{"pageNumber":"398","pageRowStart":"9925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10954,"records":[{"id":70227387,"text":"70227387 - 1971 - Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:05:05.814387","indexId":"70227387","displayToPublicDate":"1971-07-01T12:55:13","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>In the high mountain area of the Olympic Mountains, Washington, there are many troughlike depressions on and essentially parallel to ridge tops. The troughs are mostly developed on rocks with strong planar anisotropy: slate, sandstone, and phyllite. Similar features in Europe, Japan, and New Zealand have been variously ascribed to erosion, slow movement along deep-seated shear planes, creep, and tectonic movements. In the Olympics, many depressions parallel structure; one wall is steeply dipping rocks, the other shattered, gently dipping rocks. These depressions seem to be the gaps left between undisturbed steeply dipping rocks and beds or cleavage bent valley-ward by creep. A few troughs may be the result of slow down-slope movement along deep-seated shear planes; this is a favorite explanation of eastern European workers. The Olympic ridge-top depressions testify to the importance of gravity in the degradation of high mountains carved from weak rocks.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1811:OORDBL]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., 1971, Origin of ridge-top depressions by large-scale creep in the Olympic Mountains, Washington: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 7, p. 1811-1822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1811:OORDBL]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1811","endPage":"1822","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.42016601562499,\n              47.61356975397398\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0576171875,\n              47.301584511330795\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.3544921875,\n              47.212105775622426\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.81616210937499,\n              47.71715357016648\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.904052734375,\n              48.05605376398125\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.99169921875,\n              48.188063481211415\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.4091796875,\n              48.29050321714062\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.47509765625,\n              47.98256841921405\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.3212890625,\n              47.82053186746053\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.46411132812499,\n              47.724544549099676\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.42016601562499,\n              47.61356975397398\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, Rowland W. rtabor@usgs.gov","contributorId":3816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"Rowland","email":"rtabor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":830725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227417,"text":"70227417 - 1971 - Quaternary faulting in the eastern Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:54:42.923137","indexId":"70227417","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T15:45:27","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary faulting in the eastern Alaska Range","docAbstract":"<p>Quaternary faulting is well displayed along the Denali fault system and the recently recognized and related Totschunda fault system in the eastern Alaska Range. The principal movement on both fault systems is right-lateral strike-slip. Offset glacial features of Wisconsin age indicate minimum Holocene slip rates of 1.1 to 3.5 cm per year along parts of the Denali fault system, and 0.9 to 3.3 cm per year along the Totschunda fault system. Strike-slip movement along the Denali fault system may be no older than early Pliocene and, southeast of the Totschunda fault system junction, may have terminated by the middle Pleistocene. The strike-slip Totschunda fault system, a much younger feature probably no older than middle Pleistocene, exhibits 9 to 10 km of right-lateral offset and 1,500 m of relative vertical movement. The Totschunda fault system is aligned with, and has the same sense of slip as, the Fairweather fault in the Gulf of Alaska.</p><p>The Denali fault system and the Queen Charlotte Islands fault are part of a major transform fault system separating the North American and Pacific plates. Continental southern Alaska between the Aleutian arc and the Denali fault system is now largely coupled to the Pacific plate. The Totschunda-Fairweather alignment probably represents the beginning of a new transform fault by-passing the southeast part of the Denali fault system.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1529:QFITEA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Richter, D., and Matson, N., 1971, Quaternary faulting in the eastern Alaska Range: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1529-1540, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1529:QFITEA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1529","endPage":"1540","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Range, Denali fault system, Queen Charlotte Islands, Totschunda fault system","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162.2900390625,\n              58.63121664342478\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.333984375,\n              58.516651799363785\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.4990234375,\n              58.309488840677645\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.7412109375,\n              58.88194208135912\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.17089843749997,\n              61.227957176677876\n            ],\n            [\n              -150.205078125,\n              62.36999628130772\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.5791015625,\n              62.79493487887006\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.6015625,\n              62.59334083012024\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.634765625,\n              62.062733258846514\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              60.261617082844616\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              62.83508901142283\n            ],\n            [\n              -143.7451171875,\n              63.93737246791484\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.3046875,\n              64.32087157990324\n            ],\n            [\n              -149.4140625,\n              64.01449619484472\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.32421875,\n              62.30879369102805\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.1474609375,\n              59.5343180010956\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.2900390625,\n              58.63121664342478\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":830776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matson, N.A. Jr.","contributorId":102956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"N.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227416,"text":"70227416 - 1971 - Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part III: Fingerprinting discordant zircon ages in a complex intrusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:44:21.359303","indexId":"70227416","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T15:39:19","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part III: Fingerprinting discordant zircon ages in a complex intrusion","docAbstract":"<p>The apparent ages (32 lead/alpha and 6 Pb<sup>206</sup>/U<sup>238</sup>) of zircon as plotted on an isochron map of the Boulder Creek batholith define the following pattern: (1) very high ages (1600 to 1900 m.y.) within the outermost border zone on the southwest, south, and southeast; (2) transitional high ages (1300 to 1600 m.y.) within an inner border zone on the east and widening to the south and west to include about one-third of the batholith; (3) transitional low ages (1000 to 1300 m.y.) throughout much of the interior of the northern half; and (4) very low ages (1000 m.y. or less) limited to a small area within the northeast corner.</p><p>The area of minimum age is shown to be part of the reduced-age aureole surrounding the 77 m.y. hornblende granodiorite stock at Jamestown that intrudes the Silver Plume Granite of the Longs Peak-St. Vrain batholith in the region immediately to the north of the minimum-age area of the Boulder Creek batholith. A southeastward elongation of the area of minimum age is attributed to channelway control of the solutions responsible for the recrystallization of the zircon by those northwest-trending breccia reefs that are cut by, or strike toward, the Laramide intrusion.</p><p>Statistical studies of five zircon separates used for isotopic work showed that the frequency of grains having partial, or complete, rims of colorless zircon on purple to semiopaque zircon cores increased inversely with measured Pb<sup>206</sup>/U<sup>238</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>age along a smooth curve that, when extrapolated, connected the point representing age of emplacement (0 percent rims) and the point representing the approximate age of re-crystallization (100 percent rims). Consequently, in the Boulder Creek zircon rim frequency gives a useful estimate of the amount of lead lost relative to uranium and thorium from a given sample during its recrystallization. The microstudy indicated: (1) the surface separating core and rim is a major discontinuity; (2) the greater part of the rims appear to be true overgrowths; and (3) the highest frequency of rims is found in the most metamict zircon. However, in any one sample a significant fraction of the most metamict zircon has been sheltered from reaction, presumably by inclusion within relatively impervious minerals, and remains free of rims. These observations coupled with the map evidence of selective channelway control point to warm solutions rather than dry heat as the agent of recrystallization and lead loss.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1635:BCBCPI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Phair, G., Stern, T.W., and Gottfried, D., 1971, Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part III: Fingerprinting discordant zircon ages in a complex intrusion: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1635-1655, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1635:BCBCPI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1635","endPage":"1655","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.96450805664062,\n              39.536880650643056\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.98672485351562,\n              39.536880650643056\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.98672485351562,\n              40.263808598903566\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.96450805664062,\n              40.263808598903566\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.96450805664062,\n              39.536880650643056\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phair, George","contributorId":91512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phair","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, Thomas W.","contributorId":271088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stern","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gottfried, David","contributorId":82295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70227162,"text":"70227162 - 1971 - Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:48:46.538897","indexId":"70227162","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T09:43:33","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain is a partially serpentinized harzburgite-dunite body approximately 2 km in diameter. It lies in a chaotic<span>&nbsp;</span><i>mélange</i><span>&nbsp;</span>derived from the Franciscan Formation (Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous) of the southern Coast Ranges of California. The peridotite is bounded on the east by a vertical fault in the Nacimiento fault zone that brings sedimentary rocks of Taliaferro's (1943<i>b</i>) Asuncion Group (Upper Cretaceous) into contact with the peridotite. The peridotite appears to be one of a number of tectonic lenses, having a wide range in size, that make up the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>mélange</i>. These lenses include metagraywacke, metachert, greenstone, amphibolite, and blueschist, as well as ultramafic rocks, and represent a wide range of pressure-temperature environments.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The outer shell of the peridotite is a sheared serpentinite zone 10–15 m thick. The peridotite was tectonically emplaced at its present level as a cold solid mass and had little effect on the mineral assemblages of the Franciscan Formation. Local development of lawsonite and aragonite in shear zones may be related to the peridotite emplacement.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Foliated harzburgite forms approximately 60 per cent of the peridotite. It is a lithologically uniform rock that has an olivine: orthopyroxene ratio of approximately 75:25. Accessory clinopyroxene and chromian spinel generally make up less than 5 per cent of the harzburgite. Dunite, composed of olivine, accessory chromian spinel (&lt; 5 per cent), and trace amounts of pyroxene, makes up approximately 40 per cent of the peridotite and occurs as dikes, sills, and irregular bodies in the harzburgite.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Olivine and pyroxene show small but significant compositional variations and chromian spinel shows a large range in the cation ratio Cr/(Cr+Al+ Fe<sup>3+</sup>). The compositional variations in these minerals are related to original differences in bulk chemical composition. The following compositional ranges were determined for minerals in the harzburgite: olivine, Fo<sub>91.1</sub>−Fo<sub>91.4</sub>; orthopyroxene, En<sub>89.8</sub>−En<sub>91.1</sub>; clinopyroxene, Ca<sub>47.0</sub>Mg<sub>50.0</sub>Fe<sub>3.0</sub>−Ca<sub>48.7</sub>Mg<sub>48.2</sub>Fe<sub>3.1</sub>; chromian spinel, Cr/(Cr+Al+Fe<sup>3+</sup>) 0.37−0.55. The pyroxenes have a range in A1<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>content of 1.3−3.0 wt per cent. Olivine from dunite ranges from Fo<sub>91</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>to Fo<sub>92 7</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and the chromian spinel has a range in the Cr/(Cr+Al+Fe<sup>3+</sup>) ratio of 0.30−0.75. Although all the dunites are lithologically similar, three distinct types are recognized on the basis of composition of coexisting olivine and chromian spinel. Structural relations between the three types of dunite suggest three periods of emplacement (possibly overlapping) of dunite into harzburgite. The evidence indicates that the dunite, and probably also the harzburgite crystallized from an ultramafic magma, probably in the upper mantle.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">After the magmatic episode and crystallization, the peridotite was subjected to a deep-seated plastic deformation and recrystallization. The first phase of the deformation produced a pervasive, planar structural element (S<sub>1</sub>) that crosscuts many harzburgite-dunite contacts. It is probable that some of the dunite sills were emplaced during this deformation. The foliation, S<sub>1</sub>, is defined by layers of different orthopyroxene content in harzburgite, and by discontinuous layers of chromian spinel in dunite. Flow or slip along S<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>produced slip folds in harzburgite—dunite contacts with axial planes parallel to S<sub>1</sub>. At a later stage, isoclinal folds developed in S<sub>1</sub>, and the present olivine microfabric was probably formed by recrystallization in the stress field that produced the isoclinal folding. In the olivine microfabric,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>X</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tends to be perpendicular to the axial planes (S<sub>2</sub>) of the isoclinal folds and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Y</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Z</i><span>&nbsp;</span>tend to form double maxima in S<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>approximately 90° apart. Mg−Fe<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>distribution between coexisting mineral pairs yields a calculated temperature of formation of approximately 1200 °C. Although this temperature is only a nominal value, it indicates that the mineral pairs equilibrated at a significantly high temperature. In view of the deformation and recrystallization, the calculated temperature possibly represents subsolidus re-equilibration of the minerals during this event. The deformation and recrystallization probably occurred shortly after crystallization while the peridotite was still at a high temperature.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">A later deep-seated deformation produced small scattered kink folds in S<sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>that tend to disrupt the major olivine microfabric. The kink folding was accompanied or followed by the development of kink bands in olivine that reflect intragranular gliding on the system<span>&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= [<i>Okl</i>],<span>&nbsp;</span><i>t</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= [100]. The kink bands probably formed at a minimum temperature of 1000 °C.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Following the deep-seated deformation, which probably took place in the mantle, the peridotite mass was tectonically detached and moved upward to its present level in the crust. Cleavages, joints, and faults provided channels for water to pervade the peridotite and allow alteration of the primary minerals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/12.2.245","usgsCitation":"Loney, R.A., Himmelberg, G.R., and Coleman, R.G., 1971, Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.: Economic Geology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 245-309, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/12.2.245.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"309","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Burro Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.27309799194335,\n              35.855178783203776\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26039505004883,\n              35.86387402899189\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25739097595213,\n              35.86554340703446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25335693359374,\n              35.863178444429494\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.24717712402344,\n              35.86463916495963\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.24168395996095,\n              35.86672586187277\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25730514526366,\n              35.87222056756162\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26640319824219,\n              35.87708897573244\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2776470184326,\n              35.87966215633466\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28597259521484,\n              35.8764630542986\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28906250000001,\n              35.87333337294745\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28957748413085,\n              35.86554340703446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.28442764282228,\n              35.859561306299426\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.27309799194335,\n              35.855178783203776\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70210063,"text":"70210063 - 1971 - Origin and emplacement of the ultramafic rocks of the Emigrant Gap area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T13:18:17.533227","indexId":"70210063","displayToPublicDate":"1971-05-12T15:34:30","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and emplacement of the ultramafic rocks of the Emigrant Gap area, California","docAbstract":"<p class=\"chapter-para\">The ultramafic bodies of the Emigrant Gap area are part of a mafic complex within a large composite pluton of the northern Sierra Nevada. The pluton was magmatically emplaced and is surrounded by an aureole of hornblende-hornfels facies rocks. Inclusions of country rock in ultramafic rock are of pyroxene-hornfels facies and appear to have been partly melted. Gravity studies indicate that the ultramafic bodies have near-vertical contacts extending to depths of at least 1½ to 2½ km.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The mafic complex shows rough concentric zoning of rock types: ultramafic bodies occur at the core; gabbro forms a discontinuous intermediate unit; and diorite, tonalite, and granodiorite occur at the margins. Within the ultramafic bodies, unserpentinized wehrlitic peridotite is dominant; dunite and olivine clinopyroxenite are present but greatly subordinate. The ultramafic rocks consist almost entirely of olivine (FO<sub>80</sub>) and diopside (Ca<sub>46</sub>Mg<sub>46</sub>Fe<sub>8</sub>); orthopyroxene, hornbolende, and plagioclase occur locally. The gabbro, diorite, tonalite, and granodiorite contain both ortho- and clinopyroxene.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">Both ultramafic and two-pyroxene-bearing rocks were emplaced nearly simultaneously, as partly crystallized magmas and magmatic crystal mushes that had similar temperature. In all the rocks the structures are dominantly magmatic and were produced by sorting and orientation of crystals by magmatic flow. Structures produced by post-consolidation deformation and replacement are minor and local.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The structural and chemical relations within the mafic complex suggest that all the rocks are derived from a single gabbroic magma by crystal fractionation, with the ultramafic rocks formed by mechanical accumulation of early crystallized mafic minerals, and the two pyroxene-bearing granodiorite crystallized from a felsic differentiate. It is likely that flowage differentiation was the dominant process of crystal segregation.</p><p class=\"chapter-para\">The Emigrant Gap mafic complex is similar in structure, rock texture, and mineralogy to zoned ultramafic complexes, such as those of south-eastern Alaska, and is very different from either stratiform or alpine-type bodies. Though unlike the Alaskan bodies in detail, it appears that this complex should be classed with the zoned complexes in any broad grouping of ultramafic occurrences.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/12.3.523","usgsCitation":"James, O., 1971, Origin and emplacement of the ultramafic rocks of the Emigrant Gap area, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 523-560, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/12.3.523.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"560","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374708,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Emigrant Gap","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.75897216796876,\n              39.25618310939581\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.59967041015624,\n              39.25618310939581\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.59967041015624,\n              39.325268257858575\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.75897216796876,\n              39.325268257858575\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.75897216796876,\n              39.25618310939581\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, O.B.","contributorId":100526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"O.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227316,"text":"70227316 - 1971 - Radiometric age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:00:38.567632","indexId":"70227316","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T15:15:56","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<div class=\"widget widget-SplitView widget-instance-SplitView_Article\"><div class=\"article\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleMainView widget-instance-ArticleMainView_Split\"><div class=\"content-inner-wrap\"><div class=\"article-body\"><div id=\"ContentTab\" class=\"content active\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-ArticleFulltext_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><div class=\"widget-items\" data-widgetname=\"ArticleFulltext\"><p id=\"15273334\" class=\"abstract-title jumplink-heading\">A geochronologic study of several intrusive bodies of alkalic granite from eastern Massachusetts yields the following radiometric ages (in millions of years).</p><table border=\"0\" class=\"mce-item-table\"><tbody><tr><td>Rock unit</td><td>Amphibole&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>K-Ar</td><td>Whole-rock <br>Rb-Sr isochron&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>Pb<sup>207</sup>/Pb<sup>206</sup><br>zircon</td></tr><tr><td>Quincy Granite</td><td>430-458</td><td>313 ± 22</td><td>437 ± 32</td></tr><tr><td>Cape Ann Granite&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td>374-397</td><td>435 ± 6</td><td>452 ± 10</td></tr><tr><td>Peabody Granite</td><td>350-403</td><td>367 ± 24</td><td>435 + 12<br>445 ± 22</td></tr></tbody></table><div><div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The zircon ages show only mild internal discordancies and most diffusion models used to discuss U-Th-Pb isotopic systematics would give a true age about equal to that of the Pb<sup>207</sup>/Pb<sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>value. When plotted on a concordia diagram, the zircon data indicate a time of emplacement of 450 ± 25 m.y. for all three granite bodies. This Late Ordovician age for post-tectonic granites suggests that revisions in the commonly accepted geologic interpretation of eastern Massachusetts may be required. Previously, because of their massive, undeformed nature, the alkalic rocks were generally regarded as being Mississippian or Devonian in age and younger than the Early to Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny.</p><p>The amphibole K-Ar and whole-rock Rb-Sr systems have responded in a complex way to postcrystallization disturbances. We interpret the pattern of ages for the Quincy Granite to reflect a late Paleozoic(?), low-temperature alteration that accompanied extensive faulting, and the patterns of ages for the Cape Ann and Peabody Granites to reflect a Devonian heating possibly related to contact metamorphism by a nearby mafic pluton.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[937:RALOOT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R.E., and Marvin, R.F., 1971, Radiometric age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from eastern Massachusetts: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 937-957, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[937:RALOOT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"937","endPage":"957","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.88104248046875,\n              42.53486817758702\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.64483642578125,\n              42.577354839557856\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5816650390625,\n              42.65214190481525\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.62286376953124,\n              42.69858589169842\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.65719604492188,\n              42.696567309696974\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.69015502929688,\n              42.66123150298925\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.76568603515625,\n              42.69555799408926\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80001831054688,\n              42.71574118930587\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.86318969726562,\n              42.68849232550868\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.90576171875,\n              42.712714128355564\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.99227905273438,\n              42.66022161324799\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.02935791015625,\n              42.60667398549725\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.88104248046875,\n              42.53486817758702\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.19621276855469,\n              42.459940352216556\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.91262817382812,\n              42.459940352216556\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.91262817382812,\n              42.56673588590953\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19621276855469,\n              42.56673588590953\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.19621276855469,\n              42.459940352216556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.13372802734375,\n              42.11859868281563\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.89958190917969,\n              42.11859868281563\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.89958190917969,\n              42.23105950761338\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.13372802734375,\n              42.23105950761338\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.13372802734375,\n              42.11859868281563\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zartman, Robert E.","contributorId":47356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227388,"text":"70227388 - 1971 - Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:15:48.778462","indexId":"70227388","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:08:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension","docAbstract":"<div class=\"widget widget-SplitView widget-instance-SplitView_Article\"><div class=\"article\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleMainView widget-instance-ArticleMainView_Split\"><div class=\"content-inner-wrap\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleTopInfo widget-instance-ArticleTopInfo_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget article-top-widget content-metadata_wrap\"></div></div><div class=\"toolbar-wrap vt-toolbar-wrap\"><div class=\"toolbar-inner-wrap\"><p>Basin and Range structure can be interpreted as a system of horsts and grabens produced by the fragmentation of a crustal slab above a plastically extending substratum. According to this view, the extension of the substratum causes the basal part of the slab to be pulled apart along narrow, systematically spaced zones which in turn cause the downdropping of complex horizontal prisms (grabens) in the brittle upper crust. The grabens form valleys at the surface; the intervening areas are horsts, or tilted horsts.<br></p></div></div><div class=\"article-body\"><div id=\"ContentTab\" class=\"content active\"><div class=\"widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-ArticleFulltext_Split\"><div class=\"module-widget\"><div class=\"widget-items\" data-widgetname=\"ArticleFulltext\"><div><div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Not all geologists have agreed, however, that Basin and Range structure consists of a system of horsts and grabens. Instead, the structure is commonly considered to consist of tilted blocks in which the upslope part of an individual block forms a mountain and the downslope part a valley. Recent detailed studies, including geophysical work, suggest that the horst and graben model may be more generally applicable. Many of the valleys in the Great Basin are bounded on both sides by faults that drop the valley block down; these faults are exposed at the surface or can be inferred from steep gravity gradients indicative of steep faulted subsurface bedrock slopes. Some areas that were thought to represent a typical series of tilted blocks may be a series of highly asymmetrical grabens in which one side of a valley is marked by a master fault and the other side by valleyward tilt. With present knowledge, most, or perhaps all, of the major valleys in the Great Basin can plausibly be considered to be grabens, and most or all of the mountains can be considered to be horsts or tilted horsts.</p><p>The grabens, and the underlying inferred deep zones of extension that cause them, are systematically distributed in the Great Basin. They are generally north-trending features spaced 15 to 20 mi apart. Locally, the pattern is more complex, and individual grabens divide and trend away from each other at acute or high angles. In a few places, the pattern may even be roughly polygonal. The distribution pattern of the grabens and the related deep zones of extension resemble crack patterns in small-scale tensional systems, and both patterns may be mechanically related. By analogy with the small-scale systems, the areas of generally north-trending and parallel grabens require east-west extension, whereas the areas with a possible polygonal pattern of grabens must extend radially.</p><p>The geometry of block faulting related to Basin and Range structure requires sizable east-west extension, estimated at about 1.5 mi on the average for each major valley and at about 30 to 60 mi across the entire Great Basin. Most of this extension has taken place in the last 17 m.y., or perhaps even in the last 7 to 11 m.y., indicating a rate of extension in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 cm/yr.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1019:BARSAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., 1971, Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1019-1043, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1019:BARSAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.69580078125001,\n              38.90813299596705\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.92724609375,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.67529296874999,\n              34.903952965590065\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              35.96022296929667\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.90673828125,\n              38.976492485539396\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.0166015625,\n              42.00032514831621\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.69775390625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.04833984375001,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.65185546875,\n              42.032974332441405\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.69580078125001,\n              38.90813299596705\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227349,"text":"70227349 - 1971 - Thrust and strike-slip faulting in the Plomosa Mountains, southwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T21:51:47.642007","indexId":"70227349","displayToPublicDate":"1971-03-01T15:31:29","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thrust and strike-slip faulting in the Plomosa Mountains, southwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>Thrust and strike-slip faulting are recognized in the Plomosa Mountains, southwestern Arizona. The distribution of rock types and the geometry of the thrust faults necessitate that the upper plate moved from east to west. The amount of displacement is not known, but is considered to be large. Apparent separations along the strike-slip faults are in a right-lateral sense and are greater than 19,000 ft. Rhyodacite flows, dated by K-Ar methods at 19 to 20 m.y., unconformably overlie the thrust faults and are cut by the strike-slip faults.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[717:TASFIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Miller, F.K., and McKee, E.H., 1971, Thrust and strike-slip faulting in the Plomosa Mountains, southwestern Arizona: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 3, p. 717-722, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[717:TASFIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"722","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394152,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Plomosa Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.158935546875,\n              33.582019124986424\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.158935546875,\n              33.51220193130392\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12872314453125,\n              33.489871424805116\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.07516479492188,\n              33.48128123469761\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.04014587402342,\n              33.567716918862175\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.00718688964844,\n              33.592887216626245\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.99551391601562,\n              33.62662677351111\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.01199340820312,\n              33.66092464108172\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.04632568359375,\n              33.67921124932958\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.06898498535156,\n              33.68149680197185\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.114990234375,\n              33.67921124932958\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.14382934570312,\n              33.63405913759068\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.158935546875,\n              33.582019124986424\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, F. K.","contributorId":10803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70227309,"text":"70227309 - 1971 - Nomenclature and correlation of some upper Precambrian and basal Cambrian sequences in western Utah and southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T19:11:55.767009","indexId":"70227309","displayToPublicDate":"1971-03-01T13:00:33","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nomenclature and correlation of some upper Precambrian and basal Cambrian sequences in western Utah and southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Recent stratigraphic studies in three widely separated localities in southeastern Idaho and western Utah have revealed a startling continuity of both individual rock units and of rock sequences over a distance of some 300 mi parallel to the strike of a late Precambrian and Cambrian depositional trough. Between 15,000 and 25,000 ft of beds were deposited in the axis of the trough, whereas only 1000 to 3300 ft of correlative rocks were laid down on the shelf to the east. In several areas a diamictite is present near the base of the sequence; this is underlain locally and overlain generally by argillites containing lenticular limestones and dolomites; these in turn are succeeded by quartzitic rocks containing a thick grayish-red to maroon unit—the Mutual Formation. In each area the sequence includes, at the top, quartzites typical of the basal Cambrian. Deposition in the basin was essentially continuous from late Precambrian into Cambrian time but was interrupted by uplift and erosion on the shelf. The hinge line of the ancient seaway is inferred to have coincided roughly with the present “Wasatch line,” but erosion prior to deposition of the Tintic Quartzite has removed most of the data needed to establish this with certainty.</p><p>Rocks in each of the three areas described here in detail are regarded as allochthonous and appear to have been thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny. A precise reconstruction of the sedimentary basin must therefore await not only additional stratigraphic studies in such areas as the Promontory Range of Utah and the Bannock and Malad Ranges of southern Idaho, but also final resolution of the structural events.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[581:NACOSU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Crittenden, M.D., Schaeffer, F.E., Trimble, D.E., and Woodward, L.A., 1971, Nomenclature and correlation of some upper Precambrian and basal Cambrian sequences in western Utah and southeastern Idaho: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 3, p. 581-602, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[581:NACOSU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"602","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.51025390625,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              43.88205730390537\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51025390625,\n              43.88205730390537\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.51025390625,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crittenden, Max D. Jr.","contributorId":28951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crittenden","given":"Max","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaeffer, Frederick E.","contributorId":271011,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trimble, D. E.","contributorId":11581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodward, Lee A.","contributorId":69561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70227276,"text":"70227276 - 1971 - Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:17:58.416727","indexId":"70227276","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T13:32:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \"><p>The lead manganate, \"coronadite,\" was first recognized at the Coronado mine in the Morenci district, Arizona, by Lindgren in 1903. Several years later, the identity of the mineral was questioned and it was not until 1932 that Orcel recognized it in material from Morocco. Since 1955, the mineral has been recognized at numerous places; in the USSR, east of the Ural Mountains, in several districts in Morocco, England, Australia, and India. In recent years, coronadite had been identified at numerous localities in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California by the writer and others. At this time, it has been identified at 22 localities, and in the opinion of this writer, it will be found at many more places if it is sought for carefully.</p><p>Author's review of the known occurrences of coronadite and interpretation of the modes of geologic environment show that the mineral is found in veins and hot spring aprons, where it seems to have been deposited by hydrothermal waters from depth and that it is one of the manganese oxide minerals deposited as sediments. Probably it is more widely found in assemblages of minerals of supergene origin.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.164","usgsCitation":"Hewett, D.F., 1971, Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 164-177, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.164.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, Bulgaria, England, France, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Russia, Spain, Sweden, United States, Uzbekistan","state":"Arizona, Asturias, California, Chihuahua, Durango, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New South Wales, Savoy","county":"Cumberland County","otherGeospatial":"Transbaikalia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n     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,{"id":70210573,"text":"70210573 - 1971 - Sedimentation in the Middle Fork Eel River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T21:43:50.613446","indexId":"70210573","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T16:43:18","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Sedimentation in the Middle Fork Eel River Basin, California","docAbstract":"<p>The Middle Fork Eel River basin has a drainage area of 753 square miles and is in a mountainous area on the western flank of the coast ranges in northern California. Elevations in the basin range from about 860 feet above mean sea level at the confluence with the Eel River to more than 7,500 feet at several peaks along the eastern divide.</p><p>The Middle Fork Eel River basin has a drainage area of 753 square miles and is in a mountainous area on the western flank of the coast ranges in northern California. Elevations in the basin range from about 860 feet above mean sea level at the confluence with the Eel River to more than 7,500 feet at several peaks along the eastern divide. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70210573","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Knott, J.M., 1971, Sedimentation in the Middle Fork Eel River Basin, California: Open-File Report, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70210573.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391542,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210573/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":391541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70210573/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Middle Fork Eel River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knott, J. M.","contributorId":77909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70227393,"text":"70227393 - 1971 - Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:28:56.593327","indexId":"70227393","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T14:24:41","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanic rocks of late Tertiary age, aggregating about 17,000 ft, accumulated on a surface of low relief cut on Precambrian rocks in the Basin and Range province south of Lake Mead, in Nevada and Arizona. They consist mostly of lava and flow breccia of intermediate composition with minor ash-flow tuff, bedded tuff, and lava of rhyolitic composition.</p><p>The last of three main phases of volcanism was accompanied by widespread epizonal plutonism and intense faulting. All or parts of six similarly but separately fault-deformed structural units are recognized in a 92-sq-mi mapped area. The structural units are highly distended by a system of closely spaced north-to northwest-striking shingling normal faults (many of which are low angle) that displace younger over older rocks in a west to west-southwest direction. Cumulative amounts of distension approximate the breadth of the structural units and are as much as 20,000 ft, whereas cumulative vertical displacements are much less and in some places are minimal. The structural units are floored at or near the present level of exposure by complex low-angle zones of detachment or décollement into which the numerous shingling normal faults merge. Where the units abut along their strike, they are separated by complex zones of transcurrent faults that appear to merge with the detachment structures and thus mark the ultimate limits of the structural units. Displacement on the detachment structures has the same sense as, but in some places is much greater than, that of the cumulative offset on the shingling faults, thus indicating low-angle movement of the structural units as platelike or lobate masses. These relationships indicate remarkably thin-skinned, large-scale, fault-related tectonism of a type which is present in a broad belt south of Lake Mead and in numerous other areas in the Basin and Range province.</p><p>The best exposed structural units exhibit a serial eastward progression from broad areas of steeply dipping strata, low-angle faults, and deep denudation to gently dipping strata, high-angle faults, and little denudation. Reverse-drag flexing, a volume-compensating mechanism for movement on concave-upward faults, is inferred to have produced the gentle to moderate dips of the strata, whereas the nearly vertical dips in the western parts of the units probably resulted from a combination of reverse-drag flexing and rotation related to uplift. Evidence of compression-related folding is absent.</p><p>The extreme distension is viewed as a surficial feature of a crustal belt that was subjected to a brief episode of tensional rifting. Rifting at subjacent levels along the belt was compensated for by emplacement of plutons. The surficial rocks were stretched and thinned over the plutons.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[43:TSDITR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anderson, R.E., 1971, Thin skin distension in Tertiary rocks of southeastern Nevada: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 1, p. 43-58, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[43:TSDITR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"58","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.59765625,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.697265625,\n              34.985003130171066\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.53247070312499,\n              35.200744801724014\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.67529296874999,\n              36.05798104702501\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.3017578125,\n              35.97800618085566\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.071044921875,\n              36.049098959065645\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.04907226562499,\n              39.52946653645165\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.5537109375,\n              39.5633531658293\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.59765625,\n              37.3002752813443\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, R. 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,{"id":70042870,"text":"70042870 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14074,"text":"ofr6346 - 1963 - Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey in central and southwestern Iowa","indexId":"ofr6346","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey in central and southwestern Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042870,"text":"70042870 - 1971 - Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","indexId":"70042870","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T15:12:33.447726","indexId":"70042870","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States","docAbstract":"A composite map of detailed aeromagnetic surveys over the midcontinent gravity high provides coverage of the 600-mi-long buried belt of mafic rocks of the Keweenawan Series from their outcrop localities in Minnesota and Wisconsin through Iowa and Nebraska. A map of the subsurface extent of the mafic rocks, based on the intricate magnetic patterns, shows that the rocks form a long, semicontinuous block, averaging 40 mi wide and consisting mainly of a sequence of layered flows. This sequence is probably fault-bounded and has been tilted up along the margins, where the linearity of the anomalies indicates steeper dips. The associated clastic rocks, indicated by a smoother magnetic pattern, occur in basins along both sides of the mafic belt and in grabens and a series of axial basins on the upper surface of the block. The well-defined outliers of flows marginal to the main block and the truncation of some of the outermost flow units along a diagonal boundary striking at an angle to them suggest that the present boundaries of the block are postdepositional structural features. The basins and the edges of the block appear to have controlled later, largely vertical movement in the overlying Paleozoic and younger sedimentary cover. Calculated models based on coincident magnetic and detailed gravity profiles along typical cross sections of the midcontinent gravity high show that the block of mafic rocks is steep-sided and as much as several miles thick. The free-air gravity anomaly, which consists of a large positive maximum flanked by minima, averages very close to zero, indicating that this major crustal feature is regionally compensated, although locally each of its components shows a large departure from equilibrium. Remanent magnetization is a primary factor in the interpretation of the magnetic data. Magnetic property studies of Keweenawan mafic rocks in the Lake Superior region show that remanent magnetization may be five times the magnetization induced by the present Earth's field and differs from it radically in direction. This magnetization was acquired before the flows were tilted into their present positions. A computed magnetic profile shows that a trough of flows with such a magnetization and inward-dipping limbs can account for the observed persistent lows along the western edge of the block, the relatively low magnetic values along the axis of the block, and the large positive anomaly along the eastern side of the block. Flows as much as 1 mi thick near the base of the sequence have a remanent magnetization with a nearly opposite polarity. This reverse polarity has been measured on both sides of Lake Superior and is probably also present farther south, particularly in Iowa where the outer units of the block in an area north of Des Moines give rise to a prominent magnetic low. The axis of this long belt of Keweenawan mafic rocks cuts discordantly through the prevailing east-west-trending fabric of the older Precambrian terrane from southern Kansas to Lake Superior. This belt has several major left-lateral offsets, one of which produces a complete hiatus in the vicinity of the 40th parallel where an east-west transcontinental rift or fracture zone has been proposed. The axial basins of clastic rocks are outlined by linear magnetic anomalies and show a concordant relation to the structure of the mafic flows. These basins are oriented at an angle to the main axis, suggesting that the entire feature originated as a major rift composed of a series of short, linear, <i>en echelon</i> segments with offsets similar to the transform faults characterizing the present mid-ocean rift system. This midcontinent rift may well have been part of a Keweenawan global rift system with initial offsets consisting of transform faults along pre-existing fractures, but apparently it never fully developed laterally into an ocean basin, and the upwelling mafic material was localized along a relatively narrow belt.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2187:ASOTMG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"King, E.R., and Zietz, I., 1971, Aeromagnetic study of the midcontinent gravity high of central United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, no. 8, p. 2187-2208, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2187:ASOTMG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2187","endPage":"2208","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":18278,"text":"ofr7155 - 1971 - Magnetic susceptibilities of crystalline rock samples, Yukon River-Porcupine River area, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T18:19:42.433996","indexId":"ofr7155","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-55","title":"Magnetic susceptibilities of crystalline rock samples, Yukon River-Porcupine River area, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7155","usgsCitation":"Brosge, W.P., and Conradi, A., 1971, Magnetic susceptibilities of crystalline rock samples, Yukon River-Porcupine River area, east-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-55, Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 22.25 x 17.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7155.","productDescription":"Report: 8 p.; 1 Plate: 22.25 x 17.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106520,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8653.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8653"},{"id":47633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47632,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0055/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River-Porcupine River area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -141,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.283,\n              68\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.283,\n              65.279\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              65.279\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              68\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64936b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brosge, William Peters","contributorId":40191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Peters","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conradi, Arthur","contributorId":67515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conradi","given":"Arthur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21479,"text":"ofr71333 - 1971 - An annotated bibliography of fauna and flora described from the Dockum Group of Triassic age in eastern New Mexico and West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T13:29:56.472456","indexId":"ofr71333","displayToPublicDate":"1971-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-333","title":"An annotated bibliography of fauna and flora described from the Dockum Group of Triassic age in eastern New Mexico and West Texas","docAbstract":"<p>This annotated bibliography was prepared by Warren I. Finch from a rough copy compiled by the late James C. Wright in either late 1967 or early 1968 as an aid to his understanding of the stratigraphic distribution of uranium deposits in Triassic rocks of the Southern high Plains. He did not finish it, inasmuch as several references listed are not annotated. Nevertheless, it is fairly complete for North American literature for years prior to 1967, but it does not contain any papers published in Europe, several of which are pertinent. A few papers oil localities in Wyoming, the Colorado Plateau region, and Mexico are annotated for the purposes of generic and stratigraphic comparison. Wright collated many of the data; cross references are abundant.</p><p>The bibliography is presented as prepared by Wright; editing was held to a minimum. No additional check was made of the source materials for accuracy of the data--for example, spellings of fossil names. The stratigraphic nomenclature is that: used in the reports cited and may or may not conform to that currently accepted by the U.S. Geological Survey. A list of non-annotated references cited in the annotations was added.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr71333","usgsCitation":"Wright, J.C., and Finch, W.I., 1971, An annotated bibliography of fauna and flora described from the Dockum Group of Triassic age in eastern New Mexico and West Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-333, i, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71333.","productDescription":"i, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403759,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0333/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.6005859375,\n              31.22219703210317\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.09619140625,\n              31.22219703210317\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.09619140625,\n              36.40359962073253\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.6005859375,\n              36.40359962073253\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.6005859375,\n              31.22219703210317\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6857c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, James C.","contributorId":83936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finch, Warren I.","contributorId":91923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70046314,"text":"70046314 - 1970 - Geology and ground water resources, Williams County, North Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":43049,"text":"ofr671 - 1967 - Preliminary map showing the estimated potential yields of the Little Muddy aquifer, Williams County, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr671","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary map showing the estimated potential yields of the Little Muddy aquifer, Williams County, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046314,"text":"70046314 - 1970 - Geology and ground water resources, Williams County, North Dakota","indexId":"70046314","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground water resources, Williams County, North Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T13:00:11","indexId":"70046314","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":277,"text":"North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"48","title":"Geology and ground water resources, Williams County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Williams County, in northwestern North Dakota, is located near the center of the structural and sedimentary Williston basin. The preglacial sedimentary formations beneath the county are as much as 14,828 feet thick. Their beds dip generally to the south except along the flanks of the north-south striking Nesson anticline in the eastern part of the county. Late Wisconsinan glacial deposits cover all of Williams County except along the Missouri River and other scattered small areas.","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Grand Forks, ND","collaboration":"Prepared by the North Dakota Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, United States Geological Survey, and Williams County Board of Commissioners; this report was also published as North Dakota County Ground Water Studies 9","usgsCitation":"Freers, T.F., and Armstrong, C.A., 1970, Geology and ground water resources, Williams County, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 48, 3 Parts: Variously Paginated; Maps.","productDescription":"3 Parts: Variously Paginated; Maps","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70046314.png"},{"id":273405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-381/Williams_Part_3_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-379/Williams_Part_2_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273400,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-376/Williams_Part_1.pdf"},{"id":273401,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-378/Williams_Part_2.pdf"},{"id":288050,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetContentRecord/PB-283"},{"id":273402,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-380/Williams_Part_3.pdf"},{"id":273403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-377/Williams_Part_1_Plates.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Williams County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0482,47.9545 ], [ -104.0482,48.6349 ], [ -102.8289,48.6349 ], [ -102.8289,47.9545 ], [ -104.0482,47.9545 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b1bbd1e4b022a6a540f9c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freers, Theodore F.","contributorId":93366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freers","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, C. A.","contributorId":66231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70046313,"text":"70046313 - 1970 - Geology and ground water resources of Wells County, North Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42693,"text":"ofr6732 - 1967 - Preliminary ground-water availability map of Wells County, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr6732","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary ground-water availability map of Wells County, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046313,"text":"70046313 - 1970 - Geology and ground water resources of Wells County, North Dakota","indexId":"70046313","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground water resources of Wells County, North Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T12:42:08","indexId":"70046313","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"51","title":"Geology and ground water resources of Wells County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Wells County is in east-central North Dakota on the eastern flank of the Williston Basin. It is underlain by 4000 to 6000 feet of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks that dip gently to the west. The uppermost Cretaceous rocks, the Hell Creek, Fox Hills and Pierre Formations, lie directly beneath the glacial drift; isolated exposures of the Fox Hills and Pierre rocks occur in the Sheyenne River valley. Glacial drift covers the entire area averaging about 100 feet thick. In certain buried valleys it is more than 400 feet thick.","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Grand Forks, ND","collaboration":"Prepared by the North Dakota Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, the United States Geological Survey, and the Wells County Board of Commissioners; this report was also published as North Dakota County Ground Water Studies 12","usgsCitation":"Binemie, J.P., Falgle, G.A., Bred, R.J., Reid, J.R., and Buturla, F., 1970, Geology and ground water resources of Wells County, North Dakota: Bulletin 51, 3 Parts: Variously Paginated; Maps.","productDescription":"3 Parts: Variously Paginated; Maps","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273399,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70046313.png"},{"id":273393,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-370/Well_Part_1.pdf"},{"id":273394,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-372/Wells_Part_2.pdf"},{"id":273395,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-374/Wells_Part_3.pdf"},{"id":273396,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-371/Wells_Part_1_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273397,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-373/Wells_Part_2_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273398,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-375/Wells_Part_3_Plates.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Wells County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.1,47.3 ], [ -100.1,47.8 ], [ -99.3,47.8 ], [ -99.3,47.3 ], [ -100.1,47.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b1bbd1e4b022a6a540f9c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Binemie, John P.","contributorId":33607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binemie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Falgle, George A.","contributorId":101969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falgle","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bred, Ronald J.","contributorId":54489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bred","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reid, John R.","contributorId":41722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buturla, Frank Jr.","contributorId":27738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buturla","given":"Frank","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70046304,"text":"70046304 - 1970 - Geology and ground water resources of Grand Forks County","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52598,"text":"ofr67126 - 1967 - Preliminary ground-water availability map of Grand Forks County, North Dakota","indexId":"ofr67126","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary ground-water availability map of Grand Forks County, North Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70046304,"text":"70046304 - 1970 - Geology and ground water resources of Grand Forks County","indexId":"70046304","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground water resources of Grand Forks County"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T12:42:41","indexId":"70046304","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"53","title":"Geology and ground water resources of Grand Forks County","docAbstract":"Grand Forks County in northeastern North Dakota is underlain by glacial drift, westward-dipping Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. Glacial drift that covers the bedrock reaches a maximum thickness of 455 feet. It can be differentiated into 5 drift sheets, each of which in turn can be separated into till units, lake clay and silt units, and sand and gravel units. Relief on the bedrock surface is much greater than that on the present glacial topography. In western Grand Forks County, the bedrock rises 600 feet from east to west at the Pembina escarpment, whereas the surface elevations rise only 300 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Grand Forks, ND","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, the North Dakota Geological Survey, and the Grand Forks County Water Management District; This report was also published as North Dakota County Ground Water Studies 13","usgsCitation":"Hansen, D.E., Kume, J., Kelly, T.E., and Paulson, Q., 1970, Geology and ground water resources of Grand Forks County: Bulletin 53, 3 Parts: Variously Paginated; Maps.","productDescription":"3 Parts: Variously Paginated; Maps","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273362,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273358,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-243/GrandForks_Part_3.pdf"},{"id":273359,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-240/GrandForks_Part_1_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273360,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-242/GrandForks_Part_2_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273361,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-244/GrandForks_Part_3_Plates.pdf"},{"id":273356,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-239/GrandForks_Part_1.pdf"},{"id":273357,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.swc.nd.gov/4dlink9/4dcgi/GetSubContentPDF/PB-241/GrandForks_Part_2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Grand Forks County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.9067,47.6706 ], [ -97.9067,48.1934 ], [ -96.8864,48.1934 ], [ -96.8864,47.6706 ], [ -97.9067,47.6706 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51b1bbd0e4b022a6a540f9bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Dan E.","contributorId":84770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kume, Jack","contributorId":100843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kume","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelly, T. E.","contributorId":63824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paulson, Q.F.","contributorId":107259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulson","given":"Q.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70038247,"text":"70038247 - 1970 - Hydrogeologic data for the lower Housatonic River basin, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T12:39:42","indexId":"70038247","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-22T15:28:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":108,"text":"Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Hydrogeologic data for the lower Housatonic River basin, Connecticut","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and geologic data collected for an investigation of the lower Housatonic River basin by the U.S. Geological Survey in financial cooperation with the Connecticut Water Resources Commission. The report also summarizes data that are available in other publications. The towns within the 557 square mile area of the basin in western Connecticut include all of Beacon Falls, Middlebury, Naugatuck, Oxford, Seymour, Thomaston, Waterbury, Watertown, and Woodbury; and parts of Ansonia, Bethany, Bethlehem, Bristol, Burlington, Cheshire, Derby, Easton, Goshen, Narwinton, Litchfield, Milford, Monroe, Morris, New Hartford, Newtown, Norfolk, Orange, Plymouth, Prospect, Roxbury, Shelton, Southbury, Stratford, Torrington, Trumbull, Washington, Winchester, Wolcott, and Woodbridge. The factual information on the following pages was the basis for a companion interpretive report, Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin No. 19 (Wilson, W. E., and others, in preparation, 1970). The basic-data report can be used alone for detailed information needed in planning water resources development at specific sites or it can be used to supplement the interpretive report.\nData were collected for this investigation from 1965 to 1967. Water\nlevels measured in wells as part of this investigation were published in\nConnecticut Water Resources Bulletin No. 7 (Meikle and Baker, 1965) and No. 13\n(Meikle, 1967) with water-level data from other wells throughout the State.\nPublications containing relevant ground-water information are listed on page\nthose concerned with streamflow are on page 5 and those on quality of water,\nare on page 6.\nThe locations of sites at which data were collected are shown on plate A\nin the back pocket of this report. Data presented here were collected by the\nU.S. Geological Survey unless otherwise noted.","language":"English","publisher":"Connecticut Water Resources Commission","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Water Resource Commission","usgsCitation":"Grossman, I., and Wilson, W.E., 1970, Hydrogeologic data for the lower Housatonic River basin, Connecticut: Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin 20, Report: 50 p.; 3 Plates: 28.80 x 46.56 inches and smaller.","productDescription":"Report: 50 p.; 3 Plates: 28.80 x 46.56 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"55","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258807,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0020/report.pdf","size":"2300","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0020/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285988,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038247/plate-a-3.pdf"},{"id":285986,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038247/plate-a-1.pdf"},{"id":285987,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038247/plate-a-2.pdf"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Housatonic River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.258333,41.5 ], [ -73.258333,41.883333 ], [ -72.916667,41.883333 ], [ -72.916667,41.5 ], [ -73.258333,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33b6e4b0c8380cd5f1dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, I.G.","contributorId":52574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, William E.","contributorId":46478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70039097,"text":"70039097 - 1970 - Base-flow study of East River basin Brown and Calumet counties, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-19T01:01:49","indexId":"70039097","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:17:25","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":280,"text":"Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"title":"Base-flow study of East River basin Brown and Calumet counties, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Streams in the East River basin gain ground water throughout most of their reaches, however, ground-water pumping of the Green Bay - DePere area may reduce the water being gained by the streams from ground water. The August 13, 14 measurements were made during base-flow period when flow duration was about 50 to 55 percent (table 2). The August 28 measurements were made during a lower base-flow period when flow duration was about 70 to 80 percent. About 80 percent duration is more representative of low-flow conditions during the summer.","language":"English","publisher":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Devaul, R.W., 1970, Base-flow study of East River basin Brown and Calumet counties, Wisconsin: Report, 7 p.; 1 Plate: 59 x62 cm.","productDescription":"7 p.; 1 Plate: 59 x62 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261303,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/othergov/70039097/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":261304,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/othergov/70039097/report.pdf"},{"id":261305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/othergov/70039097/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Brown;Outagamie","otherGeospatial":"Baird Creek;Bower Creek;East River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.16666666666667,43.166666666666664 ], [ -88.16666666666667,43.583333333333336 ], [ -87.75,43.583333333333336 ], [ -87.75,43.166666666666664 ], [ -88.16666666666667,43.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efd3e4b0c8380cd4a480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Devaul, Robert W.","contributorId":48432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devaul","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":465611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70040710,"text":"70040710 - 1970 - Ground-water resources in the eastern Oswego River basin, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-13T12:35:16","indexId":"70040710","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":241,"text":"Basin Planning Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"ORB-2","title":"Ground-water resources in the eastern Oswego River basin, New York","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Water Resources Commission","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Kantrowitz, I., 1970, Ground-water resources in the eastern Oswego River basin, New York: Basin Planning Report ORB-2, 129 p.; 6 Plates.","productDescription":"129 p.; 6 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.48 ], [ -79.76,45.02 ], [ -71.86,45.02 ], [ -71.86,40.48 ], [ -79.76,40.48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a3ba68e4b0855e233c074a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kantrowitz, I.H.","contributorId":15646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kantrowitz","given":"I.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":468856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70001640,"text":"70001640 - 1970 - Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T16:21:07.621196","indexId":"70001640","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:22","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>A computer analysis of tide-gage records in the northeast Pacific indicates that the active volcanic islands of eastern Hawaii are subsiding at a rate considerably faster than the eustatic rise of sea level. The rate of absolute subsidence increases progressively toward the center of current activity on the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu, Oahu, appears to be stable; Kahului, Maui, is subsiding at 1.7 mm per year; and Hilo, Hawaii, is subsiding at 4.8 mm per year. This subsidence is apparently related to downbowing of the crust throughout a zone 400 km in diameter by the weight of volcanic material added to the crust by active volcanoes, principally Mauna Loa and Kilauea on the Island of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Arch encircles the subsiding zone and may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence.</p><p>The annual volume of subsidence is about 270×10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>, whereas the average annual volume of erupted basalt on the Island of Hawaii (based on historic records back to about 1820) is about 50×10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>. The great excess of subsidence over volcanic addition cannot be reconciled by isostatic models, and is apparently the result of other processes operating in the volcano and its basement thet are poorly understood. Probably the more important of these processes are intrusions and submarine volcanism, both of which are providing additional unseen load on the volcanoes. Furthermore, the rate of eruption may be uplifted by material moving down and outward from the zone of subsidence may be overestimated due to localized downslope movement of the margins of the islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02596771","issn":"0366483X","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1970, Relationship between subsidence and volcanic load, Hawaii: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 34, no. 2, p. 562-576, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596771.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"562","endPage":"576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70010413,"text":"70010413 - 1970 - Coastal currents and mass transport of surface sediments over the shelf regions of Monterey Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-16T15:08:04.716543","indexId":"70010413","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal currents and mass transport of surface sediments over the shelf regions of Monterey Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p>In Monterey Bay, the highest concentrations of medium and fine sands occur nearshore between ten and thirty fathoms. Silt and clay accumulate in greater depths. Contours of median diameter roughly parallel the isobaths.</p><p>Fine-grained materials are supplied to the bay region from erosion of cliffs which partly surround Monterey Bay, from sediment laden river discharge, and from continual reworking of widespread Pleistocene and Recent sea floor sediments. These sediments in turn are picked up by coastal currents and distributed over the shelf regions by present day current regimes.</p><p>Studies of bottom currents over the shelf regions and in Monterey Canyon have revealed patterns which vary with seasonal changes. Current patterns during August and September exhibit remarkable symmetry about the axis of Monterey Submarine Canyon. Central Shelf currents north and south of Monterey Canyon flowed northwest at an average rate of 0.2 knots and south at 0.3 knots respectively. On the North Shelf between January and March currents flowed east to southeast at 0.3–0.5 knots with mirror image patterns above the South Shelf during the same period.</p><p>Irregular current flow in the canyon indicates a complex current structure with frequent shifts in counterclockwise and clockwise direction over very short periods of time. Bottom topography of the canyon complex often causes localization of canyon currents. One particular observation at a depth of 51 fathoms indicated up-canyon flow at a rate of 0.2 knots. Most of the observed currents are related to seasonal variations, upwelling, ocean swell patterns, and to changes in the California and Davidson currents.</p><p>Changes in current regimes are reflected in the patterns of sediment distribution and transport. Sediment transport is chiefly parallel to the isobaths, particularly on the North and South Shelf regions. Complex dispersal patterns are observed near Monterey Canyon and Moss Landing Harbor jetties. Longshore currents move sediments southward except near Monterey Canyon which acts as a physiographic barrier and the extreme southern end of the bay where currents are non persistent.</p><p>Some sediments are also transported offshore by rip currents and other agencies and deposited in deeper, quieter waters. Supply of sediments to the canyon head results in over-filling and steepening with subsequent mass movement of sediments seaward followed by deposition in channels and on the broad deep sea fan.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(70)90029-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Wolf, S.C., 1970, Coastal currents and mass transport of surface sediments over the shelf regions of Monterey Bay, California: Marine Geology, v. 8, no. 5, p. 321-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(70)90029-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"336","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.23388671874999,\n              36.507428541837264\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57745361328125,\n              36.507428541837264\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.57745361328125,\n              37.04202441635081\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.23388671874999,\n              37.04202441635081\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.23388671874999,\n              36.507428541837264\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f780e4b0c8380cd4cb4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, Stephen C.","contributorId":38148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2512,"text":"wsp1888 - 1970 - Hydrology of the Upper Malad River basin, southeastern Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-21T13:44:23","indexId":"wsp1888","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1888","title":"Hydrology of the Upper Malad River basin, southeastern Idaho","docAbstract":"The report area comprises 485 square miles in the Basin and Range physiographic province. It includes most of eastern' Oneida County and parts of Franklin, Bannock, and Power Counties of southeastern Idaho. Relief is about 5,000 feet; the floor of the Malad Valley is at an average altitude of about 4,400 feet. Agriculture is, by far, ,the principal economic .activity. In 1960 the population of the upper Malad River basin was about 3,600, of which about 60 percent resided in Malad City, the county seat of Oneida County. \n\n<p>The climate is semiarid throughout the Malad Valley and its principal tributary valleys; ,above 6,500 feet the climate is subhumid. Annual precipitation ranges from about 13 inches in the lower Malad Valley to more than 30 inches on the highest peaks of the Bannock and Malad ranges. Owing to ,the normally clear atmospheric conditions, large daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations are common. Topography, distance from the Pacific Ocean, .and the general atmospheric circulation are the principal factors governing the climate of the Malad River basin. The westerlies transport moisture from the P.acific Ocean toward southeastern Idaho. The north-south tren4ing mountains flanking the basin are oriented orthogonally to the moisture flux so that they are very effective in removing precipitable water from the air. A minimum uplift of 6,000 feet is required to transport moisture from the Pacific source region; accordingly, most air masses are desiccated long before they reach the Malad basin. Heaviest precipitation is generally associated with steep pressure gradients in the midtroposphere that are so oriented as to cause a deep landward penetration of moisture from the Pacific Ocean.</p> \n\n<p>Annual water yields in the project area range from about 0.8 inch in the, lower Malad Valley to more than 19 inches on the high peaks north and east of Malad City. The mean annual water yield for the entire basin is 4 inches, or about 115,000 acre-feet. Evaporation is greatest in July when about 7 inches is lost from lakes, reservoirs, and waterlogged areas; losses from free-water surfaces may be as much .as 38 inches annually.</p> \n\n<p>An extensive ground-water reservoir consisting of sand and gravel interbedded with relatively impermeable beds of silt .and clay underlies much of the Malad Valley. Wells near the center of the valley exceeding 700 feet in depth do not reach bedrock. The Woodruff fault, which transects the constricted lower Malad Valley, is one of the main factors creating artesian conditions south of the latitude of Malad City. Recharge is obtained principally from mountain runoff which flows onto highly permeable alluvial fans surrounding the valley and from streams that flow across the valley floor. On the basis of a water balance analysis, under flow from the project area was estimated to be 28,000 acre-feet annually, surface-water outflow was 51,000 acre-feet, and transbasin imports were about 4,000 acre-feet.</p> \n\n<p>The principal tributaries of the Malad River are perennial along their upper and middle reaches and have well-sustained low flows. During the growing season, all surface water entering the Malad Valley is used for irrigation. Spine irrigation is practiced in the principal tributary valleys; however, a shortage of suitable reservoir sites has hampered surface-water development in these areas. The highly porous deposits underlying the Malad Valley tend to attenuate flood peaks. An unusual combination of meteorologic events early in 1962 effectively counteracted the high absorptive capacity of the valley and predisposed the basin to high flood risk. Subsequent rapid snowmelt combined with frozen ground produced the extraordinary flood of February 12, 1962.</p> \n\n<p>Calcium and bicarbonate commonly are the most abundant ions in the surface waters of the upper Malad River basin. In August 1967, the dissolved-solids content of streamflow ranged from 200 to 350 milligrams per liter in the middle and upper parts of the basin; however, much greater values were measured in the Malad River between Woddruff and Cherry Creek Lane. With the exception of that reach, the surface water of the project area is suitable for irrigating all but the most sensitive crops.</p>\n\n<p>The total water yield is not sufficient to meet all the water needs of the basin. A comprehensive water-management plan is required to ensure optimal use of the water resource.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1888","usgsCitation":"Pluhowski, E.J., 1970, Hydrology of the Upper Malad River basin, southeastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1888, v, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1888.","productDescription":"v, 89 p.","numberOfPages":"94","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1888/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28673,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1888/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Upper Malad River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ], [ -0.01638888888888889,0.0011111111111111111 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pluhowski, Edward J.","contributorId":87911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pluhowski","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":12955,"text":"ofr7061 - 1970 - Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12955,"text":"ofr7061 - 1970 - Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","indexId":"ofr7061","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":63245,"text":"gq986 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","indexId":"gq986","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":63245,"text":"gq986 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","indexId":"gq986","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T18:23:19.519557","indexId":"ofr7061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-61","title":"Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7061","usgsCitation":"Cattermole, J.M., 1970, Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-61, Report: 3 p.; 3 Plates: 23.15 x 29.61 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7061.","productDescription":"Report: 3 p.; 3 Plates: 23.15 x 29.61 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493129,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0061/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493128,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0061/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":493126,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":493127,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0061/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Pennington County","otherGeospatial":"Rapid City East quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.25,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.25,\n              44.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.125,\n              44.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.125,\n              44\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.25,\n              44\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aefe4b07f02db691480","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cattermole, John Mark","contributorId":88746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cattermole","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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