{"pageNumber":"3989","pageRowStart":"99700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":21475,"text":"ofr94401 - 1994 - Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr94401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-401","title":"Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94401","usgsCitation":"Wright, B.E., 1994, Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-401, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94401.","productDescription":"13 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6836b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, B. E.","contributorId":41845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4312,"text":"cir1097 - 1994 - Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:13:20","indexId":"cir1097","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1097","title":"Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>This guidebook for a 1-day drive in the Front Range west of Denver, Colorado, includes commentary on mountain landscapes, notes on the colorful mining history of the area, and discussions on the geology and some miningrelated environmental hazards in the Idaho Springs area. It was originally prepared as U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 91-426 for a field trip sponsored by Division A-5 (Environmental Quality) of the Soil Science Society of America on October 10, 1991. That original report has been revised and expanded to make this circular more useful as a self-contained guide. A pamphlet entitled \"Mountains and Plains: Denver's Geologic Setting\" is a complimentary general interest publication that is available free of charge from map sales in building 810 on the Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, Colorado. The pamphlet contains useful background information on the geologic setting of Denver and nearby portions of the Front Range.</p><p>A few precautions and suggestions are offered to make the trip safe and enjoyable. Idaho Springs is about 7,500 feet above sea level and the lower oxygen content of the air (about 50 percent that of sea level) may adversely affect people with heart or breathing problems. The wetlands are \"wet\" so use suitable footwear. The daily weather patterns are changeable. Mornings in Denver may be sunny and warm, but afternoons in Idaho Springs may be cloudy, windy, and cool with rain or snow; be prepared for all types of mountain weather. </p><p>As you travel westward from Denver into the mountains, successively older rocks are crossed. By studying the descriptions at the various mileage points and by taking time at each described STOP, you will get an excellent overview of the geologic events that shaped the Denver Basin and the mountains to the west. After traveling some 18 miles into the mountains, you will reach the old mining town of Idaho Springs. Here, you can learn about the two longest tunnels in the area-the Argo and Big Five Tunnels-and how the mine drainage affects the water of Clear Creek. </p><p>The Argo Tunnel near the east end of Idaho Springs drains part of the large Central City and Idaho Springs hardrock mining districts and is a source of acid water (which contains arsenic and other heavy metals) that drains into Clear Creek. At the west end ofldaho Springs is the Big Five Tunnel. Near the tunnel entrance an experimental constructed wetland demonstrates technology for the remediation of acid-mine drainage and removal of arsenic and heavy metals. Take an opportunity to view this experimental method for treatment of mine drainage. For access to the wetlands, prior arrangements must be made with the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Ecology or Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. Otherwise, the wetlands may be viewed from the road. Permission to enter the Argo Tunnel property may be obtained from Jim Maxwell of Idaho Springs, who owns the hot springs resort. The tunnel may also be viewed from public roads. </p><p>After you leave Idaho Springs, the road log guides you down Clear Creek canyon, providing an opportunity to get a closer look at the various Precambrian rocks while traveling through one of Colorado's picturesque canyons. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1097","usgsCitation":"Severson, R.C., 1994, Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1097, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1097.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31423,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1097/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","city":"Denver, Idaho Springs","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af08","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stewart, K. C.","contributorId":46519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749622,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Severson, Ronald C.","contributorId":104885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180369,"text":"70180369 - 1994 - Nearshore habitat use by subyearling Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Annual report 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T15:12:20","indexId":"70180369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Nearshore habitat use by subyearling Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Annual report 1992","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Identification of the spawning, rearing, and migratory requirements of fall Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Key, L., Garland, R., and Kofoot, E., 1994, Nearshore habitat use by subyearling Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Annual report 1992, 31 p. .","productDescription":"31 p. ","startPage":"120 ","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c9097c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Key, L.O.","contributorId":178802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Key","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, R.","contributorId":178422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garland","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kofoot, E.E.","contributorId":89349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kofoot","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39847,"text":"b2071 - 1994 - Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Marysvale volcanic field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"b2071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2071","title":"Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Marysvale volcanic field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2071","usgsCitation":"Rowley, P.D., Mehnert, H.H., Naeser, C.W., Snee, L., Cunningham, C.G., Steven, T.A., Anderson, J.J., Sable, E., and Anderson, R., 1994, Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Marysvale volcanic field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2071, iii, 35 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2071.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66706a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, Peter D.","contributorId":27435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mehnert, H. H.","contributorId":16382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, J. J.","contributorId":85620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sable, E.G.","contributorId":67076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sable","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anderson, R.E.","contributorId":91479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70180711,"text":"70180711 - 1994 - Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, <i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>, populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:23:32","indexId":"70180711","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, <i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>, populations","docAbstract":"<p>S<span>age grouse, </span><i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i><span>, in an isolated montane basin near Gunnison, Colorado differ in several morphological and behavioural traits from conspecifics studied in other areas of the species' range. Both sexes in Gunnison are smaller than sage grouse elsewhere, and males possess differences in feather morphology as well. The mating behaviour of male sage grouse in three populations was examined to determine whether male strut displays of Gunnison sage grouse were behaviourally distinct. Behavioural analyses revealed Gunnison males perform strut displays at a slower rate than males in the two other sage grouse populations sampled. In addition, Gunnison males' strut displays contain unique visual and acoustical aspects. The most distinguishing attributes of Gunnison sage grouse were male secondary sexual characteristics including traits that correlate with mating success in other populations. Thus, phenotypic differences observed in the Gunnison population represent a divergence in expression of traits that are likely to be influenced by sexual selection. Recent models of speciation suggest that species characterized by intense sexual selection, such as those with lek mating systems, have the potential for rapid inter-populational divergence in male traits and female preferences leading to speciation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/anbe.1994.1183","usgsCitation":"Young, J., Hupp, J.W., Bradbury, J.W., and Braun, C.E., 1994, Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, <i>Centrocercus urophasianus</i>, populations: Animal Behaviour, v. 37, no. 6, p. 1353-1362, https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1183.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1362","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334506,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Gunnison","volume":"37","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5891b0b9e4b072a7ac12993e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Jessica R.","contributorId":50837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Jessica R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, Jack W.","contributorId":179016,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradbury","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Braun, Clait E.","contributorId":59368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braun","given":"Clait","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70180365,"text":"70180365 - 1994 - System-wide significance of predation on juvenile salmonids in Columbia and Snake River reservoirs and evaluation of predation control measures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T14:49:07","indexId":"70180365","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"System-wide significance of predation on juvenile salmonids in Columbia and Snake River reservoirs and evaluation of predation control measures","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Gadomski, D., and Poe, T., 1994, System-wide significance of predation on juvenile salmonids in Columbia and Snake River reservoirs and evaluation of predation control measures.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c90982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gadomski, D.M.","contributorId":37101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadomski","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poe, T.P.","contributorId":51687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poe","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180927,"text":"70180927 - 1994 - Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant <i>Branta bernicla nigricans</i> on the Alaska Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T13:30:14","indexId":"70180927","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant <i>Branta bernicla nigricans</i> on the Alaska Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"<p><span>To evaluate the importance of large thaw lakes on the Alaska Coastal Plain for molting Pacific black brant </span><i>Branta bernicla</i><span><i> nigricans</i>, distribution and life form of shoreline vegetation were assessed using several scales: satellite imagery, point-intercept transects, cover quadrats, and a parameter for water regime. Brant population and distribution estimates from aerial surveys were used to classify large lakes into high, moderate, and low use. Correlations between brant and abundance of their preferred feeding site - moss flats - were best demonstrated by satellite imagery. Intercepts and cover ratings were not correlated, presumably because these techniques were less efficient at assessing area. General observations suggested that the presence of islands, large ice floes, and possibly other physical attributes of the habitat, influenced brant distribution. This area is unique because of low-lying, drained-lake basins that have ideal combinations of moss flats and large water areas where brant seek protection disturbance is vital to the success of this declining species because alternate habitats may not be available elsewhere on the Coastal Plain. in water or on ice floes. Protection of the area from disturbance is vital to the success of this declining species because alternate habitats may not be available elsewhere on the Coastal Plain.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(94)90166-X","usgsCitation":"Weller, M.W., Jensen, K.C., Taylor, E., Miller, M., Bollinger, K.S., Derksen, D.V., Esler, D., and Markon, C.J., 1994, Assessment of shoreline vegetation in relation to use by molting black brant <i>Branta bernicla nigricans</i> on the Alaska Coastal Plain: Biological Conservation, v. 70, no. 3, p. 219-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90166-X.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"225","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334974,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Coastal Plain, Teshekpuk Lake","volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c50e4b0efcedb741117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weller, Milton W.","contributorId":113630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weller","given":"Milton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, K. C.","contributorId":16671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Eric J.","contributorId":41966,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Eric J.","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Mark W.","contributorId":83642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Mark W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bollinger, Karen S.","contributorId":33842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Markon, Carl J. markon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markon","given":"Carl","email":"markon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":33278,"text":"b2045 - 1994 - Geology of the Elliston region, Powell and Lewis and Clark counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"b2045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2045","title":"Geology of the Elliston region, Powell and Lewis and Clark counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by USGS Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/b2045","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, R.G., Loen, J., Wallace, C.A., and Mehnert, H.H., 1994, Geology of the Elliston region, Powell and Lewis and Clark counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2045, iv, 25 p. ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2045.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. ill., maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109823,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22312.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22312"},{"id":247383,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2045/report.pdf","size":"3585","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247384,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2045/plate-1.pdf","size":"17707","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":251827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, R. G.","contributorId":107690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loen, J. S.","contributorId":81886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loen","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, C. A.","contributorId":15596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mehnert, H. H.","contributorId":16382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017858,"text":"70017858 - 1994 - Prediction of structural response to large earthquakes by using recordings from smaller earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017858","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Prediction of structural response to large earthquakes by using recordings from smaller earthquakes","docAbstract":"The feasibility of predicting structural response to large earthquakes by using recorded responses from collocated smaller earthquakes is investigated. Records from large earthquakes can be approximated as linear combinations of records from smaller earthquakes. Two methods are introduced to predict structural response to a large earthquake by using the recorded response to a smaller earthquake. The accuracy of the methods are tested by applying them to data from a highway overpass.","largerWorkTitle":"Structures Congress XII","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Structures Congress '94","conferenceDate":"24 April 1994 through 28 April 1994","conferenceLocation":"Atlanta, GA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"087262952X","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1994, Prediction of structural response to large earthquakes by using recordings from smaller earthquakes, <i>in</i> Structures Congress XII, Atlanta, GA, USA, 24 April 1994 through 28 April 1994, p. 1391-1396.","startPage":"1391","endPage":"1396","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81f4e4b0c8380cd7b810","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, Erdal","contributorId":73984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"Erdal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017862,"text":"70017862 - 1994 - Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:12:18","indexId":"70017862","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Inflated pahoehoe sheet flows have a distinctive horizontal upper surface, which can be several hundred meters across, and are bounded to steep monoclinal uplifts. The inflated sheet flows studied ranged from 1 to 5 m in thickness, but initially propagated as thin sheets of fluid pahoehoe lava, generally 20-30 cm thick. The morphology of the lava as flow advanced is described. Inflated sheet flows from Kilauea and Mauna Loa are morphologically similar to some thick Icelandic and submarine sheet flows, suggesting a similar mechanism of emplacement. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0351:EAIOPS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hon, K., Kauahikaua, J., Denlinger, R., and Mackay, K., 1994, Emplacement and inflation of pahoehoe sheet flows: observations and measurements of active lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 3, p. 351-370, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0351:EAIOPS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"370","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0912e4b0c8380cd51db4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hon, K.","contributorId":20471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, R.","contributorId":47925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mackay, K.","contributorId":68055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackay","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017874,"text":"70017874 - 1994 - A 4500-year record of large floods on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T23:59:02.601534","indexId":"70017874","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 4500-year record of large floods on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>A sequence of flood deposits left by the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, provides evidence of at least 15 floods with peak discharges greater than<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"NLM_tex-math\"><img src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1994/i30065705/629644/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00001.gif\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1994/i30065705/629644/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00001.gif\"></span><span>&nbsp;</span>over the last 4500 yr. Ten floods during the last 2000-2300 yr had discharges greater than<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"NLM_tex-math\"><img src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1994/i30065705/629644/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00002.gif\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1994/i30065705/629644/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00002.gif\"></span>. One flood, 1600-1200 yr ago, had a discharge exceeding<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"NLM_tex-math\"><img src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1994/i30065705/629644/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00003.gif\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1994/i30065705/629644/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00003.gif\"></span>, a flow rate more than twice the largest gaged flood. This record of flooding is one of the longest for a major U.S. river, and, combined with the gaged record of twentieth century floods, allows determination of the frequency and history of large floods that have affected key aspects of Colorado River geomorphology.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629644","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, J.E., 1994, A 4500-year record of large floods on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona: Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 1, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1086/629644.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228678,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2c7e4b0c8380cd45c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, J. E.","contributorId":59489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":35063,"text":"b2069 - 1994 - An overview of Pleistocene and Holocene inland dunes in Georgia and the Carolinas: Morphology, distribution, age, and paleoclimate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T20:53:50.924922","indexId":"b2069","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2069","title":"An overview of Pleistocene and Holocene inland dunes in Georgia and the Carolinas: Morphology, distribution, age, and paleoclimate","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2069","usgsCitation":"Markewich, H., and Markewich, W., 1994, An overview of Pleistocene and Holocene inland dunes in Georgia and the Carolinas: Morphology, distribution, age, 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,{"id":70017875,"text":"70017875 - 1994 - Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the US western Cordillera?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:54:02.447834","indexId":"70017875","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the US western Cordillera?","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15575888\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>espite its highly extended and thinned crust, much of the western Cordillera in the United States is elevated more than 1 km above sea level. Therefore, this region cannot be thought of as thick crust floating isostatically in a uniform mantle; rather, the lithospheric mantle and/or the upper asthenosphere must vary in thickness or density across the region. Utilizing crustal thickness and density constraints, we modeled the residual mass deficit that must occur in the mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath the western Cordillera. A major hot spot broke out during a complex series of Cenozoic tectonic events that included lithospheric thickening, backarc extension, and transition from a subduction to a transform plate boundary. We suggest that many of the characteristics that make the western Cordillera unique among extensional provinces can be ttributed to the mantle plume that created the Yellowstone hot spot.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0083:MPIOTN>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., Thompson, G.A., and Sleep, N.H., 1994, Mantle plume influence on the Neogene uplift and extension of the US western Cordillera?: Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 83-86, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0083:MPIOTN>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cd7e4b0c8380cd69f33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, G. A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sleep, Norman H.","contributorId":59566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70177913,"text":"70177913 - 1994 - Bioaccumulation of metals by <i>Hyalella azteca</i> exposed to contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-26T11:13:27","indexId":"70177913","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioaccumulation of metals by <i>Hyalella azteca</i> exposed to contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana","docAbstract":"<p><span>Macroinvertebrates contaminated with metals in the Clark Fork River of Montana have been demonstrated to be a potentially toxic component in the diet of trout Because sediment was the suspected source of metals to these invertebrates, bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn from sediment was evaluated by exposing the amphipod </span><i>Hyalella azteca</i><span> for 28 d in the laboratory to samples of sediment collected from depositional areas of the Clark Fork River Benthic invertebrates collected from riffles adjacent to the depositional areas were also analyzed for metals The pattern of metal accumulation between laboratory-exposed and field-collected animals was similar, however, the concentrations of metals in laboratory exposed amphipods were often 50 to 75% less than were the concentrations of metals in the field collected invertebrates These findings indicate that sediment is a significant source of metals to invertebrates in the Clark Fork River Additional studies should be conducted to determine threshold concentrations for effects of dietary metals on fish Long-term monitoring of the river should include sampling benthic invertebrates for metal accumulation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620131214","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C.G., Brumbaugh, W.G., Dwyer, F.J., and Kemble, N.E., 1994, Bioaccumulation of metals by <i>Hyalella azteca</i> exposed to contaminated sediments from the upper Clark Fork River, Montana: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 12, p. 2013-2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620131214.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2013","endPage":"2020","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58110aece4b0f497e7982b95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":652138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":44330,"text":"ofr94204 - 1994 - Geologic map of the La Barge Quadrangle, Lincoln and Sublette counties, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"ofr94204","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-204","title":"Geologic map of the La Barge Quadrangle, Lincoln and Sublette counties, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94204","usgsCitation":"Rioux, R., 1994, Geologic map of the La Barge Quadrangle, Lincoln and Sublette counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-204, 1 map : col. ; 58 x 43 cm., on sheet 74 x 75 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94204.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 58 x 43 cm., on sheet 74 x 75 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108218,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12475.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12475"},{"id":168822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21560,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0204/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db697158","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rioux, R.L.","contributorId":36541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rioux","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70178211,"text":"70178211 - 1994 - Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:43:41","indexId":"70178211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fishes of the Great Lakes contain hazardous chemicals such as synthetic halogenated hydrocarbons and metals. These fish can move from the lakes into the Great Lakes tributaries of Michigan. In doing so, they transport concentrationsof contaminants which may represent a risk to wildlife. Concentrations of mercury (Hg), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), total DDT complex, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, hexachlorobenzene,&nbsp;</span><i>cis</i><span>-chlordane, oxychlordane, endosulfan-I, methoxychlor,&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>-chlordane, and&nbsp;</span><i>trans</i><span>-nonachlor were determined in composite samples of fishes from above and below Michigan hydroelectric dams, which separate the fishes which have access to the Great Lakes from fishes that do not. Mean concentrations of total PCBs, TCDD-EQ, DDT, and most of the other pesticides were greater in composite samples of six species of fishes from below than above the dams on the Au Sable, Manistee, and Muskegon Rivers. Concentrations of mercury, were the same or greater above the dams than below. However, this difference was statistically significant only on the Au Sable. Mercury concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 mg/kg to 0.73 mg Hg/kg, ww. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 0.02 to 1.7 mg/kg, ww. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxin equivalents varied among fishes and locations. The concentrations of TCDD-EQ ranged from 2.4 to 71 μg/kg, ww, with concentrations in carp being the greatest. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ were greater than the concentrations which would be expected to occur, due solely to the presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-</span><i>p</i><span>-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and technical mixtures of PCBs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214264","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J., Verbrugge, D., Othout, R.A., Bowerman, W., Mora, M., Jones, P.D., Newsted, J., Vandervoort, C., Heaton, S.N., Aulerich, R., Bursian, S., Ludwig, J.P., Ludwig, M., Dawson, G.A., Kubiak, T., Best, D.A., and Tillitt, D., 1994, Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 202-212, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214264.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Michigan ","otherGeospatial":"Au Sable River, Manistee River, Muskegon Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.3140869140625,\n              43.19516498456403\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.375244140625,\n              44.308126684886126\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.309326171875,\n              45.1510532655634\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.1328125,\n              44.74673324024678\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.253662109375,\n              44.692088041727786\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.495361328125,\n              44.04811573082351\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.539306640625,\n              43.57243174740972\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.3140869140625,\n              43.19516498456403\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dfe4b02f1a881de988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verbrugge, D. A.","contributorId":64960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Othout, R. 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D.","contributorId":46462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Newsted, J.L.","contributorId":94937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsted","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vandervoort, C.","contributorId":176721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vandervoort","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Heaton, S. N.","contributorId":176722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aulerich, R.J.","contributorId":39904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulerich","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bursian, S.J.","contributorId":16127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursian","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ludwig, J. P.","contributorId":176341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Ludwig, M.","contributorId":176723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Dawson, G. A.","contributorId":176720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
,{"id":70178214,"text":"70178214 - 1994 - Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:48:14","indexId":"70178214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink","docAbstract":"<p><span>Populations of mink (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Mustela vison</i><span>) have declined in many areas of the world. Such declines have been linked to exposures to synthetic, halogenated hydrocarbons. In the Great Lakes region, mink are fewer in areas along the shore of the Great Lakes and their tributaries where mink have access to fish from the Great Lakes. Recently, there has been discussion of the relative merits of passage of fishes around hydroelectric dams on rivers in Michigan. A hazard assessment was conducted to determine the potential for adverse effects on mink, which could consume such fishes from above or below dams on the rivers. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p</i><span>-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), and total mercury were measured in composite samples of fishes from above or below hydroelectric dams on the Manistee and Muskegon Rivers, which flow into Lake Michigan, and the Au Sable River, which flows into Lake Huron. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs, and TCDD-EQ were all greater in fishes from below the dams than those from above. Concentrations of neither organochlorine insecticides nor mercury in fishes are currently a risk to mink above or below the dams. All of the species of fishes collected from downstream of the dams contained concentrations of PCBs and TCDD-EQ, which represent a hazard to mink. The hazard index for PCBs was less than one for the average of all species from the upstream reaches of the Manistee and Au Sable Rivers, but not the Muskegon. The hazard index (concentration in fish/NOAEC) was greater than 1 for all of the species collected from below the dams, in all three rivers. The greatest hazard index was observed for carp (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Cyprinus carpio</i><span>) downstream on the Muskegon River. Because the concentrations of PCBs used in the hazard assessment were corrected for relative toxic potencies, the hazard ratios based on PCBs should be similar to those based on TCDD-EQ. This was found to be true. Thus, either total PCBs or TCDD-EQ could be used as the critical toxicant in the hazard assessment. However, if uncorrected concentrations of PCBs, expressed as Aroclors</span><sup>®</sup><span>, were used in the hazard assessment, the toxicity of the weathered mixture would have been underestimated by approximately five-fold, and, in that instance, TCDD-EQ would be the critical contaminant for the hazard assessment. The average maximum allowable percentage of fish from above the dams, which would result in no observable adverse effects of TCDD-EQ, was 70%. Based on the average TCDD-EQ concentrations in the fishes, an average of 8.6% of the diet could be made up of fishes from below dams on the rivers. The most restrictive daily allowable intakes were for carp on the Muskegon and steelhead trout (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Onchorhyncus mykiss</i><span>) on the Manistee Rivers. Only 2.7% of the diet could be made up of these two species from influenced portion of the Au Sable River, they would be exposed to 390 μg PCBs and 8.55 ng of TCDD-EQ per day, respectively (Giesy </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">et al.</i><span> 1994b). Thus, it would take 15.1 or 77 days for mink to receive their total annual dose of PCBs or TCDD-EQ, respectively. At least for chinook salmon, the critical contaminant for the purposes of hazard assessment would be total concentrations of PCBs. Consuming chinook salmon for as little as 2 weeks would deliver the annual allowable dose of PCBs to mink.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214265","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J., Verbrugge, D., Othout, R.A., Bowerman, W., Mora, M., Jones, P.D., Newsted, J., Vandervoort, C., Heaton, S.N., Aulerich, R., Bursian, S., Ludwig, J.P., Dawson, G.A., Kubiak, T., Best, D.A., and Tillitt, D., 1994, Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 213-223, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214265.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Au Sable River, Manistee River, Muskegon Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.3140869140625,\n              43.19516498456403\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.375244140625,\n              44.308126684886126\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.309326171875,\n              45.1510532655634\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.1328125,\n              44.74673324024678\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.253662109375,\n              44.692088041727786\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.495361328125,\n              44.04811573082351\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.539306640625,\n              43.57243174740972\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.3140869140625,\n              43.19516498456403\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dfe4b02f1a881de986","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verbrugge, D. A.","contributorId":64960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Othout, R. A.","contributorId":223529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Othout","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowerman, W.W.","contributorId":69098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowerman","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mora, M.A.","contributorId":71923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, P. D.","contributorId":46462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Newsted, J.L.","contributorId":94937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsted","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vandervoort, C.","contributorId":176721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vandervoort","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Heaton, S. N.","contributorId":176722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aulerich, R.J.","contributorId":39904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulerich","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bursian, S.J.","contributorId":16127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursian","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ludwig, J. P.","contributorId":176342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Dawson, G. A.","contributorId":176720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":44725,"text":"wri944050 - 1994 - Potentiometric-surface map of the Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T11:23:05","indexId":"wri944050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4050","title":"Potentiometric-surface map of the Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1988","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944050","usgsCitation":"Oakley, W.T., and Burt, D.E., 1994, Potentiometric-surface map of the Meridian-upper Wilcox aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4050, 1 Plate: 37.95 x 36.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944050.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.95 x 36.94 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366787,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681f3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oakley, William T.","contributorId":70815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burt, David E. Jr.","contributorId":31443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burt","given":"David","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33121,"text":"b1926 - 1994 - Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:48:41","indexId":"b1926","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1926","title":"Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future","docAbstract":"<p>In 1988, a group of leading experts from government, academia, and industry attended a workshop on airborne remote sensing sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and hosted by the Branch of Geophysics. The purpose of the workshop was to examine the scientific rationale for airborne remote sensing in support of government earth science in the next decade. This report has arranged the six resulting working-group reports under two main headings: (1) Geologic Remote Sensing, for the reports on geologic mapping, mineral resources, and fossil fuels and geothermal resources; and (2) Environmental Remote Sensing, for the reports on environmental geology, geologic hazards, and water resources. The intent of the workshop was to provide an evaluation of demonstrated capabilities, their direct extensions, and possible future applications, and this was the organizational format used for the geologic remote sensing reports. The working groups in environmental remote sensing chose to present their reports in a somewhat modified version of this format. A final section examines future advances and limitations in the field. </p><p>There is a large, complex, and often bewildering array of remote sensing data available. Early remote sensing studies were based on data collected from airborne platforms. Much of that technology was later extended to satellites. The original 80-m-resolution Landsat Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) has now been largely superseded by the 30-m-resolution Thematic Mapper (TM) system that has additional spectral channels. The French satellite SPOT provides higher spatial resolution for channels equivalent to MSS. Low-resolution (1 km) data are available from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's AVHRR system, which acquires reflectance and day and night thermal data daily. Several experimental satellites have acquired limited data, and there are extensive plans for future satellites including those of Japan (JERS), Europe (ESA), Canada (Radarsat), and the United States (EOS). </p><p>There are currently two national airborne remote sensing programs (photography, radar) with data archived at the USGS' EROS Data Center. Airborne broadband multispectral data (comparable to Landsat MSS and TM but involving several more channels) for limited geographic areas also are available for digital processing and analysis. Narrow-band imaging spectrometer data are available for some NASA experiment sites and can be acquired for other locations commercially. </p><p>Remote sensing data and derivative images, because of the uniform spatial coverage, availability at different resolutions, and digital format, are becoming important data sets for geographic information system (GIS) analyses. Examples range from overlaying digitized geologic maps on remote sensing images and draping these over topography, to maps of mineral distribution and inferred abundance. </p><p>A large variety of remote sensing data sets are available, with costs ranging from a few dollars per square mile for satellite digital data to a few hundred dollars per square mile for airborne imaging spectrometry. Computer processing and analysis costs routinely surpass these expenses because of the equipment and expertise necessary for information extraction and interpretation. Effective use requires both an understanding of the current methodology and an appreciation of the most cost-effective solution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1926","usgsCitation":"1994, Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1926, xiii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1926.","productDescription":"xiii, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330815,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1926/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f78","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Watson, Ken","contributorId":90317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652814,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":652815,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":43689,"text":"ofr93368 - 1994 - Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T18:17:55.921283","indexId":"ofr93368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-368","title":"Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93368","usgsCitation":"Trionfante, J.V., and Peltz, L.A., 1994, Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-368, 1 Plate: 14.79 x 22.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93368.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 14.79 x 22.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420311,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40305.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":81273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0368/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Truckee and Carson River Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.5,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5,\n              38.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              38.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5,\n              40.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trionfante, Jeffrey V.","contributorId":46577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trionfante","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":228561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44723,"text":"wri944048 - 1994 - Potentiometric-surface map of the Sparta aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T11:24:48","indexId":"wri944048","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4048","title":"Potentiometric-surface map of the Sparta aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1989","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944048","usgsCitation":"Oakley, W.T., and Burt, D.E., 1994, Potentiometric-surface map of the Sparta aquifer in Mississippi, October through December 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4048, 1 Plate: 37.87 x 36.93 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944048.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.87 x 36.93 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":366788,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4048/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4048/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681e62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oakley, William T.","contributorId":70815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burt, David E. Jr.","contributorId":31443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burt","given":"David","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29269,"text":"wri924182 - 1994 - Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri924182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4182","title":"Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Groundwater resources in southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas were studied to determine their potential for development as an alternative to the Mississippi River as a water-supply source for Jefferson Parish. Eight major aquifers consisting of thick sand units that underlie the study area are, in descending order: (1) shallow, (2) upper Ponchatoula, (3) lower Ponchatoula, (4) Abita, (5) Covington, (6) Tchefuncta, (7) Hammond, and (8) Amite. A fault zone, referred to as the Baton Rouge fault, crosses southern Tangipahoa Parish. Analyses of geophysical logs indicated that the deep aquifers south of the fault zone had been displaced from 350 to 400 feet, and that the deeper aquifers were not in hydraulic connection with the flow system north of the fault. The groundwater resources of southeastern Louisiana are immense and the quality of groundwater in Tangipahoa Parish is suitable for most uses. The quality of water in these aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standards for public supply. The hydrologic system underlying Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas in 1990 supplied about 19 Mgal/d of water that was suitable for public supply. However, substantial increases in pumping from the aquifer system would result in renewed water-level declines throughout the hydrologic system until a new equilibrium is established. A test we11 in southern Tangipahoa Parish, penetrated all eight aquifers. Total thickness of freshwater sand beds penetrated by the 3003-ft test hole was more than 1900 ft. Resistivity values from an electric log of the test typically averaged 200 ohm-meters, which indicates that the water has low dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations. An analysis of the Abita aquifer at Ruddock in St. John the Baptist Parish, for two of three hypothetical well fields, indicated that for a hypothetical we11 field with a pumping rate of 112 Mgal/d, the freshwater/saltwater interface could arrive at the outer perimeter we11 in 10 to 14 years. The 1990 location of the interface in the Abita aquifer is 1.9 mi from the southernmost part of the potential location of the 112 Mgal/d well field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924182","usgsCitation":"Rapp, T., 1994, Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4182, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924182.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, T.R.","contributorId":51784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017765,"text":"70017765 - 1994 - Factors affecting accuracy of slope-area discharge determination of the September 1992 flood in Raven Fork, Western North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T10:13:54","indexId":"70017765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Factors affecting accuracy of slope-area discharge determination of the September 1992 flood in Raven Fork, Western North Carolina","docAbstract":"For the flood of September 10, 1992, in Raven Fork, Swain County, North Carolina, a peak discharge of 460 cubic meters per second was computed by using the slope-area method. Accuracy of this determination depends on suitability of the selected reach and, in particular, selection of Manning's roughness coefficients, interpretation of the high-water marks, number and placement of cross sections, presence of large expansions or contractions, state-of-flow transitions, and magnitude of the change in water-surface elevation. Some of these factors can contribute to greater uncertainties for measurements in steep mountain streams than for measurements in streams with flatter gradients.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Eddins, W.H., and Zembrzuski, T.J., 1994, Factors affecting accuracy of slope-area discharge determination of the September 1992 flood in Raven Fork, Western North Carolina, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 645-649.","startPage":"645","endPage":"649","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Swain County","city":"Raven Fork","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e9ae4b0c8380cd5352c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eddins, W. Harold","contributorId":90056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddins","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zembrzuski, Thomas J. Jr.","contributorId":37371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zembrzuski","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017755,"text":"70017755 - 1994 - Studies of the Reactivity of the Ferrihydrite Surface by Iron Isotopic Exchange and Mössbauer Spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-02T13:43:05.166992","indexId":"70017755","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies of the Reactivity of the Ferrihydrite Surface by Iron Isotopic Exchange and Mössbauer Spectroscopy","docAbstract":"<p>Two-line ferrihydrite is an important adsorbent of many toxics in natural and anthropogenic systems; however, the specific structural sites responsible for the high adsorption capacity are not well understood. A combination of chemical and spectroscopic techniques have been employed in this study to gain further insight into the structural nature of sites at the ferrihydrite surface. The kinetics of iron isotopic exchange demonstrated that there are at least two types of iron sites in ferrihydrite. One population of sites, referred to as <i>labile</i> sites, approached iron isotopic equilibrium within 24 hr in <sup>59</sup>Fe-NTA solutions, while the second population of sites, referred to as <i>non-labile</i>, exhibited a much slower rate of isotopic exchange. Adsorbed arsenate reduced the degree of exchange by labile sites, indicating that the anion blocked or greatly inhibited the rate of exchange of these sites. Mössbauer spectra were collected from a variety of samples including <sup>56</sup>Fe-ferrihydrite samples with <sup>57</sup>Fe in labile sites, samples containing <sup>57</sup>Fe throughout the structure, and samples with <sup>57</sup>Fe in non-labile sites. The spectra showed characteristic broad doublets signifying poor structural order. Refined fits of the spectra indicated that labile sites have larger quadrupole splitting, hence more local distortion, than non-labile sites. In all cases, the spectra demonstrated some degree of asymmetry, indicating a distribution of Fe environments in ferrihydrite. Overall spectral findings, combined with recent EXAFS results (Waychunas <i>et al.</i>, 1993), indicate that labile sites likely are more reactive (with respect to iron isotopic exchange) because they have fewer neighboring Fe octahedra and are therefore bound less strongly to the ferrihydrite structure. The labile population of sites probably is composed of end sites of the dioctahedral chain structure of 2-line ferrihydrite, which is a subset of the entire population of surface sites. Mössbauer spectra of samples containing adsorbed arsenate indicated that the anion may slightly decrease the distortion of labile sites and stabilized the structure as a whole by bidentate bonding.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420104","usgsCitation":"Rea, B.A., Davis, J., and Waychunas, G.A., 1994, Studies of the Reactivity of the Ferrihydrite Surface by Iron Isotopic Exchange and Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 42, no. 1, p. 23-34, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420104.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9cb1e4b08c986b31d488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rea, Brigid A.","contributorId":82282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Brigid","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waychunas, Glenn A.","contributorId":189615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waychunas","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017753,"text":"70017753 - 1994 - Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70017753","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana","docAbstract":"A flood monitoring network has been established to alert emergency operations personnel and the public about hydrologic conditions in the Amite River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness (LOEP), has installed a real-time data acquisition system to monitor rainfall and river stages in the basin. These data will be transmitted for use by emergency operations personnel to develop flood control and evacuation strategies. The current river stages at selected gaging stations in the basin also will be broadcast by local television and radio stations during a flood. Residents can record the changing river stages on a basin monitoring map, similar to a hurricane tracking map.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., 1994, Flood monitoring network in southeastern Louisiana, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 346-350.","startPage":"346","endPage":"350","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10fbe4b0c8380cd53ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}