No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/368405a0","usgsCitation":"Kling, G., Evans, W.C., Tuttle, M., and Tanyileke, G., 1994, Degassing of Lake Nyos: Nature, v. 368, p. 405-406, https://doi.org/10.1038/368405a0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"406","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/368405a0","text":"External Repository"},{"id":417636,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Cameroon","otherGeospatial":"Lake Nyos","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 10.304637658776386,\n 6.4307031914139685\n ],\n [\n 10.31009486292723,\n 6.428878118011383\n ],\n [\n 10.315085130298428,\n 6.4333629712017455\n ],\n [\n 10.313091497642262,\n 6.441335447821444\n ],\n [\n 10.30958169159615,\n 6.444466448970985\n ],\n [\n 10.306471989459368,\n 6.447324941302128\n ],\n [\n 10.30332109068695,\n 6.449293226350932\n ],\n [\n 10.300447152570825,\n 6.448803770751866\n ],\n [\n 10.297978802934637,\n 6.447455038769306\n ],\n [\n 10.295862027025663,\n 6.446399697417689\n ],\n [\n 10.293424351539045,\n 6.445527682041501\n ],\n [\n 10.292254267306419,\n 6.444074319749902\n ],\n [\n 10.292644295384434,\n 6.442330279503096\n ],\n [\n 10.292644295384434,\n 6.44116758267522\n ],\n [\n 10.29147421115033,\n 6.440973799612195\n ],\n [\n 10.293034323462479,\n 6.437195015085365\n ],\n [\n 10.292254267306419,\n 6.436904338187034\n ],\n [\n 10.293521858558904,\n 6.435354058589965\n ],\n [\n 10.294984463851165,\n 6.43225348520231\n ],\n [\n 10.29595953404555,\n 6.4318659121983615\n ],\n [\n 10.29771466039449,\n 6.432641057909976\n ],\n [\n 10.298689730590354,\n 6.43225348520231\n ],\n [\n 10.298104688472534,\n 6.431284552138223\n ],\n [\n 10.299274772706667,\n 6.430315617227919\n ],\n [\n 10.30005482886122,\n 6.429637361691704\n ],\n [\n 10.302297490309599,\n 6.429831149080215\n ],\n [\n 10.304637658776386,\n 6.4307031914139685\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"368","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kling, George","contributorId":120446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, William C. 0000-0001-5942-3102 wcevans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5942-3102","contributorId":2353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"wcevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tuttle, Michele L. mtuttle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Michele L.","email":"mtuttle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":874472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tanyileke, Gregory","contributorId":120194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanyileke","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016964,"text":"70016964 - 1994 - Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T14:58:36.551493","indexId":"70016964","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","docAbstract":"Geochemical analysis of rock core samples show that the basin periphery has experienced low thermal stress; present-day heat flows are in the range of 25–35 mW/m2 and have not been significantly higher than the worldwide mean of approx. 63 mW/m2 since the mid-Permian. Present day heat flows were determined from corrected borehole temperatures and rock thermal conductivities. Paleo-heat flows were determined by first-order reaction kinetic modeling of several geochemical paleothermometers (vitrinite reflectance, clay mineral diagenesis and relative proportions of sterane and hopane biological marker diastereomers).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1","usgsCitation":"King, J.D., Yang, J., and Pu, F., 1994, Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Junggar Basin, northwestern China","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 83.53136705310851,\n 46.329528948434415\n ],\n [\n 83.53136705310851,\n 42.46801857707328\n ],\n [\n 89.70925704714887,\n 42.46801857707328\n ],\n [\n 89.70925704714887,\n 46.329528948434415\n ],\n [\n 83.53136705310851,\n 46.329528948434415\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb225e4b08c986b325618","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, J. David","contributorId":55434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, J.","contributorId":60780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pu, F.","contributorId":96016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pu","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70244152,"text":"70244152 - 1994 - Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T15:53:02.451848","indexId":"70244152","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-22T10:45:38","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone","docAbstract":"A deep scientific drilling experiment in San Andreas fault zone would provide data essential to understanding the structure, composition, mechanical behavior, and physical state of an active, major plate-boundary fault. Toward this end, we are working with an international team of scientists and engineers to propose a long-term, integrated program of surface-based geological and geophysical investigations and deep drilling along the San Andreas fault system.
Prior to drilling, a suite of comparative geodynamic models will be developed incorporating detailed investigations of geology, crustal structure, geophysical environment, hydrology, seismotectonics, and fault-movement history at each of the candidate sites. These studies will have a major impact on our understanding of the structure and physical properties of the San Andreas fault system and will form a critical framework for applying the knowledge gained in a deep San Andreas borehole to other segments of the fault and other tectonic environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94EO00830","usgsCitation":"Hickman, S.H., Zoback, M.D., Younker, L., and Ellsworth, W.L., 1994, Deep scientific drilling in the San Andreas Fault Zone: Eos Science News, v. 75, no. 12, p. 137-141, https://doi.org/10.1029/94EO00830.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"141","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417740,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 42.024641108980376\n ],\n [\n -126.19721011204467,\n 42.024641108980376\n ],\n [\n -126.19721011204467,\n 32.15938331674873\n ],\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 32.15938331674873\n ],\n [\n -113.94454354954112,\n 42.024641108980376\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":29431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":874639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Younker, Leland","contributorId":48720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Younker","given":"Leland","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":874641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186947,"text":"70186947 - 1994 - Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:24:19","indexId":"70186947","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"The 13 May 1993 Ms 6.9 Shumagin earthquake had an aftershock sequence of 247 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than or equal to 1.5 by 1 June 1993. Of these aftershocks, 79 were located by using S-P travel times at the only two stations within 570 km of the mainshock epicenter. The rupture area inferred from the aftershocks is about 600 km2 and we estimate for the mainshock a mean fault displacement of 1.0 m and a 28 bar stress drop. The magnitude-frequency plots give a b-value for the aftershock sequence of about 0.4, which is low compared to the background value of approximately 0.8. The decay of the aftershock sequence followed the modified Omori law with a p-value of 0.79, which is also lower than the typical values of about 1.1 observed in Alaska. Both of these facts can be interpreted as indicating relatively high ambient stress in the Shumagin seismic gap and the possibility that the 13 May earthquake was a foreshock to a larger gap-filling event to occur within the next few years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00332","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wyss, M., Tytgat, G., McNutt, S., and Stihler, S., 1994, Aftershocks of the 13 May 1993 Shumagin Alaska earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 497-500, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00332.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"497","endPage":"500","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94gl00332","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339756,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":691120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyss, Max","contributorId":107284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"Max","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tytgat, Guy","contributorId":71152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tytgat","given":"Guy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McNutt, Steve","contributorId":101536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stihler, Scott","contributorId":190949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186929,"text":"70186929 - 1994 - Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T14:25:32","indexId":"70186929","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements","docAbstract":"Deformation in the Shumagin seismic gap has been monitored with repeated trilateration (EDM) in the 1980–1987 interval and with the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the 1987–1991 interval. The geodetic network extends for 100-km across the Shumagin Islands to the Alaska Peninsula. Results from the GPS surveys are consistent with those previously reported for the EDM surveys: we failed to detect significant strain accumulation in the N30°W direction of plate convergence. Using the method of simultaneous reduction for position and strain rates, we found the average rate of extension in the direction of plate convergence to be −25±25 nanostrain/yr (nstrain/yr) during the 1987–1991 interval of GPS surveys compared with −20±15 nstrain/yr during the 1981–1987 interval of complete EDM surveys. We found a marginally significant −26±12 nstrain/yr extension rate in the 1981–1991 interval covered by the combined EDM and GPS surveys. Strain rates are higher, but not significantly so, in the part of the network closest to the trench. Spatial variation in the deformation is observed in the 1980–1991 average station velocities, where three of the four stations closest to the trench have an arcward velocity of a few mm/yr. The observed strain rates are an order of magnitude lower than the −200 nstrain/yr rate predicted by dislocation models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94GL00417","usgsCitation":"Larson, K.M., and Lisowski, M., 1994, Strain accumulation in the Shumagin Islands: Results of initial GPS measurements: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 6, p. 489-492, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00417.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"489","endPage":"492","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339741,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Kristine M.","contributorId":15495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70181857,"text":"70181857 - 1994 - A new species of Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in the Florida Panhandle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:38:00.935764","indexId":"70181857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2904,"text":"Novon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new species of Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in the Florida Panhandle","title":"A new species of Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in the Florida Panhandle","docAbstract":"A new species of spider-lily, Hymenocallis godfreyi, is described and illustrated. It is a rare endemic that occurs in the St. Marks and Wakulla Rivers, Florida. Its striking features are contrasted to an allied species Hymenocallis rotata (Ker-Gawler) Herbert.
","language":"English","publisher":"Missouri Botanical Garden Press","doi":"10.2307/3391452","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., and Darst, M.R., 1994, A new species of Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in the Florida Panhandle: Novon, v. 4, no. 4, p. 396-399, https://doi.org/10.2307/3391452.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"399","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/20972","text":"External Repository"},{"id":335413,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St Marks Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.3310546875,\n 30.06136856891663\n ],\n [\n -84.15287017822266,\n 30.06136856891663\n ],\n [\n -84.15287017822266,\n 30.165016838966146\n ],\n [\n -84.3310546875,\n 30.165016838966146\n ],\n [\n -84.3310546875,\n 30.06136856891663\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42549e4b0c825128ad4cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Gerald L.","contributorId":181612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Gerald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darst, Melanie R.","contributorId":93042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darst","given":"Melanie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129566,"text":"70129566 - 1994 - Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in Rocky Mountain subalpine forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T13:33:14","indexId":"70129566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T13:30:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in Rocky Mountain subalpine forest","docAbstract":"1 The spatial and temporal patterns of fire, snow avalanches and spruce beetle out-breaks were investigated in Marvine Lakes Valley in the Colorado Rocky Mountains in forests of Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, Pseudotsuga menziesiiand Populus tremuloides. Dates and locations of disturbances were determined by dendrochronological techniques. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to calculate areas affected by the different disturbance agents and to examine the spatial relationships of the different disturbances.
\n2 In the Marvine Lakes Valley, major disturbance was caused by fire in the 1470s, the 1630s and the 1870s and by spruce beetle outbreak in c. 1716, 1827 and 1949.
\n3 Since c. 1633, 9% of the Marvine Lakes Valley has been affected by snow avalanches, 38.6% by spruce beetle outbreak and 59.1% by fire. At sites susceptible to avalanches, avalanches occur at a near-annual frequency. The mean return intervals for fire and spruce beetle outbreaks are 202 and 116.5 years, respectively. Turnover times for fire and spruce beetle outbreaks are 521 and 259 years, respectively.
\n4 Several types of disturbance interaction were identified. For example, large and severe snow avalanches influence the spread of fire. Similarly, following a stand-devastating fire or avalanche, Picea populations will not support a spruce beetle outbreak until individual trees reach a minimum diameter which represents at least 70 years' growth. Thus, recent fires and beetle outbreaks have nonoverlapping distributions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge","doi":"10.2307/2261392","usgsCitation":"Veblen, T., Hadley, K.S., Nel, E.M., Kitzberger, T., Reid, M., and Villalba, R., 1994, Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in Rocky Mountain subalpine forest: Journal of Ecology, v. 82, no. 1, p. 125-135, https://doi.org/10.2307/2261392.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295678,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261392"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18c8e4b04d2014abfb25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veblen, Thomas T.","contributorId":71112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veblen","given":"Thomas T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hadley, Keith S.","contributorId":91427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nel, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":83457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nel","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kitzberger, Thomas","contributorId":67028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitzberger","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reid, Marion","contributorId":35669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Marion","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Villalba, Ricardo","contributorId":41766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villalba","given":"Ricardo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70129559,"text":"70129559 - 1994 - Migrating shorebirds and habitat dynamics at a prairie wetland complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T15:36:58","indexId":"70129559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T12:54:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migrating shorebirds and habitat dynamics at a prairie wetland complex","docAbstract":"We examined the responses of migrating shorebirds to habitat dynamics in a wetland complex on the Great Plains during 1989-1992. Availability of habitat was variable within and between seasons, but fluctuations in habitat were dampened when wetlands were considered as a complex rather than individually. Shorebirds exhibited an ability to colonize available habitat opportunistically, to occupy wet mud/shallow water habitat that became available during their residency period regardless of wetland history, and to use wet mud/shallow water habitat almost immediately upon its appearance. We found a significant relation between number of shorebirds and the area of wet mud/shallow water habitat, regardless of dramatic changes in habitat. Management for continental stopover sites for shorebirds requires the maintenance of complexes of potential habitat to assure resource alternatives for birds as local conditions vacillate.","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","usgsCitation":"Skagen, S.K., and Knopf, F.L., 1994, Migrating shorebirds and habitat dynamics at a prairie wetland complex: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 1, p. 91-105.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18e6e4b04d2014abfb48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skagen, Susan K. 0000-0002-6744-1244 skagens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-1244","contributorId":2009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skagen","given":"Susan","email":"skagens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":45650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70129371,"text":"70129371 - 1994 - Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a \"keystone\" and a \"critical-link\" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:34:09","indexId":"70129371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T11:35:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a \"keystone\" and a \"critical-link\" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities?","docAbstract":"Apache cicada (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Diceroprocta apache Davis) densities were estimated to be 10 individuals/m2 within a closed-canopy stand of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Goodding willow (Salix gooddingii) in a revegetated site adjacent to the Colorado River near Parker, Arizona. Coupled with data drawn from the literature, I estimate that up to 1.3 cm (13 1/m2) of water may be added to the upper soil layers annually through the feeding activities of cicada nymphs. This is equivalent to 12% of the annual precipitation received in the study area. Apache cicadas may have significant effects on ecosystem functioning via effects on water transport and thus act as a critical-link species in this southwest desert riverine ecosystem. Cicadas emerged later within the cottonwood-willow stand than in relatively open saltcedar-mesquite stands; this difference in temporal dynamics would affect their availability to several insectivorous bird species and may help explain the birds' recent declines. Resource managers in this region should be sensitive to the multiple and strong effects that Apache cicadas may have on ecosystem structure and functioning.","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.2307/3672188","usgsCitation":"Andersen, D., 1994, Are cicadas (Diceroprocta apache) both a \"keystone\" and a \"critical-link\" species in lower Colorado River riparian communities?: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 39, no. 1, p. 26-33, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672188.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295549,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672188"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a4e4b0f888a81b82f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243970,"text":"70243970 - 1994 - Physical geology and eruptive history of the Matahina Ignimbrite, Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T15:33:03.458166","indexId":"70243970","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T10:24:35","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2869,"text":"New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical geology and eruptive history of the Matahina Ignimbrite, Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand","docAbstract":"The Matahina Ignimbrite is a 280 ka ash‐flow sheet that erupted from Haroharo Caldera in the Okataina Volcanic Centre, northern Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand. The ignimbrite underlies a 2000 km2 area mainly east of the caldera, ranges in thickness from 5 to 200 m, and has a outflow volume of c. 120 km3, equivalent to c. 75 km3 of magma. It is a multiple‐flow, compound cooling unit consisting of a basal tephra (fallout) member and three ash‐flow members, designated lower, middle, and upper, that record three eruptive pulses separated by brief time intervals, estimated from cooling and compaction noddling to range from 20 to 60 days. Distribution of coarse lithic clasts, together with local interbedded co‐ignimbrite lag breccias and tephra layers east of the Puhipuhi Easin, confirm Haroharo Caldera as the eruptive source. Over most of its extent on the Kaingaroa Plateau, the outflow s leet thickens eastward away from its source and attains its greatest thickness in the elongate, north‐trending, fault‐a ngle trough formed between the gently east sloping surface of the plateau and the western front of the Ikawhenua Fange.
Difference in thickness of the ignimbrite across the fault bounding the west front of the Ikawhenua Range suggests that during the short time interval between emplacement of the lower and middle ash‐flow members, a major tectonic event caused at least 10 m displacement on the fault locally. Circumstantial evidence supporting this early syneruptive tectonic event is found along the Bay of Plenty coast where penecontemporaneous liquefaction structures, possibly seismically induced, occur in the distal subaqueous facies of the lower ash‐flow member. The presence of such 1 quefaction structures in the Matahina and other coastal New Zealand ignimbrites suggests a possible close association between tectonism and major ignimbrite eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00288306.1994.9514624","usgsCitation":"Bailey, R.A., and Carr, R.G., 1994, Physical geology and eruptive history of the Matahina Ignimbrite, Taupo Volcanic Zone, North Island, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 37, no. 3, p. 319-344, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1994.9514624.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"344","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1994.9514624","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":417508,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"New Zealand","otherGeospatial":"North Island, Taupo Volcanic Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 177.554411746781,\n -37.66192974637182\n ],\n [\n 175.11037238721968,\n -37.66192974637182\n ],\n [\n 175.11037238721968,\n -39.36989389069134\n ],\n [\n 177.554411746781,\n -39.36989389069134\n ],\n [\n 177.554411746781,\n -37.66192974637182\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Roy A.","contributorId":42576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, R. Garry","contributorId":305833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Garry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243661,"text":"70243661 - 1994 - Introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T14:41:06.277765","indexId":"70243661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T09:35:39","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Introduction","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00874321","usgsCitation":"Blanpied, M., and Marone, C., 1994, Introduction: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 143, no. 1-3, p. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874321.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanpied, Michael L. mblanpied@usgs.gov","contributorId":4807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"Michael L.","email":"mblanpied@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":872828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marone, Chris","contributorId":7426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marone","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186722,"text":"70186722 - 1994 - Disharmonic drape folds in the highly attenuated Colo rado River extensional corridor, California and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T14:06:52","indexId":"70186722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Disharmonic drape folds in the highly attenuated Colo rado River extensional corridor, California and Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological investigations of an active margin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"John, B., and Howard, K.A., 1994, Disharmonic drape folds in the highly attenuated Colo rado River extensional corridor, California and Arizona, chap. of Geological investigations of an active margin, p. 94-106.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"94","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339450,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"John, B.E.","contributorId":190690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"John","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186457,"text":"70186457 - 1994 - Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:11:52.743956","indexId":"70186457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California","docAbstract":"Effects of mid-Mesozoic contraction followed closely in time by extension are present in mid- to upper-crustal plutonic rocks in the Chuckwalla Mountains of the eastern Transverse Ranges, California. Late Jurassic movement along a steeply dipping, right-lateral mylonitic shear zone is bracketed between 159 and 147 Ma via U-Pb dated plutons. Depth of emplacement vs. time data based on hornblende geobarometry and U-Pb geochronology of Mesozoic plutons indicate that a period of dramatic uplift affected the Chuckwalla Mountains during the Late Jurassic, contrasting sharply with data from the (then) nearby San Gabriel Mountains. Subsequent latest Jurassic extensional tectonics is suggested by alkalic plutonism, nearly synchronous intrusion of the Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm, and possibly by deposition of the McCoy Mountains Formation. We conclude that both contraction and extension were significant at upper- and mid-crustal depths in the Chuckwalla Mountains region during the Late Jurassic, and speculate that the combined influence of oblique convergence and the opening of the Gulf of Mexico may have caused the contrasting and nearly contemporaneous tectonic modes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0247:CTCAEA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, M.J., Farber, D.L., Wooden, J.L., and Anderson, J.L., 1994, Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California: Geology, v. 22, no. 3, p. 247-250, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0247:CTCAEA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chuckwalla and Little Chuckwalla Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Mark J.","contributorId":190487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farber, Daniel L.","contributorId":190488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farber","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joe L.","contributorId":22210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. Lawford","contributorId":7275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186790,"text":"70186790 - 1994 - Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T18:58:57","indexId":"70186790","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China","docAbstract":"Geochemical analysis of rock core samples show that the basin periphery has experienced low thermal stress; present-day heat flows are in the range of 25–35 mW/m2 and have not been significantly higher than the worldwide mean of approx. 63 mW/m2 since the mid-Permian. Present day heat flows were determined from corrected borehole temperatures and rock thermal conductivities. Paleo-heat flows were determined by first-order reaction kinetic modeling of several geochemical paleothermometers (vitrinite reflectance, clay mineral diagenesis and relative proportions of sterane and hopane biological marker diastereomers).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1","usgsCitation":"King, J.D., Yang, J., and Pu, F., 1994, Thermal history of the periphery of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China: Organic Geochemistry, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90201-1.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ec9a30e4b0b4d95d33526c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, J. David","contributorId":55434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Jianqiang","contributorId":190737,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Jianqiang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pu, Fan","contributorId":190736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pu","given":"Fan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178245,"text":"70178245 - 1994 - Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region. Assigning causality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:41:42","indexId":"70178245","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region. Assigning causality","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00052a002","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J.P., Ludwig, J.P., and Tillitt, D.E., 1994, Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region. Assigning causality: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 3, p. 128A-135A, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00052a002.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"128A","endPage":"135A","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330869,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5822f23ce4b0ef3123a97043","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludwig, James P.","contributorId":175390,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185404,"text":"70185404 - 1994 - Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:11:19","indexId":"70185404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells","docAbstract":"The most extensive data base for fractured bedrock aquifers consists of drilling reports maintained by various state agencies. We investigated the accuracy and reliability of such reports by comparing a representative set of reports for nine wells drilled by conventional air percussion methods in granite with a suite of geophysical logs for the same wells designed to identify the depths of fractures intersecting the well bore which may have produced water during aquifer tests. Production estimates reported by the driller ranged from less than 1 to almost 10 gallons per minute. The moderate drawdowns maintained during subsequent production tests were associated with approximately the same flows as those measured when boreholes were dewatered during air percussion drilling. We believe the estimates of production during drilling and drawdown tests were similar because partial fracture zone dewatering during drilling prevented larger inflows otherwise expected from the steeper drawdowns during drilling. The fractures and fracture zones indicated on the drilling report and the amounts of water produced by these fractures during drilling generally agree with those identified from the geophysical log analysis. Most water production occurred from two fractured and weathered zones which are separated by an interval of unweathered granite. The fractures identified in the drilling reports show various depth discrepancies in comparison to the geophysical logs, which are subject to much better depth control. However, the depths of the fractures associated with water production on the drilling report are comparable to the depths of the fractures shown to be the source of water inflow in the geophysical log analysis. Other differences in the relative contribution of flow from fracture zones may by attributed to the differences between the hydraulic conditions during drilling, which represent large, prolonged drawdowns, and pumping tests, which consisted of smaller drawdowns maintained over shorter periods. We conclude that drilling reports filed by experienced well drillers contain useful information about the depth, thickness, degree of weathering, and production capacity of fracture zones supplying typical domestic water wells. The accuracy of this information could be improved if relatively simple and inexpensive geophysical well logs such as gamma, caliper, and normal resistivity logs were routinely run in conjunction with bedrock drilling projects.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., and Duncanson, R., 1994, Comparison of drilling reports and detailed geophysical analysis of ground-water production in bedrock wells: Groundwater, v. 32, no. 2, p. 200-206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00634.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"200","endPage":"206","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick","contributorId":189632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncanson, Russell","contributorId":189633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duncanson","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185408,"text":"70185408 - 1994 - Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T09:56:40","indexId":"70185408","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness","docAbstract":"Most analytical formulas used to model moisture retention in unsaturated porous media have been developed for the wet range and are unsuitable for applications in which low water contents are important. We have developed two models that fit the entire range from saturation to oven dryness in a practical and physically realistic way with smooth, continuous functions that have few parameters. Both models incorporate a power law and a logarithmic dependence of water content on suction, differing in how these two components are combined. In one model, functions are added together (model “sum”); in the other they are joined smoothly together at a discrete point (model “junction”). Both models also incorporate recent developments that assure a continuous derivative and force the function to reach zero water content at a finite value of suction that corresponds to oven dryness. The models have been tested with seven sets of water retention data that each cover nearly the entire range. The three-parameter sum model fits all data well and is useful for extrapolation into the dry range when data for it are unavailable. The two-parameter junction model fits most data sets almost as well as the sum model and has the advantage of being analytically integrable for convenient use with capillary-bundle models to obtain the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03238","usgsCitation":"Rossi, C., and Nimmo, J.R., 1994, Modeling of soil water retention from saturation to oven dryness: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 3, p. 701-708, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03238.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"701","endPage":"708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f8298c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rossi, Cinzia","contributorId":189637,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossi","given":"Cinzia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186213,"text":"70186213 - 1994 - The enigma of oil and gas field growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-23T17:32:29.433438","indexId":"70186213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The enigma of oil and gas field growth","docAbstract":"Growth in estimates of recovery in discovered fields is an important source of annual additions to United States proved reserves. This paper examines historical field growth and presents estimates of future additions to proved reserves from fields discovered before 1992. Field-level data permitted the sample to be partitioned on the basis of recent field growth patterns into outlier and common field sets, and analyzed separately. The outlier field set accounted for less than 15% of resources, yet grew proportionately six times as much as the common fields. Because the outlier field set contained large old heavy-oil fields and old low-permeability gas fields, its future growth is expected to be particularly sensitive to prices. A lower bound of a range of estimates of futu e growth was calculated by applying monotone growth functions computed from the common field set to all fields. Higher growth estimates were obtained by extrapolating growth of the common field set and assuming the outlier fields would maintain the same share of total growth that occurred from 1978 through 1991. By 2020, the two estimates for additions to reserves from pre-1992 fields are 23 and 32 billion bbl of oil in oil fields and 142 and 195 tcf of gas in gas fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF9096-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Root, D.H., 1994, The enigma of oil and gas field growth: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, no. 3, p. 321-332, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF9096-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"332","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58df6acae4b02ff32c6aea87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":190235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Root, David H.","contributorId":92232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Root","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186279,"text":"70186279 - 1994 - Late Pliocene paleoecologic reconstructions based on ostracode assemblages from the Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations, Alaskan North Slope","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:43:03.505447","indexId":"70186279","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pliocene paleoecologic reconstructions based on ostracode assemblages from the Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations, Alaskan North Slope","docAbstract":"Shallow-marine ostracode assemblages from upper Pliocene sediments of the upper part of the Sagavanirktok Formation and lower part of the Gubik Formation record the last warm period that occurred before the onset of significant cooling of the Arctic Ocean and the initiation of Northern Hemisphere continental glaciation. The informally named Colvillian and Bigbendian transgressions represent the oldest deposits of the Gubik Formation and are dated, based on various lines of evidence, between 2.48 and 3 Ma. Ostracode faunas from the lower part of the Gubik Formation indicate a cold-temperate to subfrigid marine climate with summer bottom temperatures 1-4 C warmer than today. Deposits of the upper part of the Sagavanirktok Formation at Manning Point and Barter Island are older than Colvillian sediments but are believed to be late Pliocene in age and contain an ostracode fauna that has many species in common with the lower part of the Gubik Formation. The Sagavanirktok ostracode faunas indicate a cold-temperature to subfrigid marine climate, similar to that inferred for the lower part of the Gubik Formation, with summer bottom temperatures 1-3 C warmer than today. The opening of Bering Strait at about 3 Ma altered Arctic Ocean assemblage composition as Pacific species migrated into the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. The admixture of evolutionarily distinct faunas from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans identifies Colvillian (and younger) faunas and provides a convenient reference horizon in the Alaskan fossil record. The marine climatic deterioration that followed the Bigbendian appears to have been abrupt and is documented by biotic turnover, with large numbers of species extinctions and first appearances of new species. The change in species composition can be attributed to the cooling of the Arctic Ocean during the late Pliocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1268","usgsCitation":"Brouwers, E.M., 1994, Late Pliocene paleoecologic reconstructions based on ostracode assemblages from the Sagavanirktok and Gubik formations, Alaskan North Slope: Arctic, v. 47, no. 1, p. 16-33, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1268.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1268","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.01408005074387,\n 69.38506363857746\n ],\n [\n -143.17958844048937,\n 70.56879251928993\n ],\n [\n -150.3632739063022,\n 70.70900595919176\n ],\n [\n -153.3075901890376,\n 71.10780477269944\n ],\n [\n -154.41327553993378,\n 66.59969993206113\n ],\n [\n -141.00897054783346,\n 67.69398262750363\n ],\n [\n -141.01408005074387,\n 69.38506363857746\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brouwers, Elisabeth M. brouwers@usgs.gov","contributorId":190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brouwers","given":"Elisabeth","email":"brouwers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208012,"text":"70208012 - 1994 - National wetlands research center uses visual true color classification in waterfowl habitat mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-23T12:44:05","indexId":"70208012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-28T12:33:04","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3927,"text":"Earth Observation Magazine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National wetlands research center uses visual true color classification in waterfowl habitat mapping","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GITC America, Inc.","issn":"1936-3877","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., and Hartley, S., 1994, National wetlands research center uses visual true color classification in waterfowl habitat mapping: Earth Observation Magazine, no. February, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Yazoo River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.2471923828125,\n 35.007502842952896\n ],\n [\n -90.252685546875,\n 35.03449433167976\n ],\n [\n -91.1920166015625,\n 33.61461929233378\n ],\n [\n -90.99426269531249,\n 32.30106302536928\n ],\n [\n -90.02197265625,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -89.5880126953125,\n 34.97600151317588\n ],\n [\n -90.2471923828125,\n 35.007502842952896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"February","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartley, Steve 0000-0003-1380-2769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-2769","contributorId":108375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70170924,"text":"70170924 - 1994 - Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:40:59","indexId":"70170924","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-28T09:45:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest","docAbstract":"Four month-long field experiments investigated movements of water and solutes through unsaturated sand plains near Princeton, Minnesota, and Oakes, North Dakota. Atrazine and bromide were applied to bare soils and soils planted with corn. The field plots were irrigated according to local farming practices. At the end of each experiment, unsaturated soils were analyzed for atrazine and bromide concentrations and oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of soil water. Most soil water was affected by evaporation but groundwater beneath the plots had no evaporative isotopic signature. Therefore most recharge consisted of water that was unaffected by evaporation. Sources of such water may have included snowmelt, prolonged or high-intensity rainfalls that were not interrupted by periods of drying, and water that moved through preferential flow paths. Preferential flow also was suggested by the detection of atrazine, deethylatrazine, and bromide in groundwater shortly after each application of irrigation water at Princeton and by isolated concentrations of atrazine and bromide in soil well below the main masses of chemicals at Oakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03099","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., and Emerson, D.G., 1994, Movements of water, solutes, and stable isotopes in the unsaturated zones of two sand plains in the upper Midwest: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 253-267, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03099.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"267","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"573457c5e4b0dae0d5ddd394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, Stephen C.","contributorId":12875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"Stephen C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200557,"text":"70200557 - 1994 - Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T08:18:54","indexId":"70200557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-25T08:18:37","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history","docAbstract":"Compilation of a simplified geologic/geomorphic map onto digital terrain models of the Valles Marineris permitted an evaluation of elevations in the vicinity of the troughs and the calculation of depth of troughs below surrounding plateaus, thickness of deposits inside the troughs, volumes of void spaces above geologic/geomorphic units, and volumes of deposits. The central troughs north Ophir, north and central Candor, and north Melas Chasmata lie as much as 11 km below the adjacent plateaus. In Ophir and Candor Chasmata, interior layered deposits reach 8 km in elevation. If the deposits are lacustrine and if all troughs were interconnected, lake waters standing 8 km high would have spilled out of Coprates Chasma onto the surrounding plateaus having surface elevations of only 4–5 km. In this case, interior deposits above about 4 km in the central troughs would not be lacustrine. They could be volcanic. On the other hand, the troughs may not have been interconnected at the time of interior‐deposit emplacement; they may have formed isolated ancestral basins. The existence of such basins is supported by independent structural and stratigraphic evidence. The ancestral basins may have eventually merged, perhaps through renewed faulting, to form northern subsidiary troughs in Ophir and Candor Chasmata and the Coprates/north Melas/Ius graben system. The peripheral troughs are only 2–5 km deep, shallower than the central troughs. They may have formed from a combination of erosional collapse and structural activity. Chaotic terrain is seen in the peripheral troughs near a common contour level of about 4 km on the adjacent plateaus, which supports the idea of release of water under artesian pressure from confined aquifers. The layered deposits in the peripheral troughs may have formed in isolated depressions that harbored lakes and predated the formation of the deep outflow channels. If these layered deposits are of volcanic origin, they may have been emplaced beneath ice in the manner of table mountains. Areal and volumetric computations show that erosion widened the troughs by about one‐third and that deposits occupy one‐sixth of the interior space. Even though the volume eroded is larger than the volume deposited, topographic and geologic considerations imply that material eroded from trough walls was probably part of the interior layered deposits but not their sole source. Additional material may have come from subterranean piping, from reworking of local disintegration products on the floors, such as chaotic materials, or from eolian influx. But overall it is likely that the additional material is volcanic and that it forms mostly the upper, more diversely bedded layers of the interior deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JE03095","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Isbell, N., and Howington-Kraus, E., 1994, Topography of Valles Marineris: Implications for erosional and structural history: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. 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Approximately 20 individual nuclei and their comae were observed in images taken with the Planetary Camera. After subtraction of the comae light, the 11 brightest nuclei have magnitudes between ∼23.7 and 24.8. Assuming that the geometric albedo is 0.04, these magnitudes imply that the nuclear diameters are in the range ∼2.5 to 4.3 kilometers. If the density of each nucleus is 1 gram per cubic centimeter, the total energy deposited by the impact of these 11 nuclei into Jupiter's atmosphere next July will be ∼4 × 1030 ergs (∼108 megatons of TNT). This latter number should be regarded as an upper limit because the nuclear magnitudes probably contain a small residual coma contribution. The Faint Object Spectrograph was used to search for fluorescence from OH, which is usually an excellent indicator of cometary activity. No OH emission was detected, and this can be translated into an upper limit on the water production rate of ∼2 × 1027 molecules per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5148.787","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Weaver, H., Feldman, P.D., A’Hearn, M.F., Arpigny, C., Brown, R., Helin, E.F., Levy, D.H., Marsden, B.G., Meech, K.J., Larson, S.M., Noll, K.S., Scotti, J.V., Sekanina, Z., Shoemaker, C., Shoemaker, E., Smith, T.E., Storrs, A.D., Yeomans, D.K., and Zellner, B., 1994, Hubble Space Telescope observations of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1993e): Science, v. 263, no. 5148, p. 787-791, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5148.787.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"263","issue":"5148","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3272e4b0c8380cd5e7fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weaver, H. 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Simulations for January and July 18,000 years ago indicate that moisture provided by synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation features was the primary component of the hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. In addition, lake-generated precipitation was a substantial component of the hydrologic budget of Lake Bonneville at that time. This local lake-atmosphere interaction may help explain differences in the relative sizes of these lakes 18,000 years ago.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5147.665","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., Giorgi, F., Bates, G.T., and Bartlein, P., 1994, Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan: Science, v. 263, no. 5147, p. 665-668, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5147.665.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"665","endPage":"668","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 42.132603763621205\n ],\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 35.0093127705463\n ],\n [\n -111.72876361909215,\n 35.0093127705463\n ],\n [\n -111.72876361909215,\n 42.132603763621205\n ],\n [\n -119.74369648695927,\n 42.132603763621205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"263","issue":"5147","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4171e4b0c8380cd6551e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. 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