A major issue in the site characterization at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high-level nuclear waste repository, is the relevance of laboratory-scale measurements on cores to field-scale processes, particularly water flow. Calculation of Philip`s sorptivity parameter using imbibition of water into rock was selected as a simple test to describe hydrologic parameters at both laboratory and field scales and to study effects of sample size and spatial variability. Laboratory-scale imbibition experiments were conducted on two sizes of core from two boreholes drilled in layered nonwelded tuff and fractured welded tuff. Laboratory experiments were compared with field experiments in the boreholes using neutron logs and a field-scale Mariotte system. Measured sorptivity for both sizes of core were virtually identical and both could predict field-scale sorptivity if enough samples were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. Core data was less useful in predicting the neutron log data due to the nature of the neutron probe measurement and difficulties in accounting for effects of the unique system geometry. Mean neutron log values could not predict the field results from the welded borehole due to fractures transmitting but not retaining water, and could not predict laboratory results because of scale and sampling volume differences. The mean neutron log data could, however, approximate the large-scale field results in the nonwelded borehole.
The present upper water mass of the northeastern Pacific Ocean off California has a well-developed oxygen minimum zone between 600 and 1200 m wherein concentrations of dissolved oxygen are less than 0.5 mL/L. Even at such low concentrations of dissolved oxygen, benthic burrowing organisms are abundant enough to thoroughly bioturbate the surface and near-surface sediments. These macro organisms, together with micro organisms, also consume large quantities of organic carbon produced by large seasonal stocks of plankton in the overlying surface waters, which are supported by high concentrations of nutrients within the California Current upwelling system. In contrast to modern conditions of bioturbation, laminated sediments are preserved in upper Pleistocene sections of cores collected on the continental slope at water depths within the present oxygen minimum zone from at least as far north as the California-Oregon border and as far south as Point Conception. Comparison of sediment components in the laminae with those delivered to sediment traps as pelagic marine “snow” demonstrates that the dark-light lamination couplets are indeed annual (varves). These upper Pleistocene varved sediments contain more abundant lipid-rich “sapropelic” (type II) organic matter than the overlying bioturbated, oxidized Holocene sediments. The baseline of stable carbon isotopic composition of the organic matter in these slope cores does not change with time, indicating that the higher concentrations of type II organic matter in the varved sediments represent better preservation of organic matter rather than any change in the source of organic matter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93PA02829","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Gardner, J., and Anderson, R.Y., 1994, Geochemical evidence for enhanced preservation of organic matter in the oxygen minimum zone of the continental margin of northern California during the Late Pleistocene: Paleoceanography, v. 9, no. 1, p. 47-61, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA02829.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"47","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":61769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Roger Y.","contributorId":19251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180364,"text":"70180364 - 1994 - Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses of experimentally descaled juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T14:46:54","indexId":"70180364","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses of experimentally descaled juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha","docAbstract":"Juvenile salmonids,Oncorhynchus spp., commonly encounter conditions (e.g., during hatchery release and dam passage) that result in damage to the skin, scale, and slime complex. We conducted laboratory experiments to determine if descaling of juvenile chinook salmon,O. tshawytscha, increased their vulnerability to predation, and to assess the physiological stress responses elicited by descaling. Salmon were experimentally descaled on either 10% or 20% of their total body area. When offered equal numbers of control and descaled juvenile chinook salmon, northern squawfish,Ptychocheilus oregonensis, did not consume significantly more of either prey type (48–60% of consumed prey were descaled). Juvenile chinook salmon descaled on 10% of their body area did show significant physiological stress responses, however. Mean concentrations of plasma cortisol peaked 1 h after descaling, and returned to control levels by 12 h. Plasma glucose peaked 3 h post-treatment and remained elevated for 24 h. Plasma lactate increased immediately following treatment and returned to undisturbed control levels by 3 h. The osmoregulatory response of plasma potassium was highly variable, but plasma sodium decreased immediately and remained low for 24 h. The observed physiological responses suggest that descaling of juvenile chinook salmon could result in decreased resistance to disease and other stressors encountered in the field, possibly leading to reduced performance capacity and lowered survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00004937","usgsCitation":"Gadomski, D.M., Mesa, M.G., and Olson, T.M., 1994, Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses of experimentally descaled juvenile Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 39, no. 2, p. 191-199, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00004937.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"191","endPage":"199","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c90978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gadomski, Dena M.","contributorId":178343,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gadomski","given":"Dena","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Todd M.","contributorId":178862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186713,"text":"70186713 - 1994 - Large-explosive source, wide-recording aperture, seismic profiling on the Columbia Plateau, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T12:02:18","indexId":"70186713","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-explosive source, wide-recording aperture, seismic profiling on the Columbia Plateau, Washington","docAbstract":"Clear subsurface seismic images have been obtained at low cost on the Columbia Plateau, Washington. The Columbia Plateau is perhaps the most notorious of all 'bad-data' areas because large impedance contrasts in surface flood basalts severely degrade the seismic wavefield. This degradation was mitigated in this study via a large-explosive source, wide-recording aperture shooting method.The shooting method emphasizes the wide-angle portion of the wavefield, where Fermat's principle guarantees reverberation will not interfere with the seismic manifestations of crucial geologic interfaces. The basalt diving wave, normally discarded in standard common midpoint (CMP) seismic profiling, can be used to image basalt velocity structure via traveltime inversion. Maximum depth-penetration of the diving wave tightly constrains basalt-sediment interface depth. An arrival observed only at shot-receiver offsets greater than 15 km can be used to determine the velocity and geometry of basement via simultaneous inversion.The results from this study suggest that previous geologic hypotheses and hydrocarbon play concepts for the Columbia Plateau may have been in error.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1443588","usgsCitation":"Jarchow, C.M., Catchings, R.D., and Lutter, W.J., 1994, Large-explosive source, wide-recording aperture, seismic profiling on the Columbia Plateau, Washington: Geophysics, v. 59, no. 2, p. 259-271, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443588.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"259","endPage":"271","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarchow, Craig M.","contributorId":190682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarchow","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186941,"text":"70186941 - 1994 - In situ measurement of seismic shear-wave absorption in the San Francisco Holocene Bay Mud by the pulse-broadening method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:15:31","indexId":"70186941","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ measurement of seismic shear-wave absorption in the San Francisco Holocene Bay Mud by the pulse-broadening method","docAbstract":"By the pulse-broadening method, seismic absorption of San Francisco Holocene Bay Mud has been determined with the use of an impulsive shear-wave source at the surface, two receivers embedded in clay (Holocene Bay Mud), and digital seismic recording. The seismic anelastic quality factor is determined from 20 measurements to be 16.0 with a random error of ±0.9. Three sources of systematic error are examined. The fractional systematic error on the anelastic quality factor is estimated to be ∼ 11%. Details of experimental arrangement and error analysis are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Warrick, R.E., Westerlund, R.E., and Kayen, R., 1994, In situ measurement of seismic shear-wave absorption in the San Francisco Holocene Bay Mud by the pulse-broadening method: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 1, p. 62-75.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"62","endPage":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339754,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.bssaonline.org/content/84/1/62.abstract"}],"volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cce4b08144348b7e5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, Hsi-Ping","contributorId":59944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Hsi-Ping","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warrick, Richard E.","contributorId":56228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warrick","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Westerlund, Robert E.","contributorId":93324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerlund","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kayen, Robert E. rkayen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert E.","email":"rkayen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":691119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186310,"text":"70186310 - 1994 - Structure, metamorphism, and geochronology of the Cosmos Hills and Ruby Ridge, Brooks Range schist belt, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T16:34:42","indexId":"70186310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure, metamorphism, and geochronology of the Cosmos Hills and Ruby Ridge, Brooks Range schist belt, Alaska","docAbstract":"The boundary of the internal zones of the Brooks Range orogenic belt (the schist belt) is a fault contact that dips toward the hinterland (the Yukon-Koyukuk province). This fault, here referred to as the Cosmos Hills fault zone, juxtaposes oceanic rocks and unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks structurally above blueschist-to-greenschist facies metamorphic rocks of the schist belt. Near the fault contact, schist belt rocks are increasingly affected by a prominent, subhorizontal transposition foliation that is locally mylonitic in the fault zone. Structural and petrologic observations combined with 40Ar/39Ar incremental-release geochronology give evidence for a polyphase metamorphic and deformational history beginning in the Middle Jurassic and continuing until the Late Cretaceous. Our 40Ar/39Ar cooling age for Jurassic metamorphism is consistent with stratigraphic and other evidence for the onset of Brooks Range orogenesis. Jurassic metamorphism is nearly everywhere overprinted by a regional greenschist-facies event dated at 130–125 Ma. Near the contact with the Cosmos Hills fault zone, the schist belt is increasingly affected by a younger greenschist metamorphism that is texturally related to a prominent foliation that folds and transposes an older fabric. The 40Ar/39Ar results on phengite and fuchsite that define this younger fabric give recrystallization ages ranging from 103 to less than 90 Ma. We conclude that metamorphism that formed the transposition fabric peaked around 100 Ma and may have continued until well after 90 Ma. This age for greenschist metamorphism is broadly synchronous with the depositional age of locally derived, shallow-marine clastic sedimentary strata in the hanging wall of the fault zone and thus substantiates the interpretation that the fault zone accommodated extension in the Late Cretaceous. This extension unroofed and exhumed the schist belt during relative subsidence of the Yukon-Koyukuk province.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93TC01545","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, P.B., and Snee, L., 1994, Structure, metamorphism, and geochronology of the Cosmos Hills and Ruby Ridge, Brooks Range schist belt, Alaska: Tectonics, v. 13, no. 1, p. 193-213, https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC01545.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"193","endPage":"213","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, Peter B.","contributorId":190384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":81534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186257,"text":"70186257 - 1994 - Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T11:32:04.13597","indexId":"70186257","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America","docAbstract":"The vertical components of the S wave trains recorded on the Eastern Canadian Telemetered Network (ECTN) from 1980 through 1990 have been spectrally analyzed for source, site, and propagation characteristics. The data set comprises some 1033 recordings of 97 earthquakes whose magnitudes range from M ≈ 3 to 6. The epicentral distances range from 15 to 1000 km, with most of the data set recorded at distances from 200 to 800 km. The recorded S wave trains contain the phases S, SmS, Sn, and Lg and are sampled using windows that increase with distance; the acceleration spectra were analyzed from 1.0 to 10 Hz. To separate the source, site, and propagation characteristics, an inversion for the earthquake corner frequencies, low-frequency levels, and average attenuation parameters is alternated with a regression of residuals onto the set of stations and a grid of 14 distances ranging from 25 to 1000 km. The iteration between these two parts of the inversion converges in about 60 steps. The average attenuation parameters obtained from the inversion were Q = 1997 ± 10 and γ = 0.998 ± 0.003. The most pronounced variation from this average attenuation is a marked deamplification of more than a factor of 2 at 63 km and 2 Hz, which shallows with increasing frequency and increasing distance out to 200 km. The site-response spectra obtained for the ECTN stations are generally flat. The source spectral shape assumed in this inversion provides an adequate spectral model for the smaller events (Mo < 3 × 1021 dyne-cm) in the data set, whose Brune stress drops range from 5 to 150 bars. For the five events in the data set with Mo ≧ 1023 dyne-cm, however, the source spectra obtained by regressing the residuals suggest that an ω2 spectrum is an inadequate model for the spectral shape. In particular, the corner frequencies for most of these large events appear to be split, so that the spectra exhibit an intermediate behavior (where |ü(ω)| is roughly proportional to ω).
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840010001","usgsCitation":"Boatwright, J., 1994, Regional propagation characteristics and source parameters of earthquakes in northeastern North America: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 1, p. 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840010001.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boatwright, John 0000-0002-6931-5241 boat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6931-5241","contributorId":1938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boatwright","given":"John","email":"boat@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186315,"text":"70186315 - 1994 - Sedimentology of subaqueous volcaniclastic sediment gravity flows in the Neogene Santa Maria Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T17:02:54","indexId":"70186315","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentology of subaqueous volcaniclastic sediment gravity flows in the Neogene Santa Maria Basin, California","docAbstract":"Subaqueous tuff deposits within the lower Miocene Lospe Formation of the Santa Maria Basin, California, are up to 20 m thick and were deposited by high density turbidity flows after large volumes of ash were supplied to the basin and remobilized. Tuff units in the Lospe Formation include a lower lithofacies assemblage of planar bedded tuff that grades upward into massive tuff, which in turn is overlain by an upper lithofacies assemblage of alternating thin bedded, coarse grained tuff beds and tuffaceous mudstone. The planar bedded tuff ranges from 0.3 to 3 m thick and contains 1-8 cm thick beds that exhibit inverse grading, and low angle and planar laminations. The overlying massive tuff ranges from 1 to 10 m thick and includes large intraclasts of pumiceous tuff and stringers of pumice grains aligned parallel to bedding. The upper lithofacies assemblage of thin bedded tuff ranges from 0.4 to 3 m thick; individual beds are 6-30 cm thick and display planar laminae and dewatering structures. Pumice is generally concentrated in the upper halves of beds in the thin bedded tuff interval.
The association of sedimentary structures combined with semi-quantitative analysis for dispersive and hydraulic equivalence of bubble-wall vitric shards and pumice grains reveals that particles in the planar bedded lithofacies are in dispersive, not settling, equivalence. This suggests deposition under dispersive pressures in a tractive flow. Grains in the overlying massive tuff are more closely in settling equivalence as opposed to dispersive equivalence, which suggests rapid deposition from a suspended sediment load. The set of lithofacies that comprises the lower lithofacies assemblage of each of the Lospe Formation tuff units is analogous to those of traction carpets and subsequent suspension sedimentation deposits often attributed to high density turbidity flows. Grain distributions in the upper thin bedded lithofacies do not reveal a clear relation for dispersive or settling equivalence. This information, together with the association of sedimentary features in the thin bedded lithofacies, including dewatering structures, suggests a combination of tractive and liquefied flows.
Absence of evidence for elevated emplacement temperatures (e.g. eutaxitic texture or shattered crystàls) suggests emplacement of the Lospe Formation tuff deposits in a cold state closely following pyroclastic eruptions. The tuff deposits are not only a result of primary volcanic processes which supplied the detritus, but also of processes which involved remobilization of unconsolidated ash as subaqueous sediment gravity flows. These deposits provide an opportunity to study the sedimentation processes that may occur during subaqueous volcaniclastic flows and demonstrate similarities with existing models for sediment gravity flow processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01391.x","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.B., and Stanley, R.G., 1994, Sedimentology of subaqueous volcaniclastic sediment gravity flows in the Neogene Santa Maria Basin, California: Sedimentology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 37-54, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01391.x.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"37","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Ronald B.","contributorId":190386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187460,"text":"70187460 - 1994 - How permeable are clays and shales?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:05:04","indexId":"70187460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How permeable are clays and shales?","docAbstract":"The permeability of argillaceous formations, although rarely measured and poorly understood, is commonly a critical parameter in analyses of subsurface flow. Data now available suggest a regular relation between permeability and porosity in clays and shales and permeabilities that, even at large scales, are significantly lower than usually assumed. Permeabilities between 10−23and 10−17 m2 have been obtained at porosities between 0.1 and 0.4 in both laboratory and regional studies. Although it is clear that transmissive fractures or other heterogeneities control the large-scale hydraulic behavior of certain argillaceous units, the permeability of many others is apparently scale independent. These results have significant implications for understanding fluid transport rates and abnormal pressure generation in basins, and could prove important for waste isolation efforts.
No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H.E., and Dwornik, E.J., 1994, Memorial of Charles Milton; April 25, 1896-October 4, 1990: American Mineralogist, v. 79, no. 1-2, p. 190-192.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"190","endPage":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ammin.geoscienceworld.org/content/79/1-2/190"}],"volume":"79","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwornik, Edward J.","contributorId":190269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dwornik","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185406,"text":"70185406 - 1994 - The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T15:03:56","indexId":"70185406","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer","docAbstract":"Measurements of the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tritium, and other environmental tracers can be used to calculate recharge ages of shallow groundwater and estimate rates of groundwater movement. Numerical simulation also provides quantitative estimates of flow rates, flow paths, and mixing properties of the groundwater system. The environmental tracer techniques and the hydraulic analyses each contribute to the understanding and quantification of the flow of shallow groundwater. However, when combined, the two methods provide feedback that improves the quantification of the flow system and provides insight into the processes that are the most uncertain. A case study near Locust Grove, Maryland, is used to investigate the utility of combining groundwater age dating, based on CFCs and tritium, and hydraulic analyses using numerical simulation techniques. The results of the feedback between an advective transport model and the estimates of groundwater ages determined by the CFCs improve a quantitative description of the system by refining the system conceptualization and estimating system parameters. The plausible system developed with this feedback between the advective flow model and the CFC ages is further tested using a solute transport simulation to reproduce the observed tritium distribution in the groundwater. The solute transport simulation corroborates the plausible system developed and also indicates that, for the system under investigation with the data obtained from 0.9-m-long (3-foot-long) well screens, the hydrodynamic dispersion is negligible. Together the two methods enable a coherent explanation of the flow paths and rates of movement while indicating weaknesses in the understanding of the system that will require future data collection and conceptual refinement of the groundwater system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR02655","usgsCitation":"Reilly, T.E., Plummer, N., Phillips, P., and Busenberg, E., 1994, The use of simulation and multiple environmental tracers to quantify groundwater flow in a shallow aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 2, p. 421-433, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR02655.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337980,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b99e4b0236b68f82991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186618,"text":"70186618 - 1994 - The attenuation of seismic shear waves in quaternary alluvium in Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T11:30:09.629426","indexId":"70186618","displayToPublicDate":"1994-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The attenuation of seismic shear waves in quaternary alluvium in Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"We used shear waves, generated by an air-powered source at the ground surface and recorded in a borehole, to estimate the shear-wave quality factor at strong-motion station Gilroy no. 2. We find similar values of Q using both the decay of the spectra with depth and the slope of the spectral ratio at two depths; we find no evidence of a frequency dependence of Q. The mean value of Q over the depth range 10 to 115 m is close to 10. The use of this value over the depth of the borehole and the observed travel time of 0.358 sec gives a cumulative attenuation factor t* of 0.036 sec for the upper 180 m of the Quaternary alluvium. This is comparable to the differential decay between Gilroy no. 2 and a rock site 1.9 km away (Gilroy no. 1), as measured from the decay of the high-frequency spectra of accelerograms from large earthquakes, plotted on a log-linear scale: t* = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.03 sec for the 1979 Coyote Lake, 1984 Morgan Hill, and 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes, respectively. The similarity between the attenuations measured from the low-strain surface source and those from the larger amplitude earthquake sources suggests that increases of damping due to nonlinear wave propagation effects are limited.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840010076","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, J., Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B., and Fumal, T.E., 1994, The attenuation of seismic shear waves in quaternary alluvium in Santa Clara Valley, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 1, p. 76-90, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840010076.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"90","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.19818115234375,\n 37.391981943533544\n ],\n [\n -122.2174072265625,\n 37.36360851770406\n ],\n [\n -121.58294677734374,\n 36.9367208722872\n ],\n [\n -121.35772705078125,\n 37.00035919622158\n ],\n [\n -121.97845458984375,\n 37.59464778787345\n ],\n [\n -122.3382568359375,\n 37.501010429493284\n ],\n [\n -122.3052978515625,\n 37.45959832290546\n ],\n [\n -122.19818115234375,\n 37.391981943533544\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75406e4b09da6799c0c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, James F.","contributorId":95880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joyner, William B.","contributorId":39786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fumal, Thomas E.","contributorId":67882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208185,"text":"70208185 - 1994 - Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T13:36:25","indexId":"70208185","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T13:30:53","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)","title":"Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana)","docAbstract":"Adult white perch were given three intraperitoneal injections of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) at one of three different doses (0.2–5.0 mg TCB/kg body weight). The TCB injections were initiated approx. 3 months prior to the spawning season and given at 3-week intervals. Fewer females matured in the group receiving the highest dose of TCB. Those fish that did mature had a gonadal somatic index approximately half that of control females. Circulating levels of the sex steroid hormones, estradiol-17β and testosterone, and of the egg yolk precursor, vitellogenin, were not significantly altered by TCB exposure. By 7 days post-hatch survival of larvac produced from females exposed to 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg TCB was reduced as compared to controls (0, 1 and 54%, respectively). These results show that: (1) TCB impairs both maturation of adult females and survival of their offspring, and (2) decreased larval survival may occur at TCB doses less than those required to decrease ovarian growth, oocyte maturation, or circulating sex steroid hormone and vitellogenin concentrations in the adult fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-445X(94)90044-2","usgsCitation":"Monosson, E., Fleming, W.J., and O’Sullivan, C., 1994, Effects of the planar PCB 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) on ovarian development, plasma levels of sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin, and progeny survival in the white perch (Morone americana): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 29, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(94)90044-2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371729,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monosson, Emily","contributorId":221982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monosson","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, Walker J jim_fleming@usgs.gov","contributorId":255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Walker","email":"jim_fleming@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":780864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Sullivan, C.","contributorId":101770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208184,"text":"70208184 - 1994 - Color phases of lumpfish fry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T13:30:39","indexId":"70208184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T13:25:08","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5921,"text":"Maine Naturalist","onlineIssn":"10633626","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Color phases of lumpfish fry","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Eagle Hill Institue","doi":"10.2307/3858154","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., 1994, Color phases of lumpfish fry: Maine Naturalist, v. 2, no. 1, p. 11-14, https://doi.org/10.2307/3858154.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J.R.","contributorId":29587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208183,"text":"70208183 - 1994 - Reproductive and trophic ecology of the soldierfish Myripristis amaena in tropical fisheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T13:18:41","indexId":"70208183","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T13:13:15","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive and trophic ecology of the soldierfish Myripristis amaena in tropical fisheries","docAbstract":"Squirrelfish of the genus Myripristis are valued in small-scale fisheries throughout much of the tropics. The life history and species biology of most of these soldierfishes is poorly known. For the brick soldierfish, M. amaena, in Hawaii and Johnston Atoll, we found that sexual maturity for both sexes was reached between 145 and 160 mm standard length at about six years of age - a large fraction of the apparent maximum size and lifespan. Fecundity was relatively low and increased as the fifth power of body weight. Spawning peaked from about early April to early May, and a secondary peak occurred in September. Myripristis amaena is a nocturnal predator, feeding mostly on meroplankton, especially brachyuran crab megalops, hermit crab larvae, and shrimps, but also taking a variety of benthic prey. In pristine fish communities, holocentrids were abundant, quantitatively important (often dominant) reef predators and prey. Myripristis amaena (and probably other common and important soldierfish) seems to be relatively long lived (at least 14 years), slow growing, and late maturing. The populations suffer considerable natural predation and depend mainly on the largest and oldest fish for reproduction. Heavy, unregulated fishing of these soldierfish, especially at prereproductive size, may severely reduce populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA Fisheries ","usgsCitation":"Dee, A., and Parrish, J., 1994, Reproductive and trophic ecology of the soldierfish Myripristis amaena in tropical fisheries: Fishery Bulletin, v. 92, no. 3, p. 516-530.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"516","endPage":"530","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dee, A.J.","contributorId":221981,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dee","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrish, J.D.","contributorId":63083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208178,"text":"70208178 - 1994 - Crop damage by deer at Gettysburg Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T13:09:16","indexId":"70208178","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T13:01:45","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crop damage by deer at Gettysburg Park","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Vecellio, G., Yahner, R., and Storm, G., 1994, Crop damage by deer at Gettysburg Park: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 22, no. 1, p. 89-93.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"93","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pensylvannia","county":"Adams","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.1386,40.0718],[-77.1344,40.0708],[-77.1236,40.0676],[-77.1152,40.0649],[-77.1122,40.0644],[-77.1092,40.0639],[-77.1074,40.0635],[-77.0984,40.0612],[-77.0954,40.058],[-77.087,40.0512],[-77.084,40.048],[-77.0781,40.0407],[-77.0733,40.0335],[-77.0667,40.0275],[-77.0619,40.0243],[-77.0571,40.0234],[-77.0481,40.022],[-77.0385,40.0197],[-77.0331,40.0193],[-77.0277,40.0188],[-77.023,40.0165],[-77.0182,40.011],[-76.9986,39.981],[-76.9683,39.9374],[-76.9683,39.936],[-76.9719,39.9342],[-76.9731,39.932],[-76.9732,39.9256],[-76.9726,39.9234],[-76.9708,39.9211],[-76.9708,39.9188],[-76.972,39.9161],[-76.9763,39.9107],[-76.9811,39.9066],[-76.9835,39.9035],[-76.9848,39.9007],[-76.9801,39.8808],[-76.9783,39.8767],[-76.9771,39.8749],[-76.9742,39.874],[-76.9706,39.8735],[-76.9676,39.8735],[-76.9658,39.8739],[-76.9652,39.8721],[-76.964,39.868],[-76.9622,39.8653],[-76.9599,39.8621],[-76.9587,39.8607],[-76.9581,39.8585],[-76.9581,39.8567],[-76.9605,39.8544],[-76.9641,39.8526],[-76.9653,39.8521],[-76.9713,39.8508],[-76.9731,39.8499],[-76.9815,39.8477],[-76.9828,39.8445],[-76.9858,39.8391],[-76.9888,39.8359],[-76.9918,39.8337],[-76.9954,39.8328],[-77.0002,39.8314],[-76.9998,39.8002],[-76.9994,39.7752],[-76.9995,39.7589],[-76.9996,39.7503],[-76.9998,39.7197],[-77.1212,39.7194],[-77.2152,39.7196],[-77.3927,39.72],[-77.4596,39.7204],[-77.4608,39.7499],[-77.4608,39.7594],[-77.4614,39.7798],[-77.4626,39.8007],[-77.4632,39.8138],[-77.4632,39.8211],[-77.4644,39.8356],[-77.465,39.8442],[-77.465,39.8474],[-77.4656,39.8519],[-77.4656,39.8528],[-77.4656,39.8546],[-77.4656,39.8569],[-77.4656,39.8583],[-77.4662,39.8614],[-77.4662,39.8651],[-77.4679,39.9018],[-77.4703,39.9444],[-77.4217,39.9798],[-77.4019,39.9933],[-77.3322,40.0096],[-77.3142,40.0127],[-77.3022,40.015],[-77.2968,40.0159],[-77.2757,40.0195],[-77.2583,40.0222],[-77.2541,40.0226],[-77.1976,40.0302],[-77.1814,40.0324],[-77.1573,40.0564],[-77.1386,40.0718]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Adams\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecellio, G.M.","contributorId":221954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vecellio","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yahner, R.H.","contributorId":56760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yahner","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storm, G.L.","contributorId":32888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208176,"text":"70208176 - 1994 - Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T12:25:47","indexId":"70208176","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T12:19:46","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities","docAbstract":"Based on common use in wildlife management, we hypothesized that human‐constructed water sources influence faunal communities detectably compared to similar habitats that lack water. We examined 20 wildlife water units and 20 paired comparison sites without water from April to August 1992 in semiarid southern New Mexico to assess animal species associations. We sampled sites by using small‐mammal live traps, herpetofaunal and invertebrate pitfall arrays, and 30‐minute time‐area counts. We compared animal species richness and species concordance among water units (rain catchments, earthen tanks, and windmills) and comparison sites in three vegetation communities (mixed scrub, grassland, and pinyon‐juniper). We detected 134 animal taxa during field sampling. Animal species richness did not differ between water units and comparison sites among vegetation communities. Amphibians were found only at water units but occur far from units during seasonal wet periods. Greater numbers of individual small mammals and herpetofauna at water units versus comparison sites likely related to debris and disturbed soil present near water units. Taxa detected at water units and comparison sites were 65% concordant overall; discordant taxa were those rarely detected. Our data implied that definitive effects of artificial water sources on native wildlife species were not detectable. Providing water sources may be a strategic management tool but must be viewed critically regarding effect on distribution of native, feral, and exotic animals. Water units should be developed only when and where clear objectives have been stated, natural water sources have been quantified, commitment exists to ensure continued function, and feral and exotic animals will not benefit to the detriment of native species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030682.x","usgsCitation":"Burkett, D., and Thompson, B., 1994, Wildlife association with human‐altered water sources in semiarid vegetation communities: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 682-690, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030682.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"682","endPage":"690","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"White Sands Missile Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 32.21280106801518\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 32.21280106801518\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 33.80653802509606\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 33.80653802509606\n ],\n [\n -106.842041015625,\n 32.21280106801518\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkett, D.W.","contributorId":221953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burkett","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, B.C.","contributorId":102433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208175,"text":"70208175 - 1994 - Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T12:05:37","indexId":"70208175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T12:01:23","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1021,"text":"Biological Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin","docAbstract":"The riverine landscape of the upper Colorado River basin has been extensively modified by dams, diversions, revetments, and water abstractions. These changes, probably coupled with the introduction of many nonnative fishes, have compromised the existence of four of the native fishes (Colorado River squawfish Ptychocheilus lucius, humpback chub Gila cypha, bonytail chub Gila elegans, and razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus) of the river system. Efforts to recover these endangered fishes have emphasized reregulation of flows to provide better habitat conditions than existed during the last half century, when ranges and abundances of the fishes declined significantly. Contention emerged, however, with regard to the efficacy of methods used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to justify flow recommendations to protect the endangered fishes. The purpose of this study was to review the science pertaining to the issue of flow provision, to identify critical uncertainties, and to provide recommendations for determining the instream flow needs of the endangered fishes.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stanford, J.A., 1994, Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin: Biological Report, v. 24, p. 47-47.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanford, J. A.","contributorId":79643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208172,"text":"70208172 - 1994 - Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:55:26","indexId":"70208172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T11:49:43","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1471,"text":"Ecology of Freshwater Fish","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection","docAbstract":"We investigated habitat specificity of the amber darter (Percina antesella Williams & Etnier 1977), an imperiled fish from restricted portions of 2 rivers in the southeastern United States. Foraging amber darters occupied a narrow range of riffle habitat, consistently avoiding areas < 20 cm deep and with velocity < 10 cm. s−1 near the substrate, occupying areas with cobble or gravel substrate and average water‐column velocity of 30 to 70 cm. s−1. During low to moderate flows, approximately 20% or more of the study areas contained suitable habitat for the species. Amber darters appeared rare, and the numbers of individuals were uncorrelated with the concurrent availability of suitable habitat. Protecting the amber darter may require more than maintaining adequate depths and velocities over gravel‐cobble substrates. Until we understand the potential importance of migration and dispersal for maintaining small populations, suitable habitat should be maintained over the longest contiguous stream segments possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00106.x","usgsCitation":"Freeman, B.J., and Freeman, M., 1994, Habitat use by an endangered riverine fish and implications for species protection: Ecology of Freshwater Fish, v. 3, p. 49-58, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1994.tb00106.x.","productDescription":"10p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371714,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Conasauga River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.82337951660156,\n 34.94491019751147\n ],\n [\n -84.7463035583496,\n 34.94491019751147\n ],\n [\n -84.7463035583496,\n 35.000191114817824\n ],\n [\n -84.82337951660156,\n 35.000191114817824\n ],\n [\n -84.82337951660156,\n 34.94491019751147\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, B. J.","contributorId":8031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Mary 0000-0001-7615-6923 mcfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":3528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"mcfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208170,"text":"70208170 - 1994 - Fox River Basin: Management plan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:43:33","indexId":"70208170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T11:40:20","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Fox River Basin: Management plan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"EMTC","publisherLocation":"Onalaska, Wi","usgsCitation":"Hrabik, R.A., 1994, Fox River Basin: Management plan, 76 p.","productDescription":"76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hrabik, Robert A.","contributorId":148008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hrabik","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16971,"text":"Missouri Department of Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":780794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208169,"text":"70208169 - 1994 - In vitro growth of the bacterial kidney disease organism Renibacterium salmoninarum on a nonserum, noncharcoal-based \"homospecies-metabolite\" medium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:36:25","indexId":"70208169","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T11:34:32","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"In vitro growth of the bacterial kidney disease organism Renibacterium salmoninarum on a nonserum, noncharcoal-based \"homospecies-metabolite\" medium","title":"In vitro growth of the bacterial kidney disease organism Renibacterium salmoninarum on a nonserum, noncharcoal-based \"homospecies-metabolite\" medium","docAbstract":"Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate in vitro growth of Renibacterium salmoninarum in media without serum or charcoal. Growth of this bacterium, the cause of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonids, is accelerated by addition of a growth enhancing “metabolite” of unknown composition to KDM2 medium, the medium commonly used for isolation of R. salmoninarum. KDM2 medium supplemented with greater than 1% (v/v) metabolite enhanced growth even without addition of either serum or charcoal. Medium containing 5% metabolite (denoted Five-M) allowed optimal growth in laboratory studies and was further evaluated as a primary plating medium for recovery of the bacterium isolated from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) exhibiting clinical BKD. Recovery rates of R. salmoninarum using Five-M medium were 4% and 36% higher, respectively, than comparable rates using a serum-based medium for the two salmon populations evaluated. Five-M medium is an effective, inexpensive alternative to serum-based or charcoal-based media.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-30.3.383","usgsCitation":"Teska, J., 1994, In vitro growth of the bacterial kidney disease organism Renibacterium salmoninarum on a nonserum, noncharcoal-based \"homospecies-metabolite\" medium: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 303, p. 383-388, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.3.383.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.3.383","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"303","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Teska, J.","contributorId":14537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teska","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208168,"text":"70208168 - 1994 - Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:22:52","indexId":"70208168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T11:09:32","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters","docAbstract":"Concentration of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in soil and wildlife at the Palmerton zinc smelter site in eastern Pennsylvania were determined 6 yr after zinc smelting was terminated in 1980. Levels of the four metals were higher in litter (01 and 02 horizon) than in soil (A1 horizon), and the metals were at or near levels when the smelters were still in operation. Levels of metals in soil were highest at sites close to the smelters and decreased as distances from the smelters increased. The relation of decreasing amounts of metals in body tissues with increasing distance from the smelters also held true for amphibians and mammals. An exception to this relation was higher level of Cu in red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) captured ≈17 km downwind than those captured ≈12 km downwind. Levels of Zn, Pb, and Cu in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue of white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were not different (P > 0.05) which is reportedly considered an indication of environmental contamination. Levels of Cd in kidneys and liver of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Palmerton were five times higher than those for whitetailed deer collected 180 km southwest of Palmerton in southcentral Pennsylvania. The abnormal amounts of metals in the tissues of terrestrial vertebrates, and the absence or low abundance of wildlife at Palmerton indicated that ecological processes within 5 km of the smelters were markedly influenced 6 yr after zinc smelting was discontinued.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030015x","usgsCitation":"Storm, G., Fosmire, G., and Bellis, E., 1994, Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 23, no. 3, p. 508-514, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030015x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Palmerton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.65494537353516,\n 40.809391811146064\n ],\n [\n -75.73081970214844,\n 40.78470081841747\n ],\n [\n -75.70369720458984,\n 40.74881754464601\n ],\n [\n -75.40878295898438,\n 40.85017679415775\n ],\n [\n -75.44036865234375,\n 40.8725069777884\n ],\n [\n -75.65494537353516,\n 40.809391811146064\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, G.L.","contributorId":32888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fosmire, G.J.","contributorId":221951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fosmire","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellis, E.D.","contributorId":221952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellis","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208167,"text":"70208167 - 1994 - Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:05:06","indexId":"70208167","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T10:53:49","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch","docAbstract":"Elevated concentrations of copper are present in Torch Lake, Michigan, an Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site. The sauger (Stizostedion canadense) population in Torch Lake has been extirpated and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) populations are maintained by stocking. We used yellow perch (Perca flavescens) to determine if chronic exposure to elevated copper concentrations has reduced the reproductive success of percids. Ripe yellow perch from Torch Lake and Gratiot Lake, a reference site, were captured between 6 May and 6 June 1990. Crosses were made within each lake and between lakes (both combinations); five pairs of each type were attempted. Portions of each egg mass were reared in Torch Lake water (34 ng/mL copper) and reference site water (Rice Lake) until 4 days posthatch (20-d to 28-d). Copper concentrations were found to be over two times as high as in reference samples both in Torch Lake water and in gonads of perch from Torch Lake. The percentages of eggs hatched in Torch Lake and reference lake water were not significantly different, although a trend of reduced hatch in Torch Lake water was apparent. Likewise, no significant differences were indicated in hatching success among crosses. However, duration of hatching was significantly longer for Torch Lake egg masses than for reference lake egg masses, indicating that copper may affect reproductive success through disruption of hatch coordination with food availability or reduction of larval fitness.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71169-2","usgsCitation":"Ellenberger, S., Baumann, P.C., and May, T.W., 1994, Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 3, p. 531-536, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71169-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"536","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371709,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Keweenaw Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 47.327653995607115\n ],\n [\n -88.6431884765625,\n 47.18224592701489\n ],\n [\n -88.64044189453124,\n 47.09817500706038\n ],\n [\n -88.54156494140625,\n 47.034566583590426\n ],\n [\n -88.35479736328125,\n 46.931509883369316\n ],\n [\n -87.53631591796875,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -87.8521728515625,\n 47.56540738772852\n ],\n [\n -88.4564208984375,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -88.61572265625,\n 47.327653995607115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellenberger, S.A.","contributorId":221950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellenberger","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baumann, Paul C.","contributorId":104455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baumann","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, Thomas W. tmay@usgs.gov","contributorId":2598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"Thomas","email":"tmay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":780789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208160,"text":"70208160 - 1994 - Essential amino acids in northern bobwhite foods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-30T06:54:12","indexId":"70208160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T10:37:13","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Essential amino acids in northern bobwhite foods","docAbstract":"Frequent population declines, high dietary requirements for protein, and the low quality of proteins in agricultural grains led us to hypothesize that essential amino acid (EAA) deficiencies were common in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) foods. We analyzed amino acid concentrations of 21 northern bobwhite foods and compared them with dietary requirements to derive values that reflected the foods' ability to meet daily bobwhite requirements of 10 EEAs. Despite adequate concentrations of crude protein, deficiencies of EAAs were detected in seeds of all species analyzed. Legumes offered the best mix of EAA, and grasses the poorest. Deficiencies of EEAs relative to maintenance requirements of adults ranged from 13% in legumes to 98% in grasses. About a third of the total nitrogen pool was composed of nonprotein nitrogen with values ranging from 25% for queensdelight stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) to 44% for redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus). Computed biological values (ratio of EEA concentrations in seed protein to respective amounts in whole egg protein) ranged from 69 (netleaf hackberry [Celtis reticulata]) to 93 (erect dayflower [Commelina erecta] and woolly croton [Croton capitatus]). Amino acid profiles indicate forage quality better than crude protein estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809564","usgsCitation":"Peoples, A., Lochmiller, R., Leslie, D., Boren, J., and Engle, D.M., 1994, Essential amino acids in northern bobwhite foods: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 1, p. 167-175, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809564.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peoples, A.D.","contributorId":101051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peoples","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David 0000-0002-3884-1484 cleslie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-1484","contributorId":169989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David","email":"cleslie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boren, J.C.","contributorId":221944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boren","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Engle, David M.","contributorId":97225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70208159,"text":"70208159 - 1994 - Body composition dynamics of ruddy ducks during wing moult","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T10:23:51","indexId":"70208159","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T10:16:20","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Body composition dynamics of ruddy ducks during wing moult","docAbstract":"A method was developed for indexing moulting costs in waterfowl based on intensity of moult and proportional mass of feathers in seven feather regions (ADJMOLT). This method was then applied to an examination of relations between moulting costs and size-adjusted body mass and composition of postbreeding male and female ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) collected in southwestern Manitoba, 30 July – 24 August 1985. Moderate to heavy moult (25 to > 50% of moulting feathers) was recorded in all feather regions. The intensity of down moult was greater in males than in females, but no differences between sexes in moult score by contour feather region, overall mean moult score, or ADJMOLT were detected. Relations between ADJMOLT and body fat (FAT), liver protein (LIVER), and size-adjusted body mass (ADJMASS), body protein (ADJPROT), and leg and breast muscle protein (ADJLEG and ADJBR, respectively) were not influenced by sex, but there was a sex effect on the relation of ADJMOLT to gizzard mass (GIZZWT). ADJPROT and ADJBR were negatively associated with ADJMOLT, whereas female GIZZWT was positively related to ADJMOLT. ADJMASS, ADJLEG, FAT, and LIVER were unrelated to ADJMOLT. Female ruddy ducks were structurally smaller and had less ADJMASS, ADJPROT, ADJLEG, and FAT than males, but there were no sex-related differences in ADJBR. I found no evidence of nutritional stress in post-breeding ruddy ducks, but argue that stress associated with moult in waterfowl is most likely to occur in females, especially small-bodied species that are primarily herbivorous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z93-312","usgsCitation":"Hohman, W., 1994, Body composition dynamics of ruddy ducks during wing moult: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 71, no. 11, p. 2224-2228, https://doi.org/10.1139/z93-312.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2224","endPage":"2228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Southwest Manitoba","volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hohman, W.L.","contributorId":82638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hohman","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}