No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i677","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 1971, Bathymetry and geology— East cape of the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 677, 1 Plate: 30.00 × 41.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i677.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.00 × 41.85 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391832,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9454.htm"},{"id":260867,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0677/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":189504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Island of Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.875,\n 19.397\n ],\n [\n -154.5,\n 19.397\n ],\n [\n -154.5,\n 19.739\n ],\n [\n -154.875,\n 19.739\n ],\n [\n -154.875,\n 19.397\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ee4b07f02db640201","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48005,"text":"ofr7211 - 1971 - Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T11:58:28","indexId":"ofr7211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-11","title":"Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Modesto-Merced area is in the northeastern part of the San Joaquin Valley. The area includes about 1,800 square miles that lie in the eastern portions of Merced and Stanislaus Counties. Specifically the boundaries are: North, the Stanislaus River; south, the Merced-Madera County line; east, the Merced-Mariposa and the Stanislaus-Tuolumne County lines; west, the San Joaquin River.
Between September 1970 and May 1971, 859 wells were selectively canvassed in the area. The resulting data are on file in the U.S. Geological Survey office at 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, Calif. Selected well data are tabulated in table 1, and the location of these wells is shown on maps 1-65. Selected chemical analyses are shown in table 2. Table 3 is a listing of the well numbers of all wells canvassed in the area by the U.S. Geological Survey through April 1971.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7211","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Balding, G.O., and Page, R.W., 1971, Data for wells in the Modesto-Merced area, San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-11, iv, 122 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7211.","productDescription":"iv, 122 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":371414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db615a3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balding, Gary O.","contributorId":25210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balding","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R. W.","contributorId":17215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15295,"text":"ofr71222 - 1971 - Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:47","indexId":"ofr71222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-222","title":"Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Farther southwest in Georgia, around Griffin and Zebullon, along streams tributary to the Flint River in the monazite belt the flood plains are generally small and discontinuous, and only about 1 percent of the sediment is gravel. The area between Griffin, Zebullon, and the Flint River is underlain by biotite schist and biotite gneiss into which biotite granite has been intruded. Only along one stream, Flat Creek, which drains monazite-bearing granite near Zetella, Ga., are the tenors in monazite even moderately high, but a combination of thick, clayey overburden and discontinuous flood plains make the stream unsuitable for placer mining. Elsewhere in the Flint River area the heavy-mineral concentrates contain less than 1 percent monazite. \r\n\r\nThe southwesternmost area in which reconnaissance of the monazite belt was conducted includes a groups of southwest-flowing tributaries to the Chattahoochee River north of Pine Mountain and near La Grange, Ga. A combination of three characteristics of the alluvium make the area unfavorable for mining: (1) the upper half of the sedimentary sequence is clay and silt, (2) there is scant gravel, and (3) much of the sand is fine grained. Monazite is associated with the Snelson Granite, schists, and gneisses north of the Towaliga fault, but even in this area the tenor of most riffle sediments is only 0.1 to 0.5 pound of monazite per cubic yard, and the average tenor of the alluvium is about 0.2 pound per cubic Yard. Rocks south of the Towaliga fault contain scant monazite. The monazite-bearing area in the drainage basin of the Chattahoochee River has no monazite placers.\r\n\r\nEvidence from the areas on the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers shows that streams in western Georgia are a much poorer source of monazite than streams farther to the northeast in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Also, the northeastern part of the belt in the drainage basins of the Yadkin and Dan Rivers is a poorer source for monazite than the area between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers, S.C.-N.C. \r\n\r\nMonazite-bearing crystalline rocks in the western belt contain about 0.06 pound of monazite per cubic yard. Residual soil derived from the crystalline rocks contains about 0.3 to 0.4 pound of monazite per cubic yard, and colluvial sediments formed by sheet-wash from saprolite, residual soil, and, rarely, old stream deposits, have an average of 3.1 pounds of monazite to the cubic yard. The data on the tenors of residual and colluvial deposits are far less comprehensive than those an the quantity of monazite in the crystalline rocks, but the tenors are probably of the correct order of magnitude. Neither the crystalline rocks nor the residual soils are ores of monazite. Because the colluvial deposits are thin and have patch distribution they could not be mined independently, but some colluvium could be stripped from the adjoining hills in conjunction with the mining of alluvial deposits in the valleys. \r\n\r\nIt is most unlikely that alluvial monazite placers have formed in the trunk streams leading southeastward out of the monazite belt. Churn drilling on the Broad and North Tyger Rivers, South Carolina, at the east edge of the belt has shown that the bulk of the alluvium is fine-grained sediment that contains 0.2 to 0.4 pound of monazite per cubic yard--tenors that represent no considerable enrichment over those in the crystalline rocks and residual soils. The probable persistence of predominantly fine-grained alluvium downstream to the Coastal Plain and the certain dilution of monazite-bearing concentrates by the inflow of monazite-free suites of heavy minerals between the belt and the fall line suggest that the trunk streams east of the belt are the least favorable sources for alluvial monazite in the Piedmont?","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr71222","usgsCitation":"Overstreet, W.C., White, A.M., Theobald, P., and Caldwell, D.W., 1971, Selected fluvial monazite deposits in the southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-222, iv, 108 leaves :4 folded maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr71222.","productDescription":"iv, 108 leaves :4 folded maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44219,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44220,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44221,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44222,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44223,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa31c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overstreet, William C.","contributorId":73586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overstreet","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, A. M.","contributorId":86778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theobald, P. K.","contributorId":45293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"P. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, D. W.","contributorId":27461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":6236,"text":"pp701A - 1971 - Hydrology of two small river basins in Pennsylvania before urbanization, with a section on observation of stream fauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-07T09:08:31","indexId":"pp701A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"701","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrology of two small river basins in Pennsylvania before urbanization, with a section on observation of stream fauna","docAbstract":"Basic data on water quantity, chemical quality, and suspended sediment are tabulated to record the conditions existing in two basins near Philadelphia, each about 32 square miles in area. The basins in 1970 are agricultural land for the most part, but urban and industrial development is imminent as the Philadelphia metropolitan area expands. Hopefully, as changes caused by urbanization occur in future years, data published herein will be useful as a base for comparison.
Pickering Creek basin has a higher population than the upper East Branch Brandywine Creek basin. The two are comparable in discharge characteristics and in shapes and sizes of channels, but the Pickering Creek basin is producing a considerably larger suspended-sediment load. Also the effects of urbanization are discernible in some chemical parameters.
During the study, a small subbasin, one-half square mile in area, was converted from agricultural use to an industrial park. This change resulted in a marked increase in sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, and dissolved solids in the streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp701A","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.A., Troxell, J., Leopold, L.B., Patrick, R., and Grant, R.R., 1971, Hydrology of two small river basins in Pennsylvania before urbanization, with a section on observation of stream fauna: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 701, iv, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp701A.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0701a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33442,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0701a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Upper East Branch Brandywine Creek, Pickering Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 39.96870074491696\n ],\n [\n -75.45135498046875,\n 39.96870074491696\n ],\n [\n -75.45135498046875,\n 40.16418235037417\n ],\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 40.16418235037417\n ],\n [\n -75.89355468749999,\n 39.96870074491696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. Adam","contributorId":21540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Adam","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troxell, John","contributorId":83517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troxell","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patrick, Ruth","contributorId":95055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Ruth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grant, Robert R. Jr.","contributorId":75524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grant","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":925,"text":"wsp1999C - 1971 - Water resources of the upper White River basin, east-central Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-07T16:50:28.66113","indexId":"wsp1999C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999","chapter":"C","title":"Water resources of the upper White River basin, east-central Indiana","docAbstract":"Ground-water discharge to the streams sustains year-round streamflow in the upper White River basin. This discharge, referred to as ground-water runoff or base runoff, is considered to be an index to the amount of g ound water available for development. A comparison of the variations of groundwater runoff and aquifer distribution in the basin shows that the areas of best development potential are areas where thick sand and gravel aquifers are adjacent to the streams. The average ground-water runoff for these areas is between 400,000 and 500,000 gallons per day per square mile.
\nThe most permeable aquifers in the basin are the sand and gravel deposits of Quaternary age. These aquifers occur mainly as relatively thick elongate bodies along bedrock valleys and as relatively thin sheetlike deposits at or near land surface. The representative hydraulic conductivity of these aquifers ranges from 1,500 to 2,500 gallons per day per square foot. The limestone and dolomite formations of the bedrock are a source of moderate quar tities of water.
\nThe long-term average streamflow in the basin is approximately 0.9 cubic feet per second per square mile. The yearly average discharge varies from about one-fourth to twice the long-term average. The 7-day 10-year low flow ranges from about 0.01 to 0.3 cubic feet per second per square mile; the main-stem flow ranges from 0.10 to 0.13 cubic feet per second per square mile.
\nThe water in the aquifers is predominately a very hard calcium bicarbonate type; it is generally high in iron and contains a moderate amount of dissolved solids. Fresh water (1,000 milligrams per liter dissolved solids or less) is present to depths of approximately 400 feet below land surface. In the tributaries and in the headwaters region of the White River, the composition of surface water is very similar to that of ground water. The quality cf the water in the White River deteriorates in the downstream direction owing to the cumulative effects of sewage effluent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1999C","usgsCitation":"Cable, L.W., Daniel, J.F., Wolf, R.J., and Tate, C.H., 1971, Water resources of the upper White River basin, east-central Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999, Report: v, 38 p.; 4 Plates: 25.00 × 20.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1999C.","productDescription":"Report: v, 38 p.; 4 Plates: 25.00 × 20.50 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":25397,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":409195,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25547.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":25395,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25394,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25396,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25393,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1999c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.8529052734375,\n 40.233411907115055\n ],\n [\n -84.9737548828125,\n 40.26695230509781\n ],\n [\n -85.0836181640625,\n 40.26695230509781\n ],\n [\n -85.14404296875,\n 40.27533480732468\n ],\n [\n -85.1824951171875,\n 40.29209669470101\n ],\n [\n -85.2264404296875,\n 40.36747374615593\n ],\n [\n -85.3143310546875,\n 40.451127265872316\n ],\n [\n -85.39672851562499,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -85.4461669921875,\n 40.559721346848406\n ],\n [\n -85.616455078125,\n 40.60561205826018\n ],\n [\n -85.836181640625,\n 40.6639728763869\n ],\n [\n -86.011962890625,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -86.33056640625,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 40.49709237269567\n ],\n [\n -86.4019775390625,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -86.429443359375,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 40.13269100586688\n ],\n [\n -86.4898681640625,\n 39.97291055131899\n ],\n [\n -86.45690917968749,\n 39.88023492849342\n ],\n [\n -86.45690917968749,\n 39.70296052957233\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -86.583251953125,\n 39.38950933076637\n ],\n [\n -86.41845703124999,\n 39.308800296002914\n ],\n [\n -86.2371826171875,\n 39.38950933076637\n ],\n [\n -86.1383056640625,\n 39.436192999314095\n ],\n [\n -86.1383056640625,\n 39.56758783088903\n ],\n [\n -86.1053466796875,\n 39.614152077002636\n ],\n [\n -85.924072265625,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -85.8197021484375,\n 39.80009595634841\n ],\n [\n -85.6658935546875,\n 39.863371338285305\n ],\n [\n -85.49560546875,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -85.3912353515625,\n 40.0360265298117\n ],\n [\n -85.2593994140625,\n 40.052847601823984\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n -84.8419189453125,\n 40.065460682065535\n ],\n [\n -84.8529052734375,\n 40.233411907115055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e5e4b07f02db4bb69f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cable, L. W.","contributorId":82677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Daniel, J. F.","contributorId":74357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, C. H.","contributorId":93464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":200,"text":"wsp2011 - 1971 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1967, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic Slope basins and South Atlantic Slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:10","indexId":"wsp2011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1967, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic Slope basins and South Atlantic Slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. 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Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2011","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1967, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic Slope basins and South Atlantic Slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2011, xvii, 982 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2011.","productDescription":"xvii, 982 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2011/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24811,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2011/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651981","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47917,"text":"ofr7139 - 1971 - Chemical quality of ground water in the Dos Palos-Kettleman City area, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T21:00:22.894001","indexId":"ofr7139","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-39","title":"Chemical quality of ground water in the Dos Palos-Kettleman City area, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The Dos Palos-Kettleman City area of this report includes approximately 1,350 square miles on the central-western side of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Large-scale farming operations in the area have used ground water as the major source of irrigation water for nearly three quarters of a century. In 1968, completion of the San Luis Canal part of the California Aqueduct, made surface water available to farmers. In time the widespread use of this imported water may cause chemical-quality changes in the native ground water. To document conditions prior to any possible changes, 361 samples of ground water were taken before deliveries of surface water were begun. The data will serve as a base to which future investigations can be compared. To establish any trends, the results were compared to earlier chemical data for the area. The results indicated that only minor changes in chemical quality had occurred between 1951 and 1968.
Water from an upper water-bearing zone is markedly different from water in a lower water-bearing zone. Water in the upper zone is of various chemical types, and the concentration of dissolved solids increases from east to west across the area.
Water in the lower zone is a sodium sulfate type and is fairly consistent throughout the zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr7139","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and Westlands Water District","usgsCitation":"Bertoldi, G., 1971, Chemical quality of ground water in the Dos Palos-Kettleman City area, San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-39, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7139.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0039/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Dos Palos, Kettleman City","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.68923886927595,\n 36.99619474770276\n ],\n [\n -120.68923886927595,\n 35.97967811304345\n ],\n [\n -119.91146897398625,\n 35.97967811304345\n ],\n [\n -119.91146897398625,\n 36.99619474770276\n ],\n [\n -120.68923886927595,\n 36.99619474770276\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n },\n \"id\": 0\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e399e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bertoldi, G.L.","contributorId":11605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bertoldi","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3100,"text":"wsp1991 - 1971 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1966, Parts 1 and 2, north Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"wsp1991","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1991","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1966, Parts 1 and 2, north Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1991","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1966, Parts 1 and 2, north Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1991, xvi, 984 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1991.","productDescription":"xvi, 984 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1991/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30012,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1991/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41108,"text":"ofr7156 - 1971 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map, Wiseman and eastern Survey Pass quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42534,"text":"ofr6019 - 1960 - Progress map of the geology of the Wiseman quadrangle, Alaska","indexId":"ofr6019","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Progress map of the geology of the Wiseman quadrangle, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":41108,"text":"ofr7156 - 1971 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map, Wiseman and eastern Survey Pass quadrangles, Alaska","indexId":"ofr7156","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map, Wiseman and eastern Survey Pass quadrangles, Alaska"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T19:17:21.348367","indexId":"ofr7156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"71-56","title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map, Wiseman and eastern Survey Pass quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr7156","usgsCitation":"Brosge, W., and Reiser, H.N., 1971, Preliminary bedrock geologic map, Wiseman and eastern Survey Pass quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 71-56, 2 Plates: 35.56 × 23.69 inches and 24.29 × 28.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr7156.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 35.56 × 23.69 inches and 24.29 × 28.26 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":398043,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8654.htm"},{"id":78957,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0056/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":78956,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1971/0056/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wiseman and eastern Survey Pass quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -154.5,\n 67\n ],\n [\n -154.5,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 68\n ],\n [\n -150,\n 67\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a0fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reiser, H. N.","contributorId":13199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38723,"text":"pp684A - 1971 - The Pierre Shale near Kremmling, Colorado, and its correlation to the east and the west","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T19:10:05.988493","indexId":"pp684A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"684","chapter":"A","title":"The Pierre Shale near Kremmling, Colorado, and its correlation to the east and the west","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shorter contributions to general geology, 1970","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp684A","usgsCitation":"Izett, G., Cobban, W.A., and Gill, J.R., 1971, The Pierre Shale near Kremmling, Colorado, and its correlation to the east and the west: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 684, Report: iii, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 9.49 × 31.28 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp684A.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 9.49 × 31.28 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104722,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4996.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4996"},{"id":65580,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0684a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0684a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0684a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Kremmling","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -106.25,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae4a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izett, G. A.","contributorId":21131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, J. R.","contributorId":8125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6133,"text":"pp665 - 1971 - Geology and mineral deposits, east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47214,"text":"ofr68303 - 1968 - Geologic map of the east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana","indexId":"ofr68303","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6133,"text":"pp665 - 1971 - Geology and mineral deposits, east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana","indexId":"pp665","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and mineral deposits, east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T17:11:02.96343","indexId":"pp665","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"665","title":"Geology and mineral deposits, east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp665","usgsCitation":"Klepper, M.R., Ruppel, E.T., Freeman, V.L., and Weeks, R.A., 1971, Geology and mineral deposits, east flank of the Elkhorn Mountains, Broadwater County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 665, Report: iv, 66 p.: 4 Plates: 29.17 x 45.44 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp665.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 66 p.: 4 Plates: 29.17 x 45.44 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112714,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0665/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112713,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0665/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112712,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0665/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112711,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0665/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":112710,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0665/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495916,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4987.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":140348,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0665/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Broadwater County","otherGeospatial":"Elkhorn Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.75,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 46.125\n ],\n [\n -111.625,\n 46.125\n ],\n [\n -111.625,\n 46.5\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 46.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db685138","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klepper, Montis Ruhl","contributorId":27431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klepper","given":"Montis","email":"","middleInitial":"Ruhl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppel, E. T.","contributorId":6041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeman, V. L.","contributorId":52958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weeks, R. A.","contributorId":75914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"R.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70197572,"text":"70197572 - 1971 - The earthquake sequence near Danville, California, 1970","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:06:33.844958","indexId":"70197572","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The earthquake sequence near Danville, California, 1970","docAbstract":"Several thousand small earthquakes, with magnitudes ranging up to 4, occurred near Danville, California, during May, June, and July 1970. Seven temporary seismographs were installed near the epicentral region to augment an existing telemetered network within 1 day after the first felt earthquake. The dense concentration of 10 seismographs within 12 km of the seismic activity and the existence of a reversed seismic-refraction profile through the region permitted a very detailed study of this earthquake sequence. Over 400 events with magnitude greater than 0.5 were located with an average accuracy of ±1 km. The main earthquake region was approximately spherical: 1 km in radius, 6 km deep, and centered about 5 km southeast of Danville, 40 km east of San Francisco. Fault-plane solutions indicate that faulting associated with the earthquakes was of the right-lateral strike-slip type, with a strike of N 35°W.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0610061771","usgsCitation":"Lee, W., Eaton, M., and Brabb, E.E., 1971, The earthquake sequence near Danville, California, 1970: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 61, no. 6, p. 1771-1794, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0610061771.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"1771","endPage":"1794","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Danville","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.17596435546876,\n 36.92793899776678\n ],\n [\n -121.47857666015625,\n 36.92793899776678\n ],\n [\n -121.47857666015625,\n 38.417014454352035\n ],\n [\n -123.17596435546876,\n 38.417014454352035\n ],\n [\n -123.17596435546876,\n 36.92793899776678\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eaton, M.S.","contributorId":205553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eaton","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197780,"text":"70197780 - 1971 - Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-20T09:30:09","indexId":"70197780","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California","docAbstract":"Recognition of a nonmarine to marine transition in sedimentary rocks at Glade Creek and Big Bar in the southern Klamath Mountains permits reconstruction of the approximate position of a north-trending Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) shoreline. At the southern end of the Klamath Mountains, the shoreline is displaced 60 mi or more to the east by a west-northwest-trending fault zone. South of this fault zone the shoreline is buried at a much lower level beneath late Cenozoic rocks in the Great Valley. This large displacement probably is the result of differential movement along a system of left-lateral tear faults in the upper plate of the Coast Range thrust. The westward bulge of the Klamath arc also may have resulted from this faulting, as the amount and direction of the bulge is comparable with the displacement of the Valanginian shoreline.
Basal clastic strata at both Glade Creek and Big Bar contain abundant fresh-water or brackish-water clams, many of which consist of unabraded paired valves. These are conformably overlain by Valanginian marine strata containing Buchia crassicollis solida.
The position of the Valanginian shoreline beneath the Great Valley cannot be directly observed because it is buried by thick late Cenozoic deposits. However, its approximate westernmost limit must lie between the outcrop belt of marine strata on the west side of the valley and drill holes to basement on the east side, in which equivalent strata are absent.
Franciscan rocks containing Valanginian fossils occur 10 mi southwest of Glade Creek, but these are deep-water marine eugeosynclinal rocks that were deposited far to the west of the shoreline. The deformation responsible for the displacement of the Valanginian shoreline and juxtaposition of the Franciscan rocks and Klamath Mountain basement rocks involved eastward under-thrusting of the Franciscan beneath the Coast Range thrust contemporaneous with differential movement along tear faults within the upper plate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[815:SIOAOE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jones, D.L., and Irwin, W., 1971, Structural implications of an offset Early Cretaceous shoreline in northern California: GSA Bulletin, v. 82, p. 815-822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[815:SIOAOE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"815","endPage":"822","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"82","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207545,"text":"70207545 - 1971 - Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:51:26.883042","indexId":"70207545","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-23T11:33:47","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Kilauea Volcano has erupted lava from its summit caldera and from two rift zones that extend from the summit towards the east and south-west. Lavas erupted from the summit of the volcano differ from each other principally in their content of olivine and define lines of ‘olivine control’ on magnesia variation diagrams. Lavas erupted on the rift zones may be similar in composition to the summit lavas or may be differentiated by processes that involve minerals other than olivine. All of the differentiated lavas have less than 6·8 per cent MgO and plot off the extension of olivine control lines for the summit lavas. Prehistoric vents (before A.D. 1750) from which differentiated lavas have been erupted are found on the east rift zone and in the western Koae fault zone adjacent to the south-west rift zone; historic vents for differentiated lavas are confined to the east rift zone. Twenty-one new analyses are presented for several of the east rift differentiates and for the newly discovered differentiates adjacent to the south-west rift zone. The differentiates have MgO as low as 3·9 per cent and SiO2 as high as 56 per cent; both extremes are found in the prehistoric lavas adjacent to the south-west rift.
Detailed petrochemical studies suggest the following conclusions:
The chemical composition of magma erupted at Kilauea summit varies with the date of eruption. Lavas erupted before 1750, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in the twentieth century form groups that can be distinguished chemically. On a lesser scale, each Kilauea summit eruption in the twentieth century has a chemistry that is distinctive with respect to the chemistry of every other summit eruption.
During late prehistoric time pockets of differentiated magma were formed within the rift zones by separation of the liquid remaining after partial crystallization of bodies of summit magma. This process presumably is still going on within the east rift zone, but the more recently separated liquids have not yet been erupted to the surface. The relative time at which these differentiated magmas were produced can be estimated from calculations based on their chemical compositions, which show that the differentiates could lie on the liquid line of descent for Kilauea summit magma of prehistoric composition but not on any liquid line of descent for younger summit magmas.
Lava from some eruptions, notably the early part of the 1955 eruption on the lower east rift, has the composition of the liquid fraction as it is generated within the rift. Lava compositions of other eruptions, including those of the later lavas of 1955, are best explained by mixing of magma supplied from a central reservoir beneath Kilauea summit with the differentiated liquid in the rift. Lava from each summit eruption is unique chemically, so it is possible to recognize its presence or absence as components of mixing in such mixed lavas. It appears that summit magma of composition characteristic of the 1952 and 1961 Halemaumau eruptions contributed to the composition of the mixed lavas produced in the latter part of the 1955 eruption. Summit magma of 1961 composition is alone sufficient to explain the composition of mixed lavas erupted in 1960 and 1961. In rift lavas erupted from 1962 to 1965, the composition of lava erupted in Halemaumau in 1967, in addition to the 1961 composition, is a component of mixing, and it is the dominant summit component in the composition of the two 1965 eruptions. The proportion of summit magma to differentiated magma needed to explain the composition of lavas erupted on the upper east rift increases from 1961 to 1965; this increase indicates that the differentiated magma was being diluted and used up by repeated flooding of this part of the rift zone by magma supplied from the central reservoir.
The fact that components of ‘summit composition’ appear in rift eruptions before they appear undiluted in Halemaumau suggests that the central reservoir is vertically zoned. Rift eruptions are fed from lower levels where younger magma is available, and summit eruptions are fed from the relatively older magma above. The chemical distinction between lava of successive summit eruptions implies that significant convective mixing of magma does not take place throughout the central reservoir.
The unique and uniform composition of lava of each successive summit eruption also suggests that summit eruptions end when all of the magma of one composition has been erupted. The magma erupted from the upper levels of the reservoir during one cycle is continually replaced from below by younger magma of different composition. In order for eruption to be renewed in Halemaumau, new magma from the mantle must be held in storage at intermediate levels before it attains an ‘eruptive state’.
The hypothesis presented in 2–4 above permits qualitative predictions concerning future lava compositions. The composition of the next lava to be erupted in Halemaumau is expected to be distinct from that of the 1967 eruption, and this composition will presumably be identified in rift eruptions occurring between 1967 and the time of its appearance in Halemaumau.
Differentiates of prehistoric age also were apparently formed in the same way as those of historic age, but the mixing cannot be described quantitatively because of poor control on the stratigraphy and the compositions of erupted lavas. One lava in the Koae group, that from Yellow Cone, appears to be a mixture of a picritic magma (12 per cent MgO) with a differentiated liquid with less than 2·5 per cent MgO and nearly 60 per cent SiO2.
This report discusses the results of aeromagnetic survey bounded by latitudes 45°30′ N. and 47°00′ N. and extending from the Rocky Mountains, to approximately 120 mi offshore in the Pacific Ocean. East of the Rocky Mountains, a larger area has been surveyed in the Great Plains bounded approximately by latitudes 44°50′ N. and 48°10′ N. and by longitudes 104°W. and 110°W.
Throughout the area of the survey, the magnetic map is marked by conspicuous northeast and northwest anomaly trends, lineaments, and breaks in the anomaly pattern. Their regional distribution, over-all magnetic character, and geologic evidence suggest that they are major structural features in the basement rocks. The close correspondence of structural and geologic features in younger rocks with these basement magnetic and structural trends suggest that basement trends controlled or at least greatly influenced intrusion, deposition, and structural history of younger rocks. In some cases, evidence suggests that basement structures have been reactivated during later tectonic activity.
Perhaps even more striking than the northeast- and northwest-trending features are large east-west magnetic discontinuities which, in some cases, extend completely across the strip to the edge of the shelf, and which, in some cases, can be correlated with large-scale discontinuities dating back to the Precambrian.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3347:IOAASA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Zietz, I., Hearn, B.C., Higgins, M.W., Robinson, G.D., and Swanson, D., 1971, Interpretation of an aeromagnetic strip across the northwestern United States: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 12, p. 3347-3372, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3347:IOAASA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"3347","endPage":"3372","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean, Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -103.3937890625,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -103.3937890625,\n 47.0\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 47.0\n ],\n [\n -125.068359375,\n 45.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hearn, B. Carter chearn@usgs.gov","contributorId":189844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hearn","given":"B.","email":"chearn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Carter","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, Michael W.","contributorId":12459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, G. D.","contributorId":96669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, Donald A. 0000-0002-1680-3591","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":229682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70227455,"text":"70227455 - 1971 - Upper Cenozoic basalts with high Sr87/Sr86 and Sr/Rb ratios, southern Great Basin, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-17T19:40:53.91535","indexId":"70227455","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T13:35:57","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Upper Cenozoic basalts with high Sr87/Sr86 and Sr/Rb ratios, southern Great Basin, western United States","title":"Upper Cenozoic basalts with high Sr87/Sr86 and Sr/Rb ratios, southern Great Basin, western United States","docAbstract":"Upper Cenozoic basalts from southwestern Nevada and east-central California are unusually rich in both strontium (~ 1,200 ppm) and Sr87 (initial Sr87/Sr86 ~ 0.707). The average Rb/Sr ratio of these basalts is too low to have generated the observed Sr87/Sr86 ratio during the 4.6 b.y. of the Earth's existence, and the high strontium contents and low Rb/Sr ratios effectively rule out introduction to the basalts of the high Sr87/Sr86 values through contamination by more radiogenic material during ascent through the crust. Instead, the basalts must have been derived from unusual mantle material in which an originally high Rb/Sr ratio was markedly lowered during an earlier phase of magmatic activity.
Variations in the ratio of K2O to SiO2 in andesitic rocks suggest early and middle Cenozoic subduction beneath the western United States along two subparallel imbricate zones dipping about 20 degrees eastward. The western zone emerged at the continental margin, but the eastern zone was entirely beneath the continental plate. Mesozoic subduction apparently occurred along a single steeper zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.174.4011.821","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Lipman, P.W., Prostka, H., and Christiansen, R., 1971, Evolving subduction zones in the western United States, as interpreted from igneous rocks: Science, v. 174, no. 4011, p. 821-825, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.174.4011.821.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"825","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219229,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.74221709761946,\n 48.97652831180986\n ],\n [\n -126.74221709761946,\n 31.724368695952563\n ],\n [\n -103.42282726016703,\n 31.724368695952563\n ],\n [\n -103.42282726016703,\n 48.97652831180986\n ],\n [\n -126.74221709761946,\n 48.97652831180986\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"174","issue":"4011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d94e4b0c8380cd530c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prostka, H.J.","contributorId":31369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prostka","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220426,"text":"5220426 - 1971 - A starling-deterrent wood duck nest box","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-20T22:35:22.567121","indexId":"5220426","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A starling-deterrent wood duck nest box","docAbstract":"In many parts of the United States, the starling (Sturnus vulgaris) has I become a serious competitor for nest boxes erected for wood ducks (Aix sponsa). Research at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and at Eastern Neck National Wildlife Refuge near Rock Hall, Maryland, demonstrated that horizontal nest structures with semicircular entrance holes 11 inches in diameter were acceptable to nesting wood ducks but discouraged nesting by starlings. Starlings seemed to prefer boxes in open impoundments to those in wooded impoundments, whereas wood ducks seemed to show no preference.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3799789","usgsCitation":"McGilvrey, F., and Uhler, F.M., 1971, A starling-deterrent wood duck nest box: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 35, no. 4, p. 793-797, https://doi.org/10.2307/3799789.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"797","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.82185591899788,\n 39.07802646798717\n ],\n [\n -76.82185591899788,\n 38.98396548979565\n ],\n [\n -76.71643624290974,\n 38.98396548979565\n ],\n [\n -76.71643624290974,\n 39.07802646798717\n ],\n [\n -76.82185591899788,\n 39.07802646798717\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6323","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGilvrey, Frank B.","contributorId":14908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGilvrey","given":"Frank B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uhler, Francis M.","contributorId":49838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhler","given":"Francis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227391,"text":"70227391 - 1971 - Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:01:25.112754","indexId":"70227391","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T13:51:32","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations of folded dikes and Precambrian polyphase deformation, Gardner Lake area, Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Two cross-cutting mafic dikes in the headwall of Gardner Lake in the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Wyoming, have structural relations with Archean migmatite and gneiss that suggest intrusion between deformational phases recognized in the eastern part of the range. Fabric data show that the older dike, an orthoamphibolite, was emplaced subsequent to the F1 deformational event, but prior to the main episode of metamorphism, metasomatism, and folding, F2. The younger dike, a metanorite, was intruded after F2, but is folded by west-trending, open F3 folds. The style and general trend of these F3 folds are consistent with those observed elsewhere in the eastern part of the range. The data available and absolute age relations in other parts of the range indicate that F2 occurred 2750 m.y. ago and F3 1600 to 1800 m.y. ago.
All early students of the zinc and barite deposits of East Tennessee, noting the geographic coincidence of the principal mining area with complex late Paleozoic geologic structure, concluded that (1) the ore-bearing breccias were produced by Appalachian tectonic forces and that (2) mineralizing solutions gained access through fault-produced channelways. In 1931, Ulrich suggested that the breccias were produced by collapse and fragmentation resulting from solution of the carbonate rocks. This idea was promptly rejected by most geologists, and for the next 15 years nearly all papers on these deposits contained refutations of Ulrich's hypothesis and \"proof\" of the late Paleozoic tectonic origin of the breccias. Recognition by Odell in 1950 of a spatial association between thinning of the lime-stone zone of the Kingsport Formation and the presence of ore bodies, plus the observation that all identifiable blocks in the breccias were displaced downward as much as 30 to 50 feet, led him to suggest that foundering of the rocks over solution-thinned zones produced the breccias. Hydrothermal fluids, rather than ordinary ground water, were thought to be the dissolving agent.Kendall, in 1960, described a stratified \"varved\" matrix with detrital sphalerite grains in many breccias at Jefferson City, in which lamination is parallel to bedding of the host Kingsport Formation, indicating that both brecciation and mineralization occurred while the rocks were horizontal. Ruskell about 1960 pointed out the similarity between cross sections of southwest Wisconsin ore bodies and those of East Tennessee when the latter were rotated to a horizontal position. Detailed studies of the post-Knox unconformity led to recognition of a paleokarst topography of considerable relief developed on this surface. Regional stratigraphic studies of the Knox Group by Harris demonstrated the probability of pre-Middle Ordovician exposure of the Kingsport somewhere to the north or northwest, providing a recharge area for ground waters at that time. Detailed mapping of ore bodies, barren areas, and related structures by the mining-company geologists, plus application of the principles of ground-water hydrology and rock mechanics, has led to the theory, generally accepted in the district, of solution-collapse origin of the breccias, probably during Ordovician time.
Based on a study of minor occurrences of zinc, barite, and iron in East Tennessee, certain deposits are interpreted to have formed during early Middle Ordovician time. Principal lines of evidence supporting this age are: (1) the occurrence of barite, sphalerite, and pyrite associated with synsedimentary collapse breccias which span the pre-Middle Ordovician unconformity at the Lost Creek barite mine in Union County; (2) barite in basal Middle Ordovician beds (Athens Shale and Lenoir Limestone) in northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia; (3) sphalerite and pyrite in dolomite filling paleocaves in the uppermost part of the Lower Ordovician Mascot Dolomite at the Trotter prospect near Douglas Dam in Sevier County; and (4) oolitic hematite and pyritiferous beds near the base of the Athens Shale and subjacent pyritiferous collapse breccias in the Mascot and Kingsport Formations at several localities along the eastern side of the Appalachian Valley. Thus, it is concluded that ascending solutions formed epigenetic deposits in pre-Middle Ordovician carbonate strata nearly contemporaneously with syngenetic deposits in early Middle Ordovician sediments. These findings are in general accord with those of recent workers in the Mascot-Jefferson City and Copper Ridge districts who have proposed that mineralization in these areas occurred during the time interval of pre-Middle Ordovician erosion. The long-held theory which associates mineralization with late Paleozoic diastrophism is not supported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.792","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, R., Fagan, J., and Wedow, H., 1971, Evidence on the age mineralization in the of east of barite, zinc, and iron lower paleozoic rocks Tennessee: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 792-798, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.792.","productDescription":"7 p. 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\"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, R.H.","contributorId":24913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagan, J.M.","contributorId":221079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fagan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wedow, H. Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207135,"text":"70207135 - 1971 - An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-09T09:28:15","indexId":"70207135","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T09:22:37","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features","docAbstract":"The carbonate strata of the Lower Ordovician formations in the southern Appalachian Valley were probably considerably thicker, less compacted, and more porous and permeable in early Middle Ordovician time than they are now. Analysis of selected compaction features of rocks associated with the breccias of the East Tennessee zinc districts permits quantitative estimation of the relative compaction (reduction in thickness) these sediments have undergone before and after brecciation. Total reduction in thickness of certain Lower Ordovician marker beds because of compaction during burial under younger Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and imbricate Appalachian thrust sheets appears to be at least some 40 to 50 percent. Furthermore, it is also estimated that about half of this compaction took place after brecciation in the solution-collapse structures of the zinc deposits. In comparison with laboratory compaction tests on carbonate muds it is apparent that the Lower Ordovician rocks had been buried to a depth of at least several thousand feet by the end of the Paleozoic Era. On the other hand the zones of collapse breccias probably formed at depths of generally less than a thousand feet, thus indicating an early Middle Ordovician age for their development. The general character of the rock during this time probably was similar to that of Tertiary limestone, which acts as the principal aquifer in the Coastal Plain region of southeastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.725","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hill, W.T., and Wedow, H., 1971, An early middle ordovician age for collapse breccias in the east Tennessee zinc districts as indicated by compaction and porosity features: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.725.","productDescription":"10 p. 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T.","contributorId":221078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wedow, H. Jr.","contributorId":6369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227158,"text":"70227158 - 1971 - Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:05:36.448981","indexId":"70227158","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:53:36","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems on the origin of ore deposits in the lower Ordovician formations of east Tennessee","docAbstract":"Most recent workers in the East Tennessee zinc and barite districts are in general agreement that the host breccias were formed by solution-collapse processes in early Middle Ordovician time, probably in an ancient carbonate aquifer system of regional extent. There is little agreement, however, on the source and nature of the ore fluids from which the epigenetic minerals were formed. In this symposium Hanshaw and his colleagues have presented evidence in support of the concept that much secondary dolomite may have been formed by ground water. On the other hand, Roedder has shown that fluid inclusion studies indicate hot saline brines (75 degrees -150 degrees C) as the source fluids for the ore minerals, and he suggests that they may have been deeply circulating connate brines. Other investigators in the past have proposed a variety of source fluids, including juvenile waters, meteoric waters that have become enriched by the leaching of particular elements from the surrounding rock, and sea water.
In the zinc deposits, sphalerite is accompanied locally by minor amounts of galena and pyrite, and occasionally, traces of chalcopyrite. Dolomite is the chief gangue mineral and is associated with lesser amounts of quartz, calcite, barite, fluorite, anhydrite, gypsum, and bitumen. Some deposits containing barite as the dominant ore mineral have various amounts of fluorite and pyrite; sphalerite and galena may be present locally along with the other gangue minerals typical of the zinc deposits. The paragenetic sequences of the minerals have been determined for most of the mines and many of the prospects, and, except for minor refinements, will be little changed by additional studies. The real problem, though, is the correlation of these depositional sequences from mine to mine and from district to district. Perhaps the major difficulty in the correlation is the seemingly uncomplicated mineralogy that disguises a rather complex regional paragenesis.
Questions regarding the routes the ore fluids travelled to reach the sites of deposition, the reasons why the ores are concentrated in some areas more than others, and the reasons why the mineralogy varies from area to area are questions that are unanswered or at best only partly answered. Studies to date have produced convincing evidence concerning the nature of the structures and the physical conditions responsible for the localization of ore in the Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician). On the other hand, the relation of the Kingsport ores to the smaller deposits in the underlying Lower Ordovician and Cambrian rocks is but little understood, and no final answer to the origin of these deposits can be reached until this relationship has been satisfactorily explained.
Fluid inclusion studies, trace element analysis, and isotopic studies of all sorts are needed to further our understanding of these seemingly simple ores. Continued detailed studies of field relations, both regional and local, are of major importance, not only for what they will reveal in themselves, but also to perfect the frames of reference in which to place the growing mass of laboratory data.
Approximately 1,330 fluid inclusions were studied in samples of ore and gangue minerals from both massive ore and late-stage vugs from a series of Appalachian deposits and five active mines in the East Tennessee zinc districts. Most primary inclusions in sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and quartz from East Tennessee homogenized at 82 degrees -149 degrees C. Most primary inclusions in fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from the Central Kentucky, Central Tennessee, and Sweetwater barite districts, ranged from 72 degrees -132 degrees C. Pressure corrections to be added are probably less than 10 degrees C.Freezing data were obtained as a crude measure of the salinity of the inclusion fluids. With few exceptions, all primary inclusions contained very strongly saline brines (mostly >20 weight percent salts), with appreciable amounts of at least some salts other than NaCl, and some contained immiscible globules of oil. The exceptions include several quartz, fluorite, calcite, and barite samples that contained only moderately saline brines (12-16 percent), and some inclusions containing essentially fresh water, in vug calcite. Secondary inclusions had lower salinities than adjacent primaries. Eight primary inclusions in the differently colored outer millimeter of one Central Kentucky fluorite had low salinity (4-6 percent).The data indicate that all these deposits formed from hot, saline brines, with sphalerite forming from slightly hotter and more saline fluids than later gangue minerals. This places severe restrictions on possible modes of origin and makes deeply circulating connate brines the most probable ore fluids. The data give no information on the cause or direction of fluid circulation, which would be controlled by topography, salinity, and temperature during ore deposition, and they permit wide latitude in the construction of possible models. Other observations, on \"colloform\" textures, seem to indicate the admixture of at least small amounts of surface waters with the brines.