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204-211.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Woods","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.5457,37.0002],[-98.5472,36.9433],[-98.5415,36.9433],[-98.5413,36.5946],[-98.5327,36.5937],[-98.5324,36.4621],[-98.5322,36.3982],[-98.5345,36.3991],[-98.5379,36.4018],[-98.5459,36.4096],[-98.5516,36.411],[-98.5602,36.4069],[-98.563,36.4024],[-98.5711,36.4011],[-98.5768,36.402],[-98.5842,36.4002],[-98.5894,36.3948],[-98.5945,36.3925],[-98.5974,36.3903],[-98.6049,36.3889],[-98.6123,36.3926],[-98.622,36.3944],[-98.6288,36.3958],[-98.6368,36.3977],[-98.6437,36.3986],[-98.6528,36.3991],[-98.6608,36.4004],[-98.6642,36.405],[-98.6676,36.4091],[-98.6705,36.4118],[-98.6745,36.4141],[-98.6785,36.415],[-98.6859,36.4155],[-98.6893,36.4155],[-98.6973,36.4164],[-98.7025,36.4191],[-98.7065,36.4228],[-98.7076,36.4269],[-98.7093,36.4314],[-98.7104,36.4359],[-98.7144,36.44],[-98.7218,36.4405],[-98.7287,36.4437],[-98.7384,36.4505],[-98.7435,36.4496],[-98.755,36.446],[-98.7607,36.4492],[-98.7698,36.4515],[-98.7824,36.452],[-98.7967,36.4579],[-98.8064,36.457],[-98.8167,36.4575],[-98.8242,36.4634],[-98.8259,36.4688],[-98.827,36.4747],[-98.8321,36.4824],[-98.8321,36.4997],[-98.8355,36.5015],[-98.8447,36.5019],[-98.8538,36.5051],[-98.9604,36.507],[-98.9593,36.5992],[-98.9729,36.6027],[-98.9918,36.6181],[-99.0032,36.629],[-99.0141,36.639],[-99.0222,36.6454],[-99.025,36.654],[-99.0279,36.663],[-99.0428,36.6775],[-99.0486,36.6893],[-99.0486,36.6984],[-99.0555,36.7047],[-99.0658,36.7161],[-99.0785,36.7201],[-99.0842,36.7242],[-99.094,36.7328],[-99.0968,36.7396],[-99.1032,36.7491],[-99.1043,36.7519],[-99.1089,36.7559],[-99.1147,36.7559],[-99.1239,36.7596],[-99.1302,36.7654],[-99.1377,36.7727],[-99.1475,36.7795],[-99.1572,36.7854],[-99.1705,36.7876],[-99.1911,36.7899],[-99.2038,36.7916],[-99.209,36.7916],[-99.2193,36.7875],[-99.2314,36.7898],[-99.2394,36.7898],[-99.2578,36.7893],[-99.2687,36.7938],[-99.2751,36.8001],[-99.2797,36.8019],[-99.2878,36.806],[-99.2958,36.8096],[-99.2999,36.815],[-99.3114,36.8291],[-99.3207,36.8435],[-99.3207,36.8485],[-99.3201,36.8508],[-99.3184,36.8535],[-99.3167,36.8549],[-99.3138,36.8572],[-99.3138,36.8594],[-99.3144,36.8608],[-99.3236,36.8599],[-99.3346,36.8657],[-99.3536,36.8711],[-99.3697,36.8815],[-99.3865,36.9055],[-99.3935,36.91],[-99.3947,36.9159],[-99.397,36.9217],[-99.4051,36.929],[-99.4132,36.9353],[-99.4253,36.9498],[-99.43,36.962],[-99.4364,36.9783],[-99.4371,36.9874],[-99.4423,36.9923],[-99.4516,37],[-99.4004,37.0001],[-99.0005,37.0008],[-98.5457,37.0002]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Woods\",\"state\":\"OK\"}}]}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peoples, A.D.","contributorId":101051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peoples","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leslie, David 0000-0002-3884-1484 cleslie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3884-1484","contributorId":169989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David","email":"cleslie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Engle, David M.","contributorId":97225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70208155,"text":"70208155 - 1994 - Bed material and numerical modeling in a grand bed stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T10:00:50","indexId":"70208155","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T09:53:45","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Bed material and numerical modeling in a grand bed stream","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic engineering '94 : Proceedings of the 1994 Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic engineering '94","conferenceDate":"August 1-5, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, New York","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","isbn":"\t0784400377","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R., 1994, Bed material and numerical modeling in a grand bed stream, <i>in</i> Hydraulic engineering '94 : Proceedings of the 1994 Conference, Buffalo, New York, August 1-5, 1994, p. 1055-1059.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1055","endPage":"1059","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371700,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, R.T.","contributorId":106845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70208154,"text":"70208154 - 1994 - Herpetofaunal diversity of the Four Holes Swamp, South Carolina Hall, Russell James, 1943-","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T09:38:59","indexId":"70208154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T09:31:50","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Herpetofaunal diversity of the Four Holes Swamp, South Carolina Hall, Russell James, 1943-","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Biological Service Resource Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Survey","usgsCitation":"Hall, R.J., 1994, Herpetofaunal diversity of the Four Holes Swamp, South Carolina Hall, Russell James, 1943-, v. 198, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371699,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Four Holes Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.37614822387695,\n              33.12906997640884\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.40945053100586,\n              33.08420653562507\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.3788948059082,\n              33.0614784940697\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.3152084350586,\n              33.10290241960585\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.33391952514648,\n              33.12950124445052\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.36636352539062,\n              33.13280756238693\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37614822387695,\n              33.12906997640884\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"198","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Russell James","contributorId":44602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129549,"text":"70129549 - 1994 - Assessing climate and vegetation change for the Central Grasslands Biogeographic Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T11:49:00","indexId":"70129549","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-28T11:47:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Assessing climate and vegetation change for the Central Grasslands Biogeographic Region","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"6th Conference on Climate Variations","conferenceTitle":"6th Conference on Climate Variations","conferenceDate":"1994-01-23T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Nashville, TN","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","publisherLocation":"Boston, MA","usgsCitation":"Copeland, J.H., Pielke, R.A., and Kittel, T.G., 1994, Assessing climate and vegetation change for the Central Grasslands Biogeographic Region, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18b4e4b04d2014abfb0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Copeland, J. H.","contributorId":99063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copeland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R. A.","contributorId":13163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70180367,"text":"70180367 - 1994 - Characterization of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T01:48:23.373406","indexId":"70180367","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","docAbstract":"<p>To study the antigenic nature of the glycoprotein (G protein) of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), 31 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against a reference isolate of the virus. The MAbs were compared using a neutralization assay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and by immunoblotting of the G protein in the native, reduced, and deglycosylated forms. Hybridoma culture fluids of the various MAbs could be diluted from 1:2 to 1:512 and still completely neutralize 1 X 104 plaque-forming units of IHNV. Similarly, the end point dilutions that produced optical density readings of 0.1 or greater in the ELISA were 1:40 to 1:10240. Western blotting showed that all of the MAbs reacted with the G protein in the unreduced (i.e. native) conformation; however, only 9 nine of the MAbs were able to react with the G protein following reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol. Deglycosylation of the protein did not influence the binding ability of any of the MAbs. These data indicate that all the MAbs recognized amino acid sequences on the protein itself and that the IHNV glycoprotein contains linear as well as conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes. When rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings were passively immunized with MAbs against either a linear or a conformation-dependent epitope, the fish were protected against challenge with wild-type IHNV. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/DAO018029","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Chien, M., Landolt, M., and Winton, J., 1994, Characterization of the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 18, p. 29-35, https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO018029.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489781,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao018029","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c9097a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, Chienjin","contributorId":169567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Chienjin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chien, Maw-Sheng","contributorId":169572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chien","given":"Maw-Sheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landolt, Marsha","contributorId":178863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landolt","given":"Marsha","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, James","contributorId":53897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70201388,"text":"70201388 - 1994 -  Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:39:57","indexId":"70201388","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-25T11:39:28","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":" Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recently Brown et al. (1991) showed that Triton's internal heat source could amount to 5–20% of the absorbed insolation on Triton, thus significantly affecting volatile transport and atmospheric pressure. Subsequently, Kirk and Brown (1991a) used simple analytical models of the effect of internal heat on the distribution of volatiles on Triton's surface, confirming the speculation of Brown et al. that Triton's internal heat flow could strongly couple to the surface volatile distribution. To further explore this idea, we present numerical models of the permanent distribution of nitrogen ice on Triton that include the effects of sunlight, the two‐dimensional distribution of internal heat flow, the coupling of internal heat flow to the surface distribution of nitrogen ice, and the finite viscosity of nitrogen ice. From these models we conclude that: (1) The strong vertical thermal gradient induced in Triton's polar caps by internal heat‐flow facilitates viscous spreading to lower latitudes, thus opposing the poleward transport of volatiles by sunlight, and, for plausible viscosities and nitrogen inventories, producing permanent caps of considerable latitudinal extent; (2) It is probable that there is a strong coupling between the surface distribution of nitrogen ice on Triton and internal heat flow; (3) Asymmetries in the spatial distribution of Triton's heat flow, possibly driven by large‐scale, volcanic activity or convection in Triton's interior, can result in permanent polar caps of unequal latitudinal extent, including the case of only one permanent polar cap; (4) Melting at the base of a permanent polar cap on Triton caused by internal heat flow can significantly enhance viscous spreading, and, as an alternative to the solid‐state greenhouse mechanism proposed by Brown et al. (1990), could provide the necessary energy, fluids, and/or gases to drive Triton's geyser‐like plumes; (5) The atmospheric collapse predicted to occur on Triton in the next 20 years (Spencer, 1990) may be plausibly avoided because of the large latitudinal extent expected for permanent polar caps on Triton.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/93JE02618","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.H., and Kirk, R.L., 1994,  Coupling of volatile transport and internal heat flow on Triton: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 99, no. E1, p. 1965-1981, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JE02618.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1965","endPage":"1981","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Triton","volume":"99","issue":"E1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c122c5be4b034bf6a856a27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Robert H.","contributorId":147246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":753937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":753938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017125,"text":"70017125 - 1994 - 500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:46:55.221106","indexId":"70017125","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The record of carbon-13 (δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C) variations in DH-11 vein calcite core from Devils Hole, Nevada, shows four prominent minima near glacial terminations (glacial-interglacial transitions) V to II. The δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C time series is inversely correlated with the DH-11 oxygen isotope ratio time series and leads it by as much as 7000 years. The δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C variations likely record fluctuations in the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of dissolved inorganic carbon of water recharging the aquifer. How such variations are transported 80 kilometers to Devils Hole without obliteration by water-rock reaction remains an enigma. The record may reflect (i) global variations in the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and, hence, the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of continental biomass or (ii) variations in extent and density of vegetation in the southern Great Basin. In the latter case, δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C minima at 414, 334, 246, and 133 thousand years ago mark times of maximum vegetation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.263.5145.361","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Winograd, I., Landwehr, J., and Riggs, A., 1994, 500,000-year stable carbon isotopic record from Devils Hole, Nevada: Science, v. 263, no. 5145, p. 361-365, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5145.361.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"365","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Devils Hole","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.36559814113079,\n              36.48038829888887\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.36559814113079,\n              36.379062987140315\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.24409639159839,\n              36.379062987140315\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.24409639159839,\n              36.48038829888887\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.36559814113079,\n              36.48038829888887\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"263","issue":"5145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e26be4b0c8380cd45b7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landwehr, J.M.","contributorId":39815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129383,"text":"70129383 - 1994 - Tamarisk control on public lands in the desert of southern California: two case studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T12:53:05","indexId":"70129383","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-19T12:49:54","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Tamarisk control on public lands in the desert of southern California: two case studies","docAbstract":"As a land manager, the Federal Government faces enormous challenges from exotic pest invasions and associated changes to the structure and stability of native ecosystems (Bureau of Land Management, 1988). On public lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) alone, it is estimated that almost three million hectares are occupied by invasive exotic plant species (weeds). Assuming an annual rate of invasion of 14 percent, 930 hectares of BLM-administered land are infested everyday by weeds (Jerry Asher, personal communication). When one considers the fact that BLM administers only about one-third of the public land in the United States (The Keystone Center, 1991), the magnitude of the problem assumes staggering proportions. The scenario described in the quote above portrays only some of the problems associated with the spread of the exotic plant tamarisk, a species on the California Exotic Pest Plant Council’s list of exotic pest plants of greatest concern (California Exotic Pest Plant Council, 1993). In this paper we review the threats posed by tamarisk invasion and proliferation and examine the traits that make the plant such a successful competitor. In addition, we highlight two tamarisk control efforts conducted by the Bureau of Land Management in the southern California desert.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the forty-sixth annual California Weed Science Society","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the forty-sixth annual California Weed Science Society","conferenceDate":"1994-01-17T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"San Jose, CA","language":"English","publisher":"California Weed Science Society","publisherLocation":"San Jose, CA","usgsCitation":"California Weed Science Society, 1994, Tamarisk control on public lands in the desert of southern California: two case studies, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295566,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775d1e4b0f888a81b834e"}
,{"id":25602,"text":"wri924109_1994 - 1994 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":25602,"text":"wri924109_1994 - 1994 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109_1994","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":54031,"text":"wri924109 - 1998 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":54031,"text":"wri924109 - 1998 - Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","indexId":"wri924109","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T15:53:17.112706","indexId":"wri924109_1994","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4109","title":"Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Northern Thurston County is underlain by as much as 1,000 feet of unconsolidated deposits of Pleistocene Age, that are of both glacial and nonglacial origin. Interpretation of 17 geologic sections led to the delineation of 7 major geohydrologic units, 3 of which constitute aquifers in the area. Precipitation ranges from about 35 to 65 inches per year across the study area. Estimates of gross recharge from precipitation indicate that the ground-water system of the area receives about 25 inches per year. The net recharge to the system (recharge from precipitation minus withdrawals from wells) is the equivalent of about 23 inches per year. Ground water generally moves toward marine bodies and to major surface drainage channels. Leakage from Lake St. Clair, which lies in a compound kettle within permeable glacial outwash, is almost 24 feet per year per unit area. Leakage from the lake may make up part of the water that discharges at McAllister Springs, north of the lake. Of the few water-quality problems encountered, the most widespread is seawater intrusion, which is caused by the activities of man. Most water-quality problems in the study area, however, are due to natural causes. Iron concentrations are as large as 21,000 micrograms per liter, manganese concentrations are as large as 3,400 micrograms per liter, and connate seawater is present in ground water in the southern pan of the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri924109_1994","usgsCitation":"Dion, N.P., Turney, G.L., and Jones, M., 1994, Hydrology and quality of ground water in northern Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4109, 6 Plates: 35.42 x 39.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924109_1994.","productDescription":"6 Plates: 35.42 x 39.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4109-1994/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Thurston County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.02215576171875,\n              46.97463048970666\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.74749755859375,\n              46.97463048970666\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.74749755859375,\n              47.05889641405164\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02215576171875,\n              47.05889641405164\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.02215576171875,\n              46.97463048970666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e87f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, M. A.","contributorId":37736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207735,"text":"70207735 - 1994 - Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T14:09:28","indexId":"70207735","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-08T13:57:25","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sedimentologic and geochemical studies of box and gravity cores recovered from the Black Sea during the first leg of a multileg international Black Sea expedition in 1988 allow reconstruction of the basinwide Holocene environmental history of the Black Sea. In the deeper parts of the basin, box cores typically recovered a flocculent surface layer (“fluff”), laminated coccolith marls of Unit I (25–45 cm thick), and the upper 5–10 cm of finely laminated, dark‐colored sapropels of Unit II. Fine‐grained, homogeneous mud turbidites are interbedded with Units I and II over much of the basin, but the stratigraphie position of these turbidites differs, from site to site. The deposition of individual turbidites up to 15 cm thick does not appear to have significantly disturbed underlying laminae. Sediment trap deployments in the Black Sea suggest that light and dark laminae couplets represent annual increments of sedimentation (i.e., varves); we have therefore constructed a varve chronology for the sequence in order to correlate and date distinctive sedimentation and paleoenvironmental events. Distinctive groups of laminae in Unit I can be correlated across the entire deeper basin (a distance of more than 1000 km). This implies a remarkable homogeneity in production, accumulation, and preservation of biogenic material over much of the Black Sea during deposition of Unit I. The change from deposition of finely laminated, organic carbon‐rich sapropels (Unit II) to laminated, more calcareous, coccolith‐rich marls (Unit I) is thought to represent the crossing of a salinity threshold for&nbsp;</span><i>Emiliania huxleyi.</i><span>&nbsp;The varve chronology sets this change at about 1.63 ka (1633±100 yr B.P.), but the record of magnetic secular variation measured in several cores produces an age estimate of about 2.0 ka for the base of Unit I, or about 1.2 times the varve age. The average of six calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages for the base of Unit I is 2.7 ka, or about 1.7 times the varve age. Following the initial change to coccolith‐dominated sedimentation, deposition of sapropel resumed for at least one significant period, 1.56–1.25 ka. Since 1.25 ka, cycles of carbonate deposition with quasi‐decadal periodicities have produced characteristic darker and lighter assemblages of laminae. These cycles may have been climatically driven. Geochemical analyses coupled with the varve ages adopted herein indicate that accumulation rates of carbonate are nearly an order of magnitude higher in Unit I (averaging 35–45 g m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) than in sapropelic Unit II. which contains primarily detrital carbonate. The accumulation of lithogenic components in parts of Unit I is only 1.5 times the rate in Unit II. Deepwater organic carbon accumulation rates are somewhat higher in Unit I (3.5–4.5 g m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) than in the upper part of Unit II. Organic carbon accumulation rates in Unit I are somewhat antithetic to those of carbonate, and on the basis of this and additional constraints placed by pyrolysis and carbon isotopic analyses of organic material, it appears that terrestrial organic matter is an important component (perhaps &gt;25%) of total organic carbon burial in the basin. Unit I in the western part of the Black Sea has a higher terrestrial organic component and higher accumulation rates of terrigenous clastic material than Unit I in the eastern part. This difference between eastern and western Black Sea is to be expected because of the major rivers that empty into the western Black Sea from eastern Europe, Ukraine, and Russia. Shallow slope sites, but still within euxinic bottom waters, have lower organic carbon accumulation rates and lower pyrolysis hydrogen indices than deepwater basinal sites, suggesting selective resuspension and oxidation of organic matter at basin margins and focusing of organic matter deposition toward the basin center. A comparison of the Black Sea data with those from several open ocean sites with similar water depths showed no significant difference between organic carbon accumulation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. For a given bulk accumulation rate the organic carbon accumulation rates, normalized to primary productivity, are about the same in both settings.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GB00297","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M.A., Dean, W.E., Neff, E., Hay, B., King, J., and Jones, G.A., 1994, Varve calibrated records of carbonate and organic carbon accumulation over the last 2000 years in the Black Sea: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 8, no. 2, p. 195-217, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GB00297.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"217","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371079,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Black Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              28.125,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ],\n            [\n              30.322265625000004,\n              40.713955826286046\n            ],\n            [\n              34.365234375,\n              41.705728515237524\n            ],\n            [\n              40.42968749999999,\n              40.58058466412761\n            ],\n            [\n              41.8359375,\n              41.178653972331674\n            ],\n            [\n              41.8359375,\n              43.32517767999296\n            ],\n            [\n              37.6171875,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              39.814453125,\n              47.338822694822\n            ],\n            [\n              34.80468749999999,\n              46.86019101567027\n            ],\n            [\n              34.98046875,\n              45.1510532655634\n            ],\n            [\n              33.75,\n              44.715513732021336\n            ],\n            [\n              33.486328125,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              33.75,\n              46.255846818480315\n            ],\n            [\n              31.025390625,\n              46.73986059969267\n            ],\n            [\n              29.355468750000004,\n              45.521743896993634\n            ],\n            [\n              28.212890625,\n              44.653024159812\n            ],\n            [\n              27.158203125,\n              43.26120612479979\n            ],\n            [\n              28.125,\n              41.64007838467894\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neff, E.D.","contributorId":221611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hay, B.J.","contributorId":51772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"King, J.","contributorId":100143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Glenn A.","contributorId":17779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70207690,"text":"70207690 - 1994 - Minimal Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift of the dry valleys sector of the Transantarctic Mountains: A key parameter in ice-sheet reconstructions: Comment and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T16:48:20.264519","indexId":"70207690","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-06T13:14:14","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minimal Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift of the dry valleys sector of the Transantarctic Mountains: A key parameter in ice-sheet reconstructions: Comment and reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0668:MPPUOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Cooper, A.K., Wilch, T.I., Denton, G.H., McIntosh, W., and Lux, D.R., 1994, Minimal Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift of the dry valleys sector of the Transantarctic Mountains: A key parameter in ice-sheet reconstructions: Comment and reply: Geology, v. 22, no. 7, p. 668-670, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0668:MPPUOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"668","endPage":"670","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Transantarctic Mountains","volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":778955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilch, Thomas I.","contributorId":190264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilch","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denton, George H.","contributorId":190265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denton","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McIntosh, William C.","contributorId":48638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"William C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lux, Daniel R.","contributorId":86395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lux","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70207650,"text":"70207650 - 1994 - High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:43:38.84869","indexId":"70207650","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:51:14","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"<p><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar plateau age spectra of seven sanidine samples from the Fire Clay tonstein (Middle Pennsylvanian), collected along a 300-km traverse in the Appalachian basin, range from 310.3 to 311.4 Ma. All plateau ages agree, within the limits of analytical precision, with their respective total gas ages. This agreement, together with the reproducibility between samples, suggests the analyzed samples did not contain any significant contaminant feldspar. The mean of these seven plateau ages, 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma, is interpreted to represent a precise numerical estimate of time of eruption and deposition of this tonstein and the coal bed in which it is found. The lack of any discernible difference between the age of two samples of the Fire Clay tonstein collected from east of the Pine Mountain thrust fault, along with the age of five samples from west of this fault, suggests that the Fire Clay tonstein has been reliably correlated with a tonstein on the Cumberland overthrust sheet. This correlation, together with the age data presented in this paper, indicates that the Pine Mountain thrust fault must be younger than the 310.9-Ma age obtained for the Fire Clay tonstein.</p><p>The Fire Clay tonstein is biostratigraphically correlated with the Trace Creek Shale Member of the Atoka Formation in the Midcontinent of North America and with a position near the Westphalian B-C boundary in Western Europe. Our age of 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma for the Westphalian B-C boundary represents a well-constrained point, useful for the numerical refinement of the geologic time scale.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE294-p105","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., and Rice, C., 1994, High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 294, p. 105-112, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE294-p105.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.1005859375,\n              38.736946065676\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.6494140625,\n              36.65079252503471\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.177734375,\n              36.58024660149866\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.23291015625,\n              37.735969208590504\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.4853515625,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1005859375,\n              38.736946065676\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Charles L.","contributorId":61801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207649,"text":"70207649 - 1994 - 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:48:31.012088","indexId":"70207649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:38:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","title":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Field studies and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating reveal that silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains part of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field occurred in six episodes at 0.3 m.y. intervals between 36.8 and 35.3 Ma. Additionally, two groups of silicic intrusions were emplaced at 34.6 and 32.8 Ma. This episodicity is similar to that determined for volcanic fields dominated by ash-flow tuffs, yet voluminous, extensive silicic lavas are considerably more abundant than tuffs in the Davis Mountains, by number of flows and by volume. The preponderance of voluminous silicic lavas over tuffs most likely reflects low water contents and high temperatures of the alkalic and commonly peralkaline Davis Mountains magmas.</p><p>The earliest episode, at 36.8 Ma, included a widespread and voluminous (possibly &gt;1,000 km<sup>3</sup>) suite of rhyolite and quartz trachyte lavas, several rhyolite domes, and a strongly rheomorphic, peralkaline ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the northern Davis Mountains. The lava suite extends well beyond the Davis Mountains. Silicic lavas of all episodes probably erupted from widespread, fissure vents. The 36.5 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to quartz trachyte lavas, also extensive and voluminous (∼200 km<sup>3</sup>). The 36.3 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to trachyte tuffs and lavas erupted from a central vent volcano in the southern Davis Mountains. The 35.9 Ma episode consisted of a single, moderately large (∼50 km<sup>3</sup>) rhyolite lava and a small-volume ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the western Davis Mountains. Rocks emplaced during the 35.6 Ma episode were also rhyolites, including an enigmatic rock that may be strongly rheomorphic ash-flow tuff or a combination of tuff and lava, followed by definite lavas. The 35.3 Ma episode consisted of two ash-flow tuffs, one of which is strongly rheomorphic, and additional voluminous rhyolite lavas (∼120 km<sup>3</sup>). The rheomorphic tuff erupted from a caldera in the southwestern Davis Mountains. The source of the other tuff is probably in the western Davis Mountains.</p><p>Intermediate and mafic rocks are minor, except around the southeastern flank of the Davis Mountains, where basalt is abundant. Mafic lavas erupted only during gaps in the silicic activity and on the flanks of the Davis Mountains. Nevertheless, basaltic magma probably drove the silicic magmatism, either by differentiation or by crustal melting, and was present throughout the time of Davis Mountains activity but could not penetrate the low-density silicic magma chambers until they cooled and solidified. The time required for cooling and solidification appears to be 0.1-0.2 m.y.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":", C., Kunk, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas: GSA Bulletin, v. 106, no. 11, p. 1359-1376, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1376","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.974609375,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.7333984375,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.7333984375,\n              31.93351676190369\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.974609375,\n              31.93351676190369\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.974609375,\n              29.916852233070173\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":" Christopher D. Henry","contributorId":126897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Christopher D. Henry","affiliations":[{"id":6689,"text":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207648,"text":"70207648 - 1994 - 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:50:11.932867","indexId":"70207648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:16:02","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<sup>40</sup>Ar <sup>39</sup>Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","title":"40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar&nbsp;</span>ages of volcanic rocks are used to provide numerical constraints on the age of middle and upper Miocene sedimentary strata collected along the Porcupine River. Intercalated sedimentary rocks north of latitude 67°10′N in the Porcupine terrane of east-central Alaska contain a rich record of plant fossils. The fossils are valuable indicators of this interior region's paleoclimate during the time of their deposition. Integration of the<span>&nbsp;<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>40</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>39</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>results with paleomagnetic and sedimentological data allows for refinements in estimating the timing of deposition and duration of selected sedimentary intervals.</p><p><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>40</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>39</mn></msup><mtext>Ar</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">40Ar39Ar</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>plateau age spectra, from whole rock basalt samples, collected along the Upper Ramparts and near Half-way Pillar on the Porcupine River, range from 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma at site 90-6 to 14.4 ± 0.1 Ma at site 90-2. With exception of the youngest basalt flow at site 90-2, all of the samples are of reversed magnetic polarity, and all<span>&nbsp;<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar</span><span>&nbsp;</span>age spectrum results are consistent with the deposition of the entire stratigraphic section during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity. The youngest flow at site 90-2 was emplaced during an interval of normal polarity. With age, paleomagnetic and sedimentological data, the ages of the Middle Miocene sedimentary rocks between the basalt flows at sites 90-1 and 90-2 can be assigned to an interval within the limits of analytical precision of 15.2 ± 0.1 Ma; thus, the sediments were deposited during the peak of the Middle Miocene thermal maximum. Sediments in the upper parts of sites 90-1 and 90-2 were probably deposited during cooling from the Middle Miocene thermal maximum.</p><p><sup><span>40</span></sup><span>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar</span>&nbsp;results of plagioclase and biotite from a single tephra, collected at sites 90-7 and 90-8 along the Canyon Village section of the Porcupine River, indicate an age of 6.57 ± 0.02 Ma for its time of eruption and deposition. These results, together with sedimentological and paleomagnetic data, suggest that all of the Upper Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks at these sites were deposited during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity and may represent a duration of only about 40,000 years. The age of this tephra corresponds with a late late Miocene warm climatic interval.</p><p>The results from the Upper Ramparts and Half-way Pillar sites are used to estimate a minimum interval of continental flood basalt activity of 1.1–1.5 million years, and to set limits for the timing and duration of Tertiary extensional tectonic activity in the Porcupine terrane. Our data indicate that the oroclinal flexure that formed before the deposition of the basalts at the eastern end of the Brooks Range was created prior to 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Rieck, H., Fouch, T.D., and Carter, L.D., 1994, 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"East-central Alaska and northwestern Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -144.3603515625,\n              66.66603556892721\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              66.66603556892721\n            ],\n            [\n              -141.0205078125,\n              67.90448702321025\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.3603515625,\n              67.90448702321025\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.3603515625,\n              66.66603556892721\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieck, H.","contributorId":33462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieck","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fouch, T. D.","contributorId":68333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207647,"text":"70207647 - 1994 - The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T15:11:42.715632","indexId":"70207647","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T11:48:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein, mostly kaolinite and minor accessory minerals, is an altered and lithified volcanic ash preserved as a thin, isochronous layer associated with the Fire Clay coal bed. Seven samples of the tonstein, taken along a 300-km traverse of the central Appalachian basin, contain cogenetic phenocrysts and trapped silicate-melt inclusions of a rhyolitic magma. The phenocrysts include beta-form quartz, apatite, zircon, sanidine, pyroxene, amphibole, monazite, garnet, biotite, and various sulfides. An inherited component of the zircons (determined from U-Pb isotope analyses) provides evidence that the source of the Fire Clay ash was Middle Proterozoic (Grenvillian) continental crust inboard of the active North American margin.&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar plateau ages of seven sanidine samples from the tonstein have a mean age of 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma, which suggests that it is the product of a single, large-volume, high-silica, rhyolitic eruption possibly associated with one of the Hercynian granitic plutons in the Piedmont. Biostratigraphic analyses correlate the Fire Clay coal bed with a position just below the top of the Trace Creek Member of the Atoka Formation in the North American Midcontinent and near the Westphalian B-C boundary in western Europe.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE294-p87","usgsCitation":"Rice, C.L., Belkin, H.E., Henry, T., Zartman, R., and Kunk, M.J., 1994, The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: GSA Special Papers, v. 294, p. 87-104, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE294-p87.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              38.71980474264237\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.5947265625,\n              36.56260003738545\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.5947265625,\n              36.24427318493909\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51806640624999,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.30957031249999,\n              36.721273880045004\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5625,\n              38.54816542304656\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              39.62261494094297\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.79345703125,\n              39.740986355883564\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              38.71980474264237\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, C. L.","contributorId":60658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, T.W.","contributorId":7707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":20897,"text":"ofr94276 - 1994 - Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:45:00.293289","indexId":"ofr94276","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-276","title":"Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys","docAbstract":"<p> Twenty-four wells (21 locations) were core drilled into the limestone beneath the Keys, reef tract, and outer reefs to determine if sewage effluents injected in Class V wells onshore are reaching offshore reef areas via underground flow. These wells were fitted with PVC casings and well screens and were sampled every three months for a period of one year. Analyses showed consistent hypersalinity in most wells and a marked increase in nitrogen (as ammonia) in offshore ground water. Other forms of nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub>) and phosphorous were not particularly elevated in offshore ground water but were above the levels found in surface marine water. The highest levels of nitrogen (NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> ) and phosphorous were in shallow onshore ground waters. Sources for the nutrients in the shallow onshore ground water consist of septic tanks and cesspools (@ 24,000 and 5,000 in the Florida Keys, respectively), agricultural fertilizers, and natural vegetation. Ammonia concentrations were low in shallow ground waters beneath the Florida Keys, probably because of oxidizing conditions.</p><p>Tidal pumping is particularly active, especially nearshore. Hydraulic heads sufficient to elevate well water as much as 7 cm above sea level during falling tides were detected in all nearshore wells. During rising tides, the situation was reversed and water flowed into the wells. Tidal pumping implies considerable water movement both in and out of the upper few meters of limestone. Tidal pumping is a likely mechanism for mixing and transferring nutrient-rich ground water into the overlying marine waters. Although tidal pumping should cause rather complete mixing and dilution of any freshwater-based effluents entering the limestone via the more than 600 disposal wells in the Florida Keys, the ground waters in the 30- to 40-ft-depth range (9-12 m) nevertheless remained slightly hypersaline relative to sea water throughout the year.</p><p>Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcal bacteria were associated with three Lower Keys offshore wells and two shallow onshore wells at Key Largo. On occasions, these bacteria were detected farther offshore, once in a well 4 miles off Key Largo. The bacterial analyses for Key Largo (both onshore and offshore) are supported by two independent bacteriological researchers using more sophisticated methods than the standard 100-ml membrane-filter method used in this study. Fecal bacteria can serve as tracers; thus, we conclude their presence is possible evidence for offshore transport of ground waters originating on Key Largo. Elevated nutrients (ammonia) and slightly elevated dissolved total phosphorous in offshore ground waters, however, cannot be tied to onshore sources with existing data.</p><p>Rock analyses of material from our cores do not prove or disprove the hypothesis that limestone beneath the Keys or reef tract is serving as a sink for phosphorus or other nutrients. The data, however, do not rule out phosphorus uptake by limestone adjacent to disposal sources. For the purposes of this study, monitoring wells were not positioned sufficiently close to injection wells to determine if uptake of phosphorous is taking place. Ground waters were found to contain more dissolved solids than could be accounted for if hypersalinity resulted from simple evaporation of sea water. These data indicate that ground waters in the vicinity of our wells are dissolving solids from the rock rather than precipitating material within the rock framework; however, as mentioned above, our wells were not positioned sufficiently close to disposal wells to determine if localized uptake is occurring.</p><p>Examination of rock cores from these wells revealed a general distribution of reef- and grainstone-facies belts. The Upper and Middle Keys are composed of a thin coral reef facies that extends only a few hundred feet seaward of the Keys. Reef facies give way to mudstone facies within a few yards of shore on the Florida Bay side of the Keys. On the seaward side of the Keys, beneath Hawk Channel and White Bank, the Pleistocene limestone is a mixed grainstone, packstone, and wackstone facies. Corals are rare or absent. The Pleistocene limestone beneath the outer reefs 4 to 5 miles offshore, however, consists of reef facies with the same coral fauna as that found on Key Largo. This pattern of two major reef-facies belts separated by a 2- to 4-mile-wide belt of grainstone facies may have as yet undetermined effects on groundwater circulation beneath the Florida reef tract. Grainstone is approximately an order of magnitude less permeable than the coralline Key Largo Limestone facies.</p><p>The Q3 surface, a major subsurface unconformity thought to form an effective confining zone elsewhere in south Florida, was not detected in wells drilled more than 1 mile from shore. This unconformity, however, was detected in all wells drilled on or near the Keys. What was found to be a more effective and widespread confining layer is the Holocene sediment deposited on the Pleistocene limestone during the past 6,000 to 7,000 years. These relatively impermeable sediments are extensive, forming a belt up to 5 miles wide beginning about 0.5 mile offshore. Holocene sediments generally consist of low-permeability lime mud just above the Pleistocene surface, overlain by more permeable carbonate sands and reefs. Leakage of ground water by tidal pumping is not likely to occur through lime-mud-dominated areas such as Hawk Channel but is likely to occur through isolated porous and permeable Holocene reefs situated on Pleistocene limestone highs, and in places where Holocene sediment does not cover the limestone bedrock. Leakage is therefore limited to 1) a shallow-water 0.5-mile-wide nearshore belt of exposed Key Largo Limestone, 2) Holocene patch reefs, which grow on mud-free topographic rock highs, and 3) along the seaward side of the outermost reef in 35 to 65 ft (10-20 m) of water, where Holocene reef and sediment accumulations are thin or absent.</p><p>This study did not address direct measurements of lateral groundwater movement or a hydrologic mechanism for transporting hypersaline ground water away from the Florida Keys. More recent work, however (Halley et al., 1994), shows that sea level in Florida Bay is higher than on the Atlantic side of the Keys more than 50% of the time. Higher sea level on the bay side of the Keys provides a potential for groundwater flow toward the Atlantic most of the time. Use of tracers (dyes or harmless bacteriological tracers) injected into the center of tightly spaced clusters of monitoring wells is a simple way to ascertain the net direction and rate of groundwater movement. Knowing the direction and rate of groundwater movement is needed for prediction and modeling efforts in the future</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94276","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with NOAA Sanctuaries Reserves Division, NOAA National Underwater Research Program, Florida Keys Sanctuary Advisory Committee","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Reese, R.S., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Fate and pathways of injection-well effluent in the Florida Keys: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-276, v, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94276.","productDescription":"v, 116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50491,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/ofr94276.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":153559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0276/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Keys","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.20794677734374,\n              24.477150011148677\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.727294921875,\n              24.467150664739002\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.18896484375,\n              24.58459276519208\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.64239501953125,\n              24.816653556469955\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.36773681640625,\n              25.0383270525352\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.17822265625,\n              25.341543769441667\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.14801025390625,\n              25.527571660479637\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.22491455078125,\n              25.527571660479637\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.26885986328125,\n              25.43087300404471\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.42266845703124,\n              25.232273973019627\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.55450439453125,\n              25.22978942503438\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6781005859375,\n              25.13533901613099\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1065673828125,\n              25.07316070640961\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.20269775390624,\n              25.175116531621764\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.20794677734374,\n              24.749325626697196\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.20794677734374,\n              24.477150011148677\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":6883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":183458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reich, Christopher D. 0000-0002-2534-1456 creich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Christopher","email":"creich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70200788,"text":"70200788 - 1994 - Velocities of the Smith Glacier Ice Tongue and Dotson Ice Shelf, Walgreen Coast, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-31T16:59:08","indexId":"70200788","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T16:57:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities of the Smith Glacier Ice Tongue and Dotson Ice Shelf, Walgreen Coast, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica","docAbstract":"<p><span>Velocity measurements were made for two time intervals on the Smith Glacier ice tongue (1973–88 and 1988–90) and three on the Dotson Ice Shelf (1972–88, 1973–88 and 1988–90). The Smith Glacier ice tongue velocities for the two intervals are similar near the grounding line but show a progressive increase toward the terminus in the late 1980s. The Dotson Ice Shelf velocities remained virtually constant during all three time intervals. The increased velocities of the Smith Glacier ice tongue may be attributed to a general loss of densely packed icebergs that buttressed the terminus during the 1970s but drifted out to sea during the late 1980s. The Smith Glacier ice tongue receded as much as 10 km between 1973 and 1988, the Dotson lee Shelf 5–7 km in the same time period. Similar observations of drifting and ca1ving were made for the adjacent Thwaites Glacier ice tongue. The cause of the loss of ice in the region is unknown but it may have been a change in winds or a warming of the air or water during the late 1980s.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/172756494794587573","usgsCitation":"Lucchitta, B.K., Mullins, K.F., Smith, C.E., and Ferrigno, J.G., 1994, Velocities of the Smith Glacier Ice Tongue and Dotson Ice Shelf, Walgreen Coast, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Annals of Glaciology, v. 20, p. 101-109, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587573.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"109","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/172756494794587573","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359056,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c11134be4b034bf6a813c5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":750511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullins, Kevin F.","contributorId":47950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, C. E.","contributorId":29344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":750514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70073704,"text":"70073704 - 1994 - Modeling fluid flow and heat transfer at Basin and Range faults: preliminary results for Leach hot springs, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T14:09:34","indexId":"70073704","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:53:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3273,"text":"Restructuring the geothermal industry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling fluid flow and heat transfer at Basin and Range faults: preliminary results for Leach hot springs, Nevada","docAbstract":"The hydrothermal systems of the Basin and Range Province are often located at or near major range bounding normal faults. The flow of fluid and energy at these faults is affected by the advective transfer of heat and fluid from an to the adjacent mountain ranges and valleys, This paper addresses the effect of the exchange of fluid and energy between the country rock, the valley fill sediments, and the fault zone, on the fluid and heat flow regimes at the fault plane. For comparative purposes, the conditions simulated are patterned on Leach Hot Springs in southern Grass Valley, Nevada. Our simulations indicated that convection can exist at the fault plane even when the fault is exchanging significant heat and fluid with the surrounding country rock and valley fill sediments. The temperature at the base of the fault decreased with increasing permeability of the country rock. Higher groundwater discharge from the fault and lower temperatures at the base of the fault are favored by high country rock permabilities and fault transmissivities. Preliminary results suggest that basal temperatures and flow rates for Leach Hot Springs can not be simulated with a fault 3 km deep and an average regional heat flow of 150 mW/m<sup>2</sup> because the basal temperature and mass discharge rates are too low. A fault permeable to greater depths or a higher regional heat flow may be indicated for these springs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restructuring the geothermal industry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Lopez, D.L., Smith, L., and Storey, M.L., 1994, Modeling fluid flow and heat transfer at Basin and Range faults: preliminary results for Leach hot springs, Nevada: Restructuring the geothermal industry, v. 18, p. 11-16.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281352,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281423,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geothermal-library.org/index.php?mode=pubs&action=view&record=1006952"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Pershing County","otherGeospatial":"Grass Valley;Leach Hot Springs","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.3385,39.9982 ], [ -119.3385,40.9607 ], [ -117.3,40.9607 ], [ -117.3,39.9982 ], [ -119.3385,39.9982 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd67dee4b0b29085101abd","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nielson, Dennis L.","contributorId":38220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509762,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lopez, Dina L.","contributorId":10323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Dina","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Leslie","contributorId":52307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Leslie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Storey, Michael L.","contributorId":43665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storey","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70073914,"text":"70073914 - 1994 - Databases, data integration, and expert systems: new directions in mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T15:49:19","indexId":"70073914","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:42:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Databases, data integration, and expert systems: new directions in mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration","docAbstract":"Overcoming future difficulties in searching for ore deposits deeper in the earth's crust will require closer attention to the collection and analysis of more diverse types of data and to more efficient use of current computer technologies. Computer technologies of greatest interest include methods of storage and retrieval of resource information, methods for integrating geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data, and the introduction of advanced computer technologies such as expert systems, multivariate techniques, and neural networks. Much experience has been gained in the past few years in applying these technologies. More experience is needed if they are to be implemented for everyday use in future assessments and exploration.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers in mineral industry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"US-India Seminar and Round Table on Computer Methods in the Mineral Industry","conferenceDate":"1991-11-10T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Dhanbad, India","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.","publisherLocation":"New Delhi, India","usgsCitation":"McCammon, R.B., 1994, Databases, data integration, and expert systems: new directions in mineral resource assessment and mineral exploration, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd53d8e4b0b290850f563a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ramani, Raja V.","contributorId":112483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramani","given":"Raja","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509773,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mozumdar, Bijoy K.","contributorId":112052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mozumdar","given":"Bijoy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509772,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samaddar, Arun B.","contributorId":111834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samaddar","given":"Arun","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509771,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"McCammon, Richard B.","contributorId":107674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70006520,"text":"70006520 - 1994 - Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:16","indexId":"70006520","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:35:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality","docAbstract":"Lakes and reservoirs provide water for human needs and habitat for aquatic birds.  Managers of such waters may ask whether nutrients added by waterfowl degrade water quality.  For lakes and reservoirs where primary productivity is limited by phosphorus (P), we developed a procedure that integrates annual P loads from waterfowl and other external sources, applies a nutrient load-response model, and determines whether waterfowl that used the lake or reservoir degraded water quality.  Annual P loading by waterfowl can be derived from a figure in this report, using the days per year that each kind spent on any lake or reservoir.  In our example, over 6500 Canada geese (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) and 4200 ducks (mostly mallards, <i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) added 4462 kg of carbon (C), 280 kg of nitrogen (N), and 88 kg of P y<sup>-1</sup> to Wintergreen Lake in southwestern Michigan, mostly during their migration.  These amounts were 69% of all C, 27% of all N, and 70% of all P that entered the lake from external sources.  Loads from all external sources totaled 840 mg P m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>.  Application of a nutrient load-response model to this concentration, the hydraulic load (0.25 m y<sup>-1</sup>), and the water residence time (9.7 y) of Wintergreen Lake yielded an average annual concentration of total P in the lake of 818 mg m<sup>-3</sup> that classified the lake as hypertrophic.  This trophic classification agreed with independent measures of primary productivity, chlorophyll-<i>a</i>, total P, total N, and Secchi disk transparency made in Wintergreen Lake.  Our procedure showed that waterfowl caused low water quality in Wintergreen Lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00027847","collaboration":"Abstract has subscript/superscript to be fixed","usgsCitation":"Manny, B.A., Johnson, W., and Wetzel, R., 1994, Nutrient additions by waterfowl to lakes and reservoirs: predicting their effects on productivity and water quality: Hydrobiologia, v. 279/280, p. 121-132, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027847.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027847"}],"volume":"279/280","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e0b1ece4b0fec3206ef875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manny, Bruce A. 0000-0002-4074-9329 bmanny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4074-9329","contributorId":3699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manny","given":"Bruce","email":"bmanny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.C.","contributorId":68003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetzel, R.G.","contributorId":60403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70074773,"text":"70074773 - 1994 - Occurrence and yields of triazine herbicides in the Susquehanna river and tributaries during base-flow conditions in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, June 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-03T15:08:29","indexId":"70074773","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T15:01:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Occurrence and yields of triazine herbicides in the Susquehanna river and tributaries during base-flow conditions in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, June 1993","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Toward a sustainable watershed: the Chesapeake experiment, proceedings of the 1994 Chesapeake research conference, Norfolk, Virginia, June 1-3, 1994","conferenceTitle":"1994 Chesapeake research conference, Norfolk, Virginia, June 1-3, 1994","conferenceDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Norfolk, VA","language":"English","publisher":"Chesapeake Research Consortium","publisherLocation":"Edgewater, MD","usgsCitation":"Breen, K.J., Gavin, A.J., and Schnabel, R.R., 1994, Occurrence and yields of triazine herbicides in the Susquehanna river and tributaries during base-flow conditions in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, June 1993, p. 312-328.","productDescription":"p. 312-328","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryl;Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehanna River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.0293,39.5433 ], [ -77.0293,42.7006 ], [ -74.9192,42.7006 ], [ -74.9192,39.5433 ], [ -77.0293,39.5433 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd69b3e4b0b29085102c82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breen, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9447-6469 kjbreen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6469","contributorId":219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"Kevin","email":"kjbreen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gavin, Andrew J.","contributorId":44827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gavin","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnabel, Ronald R.","contributorId":13533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnabel","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70072626,"text":"70072626 - 1994 - The geochemistry of hot spring waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-04T09:59:48","indexId":"70072626","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:52:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The geochemistry of hot spring waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R.O., Thompson, J.M., and Hutchinson, R.A., 1994, The geochemistry of hot spring waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, <i>in</i> Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, v. 18, p. 177-179.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281119,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Norris Geyser Basin;Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.156,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,45.109 ], [ -109.8242,44.1324 ], [ -111.156,44.1324 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd77f8e4b0b2908510bd25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, Robert O.","contributorId":73202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J. Michael","contributorId":40239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, Roderick A.","contributorId":34579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Roderick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70046986,"text":"70046986 - 1994 - The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-11T14:44:19","indexId":"70046986","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:42:01","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation","docAbstract":"The global land 1 km data set project represents an international effort to acquire, archive, process, and distribute 1 km AVHRR data of the entire global land surface in order to meet the needs of the international science community. A network of 26 high resolution picture transmission (HRPT) stations, along with data recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has been acquiring daily global land coverage since 1 April 1992. A data set of over 30000 AVHRR images has been archived and made available for distribution by the United States Geological Survey, EROS Data Center and the European Space Agency.  Under the guidance of the International Geosphere Biosphere programme, processing standards for the AVHRR data have been developed for calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric registration, and the production of global 10-day maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) composites. The major uses of the composites are related to the study of surface vegetation cover. A prototype 10-day composite was produced for the period of 21–30 June 1992. Production of an 18-month time series of 10-day composites is underway.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431169408954339","usgsCitation":"Eidenshink, J., and Faundeen, J., 1994, The 1 km AVHRR global land data set: first stages in implementation: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3443-3462, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954339.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"3443","endPage":"3462","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274891,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954339"}],"volume":"15","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dfd3e5e4b0d332bf22f3b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eidenshink, J.C.","contributorId":11747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eidenshink","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faundeen, J.L. 0000-0003-0287-2921","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":65364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":480809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129401,"text":"70129401 - 1994 - Bison in the greater Yellowstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T14:13:32","indexId":"70129401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:11:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Bison in the greater Yellowstone","docAbstract":"In the Greater Yellowstone Area, free-ranging bison occur in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and Yellowstone National Park.  The Yellowstone population is discussed, with emphasis on changes in numbers from approximately 400 in 1968 to about 3500 now.  Major influences for change initially were natural; more recently the winter road system used by snowmobiles appeared to be the dominant factor.  The situation is in a state of flux.  Interagency planning is in progress to address management alternatives for conflicts outside the park.","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park","publisherLocation":"Yellowstone National Park","usgsCitation":"Meagher, M., 1994, Bison in the greater Yellowstone, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775a5e4b0f888a81b82fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meagher, Mary","contributorId":23467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"Mary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70129581,"text":"70129581 - 1994 - <i>Charadrius montanus</i>: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T17:17:10","indexId":"70129581","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T14:10:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"<i>Charadrius montanus</i>: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Mountain Plover (</span><i><span>Charadrius montanus</span></i><span>) is an aridland member of the Charadriidae. This plover is generally considered an associate of the North American shortgrass prairie, which is dominated by blue grama (</span><i><span>Bouteloua gracilis</span></i><span>) and buffalo grass (</span><i><span>Buchloe dactyloides</span></i><span>; Graul 1975). The species breeds at many locations across the western Great Plains plus at isolated locales in western Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico (Leachman and Osmundson 1990) and recently in eastern Utah (K.S. Day pers.comm.). Continental populations of the Mountain Plover declined 63% from 1966 to 1991 (Knopf 1994), with the historic and current breeding stronghold being the Pawnee National Grassland in Weld County, Colorado (Graul and Webster 1976). Currently, a second major breeding population of Mountain Plovers is on the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Phillips County, Montana. Unlike when found on the grassland landscape of Weld County, Mountain Plovers in Phillips County selectively nest in prairie dog (</span><i><span>Cynomys</span></i><span> spp.) towns (Knowles et al., 1982, Olson and Edge 1985) in vegetative settings that include prickly pear (</span><i><span>Opunitia polyacantha</span></i><span>), fringed sagewort (</span><i><span>Arteminisia frigida</span></i><span>), big sagebrush (</span><i><span>A. tridentata</span></i><span>), western wheatgrass (</span><i><span>Agropyron smithii</span></i><span>), and blue grama, Collectively, Weld and Phillips counties provide nesting habitat for approximately one-half of the continental population of Mountain Plovers,</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088620","usgsCitation":"Knopf, F.L., and Miller, B., 1994, <i>Charadrius montanus</i>: Montane, grassland, or bare-ground plover?: The Auk, v. 111, no. 2, p. 504-506, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088620.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"504","endPage":"506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/auk/vol111/iss2/31","text":"External Repository"},{"id":295693,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18bce4b04d2014abfb15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":45650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, B.","contributorId":42540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}