A glass-coated half-meter-size boulder was sampled by the Apollo 17 crew at station 8 near the foot of the Sculptured Hills. The rock proved to be a coarse-grained (0.5-cm) plagioclase-orthopyroxene cumulate, and the samples are the only true norites returned from the lunar surface. Photographs of the boulder showed it to contain at least nine structural surfaces and four glass veins. Orientation and inspection of three of the returned samples resulted in the identification of six surfaces and one vein. One of the structural surfaces visible in the boulder was identified as primary cumulus planar lamination, which was folded through an angle of at least 35° between two oriented samples, whereas fracture sets representing the other surfaces were coincident. The boulder is believed to be a sample of the deeper highlands or submare lunar crust, derived from a depth of 8 to 30 km and somewhat shock-metamorphosed during at least two excavation events. The chemical composition of the norites, when determined, should be of special interest in view of the large amount of literature concerning glass, cataclasite, hornfels, and \"basalt\" of noritic composition returned by other Apollo missions. However, the cumulus texture of the boulder precludes its being representative of any magmatic liquid composition, suggests that the lunar crust is heterogeneously layered, and that plagioclase sank, not floated, in magmatic liquids that formed the lunar crust. © 1975 Geological Society of America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<433:SAPOAC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Jackson, E.D., Sutton, R.L., and Wilshire, H.G., 1975, Structure and petrology of a cumulus norite boulder sampled by Apollo 17 in Taurus-Littrow Valley, the Moon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, no. 4, p. 433-442, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<433:SAPOAC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"433","endPage":"442","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"the Moon ","volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, E. D.","contributorId":120010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232767,"text":"70232767 - 1975 - A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T15:28:31.504358","indexId":"70232767","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T10:21:16","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California","docAbstract":"A 210-cm core from Pearson's Pond yielded a pollen record for the past 3 millenia. Prior to A.D. 1000 the pond biota was particularly sensitive to climatic fluctuations. Two wet intervals occur in the pollen record, between 350 B.C. and A.I). 0 and between A.D. 650 and 900. The pollen record suggests that the Weeks Creek landslide may have moved at least twice prior to 3,000 years ago and that the middle part of the glide has been stable since that time. Seasonal changes produce large annual fluctuations in the water table, and climatic changes during the past 3,000 years have produced significant changes in the timing and magnitude of the annual changes. Climatic records such as the one presented here will help us to understand and separate the effects of climate and earthquakes on the landslide history of the Holocene deposits of the San Francisco Bay area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1975, A late Holocene pollen record from Pearson's Pond, Weeks Creek landslide, San Francisco Peninsula, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 721-731.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"731","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pearson's Pond, San Francisco Peninisula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.326300920153855\n ],\n [\n -122.27650165557861,\n 37.326300920153855\n ],\n [\n -122.27650165557861,\n 37.32754651163429\n ],\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.32754651163429\n ],\n [\n -122.2779607772827,\n 37.326300920153855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70232741,"text":"70232741 - 1975 - Progressive metamorphism of schists recovered from a deep drill hole near Fairbanks, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-12T14:05:06.696481","indexId":"70232741","displayToPublicDate":"1975-11-01T08:55:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Progressive metamorphism of schists recovered from a deep drill hole near Fairbanks, Alaska","docAbstract":"In 1965, a deep test hole drilled near Eielson Air Force Base, Fairbanks district, Alaska, penetrated 9,774 ft (2,979.1 m) into schists of the metamorphic complex of the Yukon-Tanana Upland. Cores recovered from the test hole show that the section is dominated by calc-magnesian rocks with subordinate pelitic schists. Pelitic mineral assemblages define a progressive increase in metamorphic grade with depth, from the garnet to the kyanite isograd. Diopside first appears in the calc-magnesian schists that were cored at a depth of 9,766 ft (2,976.5 m), indicating the onset of the reaction: Tremolite + 3 calcite -f- 2 quartz→5 diopside + 3CO2 +H2O. Ubiquitous staurolite and rare andalusite occur in the kyanite-bearing pelitic schists. Andalusite appears to have crystallized under postkinematic conditions, and the staurolite is apparently of both synkinematic and postkinematic origin. Hornblende and biotite from calc-magnesian schists sampled at depths of 7,142½ ft (2,176.9 m) and 9,766 ft (2,976.5 m) gave 40K/40Ar ages of 140±8 and 57.3±1.9 m.y., respectively. The hornblende age is believed to represent the age of the latest synkinematic metamorphism, and the biotite age appears to be an anomalously young one related to the outgassing of argon from biotite at greater depth in the section. Recent experimental data on andalusite-kyanite-sillimanite and staurolite equilibria and the stability field of calcite+quartz+tremolite versus diopside in calc-magnesian rocks suggest that the rocks recovered from the 8,218- to 9,770-ft (2,504.7- to 2,977.7-m) interval were synkinematieally recrystallized at crustal depths of 17 to 19 km and at temperatures of 515° to 580°C; the present thermal gradient (31.5°C/km) is similar to that which accompanied metamorphism in Jurassic time.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Forbes, R., and Weber, F.R., 1975, Progressive metamorphism of schists recovered from a deep drill hole near Fairbanks, Alaska: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 6, p. 647-657.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"647","endPage":"657","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue6/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -147.1234130859375,\n 64.33515002176769\n ],\n [\n -145.810546875,\n 64.33515002176769\n ],\n [\n -145.810546875,\n 64.8885966973514\n ],\n [\n -147.1234130859375,\n 64.8885966973514\n ],\n [\n -147.1234130859375,\n 64.33515002176769\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forbes, Robert B.","contributorId":48984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Florence R.","contributorId":17621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Florence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156608,"text":"70156608 - 1975 - Quaternary faults at San Diego Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T08:01:13","indexId":"70156608","displayToPublicDate":"1975-10-28T17:15:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary faults at San Diego Bay, California","docAbstract":"Acoustic-reflection profiles of subbottom strata reveal numerous faults that cut Quaternary deposits within and directly outside of San Diego Bay. These faults, together with previously mapped onshore faults, constitute the Rose Canyon fault zone that forms the local west boundary of the Santa Ana tectonic block, which is bounded on the east by the Elsinore fault zone. The minor earthquakes that have been felt in San Diego during historic time and accurately recorded during the past 41 yr are too infrequent to explain the observed rate of slip. The principal faulting is inferred to take place during moderate earthquakes similar to previous ones recorded along the west side of the Santa Ana block in 1933 at Long Beach, Calif., and in 1956 at San Miguel, Baja California. The known magnitudes of these previous events suggest that earthquakes in San Diego could attain a magnitude of approximately 6.5. An offset of the coast at Point La Jolla, when divided by the offset associated with previously studied earthquakes of magnitude 6.5, suggests that such events occur there at an average of approximately once every 600 yr.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.W., and Kennedy, M.P., 1975, Quaternary faults at San Diego Bay, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 5, p. 589-595.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"595","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307362,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue5/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.87 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Diego Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 32\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 32\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bee4b0518e354dd1b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, George W.","contributorId":21625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Michael P.","contributorId":63469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010117,"text":"70010117 - 1975 - Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:09:59.323207","indexId":"70010117","displayToPublicDate":"1975-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake shaking and damage to buildings","docAbstract":"Ground shaking close to the causative fault of an earthquake is more intense than it was previously believed to be. This raises the possibility that large numbers of buildings and other structures are not sufficiently resistant for the intense levels of shaking that can occur close to the fault. Many structures were built before earthquake codes were adopted; others were built according to codes formulated when less was known about the intensity of near-fault shaking. Although many building types are more resistant than conventional design analyses imply, the margin of safety is difficult to quantify. Many modern structures, such as freeways, have not been subjected to and tested by near-fault shaking in major earthquakes (magnitude 7 or greater). Damage patterns in recent moderate-sized earthquakes occurring in or adjacent to urbanized areas, however, indicate that many structures, including some modern ones designed to meet earthquake code requirements, cannot withstand the severe shaking that can occur close to a fault.
It is necessary to review the ground motion assumed and the methods utilized in the design of important existing structures and, if necessary, to strengthen or modify the use of structures that are found to be weak. New structures situated close to active faults should be designed on the basis of ground motion estimates greater than those used in the past.
The ultimate balance between risk of earthquake losses and cost for both remedial strengthening and improved earthquake-resistant construction must be decided by the public. Scientists and engineers must inform the public about earthquake shaking and its effect on structures.
The exposure to damage from seismic shaking is steadily increasing because of continuing urbanization and the increasing complexity of lifeline systems, such as power, water, transportation, and communication systems. In the near future we should expect additional painful examples of the damage potential of moderate-sized earthquakes in urban areas. Over a longer time span, however, we can significantly reduce the risk to life and property from seismic shaking through better land utilization, improved building codes and construction practices, and at least the gradual replacement of poor buildings by more resistant buildings.
Progress toward reducing risk from seismic shaking through better building design is slowed by deficiencies in our knowledge about the nature of damaging ground motion and the failure mechanisms in structures. For example, lacking observational data, seismologists must rely on simplified theoretical and numerical models of the earthquake process to estimate near-fault ground motion, especially for earthquakes as large as magnitude 7 and 8. Because such models have not been adequately tested against data, their reliability is unknown. Engineers lack detailed information about failure processes in structures during an earthquake. Although many structures have been instrumented to measure their response to an earthquake, few records have been obtained from buildings that actually sustained significant structural damage and few structures are properly instrumented to measure all the modes of deformation that are likely to contribute to failure. Moreover, the fact that many structures have withstood ground motion more intense than that assumed in their design indicates that conventional methods of design do not take into account important contributions to earthquake resistance by nonstructural elements and by the ability of structural elements to deform inelastically without necessarily causing failure of the structure. It is fortunate when such reserve resistance exists, but better understanding of the sources of reserve strength is needed to determine how large a margin of safety they confer and how they might be affected by changes in construction practices and materials with time.
In the next few years we look forward to significant advances in knowledge and to more effective application of what is already known, largely because of substantial funding of research related to seismic engineering by the National Science Foundation . The increasing number of strong-motion seismographs operating in seismically active regions will likely provide for the first time a number of records of damaging levels of ground motion. Significant effort is being directed toward obtaining near-fault records, although many probable sites of future large earthquakes remain inadequately instrumented, especially outside the conterminous United States. New and more complete information on building response and damage mechanisms will be obtained by improved instrumentation of structures and through laboratory investigations of failure in structures and structural elements. Further developments in computer technology and in computer modeling techniques will permit more realistic simulations of the seismic response of soils and structures that take into account their inelastic behavior and their strain-dependent properties. Earthquake design codes will continually be revised to better utilize existing knowledge concerning the nature of strong ground motion and the dynamic behavior of buildings during earthquakes and to incorporate new knowledge and also experiences gained from future earthquakes. We believe that application of new knowledge, improvements in earthquake-resistant design and construction, and remedial strengthening or replacement of weak existing structures can significantly reduce our current level of exposure to earthquake hazards.
Remote sensing is the technology of studying distant objects by measuring and recording energy from one or more segments of the electromagnetic spectrum. Imaging sensors which operate from medium- and high-altitude aircraft or from spacecraft can provide a synoptic view of large areas and of surface phenomena not evident in the field. Image-acquiring systems and instruments have been designed to partially automate data collection and to reduce the time devoted to analysis, information extraction, and detection of changes of surface phenomena. Among these phenomena are the surface distribution of heat, moisture, snow, water, vegetation, and cultural features. When coupled with ancillary data, including field surveys, sensor data provide useful information for the recognition and mapping of regional structure, jointing patterns, drainage patterns, fault and fracture traces, and rock types. The recognition of several major linear surface features, two of which proved to be traces of previously unrecognized faults (the Canebrake and the Coeburn faults) in the Appalachian Plateaus, demonstrates the pragmatic application of aircraft and spacecraft remote sensing to geological investigations in the Appalachians.
More than 10 billion gallons (38 × 106 m3) of acid industrial liquid waste has been injected in about 11 years under high pressure into a saline-water-filled part of a limestone aquifer of low transmissivity between 1,400 and 1,700 feet (430 and 520 m) below land surface near Pensacola, Florida. A similar waste disposal system is planned for the same zone at a site about 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to the east. The injection zone is the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer. The lower limestone is overlain by a confining layer of plastic clay about 220 feet (67 m) thick at the active injection site and underlain by another confining layer of shale and clay. The upper confining layer is overlain by the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer.
The active injection system consists of two injection wells about a quarter of a mile (0.4 km) apart and three monitor wells. Two of the monitor wells (deep monitors) are used to observe hydraulic and geochemical effects of waste injection in the injection zone at locations about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south and 1.9 miles (3.1 km) north of the center of the injection site. The third well (shallow monitor), used to observe any effects in the upper limestone, is about 100 feet (30 m) from one of the injection wells. Since 1972 the injection zone has also been monitored at a test well at the planned new injection site. Three more monitor wells in the injection zone were activated in early 1974 at sites 17 miles (27 km) northeast, 22 miles (35 km) east and 33 miles (53 km) northeast of the injection site. The six deep monitors provide a system for evaluating the regional effects of injecting wastes. No change in pressure or water quality due to injection was, by mid-1974, evident in the upper limestone at the injection site, but static pressures in the lower limestone at the site had increased 8 fold since injection began in 1963. Chemical analyses indicated probable arrival of the diluted waste at the south monitor well in 1973. By mid-1974 waste evidently had not reached the north monitor well.
Calculations indicate that by mid-1974 pressure effects from waste injection extended radially more than 40 miles (64 km) from the injection site. By mid-1974 pressure effects of injection were evident from water-level measurements made at the five deep monitor wells nearest the active injection site. No effects were recognized at the well 33 miles (53 km) away. Less than 20 miles (32 km) northeast of the active injection site, the lower limestone contains fresh water. Changes in the pressure regime due to injection indicate a tendency for northeastward movement of the fresh-water/salt-water interface in the lower limestone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03077.x","usgsCitation":"Faulkner, G.L., and Pascale, C.A., 1975, Monitoring regional effects of high pressure injection of wastewater in a limestone aquifer: Groundwater, v. 13, no. 2, p. 197-208, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03077.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"197","endPage":"208","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338338,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63043e4b05ec799131135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulkner, Glen L.","contributorId":58302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascale, Charles A.","contributorId":99978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascale","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232667,"text":"70232667 - 1975 - Recurrent geothermally induced debris avalanches on Boulder Glacier, Mount Baker, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T16:07:50.213548","indexId":"70232667","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T11:00:45","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recurrent geothermally induced debris avalanches on Boulder Glacier, Mount Baker, Washington","docAbstract":"Avalanches of snow, firn and hydrothermally altered rock and mud have been released six times since 1958 from Sherman Peak, part of the crater rim south of the main summit of Mount Baker, Wash. The avalanches traveled nearly identical paths 2.0-2.6 km down Boulder Glacier on the east slope of the volcano. Debris from at least one past avalanche can be seen as a thin bed of acidic mud in the glacier terminus. Fumaroles. thermal springs, and areas of warm ground, some of which are subglacial, are concentrated in the crater and were mapped by aerial infrared thermography. The outgoing radiant flux per unit area from a cluster of infrared anomalies within 50-150 m of the avalanche source was estimated to be 319 W m-2 (7,620 μcal cm-2s-1 ) in November 1972, which is sufficient to account for observed ice perforations. In addition vapor emission, not apparent in thermography, was observed along the source margin after the avalanche of August 1973. The principal conditions that produce the avalanches are considered to be the large accumulation of snow and firn on top of hydrothermally altered clay-rich ground at Sherman Peak and the saturation near the ground-firn interface by melt water produced both by summer snow ablation and by geothermal emission. The periodic avalanches have a potential for impounding water in the crater in addition to ponded water already known to occur. Sudden release of impounded water could present a danger to the Boulder Creek valley below.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Frank, D., Post, A., and Friedman, J., 1975, Recurrent geothermally induced debris avalanches on Boulder Glacier, Mount Baker, Washington: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 1, p. 77-87.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":403398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Glacier, Mount Baker","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.91116333007811,\n 48.73037931457286\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 48.73037931457286\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 48.828565527993234\n ],\n [\n -121.91116333007811,\n 48.828565527993234\n ],\n [\n -121.91116333007811,\n 48.73037931457286\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, David dfrank@usgs.gov","contributorId":170058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"David","email":"dfrank@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":846214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, Austin","contributorId":90709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"Austin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jules D.","contributorId":76757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jules D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232655,"text":"70232655 - 1975 - K-Ar age of the Similkameen Batholith and Kruger Alkalic Complex, Washington and British Columbia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T14:32:07.353322","indexId":"70232655","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T09:24:34","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"K-Ar age of the Similkameen Batholith and Kruger Alkalic Complex, Washington and British Columbia","docAbstract":"Twelve K-Ar age determinations from the Similkameen batholith and the contiguous Kruger Alkalic Complex, including seven newly reported here, range from 69.9 m.y. to 177.2 m.y. Ages of coexisting hornblende and biotite show discordancies ranging from about 72 m.y. to 106 m.y., with hornblende consistently showing the greater analytical age. The hornblendes, with one exception, show increasing analytical age with increasing potassium content and approximately fit a 191.0-m.y. 40Ar (radiogenic )/K isochron. The isochron shows a negative intersection with the 40Ar (radiogenic) axis, indicating partial argon loss. The large negative deviation from the isochron of one low-potassium sample suggests that the isochron is biased to older ages. If so, the Similkameen and Kruger rocks probably crystallized between roughly 177 m.y. and 191 m.y. ago. The discordancies between hornblende and coexisting biotite are attributed to argon loss during one or possibly more episodes of thermal metamorphism, the most recent of which was probably between about 50 and 70 m.y. ago. This bracket is based on the age of apparently unmetamorphosed sedimentary deposits containing detritus from the Similkameen and Kruger bodies and the analytical age of the youngest biotite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Fox, K., Rinehart, C., and Engels, J.C., 1975, K-Ar age of the Similkameen Batholith and Kruger Alkalic Complex, Washington and British Columbia: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 1, p. 39-43.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403374,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue1/report.pdf"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Similkameen batholith and the contiguous Kruger Alkalic Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120,\n 48.916667\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 48.916667\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 49.166667\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49.166667\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 48.916667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, K. F. Jr.","contributorId":46554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"K. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinehart, C.D.","contributorId":94310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinehart","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engels, J. C.","contributorId":92246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engels","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70232648,"text":"70232648 - 1975 - Ore grade, metal production, and energy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-11T14:02:26.560986","indexId":"70232648","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T08:40:07","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ore grade, metal production, and energy","docAbstract":"Recent resource estimates have been stimulated by national concern over present and pending shortages of energy and mineral resources. Although some believe that the resource base of a commodity is the total amount in the crust, the energy consumption for mining and milling under present technology suggests that grades of the metallic ores have a lower limit when production is assumed to be for common usages. The tonnage required to mine and mill ores to obtain one unit of metal is a hyperbolic function of the grade, and as the tonnage increases hyperbolically, so does the energy consumed. For copper, the hyperbolic relation suggests that deposits with grades below about 0.20-0.25 percent Cu will not be mined to produce metal for common electrical and construction uses. Although the energy used to mine and mill a unit of metal differs from one metal to another, all show the hyperbolic increase in energy consumption as grade decreases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Page, N.J., and Creasy, S.C., 1975, Ore grade, metal production, and energy: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 3, no. 1, p. 9-13.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":403363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1975/vol3issue1/report.pdf"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Page, Norman J.","contributorId":46492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creasy, S. C.","contributorId":18855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creasy","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":846186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009866,"text":"70009866 - 1975 - Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-12T07:16:33","indexId":"70009866","displayToPublicDate":"1975-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1975","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments","docAbstract":"Examination of the silty sediments in the lower Van Normal reservoir after the 1971 San Fernando, California earthquake revealed three zones of deformational structures in the 1-m-thick sequence of sediments exposed over about 2 km2 of the reservoir bottom. These zones are correlated with moderate earthquakes that shook the San Fernando area in 1930, 1952, and 1971. The success of this study, coupled with the experimental formation of deformational structures similar to those of the Van Norman reservoir, led to a search for similar structures in Pleistocene and Holocene lakes and lake sediments in other seismically active areas. Thus, studies have been started in Pleistocene and Holocene silty and sandy lake sediments in the Imperial Valley, southeastern California; Clear Lake, in northern California; and the Puget Sound area of Washington. The Imperial Valley study has yielded spectacular results: five zones of structures in the upper 10 m of Late Holocene sediments near Brawley have been correlated over an area of approximately 100 km2, using natural outcrops. These structures are similar to those of the Van Norman reservoir and are interpreted to represent at least five moderate to large earthquakes that affected the southern Imperial Valley area during Late Holocene time. The Clear Lake study has provided ambiguous results with respect to determination of earthquake recurrence intervals because the cores studied are in clayey rich in organic material sediments that have low liquefaction potential. A study of Late Pleistocene varved glacio-lacustrine sediments has been started in the Puget Sound area of Washington, and thirteen sites have been examined. One has yielded 18.75 m of sediments that contains 1,804 varves and fourteen deformed zones interpreted as being caused by earthquake, because they are identical to structures formed experimentally by simulated seismic shaking. Correlation of deformational structures with seismic events is based on:
(1) proximity to presently active seismic zones;
(2) presence of potentially liquefiable sediments;
(3) similarity to structures formed experimentally;
(4) small-scale internal structures within deformed zones that suggest liquefaction;
(5) structures restricted to single stratigraphic intervals;
(6) zones of structures correlatable over large areas; and
(7) absence of detectable influence by slopes, slope failures, or other sedimentological, biological, or deformational processes.
The magnetic susceptibility of a terrestrial, synthetic and lunar ilmenite specimen has been measured from 4 to 300 K. All specimens had a single Néel temperature transition which ranged from 56 to 57.7 K. In one case the powdered specimen was partially aligned in the magnetic field prior to the susceptibility measurements and the Néel transition was observed to shift to 60 K indicating magnetic anisotropy. A study of several magnetic parameters calculated from the experimental data showed gross impurities in the terrestrial specimen, single-domain to multi-domain metallic iron in the synthetic specimen, and a small amount of superparamagnetic metallic iron in the lunar sample. No multidomain iron was observed in the lunar ilmenite. The results of electron spin resonance measurements were also in general agreement with these findings. Because of the absence of Fe3+ compared to most terrestrial samples it is suggested that the anisotropic magnetic parameters be determined on lunar ilmenite when a large enough single crystal becomes available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(75)90014-X","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Senftle, F.E., Thorpe, A.N., Briggs, C., Alexander, C., Minkin, J.A., and Griscom, D.L., 1975, The Néel transition and magnetic properties of terrestrial, synthetic, and lunar ilmenites: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, no. 3, p. 377-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90014-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"386","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba845e4b08c986b321b06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senftle, Frank E.","contributorId":49401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorpe, Arthur N.","contributorId":52591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Charles","contributorId":94783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, Corrine","contributorId":51902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Corrine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Minkin, Jean A.","contributorId":83800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minkin","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Griscom, David L.","contributorId":65335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70232493,"text":"70232493 - 1974 - The Sargent-Berrocal Fault Zone and its relation to the San Andreas Fault system in the southern San Francisco Bay region and Santa Clara Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T15:58:27.76063","indexId":"70232493","displayToPublicDate":"2022-07-05T10:54:39","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Sargent-Berrocal Fault Zone and its relation to the San Andreas Fault system in the southern San Francisco Bay region and Santa Clara Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Sargent-Berrocal fault zone is a belt of thrust faults extending for about 58 mi (94 km) southeastward from the vicinity of Los Altos to San Juan Bautista, Calif. The fault zone generally dips southwestward toward the adjacent San Andreas fault at low to steep angles, and the southwest block has moved upward and northeastward. Thrusting across the fault zone has produced large-scale offset, which may increase to the southeast. If strike-slip movement has occurred, it has probably been minor. Offset Quaternary strata, physiographic features, and recent seismic activity all indicate that the Sargent-Berrocal fault zone has been active in the last one million years and that some clastic strain is currently being released along the northwest and southeast parts of the fault zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, R., 1974, The Sargent-Berrocal Fault Zone and its relation to the San Andreas Fault system in the southern San Francisco Bay region and Santa Clara Valley, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 5, p. 593-598.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"598","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue5/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Clara Valley, San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -121.014404296875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -121.014404296875,\n 37.84015683604136\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 37.84015683604136\n ],\n [\n -122.61291503906249,\n 36.518465989675875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, Robert","contributorId":206983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":845690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70179653,"text":"70179653 - 1974 - Time of travel and dye dosage for an irrigation canal system near Duchesne, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-16T11:38:44","indexId":"70179653","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time of travel and dye dosage for an irrigation canal system near Duchesne, Utah","docAbstract":"Fracturing and subsidence of the land surface in the Milford area oil Utah have resulted from the decline of water levels due to pumping in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. To the writers’ knowledge, these are the first such effects of ground-water withdrawal reported in Utah. The fracturing is in an area about 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 11 miles (18 km) long near Milford, in an unsaturated clay-silt zone (locally peaty at top) in the upper part of the principal ground-water reservoir. The fractures range in length from several feet to more than 100 feet (30 m), and their maximum measured depth in 1972 was 4 feet (1.2 m). Land subsidence in the Milford area is demonstrated by three lines of evidence: (1) collapse structures, (2) well casings that protrude higher above the land surface than when first placed in the borehole, and (3) lower elevations at National Ocean Survey (formerly U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey) bench marks in 1970 than in 1908. This evidence shows that land subsidence in the Milford area is of two types, each having a different origin. One type has a near-surface origin in the clay-silt zone in the upper part of the principal groundwater reservoir, and the other is in the lower artesian aquifers of the principal ground-water reservoir. The amount of observed subsidence ranges from 0.05 foot (0.015 m) at the bench mark at Read to about 6 feet (1.8 m) at collapse structures in the Hay Springs area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"Work done in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Adams, D.B., 1974, Time of travel and dye dosage for an irrigation canal system near Duchesne, Utah: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 489-493.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"493","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333011,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","text":"Full Journal Issue"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760118e4b04eac8e0746f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, D. B.","contributorId":59030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042677,"text":"70042677 - 1974 - Analyses and economic potential of monazite in Liberia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15712,"text":"ofr69234 - 1969 - Preliminary spectrographic analyses of monazite from western Liberia","indexId":"ofr69234","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary spectrographic analyses of monazite from western Liberia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70042677,"text":"70042677 - 1974 - Analyses and economic potential of monazite in Liberia","indexId":"70042677","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"title":"Analyses and economic potential of monazite in Liberia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-17T10:17:43","indexId":"70042677","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analyses and economic potential of monazite in Liberia","docAbstract":"Eleven monazite samples from Liberia, including seven from beach sands, were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence method. The monazite samples, containing only one-half percent impurities, were obtained by use of a hot Clerici-solution procedure for purification which was devised by the author. The percentage of the rare-earth elements in Liberian monazite concentrates does not differ greatly from that of monazite sands elsewhere in the world. The average of the 11 samples shows less praseodymium and neodymium than Russian and American monazites, but more cerium. Liberian coastal sands apparently contain sufficient reserves of monazite (and other heavy minerals of commerce) to encourage mining. A feasibility study of production and marketing of monazite from Liberian beach sands is recommended.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Rosenblum, S., 1974, Analyses and economic potential of monazite in Liberia: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 689-692.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"692","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":265794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265795,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf"}],"country":"Liberia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -11.4742,4.3154 ], [ -11.4742,8.5 ], [ -7.3693,8.5 ], [ -7.3693,4.3154 ], [ -11.4742,4.3154 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50f92b79e4b0727905955f3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenblum, Sam","contributorId":60620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenblum","given":"Sam","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":472037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001318,"text":"70001318 - 1974 - A comparison of infrared, radar, and geologic mapping of lunar craters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T13:40:30.56891","indexId":"70001318","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:32","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3569,"text":"The Moon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of infrared, radar, and geologic mapping of lunar craters","docAbstract":"Between 1000 and 2000 infrared (eclipse) and radar anomalies have been mapped on the nearside hemisphere of the Moon. A study of 52 of these anomalies indicates that most are related to impact craters and that the nature of the infrared and radar responses is compatible with a previously developed geologic model of crater aging processes. The youngest craters are pronounced thermal and radar anomalies; that is, they have enhanced eclipse temperatures and are strong radar scatterers. With increasing crater age, the associated thermal and radar responses become progressively less noticeable until they assume values for the average lunar surface. The last type of anomaly to disappear is radar enhancement at longer wavelengths. A few craters, however, have infrared and radar behaviors not predicted by the aging model. One previously unknown feature - a field strewn with centimeter-sized rock fragments - has been identified by this technique of comparing maps at the infrared, radar, and visual wavelengths.
The Dismal Swamp, on the border between eastern Virginia and North Carolina is one of the few remaining large (approximately 210,000 acres) areas of wet wilderness in the eastern United States. There has been much speculation concerning the hydrologic conditions that led to the formation of the swamp.
Oaks and Coch (1973) recently completed a detailed investigation of the geology and morphology of the area. An analysis of their geology and the pollen work of Whitehead (1972) has lead the authors to the following hypothesis concerning the hydrologic conditions that led to the formation of the peat in the swamp.
A permeable sand facies of the Norfolk Formation underlies Dismal Swamp. This facies was originally completely covered by the Sand Bridge Formation, which is a confining layer, and underlain by the impermeable Yorktown Formation. Movement of water eastward within the Norfolk Formation from the outcrop area on the top of the Suffolk Scarp was further restricted by a less permeable facies of the Norfolk east of the swamp; thereby creating an artesian head within the permeable sand facies of the Norfolk Formation.
Erosion during the Pleistocene age breached the Sand Bridge confining layer and allowed upward seepage of water along the shallow stream valleys. This seepage, combined with the abundant rainfall and naturally sluggish surface drainage, may have been sufficient to trigger the formation of peat along stream valleys about 9,000 years ago. The peat further inhibited surface drainage, which in turn, accelerated the accumulation of peat until the interfluve areas were covered. The present role of the Norfolk Formation in the hydrology of the swamp is not clear, but it is considered to be one of the most important aspects of the hydrology to be studied in future investigations.
Surface inflow is from small streams draining from the west. The flow of these streams varies widely, being generally less in the summer than in winter. Outflow is primarily through the Feeder Ditch-Dismal Swamp Canal system, which discharges at South Mills and Deep Creek locks.
Rates and direction of surface flow within the swamp are partly controlled by gates on many of the ditches. Inadequately controlled ditches penetrating the Norfolk Formation plus withdrawal of water from wells along Suffolk Scarp have altered the flow of ground water under the swamp. These modifications and the loss of water through the Dismal Swamp Canal have probably resulted in a generally drier swamp as indicated by changes in the vegetation. It is feasible to preserve Dismal Swamp, but more detailed studies of the hydrology are needed to aid in future management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7439","usgsCitation":"Lichtler, W.F., and Walker, P.N., 1974, Hydrology of the Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-39, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7439.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":148364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":422873,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1974/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Dismal Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 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(including Alaska and Hawaii) during the years 1965 through 1968","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T17:03:30.331557","indexId":"ofr741069","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1069","title":"A tabulation of K-Ar, Rb-Sr, and Pb-α ages obtained for materials within the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) during the years 1965 through 1968","docAbstract":"This tabulation of ages has been made as a convenience to anyone desiring a quick reference to ages published in the United States and Puerto Rico from 1965 through 1968. This tabulation does not include all published K-Ar, Rb-Sr, or Pb-α ages, but is probably 98 percent complete. Many of the radiometric ages published in abstracts, footnotes, personal communications, and even some articles are not included as sample localities are lacking or are not sufficiently detailed to be of value. Such ages are often published in a subsequent article with detailed sample locations and geologic interpretation. There may be some duplication of ages in this tabulation. The references listed are either the original source for an age or the best source in regard to sample location, decay constants, interpretation, etc. A minor number of unpublished radiometric ages from Ph.D. or M.S. theses are also listed in this tabulation.
The tabulated ages are systematized according to year and state. All ages published during a specific year (i.e. 1965) are grouped together, with the ages listed under the name of the state in which the sample was collected. The states are alphabetized. The dated sample is described as to rock type, location, material analyzed, age(s) determined, radiometric method used, and published reference (by first author only). The complete reference is listed at the end of the tabulation for each specific year. To answer questions about geologic interpretation, decay constants, or location, one must review the source reference.
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States (including Alaska and Hawaii) during the years 1956 through 1964","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-12T17:48:11.879637","indexId":"ofr741068","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"74-1068","title":"A tabulation of K-Ar, Rb-Sr and Pb-alpha ages obtained for materials within the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) during the years 1956 through 1964","docAbstract":"This tabulation of ages has been made as a convenience to anyone desiring a quick reference to ages published in the United States from 1956 through 1964. This tabulation does not include all published K-Ar, Rb-Sr, or Pb-a ages, but is probably 98 percent complete. Many of the radiometric ages published in abstracts, footnotes, or personal communications are not included as sample localities are lacking or are not sufficiently detailed to be of value. Such ages are often published in a subsequent article with detailed sample locations and geologic interpretation. There may be some duplication of ages in this tabulation. The references listed are either the original source for an age or the best source in regard to sample location, decay constants, interpretation, etc. For a tabulation of Pb-a ages published prior to 1957, see U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1097-B, Lead-alpha age determinations of accessory minerals of igneous rocks (1953-1957) by H. W. Jaffe, David Gottfried, C. L. Waring, and H. W. Worthing (1959). A minor number of unpublished radiometric ages from Ph.D. or M.S. theses are also listed in this tabulation.
The tabulated ages are systematized according to year and state. All ages published during a specific year (i.e. 1956) are grouped together, with the ages listed under the name of the state in which the sample was collected. The states are alphabetized. The dated sample is described as to rock type, location, material analyzed, age(s) determined, radiometric method used, and published reference (by first author only). The complete reference is listed at the end of the tabulation for each specific year. To answer questions about geologic interpretation, decay constants, or location, one must review the source reference.
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Georgia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1720,"text":"wsp2029D - 1974 - Geologic and hydrologic control of chloride contamination in aquifers at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia","indexId":"wsp2029D","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Geologic and hydrologic control of chloride contamination in aquifers at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T09:44:08","indexId":"wsp2029D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2029","chapter":"D","title":"Geologic and hydrologic control of chloride contamination in aquifers at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia","docAbstract":"Water from a brackish-water zone (1,050-1,350 ft) has concentrations as high as 2,150 milligrams per liter chloride, and concentrations are suspected to be higher than 3,000 milligrams per liter chloride. This brackish water has been identified as the source of the water that contaminates the upper and lower fresh-water-bearing zones of the principal artesian aquifer. The confining unit separating the fresh and brackish water seems to contain breaks that act as vertical conduits for the movement of brackish water into the fresh-water zones of the aquifer. Faults are suspected to be responsible for the breaks in the confining unit. The rate of upward movement of brackish water seems to be a function of the rate of water-level decline in the aquifer. \r\n\r\nThere are two main areas of brackish-water intrusion. One area is near Bay and Prince Streets, and the other area is near Reynolds and Q Streets. Successive maps showing chloride ion concentration trace the movement of the chloride front northward in the Bay Street area at the rate of about 350 feet per year toward the center of pumping. An average of about 400 gallons per minute of water containing 2,000 milligrams per liter chloride invaded the upper water-bearing zone between December 1962 and December 1966. A like amount may have entered the lower water-bearing zone. Maximum chloride concentration in the upper water-bearing zone is 1,540 milligrams per liter in the Bay Street area and 640 milligrams per liter in the Reynolds Street area. \r\n\r\nIn a few areas, where individual wells have been drilled deep enough to penetrate the confining unit over the brackish-water zone, the well furnishes a conduit for brackish water to recharge the fresh-water aquifer. Plugging the lower part of these wells usually reduces the chloride concentration of the water.\r\n\r\nThe chloride concentration of water in the principal artesian aquifer can probably be reduced by use of interceptor wells, relief wells, or well-field spacing. Interceptor wells would prevent laterally moving brackish water from contaminating a well field. A relief well would tap and withdraw poor quality water from only the brackish-water zone to lower the head in that zone and decrease the rate of leakage into the fresh-water aquifer. Wider spacing of wells would prevent the development of a deep cone of depression and the steeper hydraulic gradients that accompany it. The brackish water pumped by the interceptor or relief wells could be used for industry, aquaculture, recreation, or for other processes in which the chloride content is not critical.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2029D","usgsCitation":"Gregg, D.O., and Zimmerman, E.A., 1974, Geologic and hydrologic control of chloride contamination in aquifers at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2029, v, 44 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2029D.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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