The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, computerized the available government agency data on the occurrence of pesticides and pesticide metabolites in Indiana ground water. Results of analyses of 725 samples were summarized for the period December 1985 through April 1991. The data had been collected during 6 statewide surveys and 15 localized studies by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Ground-water samples were collected from 521 sites in 81 of 92 Indiana counties, including 179 public-supply wells, 304 domestic-supply wells, 36 observation wells, and 2 springs; 41 percent of all sites were sampled more than once. Thirty wells were sampled in response to alleged groundwater contamination with pesticides.
\nOf 87 pesticides and 10 metabolites analyzed, 18 pesticides and 5 metabolites were detected in 51 samples of ground water from 22 domestic wells, 8 community-system wells, 5 observation wells, 4 non-community-system wells, and 2 springs. Detections associated with complaints of ground-water contamination from pesticide storage, handling, or application occurred at five domestic wells. Three-fourths of all the pesticide detections were in water from wells completed in unconsolidated materials to a depth of less than 100 feet, but well depths ranged from 12 to 260 feet.
\nThe highest frequency of occurrence was observed for the most commonly used herbicides alachlor, atrazine and two atrazine metabolites (de-ethylatrazine and de-isopropylatrazine); dicamba; 2,4-D; and metolachlor. Also reported in Indiana ground water were eight insecticides whose registration had been cancelled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency prior to their detection in Indiana EDB, DBCP, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, lindane, heptachlor, and DOT.
\nMore than 1 pesticide was present in 16 of the 51 samples that had detections, for a total of 90 individual pesticide detections. Concentrations of the detected pesticides ranged from 0.04 to 49 micrograms per liter, and two-thirds of the detected concentrations were less than 1 microgram per liter. In about 29 percent of all detections, the concentration of 9 pesticides alachlor, aldrin, atrazine, dieldrin, EDB, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, simazine, and terbufos exceeded either the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level or adult lifetime Health Advisory.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr93133","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Risch, M., 1994, A summary of pesticides in ground-water data collected by government agencies in Indiana, December 1985 to April 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-133, v, 30 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93133.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0133/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50177,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0133/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71128-X","usgsCitation":"Folger, D.W., Colman, S.M., and Barnes, P.W., 1994, Overview of the southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion study: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 20, no. 1, p. 2-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71128-X.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2","endPage":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.077392578125,\n 41.51680395810115\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 41.51680395810115\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 44.73892994307368\n ],\n [\n -88.077392578125,\n 44.73892994307368\n ],\n [\n -88.077392578125,\n 41.51680395810115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ee2cee4b09357f05f8a68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, David W.","contributorId":96663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17443,"text":"ofr94427 - 1994 - Oil and gas resources of U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3, Colorado, and Reserve 2, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94427","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-427","title":"Oil and gas resources of U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3, Colorado, and Reserve 2, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94427","usgsCitation":"Fouch, T.D., Wandrey, C., Taylor, D.J., Butler, W.C., Miller, J.J., Prensky, S.E., Boone, L., Schmoker, J., Corvelli, R., and Beeman, W.R., 1994, Oil and gas resources of U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3, Colorado, and Reserve 2, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-427, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94427.","productDescription":"158 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0427/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46584,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0427/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fouch, Thomas D.","contributorId":97092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wandrey, C. 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E.","contributorId":13642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prensky","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boone, L.E.","contributorId":73458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Corvelli, R.A.","contributorId":74239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corvelli","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Beeman, W. R.","contributorId":16427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":1002506,"text":"1002506 - 1994 - Trace elements in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T10:59:52","indexId":"1002506","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988","docAbstract":"We determined trace element concentrations in livers of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) collected at Catahoula Lake and the Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana during, the winter of 1987–1988. Forty percent of canvasbacks wintering at Lake Catahoula had elevated concentrations of lead (>6·7 μg g−1 dry weight) in the liver; 33% had concentrations consistent with lead intoxication (>26·7 μg g−1). Based on the number of canvasbacks that winter at Lake Catahoula and the frequency of lead exposure there, more than 5% of the continental population of canvasbacks may be exposed to lead at Lake Catahoula alone. Lead concentrations in livers differed among months and were higher in males than females, but were not different in adults and immatures. Concentrations of selenium and mercury in livers of females differed among months but not by age or location. Cadmium concentrations in livers differed by age, location and month of collection, but not by sex. Frequencies and concentrations of trace elements not commonly associated with adverse effects on avian species (aluminum, arsenic, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, silver, vanadium and zinc) are presented. Except for the elevated concentrations of lead at Catahoula Lake, all trace elements were at background concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8","usgsCitation":"Custer, T.W., and Hohman, W.L., 1994, Trace elements in canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988: Environmental Pollution, v. 84, no. 3, p. 253-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15414,"rank":100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7123.000000000000000"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Catahoula Lake;Mississippi River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.0434,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,28.9254 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hohman, William L.","contributorId":73141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hohman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016582,"text":"70016582 - 1994 - Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape cod aquifer sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T12:42:19","indexId":"70016582","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape cod aquifer sediments","docAbstract":"Sorption of tetra- and pentachlorobenzene by sediment from a glacial outwash aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, was evaluated. Particle size and mineralogical fractions (separated based on paramagnetic susceptibility) were characterized with respect to sediment organic carbon (SOC), mineralogy, surface area, metal oxide coatings, and spatial variability. SOC increases by a factor of 10 as particle size decreases from 500-1000 to <63 um. Magnetic mineral abundance is a function of particle size and increases from 5 % in the 500-1000-xm fraction to > 25 % in the <63-um fraction, and SOC is preferentially associated with the magnetic minerals. Sorption increases with decreasing particle size (increasing SOC, magnetic minerals, surface area, and metal oxyhydroxides), and the magnetic mineral fraction has greater sorption than the bulk or nonmagnetic fractions. Removal of SOC decreases sorption proportional to the decrease in SOC and results in a nonlinear isotherm.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00054a021","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Barber, L., 1994, Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape cod aquifer sediments: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 5, p. 890-897, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00054a021.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"890","endPage":"897","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b930de4b08c986b31a265","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, L.B. II","contributorId":6097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.B.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1002512,"text":"1002512 - 1994 - Prospects for improving the salt tolerance of forest trees: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T08:29:33","indexId":"1002512","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3649,"text":"Tree Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospects for improving the salt tolerance of forest trees: A review","docAbstract":"Three major themes related to the improvement of salt tolerance in forest tree species are examined. First, evidence demonstrating that substantial intraspecific variation in salt tolerance exists in many species is presented. This evidence is important because it suggests that efforts to improve salt tolerance through conventional plant breeding techniques are justified. Second, the physiological and genetic mechanisms controlling salt tolerance are discussed briefly. Although salt tolerance involves the integration of numerous physiological processes, there is considerable evidence that differences in the ability to exclude Na+ and Cl- from leaves are the most important factors underlying intraspecific differences in tolerance. It is also becoming apparent that, although salt tolerance is a multigenic trait, major genes play an important role. Third, progress to date in improving salt tolerance of forest tree species is assessed. Compared with agricultural crops, relatively little progress has been made with either conventional or biotechnological methods, but field trials designed to test clones identified as salt tolerant in screening trials are underway now in several countries. We conclude that there is justification for cautious optimism about the prospects for improving salt tolerance in forest tree species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Heron Publishing","publisherLocation":"Victoria, Canada","doi":"10.1093/treephys/14.7-8-9.843","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Chambers, J.L., and Stine, M., 1994, Prospects for improving the salt tolerance of forest trees: A review: Tree Physiology, v. 14, no. 7-9, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/14.7-8-9.843.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"7-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687edf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, J. L.","contributorId":100787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stine, M.","contributorId":12414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stine","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016581,"text":"70016581 - 1994 - Evolution of volcanic rocks and associated ore deposits in the Marysvale volcanic field, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-30T16:16:37","indexId":"70016581","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of volcanic rocks and associated ore deposits in the Marysvale volcanic field, Utah","docAbstract":"A geological account on the igneous activity and associated mineral deposition in the volcanic field of Marysvale in Utah is presented. Three episodes (34-22 Ma, 22-14 Ma and 9-5 Ma) involved in the volcanic rock eruption and associated mineralization are described. The first episode is believed to have occurred during the time of tectonic convergence when two contrasting suites of rocks, Mount Dutton Formation and Bullion Canyon Volcanics, erupted concurrently. Mineralization during this period was sparse. In the second episode, change from intermediate to bimodal volcanism occurred. During the third episode, basaltic compositions did not change. Although major element constituent had rhyolites similar to that of the second episode, rhyolites had a marked radiogenic isotope characteristic difference.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Economic Geology Publ Co","publisherLocation":"El Paso, TX, United States","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.2003","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Steven, T., Rowley, P.D., Naeser, C.W., Mehnert, H.H., Hedge, C.E., and Ludwig, K.R., 1994, Evolution of volcanic rocks and associated ore deposits in the Marysvale volcanic field, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 2003-2005, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.2003.","productDescription":"3 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Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:52:25","indexId":"ofr93631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-631","title":"Floods of November 1990 in western Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93631","usgsCitation":"Hubbard, L., 1994, Floods of November 1990 in western Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-631, iv, 10 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93631.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science 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Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T12:51:13","indexId":"ofr94149","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-149","title":"Assessment of the solid fuel resource potential of Armenia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94149","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., Warwick, P.D., and Landis, E., 1994, Assessment of the solid fuel resource potential of Armenia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-149, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94149.","productDescription":"88 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Armenia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[43.58275,41.09214],[44.97248,41.24813],[45.1795,40.98535],[45.56035,40.81229],[45.35917,40.5615],[45.89191,40.21848],[45.61001,39.89999],[46.03453,39.62802],[46.4835,39.46415],[46.50572,38.77061],[46.14362,38.7412],[45.73538,39.31972],[45.73998,39.474],[45.29814,39.47175],[45.00199,39.74],[44.79399,39.713],[44.40001,40.005],[43.65644,40.25356],[43.75266,40.7402],[43.58275,41.09214]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Armenia\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":256365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, E.R.","contributorId":40605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003508,"text":"1003508 - 1994 - Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in emergent mayflies from the upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T12:32:52","indexId":"1003508","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in emergent mayflies from the upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"We determined polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in emergent mayflies (hexagenia bilineata) from a 1250-km reach of the upper mississippi river (UMR). Total pcb concentrations (sum of 125 congeners) ranged from 0.21 To 4.1 Mu g/g of dry weight (1.2-29 mu g/g of lipid weight). Concentrations were highest in pools near the twin cities and the quad cities metropolitan areas. Longitudinal movement of pcbs was extensive downstream from the twin cities (175-320 km) but was not apparent downstream from the quad cities. The pcb composition of mayflies was relatively homogeneous throughout most of the river. However, the congener composition in mayflies from two distant locations differed markedly from the other samples and contained a greater abundance of lower molecular weight congeners. Recent pcb discharges from point and nonpoint sources may account for these differences. Emergent mayflies seem to be a useful indicator of pcb contamination of the UMR.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00053a027","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Steingraeber, M., Schwartz, T., Wiener, J., and Lebo, J., 1994, Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in emergent mayflies from the upper Mississippi River: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 707-714, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00053a027.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"714","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68468c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steingraeber, M.T.","contributorId":106192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingraeber","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, T.R.","contributorId":97451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lebo, J.A.","contributorId":65533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57200,"text":"ofr94674 - 1994 - Field guide to Proterozoic geology of the New York, Ivanpah, and Providence Mountains, California: Field Conference 1, Proterozoic Orogenesis and Metallogenesis Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T08:36:50","indexId":"ofr94674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-674","title":"Field guide to Proterozoic geology of the New York, Ivanpah, and Providence Mountains, California: Field Conference 1, Proterozoic Orogenesis and Metallogenesis Project","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94674","usgsCitation":"Miller, D., and Wooden, J., 1994, Field guide to Proterozoic geology of the New York, Ivanpah, and Providence Mountains, California: Field Conference 1, Proterozoic Orogenesis and Metallogenesis Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-674, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94674.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0674/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":5665,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0674/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Ivanpah Mountains, McCullough Mountains, New York Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.09939575195312,\n 34.9028267048758\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 34.9028267048758\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 35.71418299132001\n ],\n [\n -116.09939575195312,\n 35.71418299132001\n ],\n [\n -116.09939575195312,\n 34.9028267048758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f593a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":256328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016987,"text":"70016987 - 1994 - Earthquake mechanism and predictability shown by a laboratory fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016987","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake mechanism and predictability shown by a laboratory fault","docAbstract":"Slip events generated in a laboratory fault model consisting of a circulinear chain of eight spring-connected blocks of approximately equal weight elastically driven to slide on a frictional surface are studied. It is found that most of the input strain energy is released by a relatively few large events, which are approximately time predictable. A large event tends to roughen stress distribution along the fault, whereas the subsequent smaller events tend to smooth the stress distribution and prepare a condition of simultaneous criticality for the occurrence of the next large event. The frequency-size distribution resembles the Gutenberg-Richter relation for earthquakes, except for a falloff for the largest events due to the finite energy-storage capacity of the fault system. Slip distributions, in different events are commonly dissimilar. Stress drop, slip velocity, and rupture velocity all tend to increase with event size. Rupture-initiation locations are usually not close to the maximum-slip locations. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874338","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"King, C., 1994, Earthquake mechanism and predictability shown by a laboratory fault: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 143, no. 1-3, p. 457-482, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874338.","startPage":"457","endPage":"482","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205593,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874338"},{"id":225045,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a04f9e4b0c8380cd50bc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016568,"text":"70016568 - 1994 - Minerals from the Topeka-Kentucky Giant and Indiana veins, Ouray County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:43","indexId":"70016568","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2749,"text":"Mineralogical Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Minerals from the Topeka-Kentucky Giant and Indiana veins, Ouray County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Porcelain-white milky quartz crystals with pale green botryoidal fluorite, and attractive anatase and brookite microcrystals, are found in this little-prospected area of the San Juan Mountains. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00264628","usgsCitation":"Kile, D.E., Tribbey, E., and Kile, D., 1994, Minerals from the Topeka-Kentucky Giant and Indiana veins, Ouray County, Colorado: Mineralogical Record, v. 25, no. 5, p. 371-376.","startPage":"371","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ae3e4b0c8380cd6f1c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tribbey, E.G.","contributorId":52726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tribbey","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kile, D.L.","contributorId":18113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19508,"text":"ofr94246 - 1994 - A guide to Miocene extension and magmatism in the lower Colorado River region, Nevada, Arizona, and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T11:09:55.303028","indexId":"ofr94246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-246","title":"A guide to Miocene extension and magmatism in the lower Colorado River region, Nevada, Arizona, and California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94246","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., John, B., Davis, G.A., Anderson, J.L., and Gans, P.B., 1994, A guide to Miocene extension and magmatism in the lower Colorado River region, Nevada, Arizona, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-246, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94246.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407246,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12484.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"lower Colorado River region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -111.57714843749999,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -111.57714843749999,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 32.58384932565662\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, K. 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A.","contributorId":22333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du Bray","given":"E. 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Water level management was designed to limit hydrologic exchange to the managed marsh by regulating the direction and rate of water flows. During a drawdown-flooding water management cycle, the unmanaged reference marshes had significantly higher vertical accretion rates, higher soil bulk density and soil mineral matter content, lower soil organic matter content, and higher rates of organic matter accumulation than the managed marsh. The rate of mineral matter accumulation was higher in both reference marshes, but was significantly higher in only one. Spatial variability in accumulation rates was low when analyzed in one managed marsh site, suggesting a primarily autochthonous source of matter. In contrast, the associated reference marsh apparently received allochthonous material that settled out in a distinct spatial pattern as water velocity decreased. The impoundment marshes experienced an accretion deficit of one full order of magnitude (0.1 vs. 1.0 m/yr) based on comparison of accretion and sea level rise data, while the unmanaged reference marshes experienced a five-fold smaller deficit or no deficit. These data suggest that the gravity-drained impoundments likely have a shorter life expectancy than the reference marshes in the rapidly subsiding Louisiana coast.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/1942126","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., 1994, Recent accretion in two managed marsh impoundments in coastal Louisiana: Ecological Applications, v. 4, no. 1, p. 166-176, https://doi.org/10.2307/1942126.","productDescription":"p. 166-176","startPage":"166","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15418,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/1942126","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7002.000000000000000"},{"id":133989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629b9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57199,"text":"ofr94644 - 1994 - Freshwater Mussel Studies in the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr94644","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-644","title":"Freshwater Mussel Studies in the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr94644","usgsCitation":"Blackwood, D.B., Rendings, R.R., and Butler, J., 1994, Freshwater Mussel Studies in the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-644, Video: 23 minutes, on DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94644.","productDescription":"Video: 23 minutes, on DVD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a85f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwood, Dann B.","contributorId":9521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rendings, Richard R.","contributorId":40071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendings","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, Janet","contributorId":90591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186584,"text":"70186584 - 1994 - Geology of metamor phiccorecomplexes and associated extensional structures in north central Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T14:51:33","indexId":"70186584","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Geology of metamor phiccorecomplexes and associated extensional structures in north central Washington","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional geology of Washington State","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"State of Washington, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources","usgsCitation":"Fox, K., 1994, Geology of metamor phiccorecomplexes and associated extensional structures in north central Washington, 27 p. .","productDescription":"27 p. ","startPage":"21","endPage":"47","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339253,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, K. F. Jr.","contributorId":46554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"K. 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We estimate that the current ERZ eruption of Kilauea releases between 400 metric tonnes of SO2 per day, during eruptive pauses, to as much as 1850 metric tonnes per day during actively erupting periods, along with lesser amounts of other chemically and radiatively active species including H2S, HCl, and HF. In order to characterize gas emissions from Kilauea in a meaningful way for assessing environmental impact we made a series of replicate grab-sample measurements of ambient air and precipitation at the summit of Kilauea, along its ERZ, and at coastal sites where lava enters the ocean. The grab-sampling data combined with SO2 emission rates, and continuous air quality and meteorological monitoring at the summit of Kilauea show that the effects of these emissions on ambient air character are a complex function of chemical reactivity, source geometry and effusivity, and local meteorology. For all the measurement sites, ambient concentrations of the emitted gases decrease rapidly, even at short distances from point sources. Prevailing tradewinds typically carry the gases and aerosols released to the southwest, where they are further distributed by the regional wind regime. Episodes of kona, or low speed variable winds sometimes disrupt this pattern, however, and allow the gases and their oxidation products to collect at the summit and eastern side of the island. Summit solfatara areas of Kilauea are distinguished by moderate to high ambient SO2, high H2S at one location, and low H2S at all others, and negligible HC1 concentrations, as measured 1 m from degassing point-sources. Summit solfatara rain water has high sulfate and low chloride ioa concentrations, and low pH. The middle ERZ degassing areas show moderate to high SO2 at 100 m away from degassing lava, and low H2S concentrations. Moderate HC1 was found in ambient air. Rain water near the middle ERZ degassing areas have high sulfate, high chloride and low pH. Coastal entry areas are characterized by high HC1 in the gas plume and significant rain-out of this HCl as indicated by low rain water pH, and high rain water chloride. Sulfate in the coastal-entry rainwater is also high. Ambient SO2 and 112S are moderate to high near the coastal entry locations. Ambient air in the lower ERZ thermal and non-thermal areas shows essentially no influence from the on-going eruption, as evidenced by the absence of SO2, H2S, HC1, and the moderate rain water pH with low sulfate concentration. When the current eruption ceases, ERZ and summit gas emissions will be greatly reduced.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94569","usgsCitation":"Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Navarrete, R., 1994, Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-569, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94569.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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