAbstract":"Benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils were recovered in shallow-water carbonate rock cores from two continuous boreholes drilled 7.5 km apart on the west platform margin of the Great Bahama Bank. The microfossils define six biostratigraphic units in each hole. One unit in each hole represents a correlative condensed section. Seven foraminiferal biozones are recognized in 11 of the units between the holes: middle MioceneGloborotalia fohsi robusta Zone N12, late MioceneG. acostaensis Zone N16 andG. humerosa Zone N17, early PlioceneG. margaritae evoluta Subzone N19, late PlioceneG. exilis Subzone N21 and, tentatively,G. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21, and early PleistoceneG. crassaformis viola Subzone N22. The twelfth unit is inferred to be ofG. crassaformis viola Subzone N22 age. The oldest unit is onshore, the youngest is offshore. As presently interpreted, the nannofossil and foraminiferal zonations are partially correlative. Although the microfossils unequivocally constrain the series ages of the sediments, the incompleteness of the fossil record allows for alternative biozonal age models within the series.
The Miocene and Pliocene biozones are common to both holes, but the greatest similarities between the holes are the significant mixing of middle and late Miocene, and late Miocene-early Pliocene faunas, the greatly condensed intervals at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and the early Pliocene influx of deep-water benthic and pelagic foraminifera. Of particular importance is the tentative recognition of late PlioceneG. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21 in one borehole. Subsequent data not available to this phase of the study indicate that much of the zone is likely missing. Its absence will lend support to speculations of a regional unconformity in the Bahamas.
The microfossils indicate that (1) several transgressions occurred from the middle Miocene to at least the earliest Pleistocene (greater than 11.5–greater than 0.46 Ma), during which banktop-derived sediments accumulating at the margin prograded the platform seaward; (2) a condensed interval on the bank top may represent a late Miocene lowstand, a period of sediment bypassing, or a lack of accommodation space; (3) the slope received thin layers of pelagic sediments in a condensed interval during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, while the bank top accommodated early Pliocene (4.2–3.4 Ma) deep-water indicators prior to a likely period of exposure (2.35 - 1.89 Ma); (4) two cycles of banktop sediment production and starvation occurred during the Pliocene; (5) the Pliocene transgression was punctuated by stillstands or low-amplitude reversals during which parts of biozones did not accumulate; and (6) the sediments containing the most complete microfossil-datum record are the thin pelagic strata that mark interruptions in the regular shedding of transgressive deposits from the platform. Sedimentation-rate patterns varied but were generally higher offshore than onshore.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B., and Bralower, T., 1994, Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 265-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)90022-1.","productDescription":"80 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"The Bahamas\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a567ee4b0c8380cd6d620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H.","contributorId":64576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bralower, Timothy J.","contributorId":177196,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bralower","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70169921,"text":"70169921 - 1994 - Ground water and the floods of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T12:16:50","indexId":"70169921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T13:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3726,"text":"Water Well Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water and the floods of 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Well Association","publisherLocation":"Columbus, OH","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., 1994, Ground water and the floods of 1993: Water Well Journal, v. 48, no. 4, p. 39-40.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fcfecce4b0a6037df2c39b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, R.C.","contributorId":59458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199493,"text":"70199493 - 1994 - Historical decline and current status of coho salmon in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:03:25.860275","indexId":"70199493","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T11:57:59","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical decline and current status of coho salmon in California","docAbstract":"The southernmost populations of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch occur in California where native coho stocks have declined or disappeared from all streams in which they were historically recorded. Coho salmon previously occurred in as many as 582 streams, from the Smith River near the Oregon border to the San Lorenzo River on the central coast. Information on the recent presence or absence of coho salmon was available for only 248 (43%) of those streams. Of these 248 streams, 54% still contained coho salmon and 46% did not. The farther south a stream is located, the more likely it is to have lost its coho salmon population. We estimate that the total number of adult coho salmon entering California streams in 1987-1991 averaged around 31,000 fish per year, with hatchery populations making up 57% of this total. Thus, about 13,000 nonhatchery coho salmon have been spawning in California streams each year since 1987, an estimate that includes naturalized stocks containing about 9,000 fish of recent hatchery ancestry. There are now probably less than 5,000 native coho salmon (with no known hatchery ancestry) spawning in California each year, many of them in populations of less than 100 individuals. Coho populations today are probably less than 6% of what they were in the 1940s, and there has been at least a 70% decline since the 1960s. There is every reason to believe that California coho populations, including hatchery stocks, will continue to decline. The reasons for the decline of coho salmon in California include: stream alterations brought about by poor land-use practices (especially those related to logging and urbanization) and by the effects of periodic floods and drought, the breakdown of genetic integrity of native stocks, introduced diseases, overharvest, and climatic change. We believe, that ,coho salmon in California qualify for listing as a threatened species under state law, and certain populations may qualify for listing as threatened or endangered under federal law.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0237:HDACSO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Brown, L.R., Moyle, P.B., and Yoshiyama, R.M., 1994, Historical decline and current status of coho salmon in California: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 237-261, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0237:HDACSO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"261","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134be4b034bf6a813c5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moyle, Peter B.","contributorId":117099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yoshiyama, Ronald M.","contributorId":208005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshiyama","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243751,"text":"70243751 - 1994 - Closure to “Momentum and Energy Coefficients Based on Power‐Law Velocity Profile” by Cheng‐lung Chen (November, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 11)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-18T15:36:11.669452","indexId":"70243751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T10:33:16","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Closure to “Momentum and Energy Coefficients Based on Power‐Law Velocity Profile” by Cheng‐lung Chen (November, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 11)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:5(669)","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., 1994, Closure to “Momentum and Energy Coefficients Based on Power‐Law Velocity Profile” by Cheng‐lung Chen (November, 1992, Vol. 118, No. 11): Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 120, no. 5, p. 669-669, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:5(669).","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"669","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417215,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Cheng-lung","contributorId":30752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Cheng-lung","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243660,"text":"70243660 - 1994 - Geology, alteration, and geochronology of the Como District, Lyon County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T14:11:14.619546","indexId":"70243660","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T09:03:25","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology, alteration, and geochronology of the Como District, Lyon County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.3.639","usgsCitation":"Vikre, P.G., and McKee, E.H., 1994, Geology, alteration, and geochronology of the Como District, Lyon County, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 3, p. 639-646, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.3.639.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"646","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417089,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Lyon County","otherGeospatial":"Como District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.59744037958731,\n 38.982567030919625\n ],\n [\n -119.55600488889249,\n 38.934713933754125\n ],\n [\n -119.69136072312236,\n 38.886350818892964\n ],\n [\n -119.74384563843606,\n 38.825043578477135\n ],\n [\n -119.52009415736222,\n 38.669926837943734\n ],\n [\n -119.38473835436909,\n 38.76476056452546\n ],\n [\n -119.38888190031503,\n 38.806748847562716\n ],\n [\n -119.41512435797188,\n 38.84823432137787\n ],\n [\n -119.42893617779126,\n 38.87189531402646\n ],\n [\n -119.40131253815252,\n 38.877271714311235\n ],\n [\n -119.40131253815252,\n 38.95894291383681\n ],\n [\n -119.34468407689286,\n 38.9621648483228\n ],\n [\n -119.31429807329042,\n 39.06197212994647\n ],\n [\n -119.34606525887475,\n 39.11021539823187\n ],\n [\n -119.29496152554324,\n 39.15307059898788\n ],\n [\n -119.29358034356137,\n 39.24084220925528\n ],\n [\n -119.39026308229691,\n 39.32423049029168\n ],\n [\n -119.46899045526712,\n 39.32850413610916\n ],\n [\n -119.62506401922604,\n 39.17877120004027\n ],\n [\n -119.62644520120821,\n 39.1059284438941\n ],\n [\n -119.59744037958731,\n 38.982567030919625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vikre, Peter G. 0000-0001-7895-5972 pvikre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5972","contributorId":139033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter","email":"pvikre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":872827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014730,"text":"1014730 - 1994 - Survival of caged Atlantic salmon in the Merrimack River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:11:41.508325","indexId":"1014730","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of caged Atlantic salmon in the Merrimack River","docAbstract":"Because it is difficult to locate parr and smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the lower Merrimack River in order to measure survival and evaluate physiological changes, 1 held hatchery fish in 122 × 46 ×61‐cm cages at three sites for up to 70 d in 1988 and 1989, beginning each year in early April. Stationary cages were placed at two freshwater sites (3 and 7.8 km above the mouth of the river) and at a tidal freshwater–seawater site, and then stocked with fish. Movable cages were placed in the river at the most upstream stationary‐cage site, stocked with fish, and later moved downstream by boat at irregular intervals. At the most upstream site mortality gradually increased through the season, reaching the highest level (about 60%) during a period of rising temperatures in late May. Although extremes in temperature and salinity were greatest at the freshwater–seawater site, mortality was lowest in the stationary cage there, The number of Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida increased during the study. Disease and mortality data suggest that survival would be highest for fish that leave the river and enter seawater soon after stocking, especially late in the season when river flows are low. At that time water temperatures may approach levels that are lethal to Atlantic salmon or may interfere with their smoltification and migration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0355:SOCASI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rottiers, D.V., 1994, Survival of caged Atlantic salmon in the Merrimack River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 355-361, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0355:SOCASI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"361","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129220,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.120415932791,\n 42.79702147394016\n ],\n [\n -71.13732606101294,\n 42.757016434563695\n ],\n [\n -71.03750440747416,\n 42.75034224970426\n ],\n [\n -70.97528619717882,\n 42.75931724929444\n ],\n [\n -70.92687772800757,\n 42.812688075090094\n ],\n [\n -70.82954656663233,\n 42.78140682744353\n ],\n [\n -70.81450145071794,\n 42.82274367889764\n ],\n [\n -70.91949567664666,\n 42.85078346639128\n ],\n [\n -71.120415932791,\n 42.79702147394016\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68816e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottiers, Donald V.","contributorId":10754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rottiers","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185411,"text":"70185411 - 1994 - Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T09:40:13","indexId":"70185411","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3711,"text":"Water Environment Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment","docAbstract":"A network of 9-m-tall surface flux measurement stations were deployed at eight sparsely vegetated sites during the Monsoon '90 experiment to measure net radiation, Q, soil heat flux, G, sensible heat flux, H (using eddy correlation), and latent heat flux, λE (using the energy balance equation). At four of these sites, 2-m-tall eddy correlation systems were used to measure all four fluxes directly. Also a 2-m-tall Bowen ratio system was deployed at one site. Magnitudes of the energy balance closure (Q + G + H + λE) increased as the complexity of terrain increased. The daytime Bowen ratio decreased from about 10 before the monsoon season to about 0.3 during the monsoons. Source areas of the measurements are developed and compared to scales of heterogeneity arising from the sparse vegetation and the topography. There was very good agreement among simultaneous measurements of Q with the same model sensor at different heights (representing different source areas), but poor agreement among different brands of sensors. Comparisons of simultaneous measurements of G suggest that because of the extremely small source area, extreme care in sensor deployment is necessary for accurate measurement in sparse canopies. A recently published model to estimate fetch is used to interpret measurements of H at the 2 m and 9 m heights. Three sites were characterized by undulating topography, with ridgetops separated by about 200–600 m. At these sites, sensors were located on ridgetops, and the 9-m fetch included the adjacent valley, whereas the 2-m fetch was limited to the immediate ridgetop and hillside. Before the monsoons began, vegetation was mostly dormant, the watershed was uniformly hot and dry, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement. After the monsoons began and vegetation fully matured, the 2-m measurements of H were significantly greater than the 9-m measurements, presumably because the vegetation in the valleys was denser and cooler than on the ridgetops and hillsides. At one lowland site with little topographic relief, the vegetation was more uniform, and the two measurements of H were in close agreement during peak vegetation. Values of λE could only be compared at two sites, but the 9-m values were greater than the 2-m values, suggesting λE from the dense vegetation in the valleys was greater than elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93WR03037","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D., Blanford, J., Kustas, W.P., Nichols, W.D., Amer, S., Schmugge, T., and Weltz, M., 1994, Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon '90 experiment: Water Environment Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1227-1239, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03037.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1239","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Amer, S.A.","contributorId":189639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmugge, T.J.","contributorId":189640,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmugge","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weltz, M.A.","contributorId":77732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70186458,"text":"70186458 - 1994 - Reconnaissance geologic mapping of a portion of the rain‐forest‐covered Guiana Shield, Northwestern Brazil, using SIR-B and digital aeromagnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T19:10:06","indexId":"70186458","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconnaissance geologic mapping of a portion of the rain‐forest‐covered Guiana Shield, Northwestern Brazil, using SIR-B and digital aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"This paper documents the result of an integrated analysis of spaceborne radar (SIR-B) and digital aeromagnetic data carried out in the heavily forested Guiana Shield. The objective of the research is to interpret the geophysical data base to its limit to produce a reconnaissance geologic map as an aid to ground work planning in a worst‐case setting. Linear geomorphic features were identified based on the interpretation of the SIR-B image. Digital manipulation of aeromagnetic data allowed the development of a color‐shaded relief map of reduced‐to‐pole magnetic anomalies, a terrace‐magnetization map, and a map showing the location of maximum values of the horizontal component of the pseudogravity gradient (magnetization boundary lines). The resultant end product was a reconnaissance geologic map where broad terrane categories were delineated and geologic faults with both topographic and magnetic expression were defined. The availability of global spaceborne radar coverage in the 1990s and the large number of existing digital aeromagnetic surveys in northwestern Brazil indicate that this approach can be potentially useful for reconnaissance geologic mapping elsewhere in the Guiana Shield.
Remotely sensed data in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal-infrared wave bands were collected from a low-flying aircraft during the Monsoon '90 field experiment. Monsoon '90 was a multidisciplinary experiment conducted in a semiarid watershed. It had as one of its objectives the quantification of hydrometeorological fluxes during the “monsoon” or wet season. The remote sensing observations along with micrometeprological and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) data were used to compute the surface energy balance over a range of spatial scales. The procedure involved averaging multiple pixels along transects flown over the meteorological and flux (METFLUX) stations. Average values of the spectral reflectance and thermal-infrared temperatures were computed for pixels of order 10−1 to 101 km in length and were used with atmospheric data for evaluating net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G), and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes at these same length scales. The model employs a single-layer resistance approach for estimating H that requires wind speed and air temperature in the ABL and a remotely sensed surface temperature. The values of Rn and G are estimated from remote sensing information together with near-surface observations of air temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Finally, LE is solved as the residual term in the surface energy balance equation. Model calculations were compared to measurements from the METFLUX network for three days having different environmental conditions. Average percent differences for the three days between model and the METFLUX estimates of the local fluxes were about 5% for Rn, 20% for Gand H, and 15% for LE. Larger differences occurred during partly cloudy conditions because of errors in interpreting the remote sensing data and the higher spatial and temporal variation in the energy fluxes. Minor variations in modeled energy fluxes were observed when the pixel size representing the remote sensing inputs changed from 0.2 to 2 km. Regional scale estimates of the surface energy balance using bulk ABL properties for the model parameters and input variables and the 10-km pixel data differed from the METFLUX network averages by about 4% for Rn, 10% for G and H, and 15% for LE. Model sensitivity in calculating the turbulent fluxes H and LE to possible variations in key model parameters (i.e., the roughness lengths for heat and momentum) was found to be fairly significant. Therefore the reliability of the methods for estimating key model parameters and potential errors needs further testing over different ecosystems and environmental conditions.
An interdisciplinary field experiment was conducted to study the water and energy balance of a semiarid rangeland watershed in southeast Arizona during the summer of 1990. Two subwatersheds, one grass dominated and the other shrub dominated, were selected for intensive study with ground-based remote sensing systems and hydrometeorological instrumentation. Surface energy balance was evaluated at both sites using direct and indirect measurements of the turbulent fluxes (eddy correlation, variance, and Bowen ratio methods) and using an aerodynamic approach based on remote measurements of surface reflectance and temperature and conventional meteorological information. Estimates of net radiant flux density (Rn), derived from measurements of air temperature, incoming solar radiation, and surface temperature and radiance compared well with values measured using a net radiometer (mean absolute difference (MAD) ≃ 50 W/m2 over a range from 115 to 670 W/m2). Soil heat flux density (G) was estimated using a relation between G/Rn and a spectral vegetation index computed from the red and near-infrared surface reflectance. These G estimates compared well with conventional measurements of G using buried soil heat flux plates (MAD ≃ 20 W/m2 over a range from −13 to 213 W/m2). In order to account for the effects of sparse vegetation, semiempirical adjustments to the single-layer bulk aerodynamic resistance approach were required for evaluation of sensible heat flux density (H). This yielded differences between measurements and remote estimates of H of approximately 33 W/m2 over a range from 13 to 303 W/m2. The resulting estimates of latent heat flux density, LE, were of the same magnitude and trend as measured values; however, a significant scatter was still observed: MAD ≃ 40 W/m2 over a range from 0 to 340 W/m2. Because LE was solved as a residual, there was a cumulative effect of errors associated with remote estimates of Rn, G, and H.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03064","usgsCitation":"Moran, M.S., Kustas, W.P., Vidal, A., Stannard, D., Blanford, J., and Nichols, W.D., 1994, Use of ground-based remotely sensed data for surface energy balance evaluation of a semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1339-1349, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03064.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"1339","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b98e4b0236b68f8297f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidal, A.","contributorId":94451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidal","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185725,"text":"70185725 - 1994 - Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T12:09:53","indexId":"70185725","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?","docAbstract":"Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) are common forms of organic matter in marine sedirnents, and are routinely ingested by deposit- and suspension-feeding animals. These compounds may be a sink for metals, implying that once metals are bound to humic substances they are no longer available to food webs. A series of experiments was conducted to quantitatively examine this premise using 2 estuarine bivalves from San Francisco Bay, USA: the suspension feeder Potarnocorbula arnurensis and the facultative deposit feeder Macoma balthica. HA and FA, isolated from marine sediments, were bound as organic coatings to either hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) or silica particles. Cd and Cr(II1) were adsorbed to the organic coatings or directly to uncoated HFO and silica particles. Pulse-chase laboratory feeding expenments using '\"'Cd and \"Cr(III) were then conducted to determine absorption efficiencies of Cd and Cr for individual specimens using each of the partlcle types. The results demonstrated that: (1) absorption of Cr(I1I) from all types of non-living particles was consistently low (< 11%). Ingested Cd showed greater bioavailability than Cr(IIl), perhaps due to differences in metal chemistry. (2) Bivalves absorbed Cd bound to uncoated HFO or silica particles (i.e. with no HA or FA present). (3) The presence of organic coatings on part~cles reduced Cd bioavailabhty compared with uncoated particles. (4) Both geochemical and biological conditions affected the food chain transfer of Cd. The data suggest that in marine systems inorganic and organic-coated particles are predominantly a sink for Cr in sediments. In the transfer of Cd to consumer animals, inorganic particles and humic substances can act as a link (although not a highly efficient one) under oxidized conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter Research","doi":"10.3354/meps108133","usgsCitation":"Decho, A., and Luoma, S.N., 1994, Humic and fulvic acids: sink or source in the availability of metals to the marine bivalves Macoma balthicaand Potamocorbula amurensis?: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 108, no. 1-2, p. 133-145, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"133","endPage":"145","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps108133","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7637e4b0ee37af29e4d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan","contributorId":189947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187322,"text":"70187322 - 1994 - The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:50:43","indexId":"70187322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5355,"text":"Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution","docAbstract":"Apparent phreatic explosion craters, caldera-floor volcanic cones, and geothermal features outline a ring fracture zone along which Mount Mazama collapsed to form the Crater Lake caldera during its climactic eruption about 6,850 yr B.P. Within a few years, subaerial deposits infilled the phreatic craters and then formed a thick wedge (10-20 m) of mass flow deposits shed from caldera walls. Intense volcanic activity (phreatic explosions, subaerial flows, and hydrothermal venting) occurred during this early postcaldera stage, and a central platform of subaerial andesite flows and scoria formed on the caldera floor.
Radiocarbon ages suggest that deposition of Iacustrine hemipelagic sediment began on the central platform about 150 yr after the caldera collapse. This is the minimum time to fill the lake halfway with water and cover the platform assuming present hydrologic conditions of precipitation and evaporation but with negligible leakage of lake water. Wizard Island formed during the final part of the 300-yr lake-filling period as shown by its (1) upper subaerial lava flows from 0 to -70 m below present water level and lower subaqueous lava flows from -70 to -500 m and by (2) lacustrine turbidite sand derived from Wizard Island that was deposited on the central platform about 350 yr after the caldera collapse. Pollen stratigraphy indicates that the warm and dry climate of middle Holocene time correlates with the early lake deposits. Diatom stratigraphy also suggests a more thermally stratified and phosphate-rich environment associated respectively with this climate and greater hydrothermal activity during the early lake history.
Apparent coarse-grained and thick-bedded turbidites of the early lake beds were deposited throughout northwest, southwest, and eastern basins during the time that volcanic and seismic activity formed the subaqueous Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and rhyodacite dome. The last known postcaldera volcanic activity produced a subaqueous rhyodacite ash bed and dome about 4,240 yr B.P. The late lake beds with base-of-slope aprons and thin, fine-grained basin-plain turbidites were deposited during the volcanically quiescent period of the past 4,000 yr.
Deposits in Crater Lake and on similar caldera floors suggest that four stages characterize the postcaldera evolution of smaller (≤10 km in diameter) terrestrial caldera lake floors: (1) initial-stage caldera collapse forms the ring fracture zone that controls location of the main volcanic eruptive centers and sedimentary basin depocenters on the caldera floor; (2) early-stage subaerial sedimentation rapidly fills ring-fracture depressions and constructs basin-floor debris fans from calderawall landslides; (3) first-stage subaqueous sedimentation deposits thick flat-lying lake turbidites throughout basins, while a thin blanket of hemipelagic sediment covers volcanic edifices that continue to form concurrently with lake sedimentation; and (4) second-stage subaqueous sedimentation after the waning of major volcanic activity and the earlier periods of most rapid sedimentation develops small sili-ciclastic basin base-of-slope turbidite aprons and central basin plains. Renewed volcanic activity or lake destruction could cause part or all of the cycle to repeat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, S.W., Adam, D.P., Bradbury, J.P., Barber, J.H., Schwartz, D., and Vagenas, G., 1994, The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 5, p. 684-704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"684","endPage":"704","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen W.","contributorId":191504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, John H. Jr.","contributorId":102821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Deborah","contributorId":191505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Deborah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vagenas, Ginger","contributorId":191506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vagenas","given":"Ginger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70187225,"text":"70187225 - 1994 - Effects of arsenic on spectral reflectance of greenhouse-grown soybean and loblolly pine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T18:13:20","indexId":"70187225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of arsenic on spectral reflectance of greenhouse-grown soybean and loblolly pine","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth thematic conference on Geologic remote sensing: Exploration, environment, and engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Mouat, D., Lancaster, J., Milton, N., Chesley, M., Hatzell, J., Lassetter, W., and Picone, J., 1994, Effects of arsenic on spectral reflectance of greenhouse-grown soybean and loblolly pine, in Proceedings of the Tenth thematic conference on Geologic remote sensing: Exploration, environment, and engineering, p. I.49-I.59.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"I.49","endPage":"I.59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340488,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c1e4b0c2e071a99bc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mouat, David ","contributorId":191452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mouat","given":"David ","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lancaster, Judith","contributorId":77556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lancaster","given":"Judith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Milton, Nancy","contributorId":85188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milton","given":"Nancy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chesley, M.M.","contributorId":191453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chesley","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hatzell, Jody","contributorId":191454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hatzell","given":"Jody","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lassetter, William","contributorId":191455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lassetter","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Picone, John","contributorId":191456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Picone","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70017930,"text":"70017930 - 1994 - Effects of sample isolation and handling on the recovery of purgeable organic compounds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-29T17:11:57.155831","indexId":"70017930","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of sample isolation and handling on the recovery of purgeable organic compounds","docAbstract":"This report compares the recovery of purgeable organic compounds (POCs) obtained by using a downhole isobaric sampler developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, a helical-rotor submersible pump, and a point source bailer to collect and isolate samples of ground water from three wells in Now York and New Jersey: the samples contained a total of 13 PCX's delectable at concentrations ranging from 0.5 μg/L to about 400 μg/L. This report also compares the effects of sample handling, specifically the differences in PCX concentration recovery when an isobaric sample container is filled at land surface vs. when it is filled downhole. and when samples art taken using a bailer with and without a bottom-emptying device. These case studies are used to quantify the possible effects of different sample-isolation find sample-handling techniques on POC recovery.
The relative effectiveness of the three devices varied by site and by compound. Overall, the POC recoveries achieved by using the helical-rotor submersible pump and the downlink isobaric sampler were not significantly different at the 95 percent confidence, level. POC recovery obtained by using the point source bailer was 11 percent lower overall. The downhole isobaric sampler results exhibited smaller coefficients of variation than did the helical-rotor submersible pump or the point-source bailer results. However, the differences between the coefficients of variation of the downhole isobaric sampler and those of the helical-rotor submersible pump were not significant at the 95 percent confidence level. The nonsignificant smaller coefficient of variation of the downhole isobaric sampler apparently resulted from two fewer sample handling steps that exposed the sample water to ambient air. An independent experiment performed with a different downhole sampler at one of the wells used in this investigation produced a similar statistical result. Also, the POC recovery obtained by pouring sample water out the lop of a point source bailer into 40-mL vials was S percent lower than that obtained by filling vials from a bailer with a bottom-emptying device.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00109.x","usgsCitation":"Gibs, J., Imbrigiotta, T.E., Ficken, J.H., Pankow, J.F., and Rosen, M.E., 1994, Effects of sample isolation and handling on the recovery of purgeable organic compounds: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 14, no. 2, p. 142-152, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00109.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07bbe4b0c8380cd517db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibs, Jacob jgibs@usgs.gov","contributorId":1729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"Jacob","email":"jgibs@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, Thomas E. 0000-0003-1716-4768 timbrig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":152114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"Thomas","email":"timbrig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficken, James H.","contributorId":52985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficken","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pankow, James F.","contributorId":72253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pankow","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosen, M. E.","contributorId":36310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1014836,"text":"1014836 - 1994 - Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-30T15:31:17.576008","indexId":"1014836","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)","title":"Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)","docAbstract":"Several experiments were performed to investigate the physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Transfer of fish from fresh water (FW) to seawater (SW; 31–32 ppt) induced only a minimal disturbance of osmotic homeostasis. Ambient salinity did not affect plasma thyroxine, but plasma cortisol remained elevated for 24h after SW transfer. Gill and opercular membrane chloride cell density and Na+,K+-ATPase activity were relatively high and unaffected by salinity. Average chloride cell size, however, was slightly increased (16%) in SW-acclimated fish. Gill succinate dehydrogenase activity was higher in SW-acclimated fish than in FW fish. Kidney Na+, K+-ATPase activity was slightly lower (16%) in SW fish than in FW fish. Posterior intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase activity and water transport capacity (Jv) did not change upon SW transfer, whereas middle intestinal Na+,K+-ATPase activity increased 35% after transfer and was correlated with an increase in Jv (110%). As salinity induced only minor changes in the osmoregulatory organs examined, it is proposed that the intrinsic euryhalinity of the striped bass may be related to a high degree of “preparedness” for hypoosmoregulation that is uncommon among teleosts studied to data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/BF00004114","usgsCitation":"Madsen, S.S., McCormick, S.D., Young, G., Endersen, J.S., Nishioka, R.S., and Bern, H.A., 1994, Physiology of seawater acclimation in the striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004114.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129066,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madsen, Steffen S.","contributorId":65404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"Steffen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200 smccormick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":139214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen","email":"smccormick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, G.","contributorId":101215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Endersen, J. S.","contributorId":14342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Endersen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nishioka, R. S.","contributorId":69915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishioka","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bern, H. A.","contributorId":61771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bern","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210115,"text":"70210115 - 1994 - Bald eagle nest site characteristics in South Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-14T17:23:14.982016","indexId":"70210115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-30T12:10:24","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bald eagle nest site characteristics in South Florida","docAbstract":"Florida had nearly 20% of the coterminous United States population of nesting bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in 1990 (U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. 1991), yet the nesting ecology of bald eagles in subtropical environments has not been investigated. We examined nest site selection (n = 156 sites) by bald eagles in Florida Bay, Florida, from 1959 to 1990. Black (Avicennia germinans) and red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) were used as nest trees almost exclusively (96.9%), and more than half were snags. Eagles also built nests on the ground (n = 3) and raised young on the ground after nests collapsed (n = 5). Eagles preferred (P < 0.05) higher keys (grass, hardwood-buttonwood [Conocarpus erecta]) over low-lying keys (mangrove, marsh) for nesting. Management strategies should include the preservation of live and dead mangroves and large, undisturbed keys as potential nesting sites for bald eagles in the subtropical portion of the eagle's range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809383","usgsCitation":"Curnutt, J.L., and Robertson, W.B., 1994, Bald eagle nest site characteristics in South Florida: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 2, p. 218-221, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809383.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"221","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.1177978515625,\n 25.438314122211384\n ],\n [\n -80.36773681640625,\n 25.497826512321023\n ],\n [\n -80.9637451171875,\n 25.398622849619606\n ],\n [\n -81.21917724609375,\n 25.299337565234087\n ],\n [\n -81.859130859375,\n 24.799201675373848\n ],\n [\n -82.891845703125,\n 24.657002173279082\n ],\n [\n -82.9302978515625,\n 24.492147541216028\n ],\n [\n -82.29583740234375,\n 24.394631668477125\n ],\n [\n -81.58172607421875,\n 24.502144901210876\n ],\n [\n -80.71105957031249,\n 24.804188177830667\n ],\n [\n -80.36224365234375,\n 25.10798445491342\n ],\n [\n -80.1177978515625,\n 25.438314122211384\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curnutt, J. L.","contributorId":97845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Curnutt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, W. B.","contributorId":84035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206765,"text":"70206765 - 1994 - Effects of weather and tides on feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T11:32:48","indexId":"70206765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-30T11:27:09","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of weather and tides on feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana","docAbstract":"We studied the effects of weather and tides on percent feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads (Aythya americana Eyton) in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana, USA. Flock scans (n = 750) were made on 55 flocks from November through March of 1988–1989. The percent of the flock that was feeding was negatively correlated with time of day, temperature, water level, and distance of the flock from shore, and was positively correlated with wind velocity, flock size, fetch, and wave height; birds also fed more in early winter and during northerly winds. Flocks were closer to land earlier in the winter on cloudy, rainy, and windy days when waves were high, and those flocks were smaller than flocks farther from shore. Conditions associated with reduced fetch by flocks included later time of day, smaller waves, warmer air temperatures, northerly wind shifts, stronger winds, increasing cloud cover, and rain. Redheads minimized energy expenditure by foraging during low tides and in shallow water closer to shore; they increased feeding and reduced fetch during times of high thermoregulatory demands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00027860","usgsCitation":"Michot, T.C., Moser, E.B., and Norling, W., 1994, Effects of weather and tides on feeding and flock positions of wintering redheads in the Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana: Hydrobiologia, v. 279/280, p. 263-278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027860.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Chandeleur Islands, Chandeleur Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.92883300781249,\n 30.38235321766959\n ],\n [\n -89.3023681640625,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -89.483642578125,\n 30.192618218499273\n ],\n [\n -89.593505859375,\n 30.18787014479982\n ],\n [\n -89.7308349609375,\n 30.04532159026885\n ],\n [\n -89.813232421875,\n 30.04532159026885\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 29.950175057288813\n ],\n [\n -89.71435546875,\n 29.873992211235656\n ],\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 29.873992211235656\n ],\n [\n -89.4561767578125,\n 30.04532159026885\n ],\n [\n -89.4232177734375,\n 29.83111376473715\n ],\n [\n -89.4232177734375,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 29.372601506681402\n ],\n [\n -89.05517578125,\n 29.137768254983335\n ],\n [\n -88.8299560546875,\n 29.854937397596693\n ],\n [\n -88.92883300781249,\n 30.38235321766959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"279/280","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michot, Thomas C. 0000-0002-7044-987X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-987X","contributorId":57935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michot","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moser, E. Barry","contributorId":37595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Norling, Wayne","contributorId":69877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norling","given":"Wayne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70205977,"text":"70205977 - 1994 - Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two streams in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T10:58:21","indexId":"70205977","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-30T10:52:07","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two streams in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Parts of the Raritan River basin in central New Jersey have undergone increasing development over the last several decades. The increasing population relies on the region's ground water and surface water sources for its residential, commercial, and industrial water supply. Urbanization, regionalized wastewater‐treatment facilities, stream channel alterations, and interbasin transfers of water can all affect water availability. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether significant trends exist in the base‐flow and overland‐runoff characteristics of streams in two subbasins with different percentages of urban/built‐up land (Anderson et at., 1976). Changes in flow characteristics that could indicate future reductions in safe water yield of the Raritan River basin were examined. Flow and flow variability of the steams draining these two subbasins have increased over time. Many of the flow measures studied experienced pronounced trend shifts about 1960. The cause of these changes cannot be readily determined from the data, nor is it clear whether the increased flow variability lies outside the natural range of flow variability of the streams draining the subbasins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03291.x","usgsCitation":"Barringer, T.H., Reiser, R.G., and Price, C.V., 1994, Potential effects of development on flow characteristics of two streams in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 2, p. 283-295, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03291.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"295","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Raritan River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.01327514648438,\n 40.333983227838104\n ],\n [\n -74.2620849609375,\n 40.333983227838104\n ],\n [\n -74.2620849609375,\n 40.77118185975647\n ],\n [\n -75.01327514648438,\n 40.77118185975647\n ],\n [\n -75.01327514648438,\n 40.333983227838104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Thomas H.","contributorId":42252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226984,"text":"70226984 - 1994 - Manson impact structure research program: Summary through February 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-23T14:44:20.204963","indexId":"70226984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-30T08:29:16","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Manson impact structure research program: Summary through February 1994","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings — International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust through Drilling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"7th International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust through Drilling","conferenceDate":"April 27-30, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Continental Science Drilling Program","usgsCitation":"Roddy, D.J., Shoemaker, E.M., Anderson, R.R., and Mitterer, R.M., 1994, Manson impact structure research program: Summary through February 1994, in Proceedings — International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust through Drilling, v. 7, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, April 27-30, 1994, p. 203-207.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"207","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Manson crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.174560546875,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -94.010009765625,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -94.010009765625,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -95.174560546875,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -95.174560546875,\n 42.25291778330197\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roddy, D. J.","contributorId":85334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roddy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, R. R.","contributorId":80286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitterer, Richard M.","contributorId":270340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitterer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017100,"text":"70017100 - 1994 - A seismotectonic model for the 300-kilometer-long eastern Tennessee seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:17:20.804318","indexId":"70017100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismotectonic model for the 300-kilometer-long eastern Tennessee seismic zone","docAbstract":"Ten years of monitoring microearthquakes with a regional seismic network has revealed the presence of a well-defined, linear zone of seismic activity in eastern Tennessee. This zone produced the second highest release of seismic strain energy in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains during the last decade, when normalized by crustal area. The data indicate that seismicity produced by regional, intraplate stresses is now concentrating near the boundary between relatively strong and weak basement crustal blocks.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.264.5159.686","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Powell, C., Bollinger, G.A., Chapman, M., Sibol, M., Johnston, A.C., and Wheeler, R.L., 1994, A seismotectonic model for the 300-kilometer-long eastern Tennessee seismic zone: Science, v. 264, no. 5159, p. 686-688, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5159.686.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"686","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"eastern Tennessee seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.73820949512532,\n 36.60949394249076\n ],\n [\n -86.73820949512532,\n 34.99557700022865\n ],\n [\n -84.25328143551613,\n 34.95070764786888\n ],\n [\n -81.60653070442041,\n 36.31756723501552\n ],\n [\n -81.70635661015046,\n 36.60949394249076\n ],\n [\n -86.73820949512532,\n 36.60949394249076\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"264","issue":"5159","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e581e4b0c8380cd46da0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, C.A.","contributorId":36687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bollinger, G. A.","contributorId":55809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, M.C.","contributorId":13727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sibol, M.S.","contributorId":36688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibol","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70210160,"text":"70210160 - 1994 - Crustal structure and composition of the southern Foothills Metamorphic Belt, Sierra Nevada, California, from seismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-19T15:45:47.113053","indexId":"70210160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-10T10:39:32","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure and composition of the southern Foothills Metamorphic Belt, Sierra Nevada, California, from seismic data","docAbstract":"The Foothills Metamorphic Belt is an accreted terrane consisting of Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic rocks that separates the Great Valley from the Sierra Nevada batholith in northern and central California. Until recently, the only available geophysical data for this area were reconnaissance refraction surveys, and gravity and magnetic data. New insights into the structure of the deep crust are provided by the interpretation of a seismic reflection profile (CC‐2), acquired in 1984 by the U.S. Geological Survey at the southern end of the Foothills Metamorphic Belt. Our interpretation is constrained by a new seismic velocity model derived from coincident microearthquake data. Earthquake hypocenters that occur at unusually great depths of 12 to 30 km make the data set particularly useful for obtaining deep crustal velocity information. The velocity model shows velocities of 5.2 to 6.3 km s−1 for the upper 12 km of the crust, and 6.7 to 6.8 km s−1 from 12 km to an estimated Moho at 32 km. The upper crustal velocities correspond to metamorphic rocks and serpentinites of the Foothills Metamorphic Belt as well as to diorites and granodiorites of the Sierra Nevada batholith, while the lower crustal velocities are interpreted to represent intermediate to mafic granulites. The majority of the earthquake hypocenters as well as a 6.7 km s−1 layer in the velocity model corresponds in depth to thick zones of west dipping midcrustal reflections that may represent major shear zones formed during the late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny or synbatholithic ductile shear zones that accommodated crustal extension associated with batholith intrusion. These reflections are truncated updip by an inferred subvertical contact that coincides with the western edge of the Sierra Nevada batholith and the southward trace of the Bear Mountains fault zone. The updip truncation of midcrustal shear zones and high lower crustal velocities indicate that strike‐slip faulting and magmatic underplating can be important processes during the docking and welding of an accreted terrane.
Measurements of stomatal density and δ13C of limber pine (Pinus flexilis) needles (leaves) preserved in pack rat middens from the Great Basin reveal shifts in plant physiology and leaf morphology during the last 30,000 years. Sites were selected so as to offset glacial to Holocene climatic differences and thus to isolate the effects of changing atmospheric CO2 levels. Stomatal density decreased ∼17 percent and δ13C decreased ∼1.5 per mil during deglaciation from 15,000 to 12,000 years ago, concomitant with a 30 percent increase in atmospheric CO2. Water-use efficiency increased ∼15 percent during deglaciation, if temperature and humidity were held constant and the proxy values for CO2 and δ13C of past atmospheres are accurate. The δ13C variations may help constrain hypotheses about the redistribution of carbon between the atmosphere and biosphere during the last glacial-interglacial cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.264.5156.239","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Van De Water, P.K., Leavitt, S.W., and Betancourt, J., 1994, Trends in stomatal density and 13C/12C ratios of Pinus flexilis needles during last glacial-interglacial cycle: Science, v. 264, no. 5156, p. 239-242, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5156.239.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"264","issue":"5156","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb805e4b08c986b32761a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van De Water, Peter K.","contributorId":51484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Water","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leavitt, Steven W.","contributorId":77312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavitt","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70170343,"text":"70170343 - 1994 - Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:19:00","indexId":"70170343","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-01T15:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin","docAbstract":"The Red River of the North drainage basin (herein referred to as Red River Basin) within the United States is a study unit under the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The overall goals of this program, initiated to better define the status and trends of the Nation’s water quality, are to address regional and national water-quality issues in a nationally consistent manner. Pesticide contamination of surface water and fish is one focus of this program.
\nThe Red River Basin is about 90,600 square kilometers (km2 ) in area and is composed of rolling prairie with a high density of prairie-pothole wetlands to the west; a very flat glacial lake bed with drainage ditches and meandering streams in the center (Red River Valley Lake Plain); morainal hills with a mosaic of agriculture, lakes, and forest in the southeast; and a flat lake-washed till plain with extensive peatlands in the northeast (fig. 1). Stoner and others (1993) have given a more complete description of the environmental setting of the Red River Basin.
\nAgriculture is a major component of the region’s economy, and is greatest in the Red River Valley Lake Plain. Principal crops are wheat, barley, oats, sunflowers, corn, soybeans, dry beans, potatoes, sugarbeets, alfalfa hay, and other hay. Herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide use depends on crop type and environmental stresses such as crop disease, drought, and periodic insect-pest infestation. This paper focuses on the occurrence, movement, and fate of agricultural pesticides that are applied to crops, but improper disposal, and use of pesticides for household pests, lawn care, golf courses, and home gardening can also result in contamination of the aquatic environment. Furthermore, atmospheric transport is known to transport pesticides to regions far from their source (Kurtz, 1990).
\nPesticide data have been collected in the Red River Basin by various Federal, State, and local agencies. Tornes and Brigham (1994) recently summarized many of these historical data. This paper summarizes selected data collected as part of the NAWQA program during 1992-93, and briefly compares these data to historical data and to pesticide usage.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium","conferenceDate":"March 30-31, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Fargo, ND","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota State University Extension Service","publisherLocation":"Fargo, ND","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., 1994, Pesticides detected in surface waters and fish of the Red River of the North drainage basin, in North Dakota Water Quality Symposium Proceedings, Fargo, ND, March 30-31, 1994, p. 256-269.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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