Samples of water and gas were collected from six springs and two wells in the Upper Cretaceous Great Valley sequence and Franciscan Formation underlying the Coast Range of northern California and from four oil wells penetrating Tertiary sedimentary rocks in the Kettleman North Dome oil field. Comparison of the dissolved free amino acid compositions of the waters from the two locations show overlapping ranges with many more similarities than differences. The detection of nonprotein amino acids (sarcosine, β-amino n-butyric acid, and others) indicates the protein degradation is partly chemical rather than strictly biological. Other low molecular weight degradation products (methane, ethane, nonvolatile organic acids, and other organic chelating agents) were found. This may be one mechanism for the transportation of organic matter from the source rocks to the reservoir rocks of an oil deposit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Rapp, J., 1976, Amino acids and gases in some springs and an oil field in California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 2, p. 227-232.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"232","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402282,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range, Kettleman North Dome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.937255859375,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.937255859375,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 42.02481360781777\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 38.28993659801203\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.79766845703125,\n 35.75765724051559\n ],\n [\n -120.05035400390625,\n 36.055760619006755\n ],\n [\n -120.30029296875,\n 36.292990818063394\n ],\n [\n -120.45135498046875,\n 36.18665862660454\n ],\n [\n -120.03662109374999,\n 35.74428307651204\n ],\n [\n -119.93225097656251,\n 35.67737855391475\n ],\n [\n -119.79766845703125,\n 35.75765724051559\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232224,"text":"70232224 - 1976 - Bog stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, and Pinedale to Holocene glacial history in the Front Range, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-15T16:09:05.601311","indexId":"70232224","displayToPublicDate":"1976-03-01T11:01:35","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bog stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, and Pinedale to Holocene glacial history in the Front Range, Colorado","docAbstract":"Radiocarbon dates and stratigraphic cores from bogs, kettle ponds, and former ice-marginal lakes on the east and west sides of the Front Range, Colo., between lat 40°00' and 40°24' N. suggest that (1) valley glaciers of Pinedale age began to recede from their terminal positions between about 14,600 and 13,000 yr ago, (2) revegetation of glaciated areas at altitudes of 2,600-2,900 m (8,600-9,500 ft) was complete by 11,000-10,000 yr ago, (3) at one site, 3,500±1,000 yr elapsed before peat began to form after deglaciation, (4) the formation of bogs within the glaciated areas kept pace with glacier recession in a general way, beginning at progressively later times as deglaciation proceeded upward, (5) Pinedale glaciers had disappeared or were reduced to small remnants by about 8,000 yr ago, (6) moraines that have been mapped as belonging to the early stade of Pinedale Glaciation are no younger than 13,000 yr B.P. and may be older than 14,600 yr, and those delimiting what has been mapped as late stade are no younger than about 7,600 yr B.P. and are probably older than 7,800 yr, and (7) most of the till mapped as Pinedale was deposited between about 14,600 and 8,000 yr ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F., 1976, Bog stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates, and Pinedale to Holocene glacial history in the Front Range, Colorado: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 4, no. 2, p. 163-169.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402212,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402211,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue2/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Front Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 40.4\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40.4\n ],\n [\n -106,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, Richard F. 0000-0002-9081-570X madole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":1340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"Richard","email":"madole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":844715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232250,"text":"70232250 - 1976 - Solute transport and modeling of water quality in a small stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T14:50:02.510847","indexId":"70232250","displayToPublicDate":"1976-03-01T09:40:26","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Solute transport and modeling of water quality in a small stream","docAbstract":"An injection of chloride, sodium, and stable strontium was made at a constant rate for 3 hours into Uvas Creek, Santa Clara County, Calif., to determine the mass transport processes in a small stream. Five observation points were selected within a 610-metre reach of the stream below the injection site. Water samples were collected at the observation points during and immediately after the injection. A mathematical model of the stream was obtained by solving analytically and optimally the one-dimensional mass transport equation of the solutes in the stream. Comparison of field results with a simplified mathematical model indicates the dominance of convection in the behavior of sodium and chloride. The concentration of chloride and sodium can be closely simulated by the model. However, strontium cannot be well represented by the simplified model, which contains a first-order decay-type sink.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Zand, S.M., Kennedy, V.C., Zellweger, G.W., and Avanzino, R., 1976, Solute transport and modeling of water quality in a small stream: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, p. 233-240.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"240","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1976/vol4issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Clara County","otherGeospatial":"Uvas Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.84627532958984,\n 37.07147779838202\n ],\n [\n -121.74156188964845,\n 37.07147779838202\n ],\n [\n -121.74156188964845,\n 37.10516392042412\n ],\n [\n -121.84627532958984,\n 37.10516392042412\n ],\n [\n -121.84627532958984,\n 37.07147779838202\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zand, S. M.","contributorId":292491,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zand","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, V. C.","contributorId":46080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200400,"text":"70200400 - 1976 - Geochemistry of thermal waters in Long Valley, Mono County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T14:58:14","indexId":"70200400","displayToPublicDate":"1976-02-10T14:58:01","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of thermal waters in Long Valley, Mono County, California","docAbstract":"Thermal springs and wells in Long Valley, California, issue sodium bicarbonate‐chloride waters containing 1000–1420 mg/l of dissolved solids. Thermal waters of sodium bicarbonate‐chloride composition are usually associated with hot‐water reservoirs. Chloride concentrations and stable isotope data indicate that the thermal waters have had varied histories. All of the thermal springs issue a mixture of fluid from the thermal reservoir and less saline, cooler water from one or more shallow aquifers. The composition of springs in Hot Creek Gorge may have been further altered by minor subsurface boiling. Thermal springs between Hot Creek and Lake Crowley issue mixtures of fresh and thermal waters which have lost heat by conductive cooling and changed composition by reaction with rock in the shallow aquifer. The silica content of water from Magma Richie 5 and mixing calculations based on the concentrations of silica in thermal waters collected from springs in Hot Creek Gorge and along Little Hot Creek indicate a temperature of at least 200°C in the thermal reservoir. The sodium‐potassium‐calcium geothermometer yields a reservoir temperature estimate near 200°C for most of the thermal springs. If geothermal energy is developed in Long Valley, the high concentrations of arsenic (up to 2.2 mg/l), boron (up to 15 mg/l), and total dissolved solids in the thermal fluids will make it necessary to isolate the effluent of production wells from the freshwater system.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB081i005p00792","usgsCitation":"Mariner, R.H., and Willey, L.M., 1976, Geochemistry of thermal waters in Long Valley, Mono County, California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 81, no. 5, p. 792-800, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB081i005p00792.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"792","endPage":"800","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358407,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Mono County","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley","volume":"81","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mariner, Robert H. rmariner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"rmariner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":748725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willey, Lawrence M.","contributorId":209752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Willey","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010232,"text":"70010232 - 1976 - Thermomagnetic analysis of meteorites, 3. C3 and C4 chondrites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T01:08:22.512989","indexId":"70010232","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermomagnetic analysis of meteorites, 3. C3 and C4 chondrites","docAbstract":"Thermomagnetic analysis was made on samples of all known C3 and C4 chondrites in a controlled oxygen atmosphere. Considerable variation was noted in the occurrence of magnetic minerals, comparable to the variation observed earlier in the C2 chondrites. Magnetite was found as the only major magnetic phase in samples of only three C3 chondrites (2–4 wt.%) and the Karoonda C4 chondrite (7.7 wt.%). The magnetite content of these three C3 chondrites is only about one-third that observed in the C1 and C2 chondrites which were found to contain magnetite as the only magnetic phase. Five C3 chondrites were observed to undergo chemical change during heating, producing magnetite: this behavior is characteristic of troilite oxidation. Upper limits on initial magnetite content of about 1–9% were established for these meteorites. Samples of the remaining five C3 chondrites and the Coolidge C4 chondrite were found to contain both magnetite and metallic iron. In two samples, iron containing ≤2% Ni was observed, while in the other four, the iron contained 6–8 wt.% Ni. In addition to containing both magnetite and iron metal, three of these samples reacted during heating to form additional magnetite. Variations in the magnetic mineralogy and, hence by inference bulk mineralogy, of C3 and C4 chondrites indicate a more complex genesis than is evident from whole-rock elemental abundance patterns.
No one has suggested that Mr. Shafter's nameless cow was the cause of the 1906 earthquake, but she has been the source of as persistent a rumor as Mrs. Murphy's Chicago cow. Since 1906, \"the cow that fell in the crack\" has been a favorite subject of humorous speculation. large earthquakes have always produced large exaggerations, and, although it is difficult to exaggerate the terror humans feel in an earthquake, many scientists have said that much of what witnesses said they witnessed they did not witness at all. Huge, gaping cracks that legend says open and close in the earth, swallowing whole cities, are among those earthquake features that just aren't featured in earthquakes. True, soil may \"snap open and shut,\" but most earth scientists do not think that the cracks are wide enough or deep enough to accommodate houses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hill, M., 1976, The San Francisco cow; did she or didn’t she?: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 3, p. 19-23.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319995,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"570e1c37e4b0ef3b7ca24c49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, M.","contributorId":12635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010373,"text":"70010373 - 1976 - Resource data bases-Resource assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T16:10:14","indexId":"70010373","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resource data bases-Resource assessment","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's Office of Resource Analysis is developing computer methods for the handling of mineral-resources data in order to provide improved means for addressing and manipulating data. These methods include: computerized data files and predictive resource models. Data files contain the raw or disaggregated information on mineral deposits and commodities. One operational data file is CRIB (Computerized Resources Information Bank) which is a general purpose inventory and reference file on metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits. A computer file on resources should contain detailed information on the following main categories: record identification, name and location, description of deposit, analytical data, and production/reserves. A resource model employs postulates and inferences in conjunction with the data to make predictions about resources-as key variables concerning a mineral commodity are changed. The objective is to estimate the availability of minerals including: geological availability (occurrence models), technological availability (exploration and beneficiation models), and economic availability (economics models). ?? 1976.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(76)90057-1","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Clark, A.L., 1976, Resource data bases-Resource assessment: Computers & Geosciences, v. 2, no. 3, p. 309-311, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90057-1.","startPage":"309","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266210,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(76)90057-1"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9f0e4b0c8380cd8606a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, A. L.","contributorId":89502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169204,"text":"70169204 - 1976 - Earthquakes, April-May 1976","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-29T16:55:18","indexId":"70169204","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, April-May 1976","docAbstract":"This was an active period, seismically speaking, with four major earthquakes and a number of strong earthquakes in many parts of the world. Northern Italy experienced one of its most destructive earthquakes in many years. Ecuador suffered fatalities and damage from a strong quake. Uzbek SSR was struck by two major earthquakes that probably caused loss of life and extensive damage. The China-Burma border region was struck by two major earthquakes that may have caused damage and loss of life.
\nThere were no destructive earthquakes in teh united States. Several States experienced sharp earthquakes, but only minor damage was reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1976, Earthquakes, April-May 1976: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 5, p. 28-30.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":319295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be33e4b0f59b85e02ddb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164356,"text":"70164356 - 1976 - Tragedy at Kilauea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T10:23:25","indexId":"70164356","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tragedy at Kilauea","docAbstract":"The following article is a reconstruction of events surrounding the deaths of a party of Hawaiian warriors in 1790 on Kilauea Volcano. It suggests that they were killed by a very hot, ash-free, base-surge cloud that rushed from the volcano.
\nMuch more recently than that, in the early morning hours of November 29, 1975, the largest earthquake in more than 100 years struck the southern part of the Island of Hawaii, causing widespread faulting and subsidence, an eruption at the summit of Kilauea Volcano, the loss of at least one life, and widespread damage to property. The effects of this earthquake are still being analyzed by the staff of the Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, but preliminary results indicate that much of the south flank of Kilauea Volcano moved seaward in an abrupt, slump-like manner. The eruption that followed was small by the usually Kilauea standards and is regarded as a leakage of lava from the volcano's underground reservoir system in response to the effects of the earthquake. A more detailed account of these events will be included in a future issue of the Earthquake Information Bulletin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Swanson, D.A., and Christiansen, R., 1976, Tragedy at Kilauea: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 8, no. 2, p. 12-17.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.31097412109372,\n 19.41155440237771\n ],\n [\n -155.2910614013672,\n 19.37334071336406\n ],\n [\n -155.2155303955078,\n 19.410259170032475\n ],\n [\n -155.2526092529297,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.26771545410156,\n 19.45234893685903\n ],\n [\n -155.31715393066406,\n 19.430981649106492\n ],\n [\n -155.31097412109372,\n 19.41155440237771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08ff0e4b010e2af2a5e50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, D. A.","contributorId":34102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171425,"text":"70171425 - 1976 - Hydrology of the North Cascades region, Washington: 2. A proposed hydrometeorological streamflow prediction method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-04T14:32:02","indexId":"70171425","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrology of the North Cascades region, Washington: 2. A proposed hydrometeorological streamflow prediction method","docAbstract":"On the basis of a linear relationship between winter (October-April) precipitation and annual runoff from a drainage basin (Rasmussen and Tangborn, 1976) a physically reasonable model for predicting summer (May-September) streamflow from drainages in the North Cascades region was developed. This hydrometeorological prediction method relates streamflow for a season beginning on the day of prediction to the storage (including snow, ice, soil moisture, and groundwater) on that day. The spring storage is inferred from an input-output relationship based on the principle of conservation of mass: spring storage equals winter precipitation on the basin less winter runoff from the basin and less winter evapotranspiration, which is presumed to be small. The method of prediction is based on data only from the years previous to the one for which the prediction is made, and the system is revised each year as data for the previous year become available. To improve the basin storage estimate made in late winter or early spring, a short-season runoff prediction is made. The errors resulting from this short-term prediction are used to revise the storage estimate and improve the later prediction. This considerably improves the accuracy of the later prediction, especially for periods early in the summer runoff season. The optimum length for the test period appears to be generally less than a month for east side basins and between 1 and 2 months for those on the west side of the Cascade Range. The time distribution of the total summer runoff can be predicted when this test season is used so that on May 1 monthly streamflow for the May-September season can be predicted. It was found that summer precipitation and the time of minimum storage are two error sources that were amenable to analysis. For streamflow predictions in seasons beginning in early spring the deviation of the subsequent summer precipitation from a long-period average will contribute up to 53% of the prediction error. This contribution decreases to nearly zero during the summer and then rises slightly for late summer predictions. The reason for the smaller than expected effect of summer precipitation is thought to be due to the compensating effect of increased evaporative losses and increased infiltration when precipitation is greater than normal during the summer months. The error caused by the beginning winter month (assumed to be October in this study) not coinciding with the time of minimum storage was examined; it appears that October may be the best average beginning winter month for most drainages but that a more detailed study is needed. The optimum beginning of the winter season appears to vary from August to October when individual years are examined. These results demonstrate that standard precipitation and runoff measurements in the North Cascades region are adequate for constructing a predictive hydrologic model. This model can be used to make streamflow predictions that compare favorably with current multiple regression methods based on mountain snow surveys. This method has the added advantages of predicting the space and time distributions of storage and summer runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR012i002p00203","usgsCitation":"Tangborn, W.V., and Rasmussen, L.A., 1976, Hydrology of the North Cascades region, Washington: 2. A proposed hydrometeorological streamflow prediction method: Water Resources Research, v. 12, no. 2, p. 203-216, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i002p00203.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"216","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascade 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\"}}]}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574eb5cfe4b0ee97d51a83ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tangborn, Wendell V.","contributorId":32152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tangborn","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, Lowell A.","contributorId":36930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Lowell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010251,"text":"70010251 - 1976 - Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T16:57:01.920429","indexId":"70010251","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific","docAbstract":"The asymmetrical Astoria Fan (110 × 180 km) developed off the Columbia River and Astoria submarine canyon during the Pleistocene. Morphology, stratigraphy, and lithology have been outlined for a Pleistocene turbidite, and a Holocene hemipelagic sedimentary regime to generate geologically significant criteria for comparison with ancient equivalent deposits. Both gray silty clay of the Late Pleistocene and olive-gray clay of the Early Holocene are interrupted by turbidites. The few deeply incised fan valleys of the more steeply sloping upper fan contain thick, muddy and very poorly sorted sand and gravel beds that usually have poorly developed internal sedimentary structures. The numerous shallower fan valleys and distributaries of the flatter middle and lower fan contain thick, clean, and moderately sorted medium to fine sands that are vertically graded in texture, composition and well-developed internal sedimentary structures. Tuffaceous turbidites (containing Mazama ash, 6600 B.P.) can be traced as thick deposits (ca. 30–40 cm) throughout the Astoria Channel system and as thin correlative interbeds (ca. 1–2 cm) in interchannel areas. Similarly, sand/shale ratios are high throughout the fan valleys and the middle and lower fan areas of distributaries, but are low in the upper-fan interchannel areas.
These depositional trends indicate that high-density turbidity currents carry coarse traction loads that remain confined in upper but not lower fan valleys. Fine debris selectively sorts out from channelized flows into overbank suspension flows that spread over the fan and deposit clayey silt. A high content of mica, plant fragments, and glass shards (if present) characterizes deposits of the overbank flows, a major process in the building of upper fan levees and interchannel areas.
In the Late Pleistocene, turbidity currents funneled most coarse-grained debris through upper channels to depositional sites in middle and lower fan distributaries that periodically shifted, anastomosed and braided to spread sand layers throughout the area. At this time, depositional rates were many times greater (>50 cm/1000 years) than in the Holocene (8 cm/1000 years).
During the Holocene rise of sea level, the shoreline shifted, the Columbia River sediment was trapped, and turbidity-current activity slackened from one major event per 6 years in the Late Pleistocene, to one per 1000 years in the Early Holocene, to none since the Mt. Mazama eruption (ca. 6600 B.P.). Turbidites became muddier and deposited as thick beds within main channels, in part explaining Holocene deposition rates three times greater there (25 cm/1000 years) than in interchannel regions. Turbid-layer debris, funneled through channel systems and trapped from flows off the continental terrace, also contributed to rapid sedimentation in valleys; however, less than 2% of the suspended sediment load of the Columbia River has been trapped in fan valleys during the Holocene.
By the Late Holocene, continuous particle-by-particle deposition of hemipelagic clay with a biogenous coarse fraction was the predominant process on the fan. These hemipelagites contain progressively more clay size and less terrigenous debris offshore, and are finer grained, richer in planktonic tests and dominated by radiolarians compared to the foraminiferal-rich Pleistocene clays. The hemipelagic sedimentation of interglacial times, however, is insignificant compared to turbidite deposition of glacial times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(76)90083-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H., 1976, Late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional trends, processes, and history of Astoria deep-sea fan, Northeast Pacific: Marine Geology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 129-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90083-9.","productDescription":"45 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"173","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219673,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Northeast Pacific","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.28476837700856,\n 45.29496317589778\n ],\n [\n -130.28476837700856,\n 40.88942015157903\n ],\n [\n -123.89304377664403,\n 40.88942015157903\n ],\n [\n -123.89304377664403,\n 45.29496317589778\n ],\n [\n -130.28476837700856,\n 45.29496317589778\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4509e4b0c8380cd66fa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, H.","contributorId":16568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011069,"text":"70011069 - 1976 - Infrared spectral behavior of fine particulate solids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T08:12:09","indexId":"70011069","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2423,"text":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Infrared spectral behavior of fine particulate solids","docAbstract":"Transmission and emission spectra of clouds and layers of fine particulate samples of quartz, magnesium oxide, and aluminum oxide in the 6.5-35-??m wavelength range are presented. They demonstrate that the behavior of layers of particles constitutes a good analogue for a cloud of particles; that individual micrometer-sized particles emit most where they absorb most; that as the size of the particle is increased, the emission features reverse polarity and the spectrum approaches that of one obtained from a polished plate; and that as the particle layer-thickness increases, radiative interaction becomes increasingly important so that the emission maximum shifts from the strongest to weaker features, or produces a maximum at the Christiansen wavelength.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Physical Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/j100552a015","issn":"00223654","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G., 1976, Infrared spectral behavior of fine particulate solids: Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 80, no. 11, p. 1195-1198, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100552a015.","startPage":"1195","endPage":"1198","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269601,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100552a015"}],"volume":"80","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bc4e4b0c8380cd62818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, G.R.","contributorId":7415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003778,"text":"1003778 - 1976 - Avian botulism epizootiology on sewage oxidation ponds in Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-20T11:28:24","indexId":"1003778","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian botulism epizootiology on sewage oxidation ponds in Utah","docAbstract":"In the microenvironment concept of avian botulism epizootiology, it is hypothesized that invertebrate carcasses may serve both as a substrate for toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type C and as a vehicle for toxin transmission to water birds. We field-tested that hypothesis by attempting to induce botulism in wing-clipped mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) on sewage oxidation ponds in Utah. The experimental ponds were inoculated with C. botulinum spores in June 1974. Aquatic insect populations were monitored throughout the summer. Rotenone was used in August to kill insects in two ponds (one served as control), thereby providing potential substrate for clostridial growth and toxin production. Botulism was not detected among the birds even though they routinely ingested invertebrate carcasses. Samples of dead invertebrates contained no botulinum toxin. We concluded that the microenvironment concept, as it now stands, cannot always be a sufficient explanation of how type C botulism epizootics are initiated in nature. Other microbes may inhibit the growth of clostridial cells or destroy botulinum toxin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3800571","usgsCitation":"Moulton, D.W., Jensen, W.I., and Stewart, S.K., 1976, Avian botulism epizootiology on sewage oxidation ponds in Utah: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 40, no. 4, p. 735-742, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800571.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"742","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Cache","city":"Richmond","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.82708740234374,\n 41.926036906477584\n ],\n [\n -111.82760238647461,\n 41.91013410429826\n ],\n [\n -111.81962013244629,\n 41.910006354904496\n ],\n [\n -111.81884765624999,\n 41.90266033477953\n ],\n [\n -111.80082321166992,\n 41.903107507989986\n ],\n [\n -111.80082321166992,\n 41.91026185343638\n ],\n [\n -111.7931842803955,\n 41.91032572790956\n ],\n [\n -111.79344177246094,\n 41.91920365778389\n ],\n [\n -111.79189682006835,\n 41.9193313887699\n ],\n [\n -111.7917251586914,\n 41.92571761209006\n ],\n [\n -111.79327011108398,\n 41.92571761209006\n ],\n [\n -111.79335594177246,\n 41.93516804956578\n ],\n [\n -111.79601669311523,\n 41.9352957485923\n ],\n [\n -111.79601669311523,\n 41.939509673028375\n ],\n [\n -111.78683280944824,\n 41.939637363361584\n ],\n [\n -111.7870044708252,\n 41.941041940151536\n ],\n [\n -111.79335594177246,\n 41.94219111633131\n ],\n [\n -111.79447174072266,\n 41.94346795446271\n ],\n [\n -111.79636001586914,\n 41.9435317956981\n ],\n [\n -111.79661750793457,\n 41.94774517589915\n ],\n [\n -111.8064022064209,\n 41.94768133888271\n ],\n [\n -111.80777549743652,\n 41.944744767025\n ],\n [\n -111.80760383605957,\n 41.94289338046775\n ],\n [\n -111.80760383605957,\n 41.94116962741647\n ],\n [\n -111.807861328125,\n 41.94040349999142\n ],\n [\n -111.81558609008789,\n 41.940595032710654\n ],\n [\n -111.81610107421875,\n 41.926164623785155\n ],\n [\n -111.82708740234374,\n 41.926036906477584\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, Daniel W.","contributorId":48151,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moulton","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, Wayne I.","contributorId":72353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Sondra K.","contributorId":117324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Sondra","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011176,"text":"70011176 - 1976 - Mixing of carbonate waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-11T12:37:48.498321","indexId":"70011176","displayToPublicDate":"1976-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixing of carbonate waters","docAbstract":"When mineral solutions of different compositions are mixed, the molalities and activities of individual ions in the mixture are often non-linear functions of their end-member values. This non-linearity is particularly significant in determining mineral saturation levels. Mixtures of saturated solutions may be either undersaturated or supersaturated depending on the end-member compositions and the physical conditions in which end-members and their mixtures exist. In carbonate solutions important non-linear effects occur due to redistribution of carbonate species. In extreme cases this causes mixture pH to be below both the end-member pH values. A simple but precise computer program (WATMIX) has been developed for calculating mixture composition for closed and open system mixing of arbitrary end-members. A number of mixing examples are considered which allow one to isolate three important processes leading to non-linear behaviour: the algebraic effect, the δPCO2 effect, and the ionic strength effect.
Effects of inbreeding on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were evaluated by a comparison of differences between inbred and outbred half-sib families reared as contemporaries during the 1st yr of life. Attention was focused on two levels of inbreeding expressed as inbreeding coefficients: F = 0.25, one generation of brother–sister matings, and F = 0.375, two generations of brother–sister matings. Although inbreeding at the F = 0.25 level in fall-spawning populations had no effect on egg hatchability, it significantly increased the frequency of crippled fry by 37.6% and significantly decreased feed conversion efficiency (5.6%), fry survival to 147 days (14.6%), and growth rate to 147 days (6%) and 364 days (23.2%). Effects of inbreeding at F = 0.375 were more pronounced; significant differences included increased frequency of crippled fry (191.5%) and decreased feed conversion efficiency (14.9%), fry survival to 147 days (29.7%), and growth rate to 147 day s (13.4%) and 364 days (33.5%). Application of the total effects of inbreeding on the number of fish remaining and the weight of fish remaining in a production lot at 1 yr of age indicated losses of 17.4 and 36.6% after one generation (F = 0.25) and 47.9 and 65.4% after two generations (F = 0.375) of brother–sister mating. Similar studies on a spring-spawning population produced similar results. General breeding methods that minimize the rate of inbreeding accumulation are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/f76-288","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., 1976, Inbreeding in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 33, no. 11, p. 2420-2426, https://doi.org/10.1139/f76-288.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2420","endPage":"2426","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001244,"text":"70001244 - 1975 - Geologic setting of Boulder 1, Station 2, Apollo 17 landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T15:01:11.542884","indexId":"70001244","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:32","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3569,"text":"The Moon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting of Boulder 1, Station 2, Apollo 17 landing site","docAbstract":"Boulder 1 at Station 2 is one of three boulders sampled by Apollo 17 at the base of the South Massif, which rises 2.3 km above the floor of a linear valley interpreted as a graben formed by deformation related to the southern Serenitatis impact. The boulders probably rolled from the upper part of the massif after emplacement of the light mantle. Orbital gravity data and photogeologic reinterpretation suggest that the Apollo 17 area is located approximately on the third ring of the southern Serenitatis basin, approximately 1.25 times larger than the analogous but fresher Orientale basin structure. The massif exposures are interpreted to represent the upper part of thick ejecta deposited by the southern Serenitatis impact near the rim of the transient cavity. Basin ring structure and the radial grabens that give the massifs definition were imposed on this ejecta at a slightly later stage in the basin-forming process. There is no clear-cut compositional, textural, or photogeologic evidence that Imbrium ejecta was collected at the Apollo 17 site.
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs were exchanged between Connecticut and Maryland osprey nests in 1968 and 1969 to test the hypothesis that the decline in reproductive success of Connecticut ospreys was caused by something within the external environment of the eggs. Incubation of 30 Connecticut osprey eggs by Maryland ospreys did not improve the hatching rate. Forty-five Maryland osprey eggs incubated by Connecticut ospreys hatched at their normal rate. The results of the egg exchanges and associated observations indicated that the most probable cause of the poor reproduction of Connecticut ospreys ,was related to contamination of the birds and their eggs. Residues of DDT and its metabolites, dieldrin, and PCBs were generally higher in fish from Connecticut than from Maryland. During 1968-69, average residues (on a nest basis) in osprey eggs from Maryland were: p,p'-DDE, 2.4 ppm; dieldrin, 0.25 ppm; PCB, 2.6 ppm. Average residues in eggs from Connecticut for the same period were: p,p'DDE, 8.9 ppm; dieldrin, 0.61 ppm; PCB, 15 ppm. There were no major changes in residue content of Connecticut eggs collected in 1964 compared with those collected in 1968-B9. One Connecticut osprey had a concentration of dieldrin in its brain which was in the lethal range. The average shell thickness of recently collected osprey eggs from Connecticut had declined 18 percent, and those from Maryland had declined 10 percent from pre-1947 norms. Dieldrin, DDE, and PCB are three environmental pollutants that have most likely been important factors in the greatly reduced reproductive success and rapid population decline of Connecticut ospreys.
","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3800475","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Spitzer, P., Krantz, W., Lamont, T.G., and Cromartie, E., 1975, Effects of environmental pollutants on Connecticut and Maryland ospreys: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 39, no. 1, p. 124-139, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800475.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"139","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, 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G.","contributorId":51252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cromartie, E.","contributorId":13926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromartie","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70164417,"text":"70164417 - 1975 - Delineation of buried glacial drift aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:11:34","indexId":"70164417","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of buried glacial drift aquifers","docAbstract":"Locating and delineating buried glacial-drift aquifers poses one of the major problems to hydrogeologists working in glacial terrain. To show the vertical and horizontal boundaries of aquifers, most techniques require a multiple set of maps, a fence diagram, or a combination of maps and sections. Calculations of the first two moments, mean and standard deviation, of a discontinuous distribution result in values that represent the center of gravity (mean position) and spread (standard deviation) of all the sand units in a drill hole. Data for the moment method consist of depth to center point and thickness of each sand unit. A 2.600 mi2 (6,730 km2) area in northwestern Minnesota that, contained 71 test holes drilled to bedrock was used to test the usefulness of the moment method in glacial terrain. Plots of relative position of center of gravity and relative spread (calculated as percentage of total drift thickness) showed three groupings for relative center of gravity (shallow, 0-26 percent, medium, 30-55. and deep 58-72) and three for spread of sand units (narrow, 1-5 percent, medium, 8-19, and wide, 22-38). The resulting vertical-variability pattern map shows the areas of each of the nine combinations of these two factors. Because the vertical-variability map does not show quantity of sand, the map is most informative if the total thickness of sand, 01- percent sand of total drift thickness, is recorded by each hole location on the map. The center of gravity is useful for describing the vertical position of the principal sand in a drill hole because it lies within the principal sand unit in 34 of the 63 holes that contained sand, and it is within 15 percent (based on total drift, thickness) of the principal sand unit in 22 of the remaining 29 holes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1975, Delineation of buried glacial drift aquifers: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 2, p. 137-148.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316541,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316540,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"28.00 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota","county":"Kittson County, Marshall County, Oakland County, Roseau County","otherGeospatial":"Lac Qui Parle River watershed, Mesabi Iron Range, Roseau River watershed,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -96,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 48\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.5,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -95.5,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -95.5,\n 44.5\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 44.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 48\n ],\n [\n -93,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 47\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83,\n 42.2\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -83.8,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -83.8,\n 42.2\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 42.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b332eae4b0cc79997f3313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164418,"text":"70164418 - 1975 - Relative efficiencies of square and triangular grids in the search for elliptically shaped resource target","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T15:23:25","indexId":"70164418","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relative efficiencies of square and triangular grids in the search for elliptically shaped resource target","docAbstract":"The relative efficiencies of equivalent-density, square and equilateral triangular (hexagonal) grids used in the search for elliptical targets are determined for ellipses having relative semi-major axes ranging from 0.50 to 1.00 of the square grid spacing and having shapes (minor axes/major axes) ranging from 0.2 to 1.0. Using the probability of one or more hits, the grid types are equally efficient for targets having semi-major axes less than or equal to one-half of the grid spacing. The triangular grid is as much as 6 percent more efficient for targets having relative sizes greater than 0.50. The square grid is less than 1 percent more efficient in a small region centered on a relative size of 0.80 and a shape of 0.45. Both grids are equally efficient for targets that are hit with certainty and tend toward equal efficiency as the ellipses become more needlelike in shape. A random search is more efficient than both grid types when the relative size is less than 0.50 and the probability of two or more hits is used to define relative efficiency. For two or more hits and targets having relative sizes larger than 0.50, the triangular grid is as much as 91 percent less efficient than the square grid; however, the probabilities are small. In a region centered on a relative size of 0.80, the triangular grid is slightly more efficient if the criterion is two or more hits. The probability of two or more hits is inversely related to the probability of one or more hits for many target sizes and shapes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., 1975, Relative efficiencies of square and triangular grids in the search for elliptically shaped resource target: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 2, p. 163-167.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"167","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316545,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"28.00 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b33323e4b0cc79997f3444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25980,"text":"wri7446 - 1975 - Evaluation of reservoir sites in North Carolina: Regional relations for estimating the reservoir capacity needed for a dependable water supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-06T02:01:45.865387","indexId":"wri7446","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-46","title":"Evaluation of reservoir sites in North Carolina: Regional relations for estimating the reservoir capacity needed for a dependable water supply","docAbstract":"Draft-storage-frequency relations, which show the storage required for a reservoir to furnish a specified withdrawal or draft are regionalized for four zones in the State, using the mean annual flow of the streams as an index. The differences between the zones primarily reflect differences in the variability of stream flow.
To assure the available draft will fall below 75 percent of the mean annual flow of a stream only once in 50 years on the average, a reservoir in the mountains would need a usable storage capacity of 45 percent of the mean annual runoff of the impounded stream. In comparison, reservoirs in parts of the Piedmont furnishing a draft of 75 percent of the mean annual flow must have usable storage equal to 60 percent of the mean annual runoff of the stream. In the inner Coastal Plain the storage required increases to 84 per-cent, and in the outer Coastal Plain to about 110 percent. These increases in storage necessary to furnish a certain draft are indicative of the general increase in streamflow variability, both seasonally and between years, that occurs from west to east in the State.
Net evaporative draft, the evaporative loss from reservoirs when annual evaporation exceeds annual precipitation, also varies from west to east. For instance, a reservoir impounding a Piedmont stream, and designed with a 5 percent chance of deficiency, will have a net evaporative draft about twice as large as a similar sized reservoir in the Coastal Plain. In the mountains, annual precipitation always exceeds evaporation because of the cooler temperatures and higher rates of precipitation.
Annual net evaporation is also proportionately smaller for large reservoirs than for small ones. On a Coastal Plain reservoir, with storage equivalent to the mean annual runoff of the stream and being drafted at 90 percent of the mean annual flow, the net evaporation for a stream with a mean annual runoff of only 500 acre-feet (0.62 cubic hectometres) is three times as great as for a stream with mean annual runoff of 100,000 acre-feet (123 cubic hectometres). Thus, one large reservoir has less evaporation loss than several small ones capable of furnishing, collectively, the same reliable draft.
Under some circumstances, sedimentation can quickly reduce the available storage in a reservoir, thus decreasing the reliable draft. Estimated sedi-mentation rates in the Piedmont can range from 240 acre-feet per year (0.3 cubic hectometres per year) in a severely exposed drainage basin of 10 square miles (26 square kilometres) to 0.4 acre-feet per year (493 cubic metres per year) in a wooded basin of the same size.
Seepage beneath and around a reservoir dam is normally not significant in the State. The usual engineering practices should be followed, however, to avoid locating the dam on an open or active fault, cavernous limestone, or continuous beds of sand or gravel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri7446","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources","usgsCitation":"Arteaga, F., and Hubbard, E., 1975, Evaluation of reservoir sites in North Carolina: Regional relations for estimating the reservoir capacity needed for a dependable water supply: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 74-46, Report: v, 60 p.; 1 Plate: 34.95 x 16.66 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri7446.","productDescription":"Report: v, 60 p.; 1 Plate: 34.95 x 16.66 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Within the Yakutat region are some of the tallest mountains, some of the heaviest snowfalls, and the largest glacier in North America. Between the abrupt mountain front and the Gulf of Alaska lies a very gently sloping plain of outwash derived from repeated cycles of advance followed by melt and retreat of glaciers during the Quaternary Period. The latest melting probably took place 500 to 600 years ago. Yakutat is built upon the moderately steep moraine that is the product of melting of one of these glaciers. Near Yakutat, surficial deposits are as much as 700 feet thick and probably overlie siltstone, sandstone, and mudstone. The eight general categories of mapped surficial deposits include artificial fill, organic, eolian, beach, delta-estuarine, alluvial, and outwash deposits, and deposits of the outer Yakutat Bay moraine complex.
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William C.","contributorId":73586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crenshaw, George L.","contributorId":25953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crenshaw","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hubert, Arthur E.","contributorId":78340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, Ricke J.","contributorId":82324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Ricke","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70206968,"text":"70206968 - 1975 - Rates of dissolution of aluminosilicates in seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T11:25:20","indexId":"70206968","displayToPublicDate":"1975-12-31T11:21:17","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rates of dissolution of aluminosilicates in seawater","docAbstract":"Dissolution of eight clay minerals, four zeolites, and quartz in seawater has been monitored for 8 1 2 years. For most of the minerals, dissolution can be described as a first-order reaction in which dissolved silica approaches from undersaturation steady concentration values with time. Characteristic reaction rate constants (k1) are of the order of 10-7 sec-1. One of the zeolites, clinoptilolite, shows a different dissolution behavior: SiO2 concentration in solution reaches a high value within one year, followed by a decline to a lower value, suggestive of precipitation of another silicate phase (possibly sepiolite). A mathematical solution is given for a kinetic equation combining the parabolic-rate and first-order rate processes. It is shown that in a wide range of silicate dissolution reactions taking place over long periods of time, the presence of the parabolic-rate dissolution processes cannot be detected, thereby making its inclusion in the kinetic equations unnecessary. The experimental rates of dissolution are comparable to the SiO2- dissolution rates in oceanic sediments near the sediment/water interface. But deeper in the sediment, the calculated dissolution rates are significantly lower than the near-interface and experimental values. © 1975.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(75)90213-7","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Lerman, A., MacKenzie, F., and Bricker, O., 1975, Rates of dissolution of aluminosilicates in seawater: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 25, no. 1, p. 82-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90213-7.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"82","endPage":"88","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lerman, A.","contributorId":220975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lerman","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206725,"text":"70206725 - 1975 - Structure and petrology of a cumulus norite boulder sampled by Apollo 17 in Taurus-Littrow Valley, the Moon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-19T07:26:06","indexId":"70206725","displayToPublicDate":"1975-12-31T07:23:58","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and petrology of a cumulus norite boulder sampled by Apollo 17 in Taurus-Littrow Valley, the Moon","docAbstract":"A glass-coated half-meter-size boulder was sampled by the Apollo 17 crew at station 8 near the foot of the Sculptured Hills. The rock proved to be a coarse-grained (0.5-cm) plagioclase-orthopyroxene cumulate, and the samples are the only true norites returned from the lunar surface. Photographs of the boulder showed it to contain at least nine structural surfaces and four glass veins. Orientation and inspection of three of the returned samples resulted in the identification of six surfaces and one vein. One of the structural surfaces visible in the boulder was identified as primary cumulus planar lamination, which was folded through an angle of at least 35° between two oriented samples, whereas fracture sets representing the other surfaces were coincident. The boulder is believed to be a sample of the deeper highlands or submare lunar crust, derived from a depth of 8 to 30 km and somewhat shock-metamorphosed during at least two excavation events. The chemical composition of the norites, when determined, should be of special interest in view of the large amount of literature concerning glass, cataclasite, hornfels, and \"basalt\" of noritic composition returned by other Apollo missions. However, the cumulus texture of the boulder precludes its being representative of any magmatic liquid composition, suggests that the lunar crust is heterogeneously layered, and that plagioclase sank, not floated, in magmatic liquids that formed the lunar crust. © 1975 Geological Society of America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<433:SAPOAC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Jackson, E.D., Sutton, R.L., and Wilshire, H.G., 1975, Structure and petrology of a cumulus norite boulder sampled by Apollo 17 in Taurus-Littrow Valley, the Moon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, no. 4, p. 433-442, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<433:SAPOAC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"433","endPage":"442","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"the Moon ","volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, E. D.","contributorId":120010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232767,"text":"70232767 - 1975 - A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T15:28:31.504358","indexId":"70232767","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T10:21:16","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California","docAbstract":"A 210-cm core from Pearson's Pond yielded a pollen record for the past 3 millenia. Prior to A.D. 1000 the pond biota was particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations. Two wet intervals occur in the pollen record, between 350 B.C. and A.I). 0 and between A.D. 650 and 900. The pollen record suggests that the Weeks Creek landslide may have moved at least twice prior to 3,000 years ago and that the middle part of the glide has been stable since that time. Seasonal changes produce large annual fluctuations in the water table, and climatic changes during the past 3,000 years have produced significant changes in the timing and magnitude of the annual changes. Climatic records such as the one presented here will help us to understand and separate the effects of climate and earthquakes on the landslide history of the Holocene deposits of the San Francisco Bay area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 721-731.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"731","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pearson's Pond, San Francisco Peninisula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.326300920153855\n ],\n [\n -122.27650165557861,\n 37.326300920153855\n ],\n [\n -122.27650165557861,\n 37.32754651163429\n ],\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.32754651163429\n ],\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.326300920153855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ]}