Adult white suckers were collected from four lakes in Maine that ranged in pH from 7.0 to 5.4. The gastrointestinal tract and remainder of the carcass of fishes of similar age and size from each lake, and gills from additional fishes of similar size, were analyzed for Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Carcasses were also analyzed for Hg. Concentrations of Al, Cd, and Pb were highest in the gastrointestinal tract and lowest in the carcass; Zn concentration was highest in the gill. For carcass, all metals except Al differed significantly among lakes, for gill tissue Cd and Pb differed, and for gastrointestinal tract, only Cd differed among lakes. Where differences were significant, patterns among lakes were similar in each tissue analyzed. Concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Pb were negatively correlated with lake water pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), Ca, and lake:watershed area, and positively correlated with lake water SO4, indicating that concentrations were higher in fish from more acidic lakes. Zinc concentrations in gills were unrelated to lake acidity, and carcass concentrations were higher in the less acidic lakes, which is the opposite of the pattern for the other metals studied. Zinc in gastrointestinal tract did not differ among lakes. Although the lakes we studied were located in undisturbed watersheds and did not receive any point source discharges, fish metal concentrations were comparable to or higher than those reported from waters receiving industrial discharges.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00477991","usgsCitation":"Haines, T., and Brumbaugh, W.G., 1994, Metal concentration in the gill, gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in relation to lake acidity: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 73, no. 1, p. 265-274, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00477991.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267639,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477991"}],"volume":"73","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, T.A.","contributorId":83062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017476,"text":"70017476 - 1994 - Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:11:44.49369","indexId":"70017476","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system","docAbstract":"This paper presents results of chemical speciation and reaction path calculations that model fluid chemistry evolution and ore deposition in the main-stage Creede, Colorado, epithermal system. An extensive geologic, mineralogic, and geochemical framework for mineralization has been developed by many researchers for the central and southern district vein systems (OH and P veins; central and southern Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems) and is used to constrain and guide the modeling presented in this paper. Previous studies have shown that the central base metal sulfide-rich and southern barite- and silver-rich Creede ores were deposited by hydrothermal brines with temperatures as high as 285 degrees C and salinities as high as 13 wt percent NaCl equiv. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that mixing with dilute steam-heated ground waters was the dominant ore deposition mechanism, although boiling did occur during some stages. Speciation calculations confirm that the hydrothermal fluids, due to their high salinities, were relatively acidic (pH near 5.5) and transported significant quantities of base metals (i.e., up to 10-2 m total concentrations of Zn) as chloride complexes. Reaction path calculations show that strong north-south mineralogical variations in main-stage mineralization are best accounted for by variable boiling of the hydrothermal brines, followed by lateral mixing of the brines with overlying dilute, steam-heated ground waters. The extent of boiling prior to mixing was a function of the temperature and gas contents of the hydrothermal fluids as they first entered the district ore zones from depth, and of the thickness of the steam-heated ground-water column overlying the hydrothermal fluids. The calculations indicate that limited amounts of boiling (during stages when the overlying ground-water column was relatively thick) produced a chlorite-pyrite-hematite-sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite + or - adularia assemblage in the central district vein systems (OH and P veins; central Amethyst and Bulldog Mountain vein systems). More extensive boiling (during a stage in which the ground-water table apparently dropped considerably) deposited quartz, fluorite, adularia, and hematite with only minor sulfides in the central district veins. Boiling ceased when the saturation pressure of the hydrothermal fluids dropped below hydrostatic pressures generated by the overlying ground-water column. Following boiling, lateral mixing with overlying steam-heated ground waters initially produced sphalerite- and galena-rich assemblages in the central district vein systems. With continued mixing to the south, the hydrothermal fluids deposited abundant barite, subordinate sphalerite, galena, and quartz, and lesser native silver, acanthite, and sulfosalts in the district's southern vein systems (southern Amethyst, southern Bulldog Mountain vein systems).Modeling results for Creede and other epithermal fluid compositions show that epithermal ore grades, mineral assemblages, and mineral zoning patterns are strongly influenced by shallow hydrologic processes such as boiling and fluid mixing. As a result, epithermal mineral assemblages and zoning patterns can be used to reconstruct the paleohydrology of the hydrothermal systems from which they were deposited, and thus provide useful tools for epithermal ore exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., 1994, Fluid chemistry evolution and mineral deposition in the main-stage Creede epithermal system: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1860-1882, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1860.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1860","endPage":"1882","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a126ee4b0c8380cd542ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008119,"text":"1008119 - 1994 - Avian species richness in different-aged stands of riparian forest along the middle Rio Grande, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-28T12:43:15.345368","indexId":"1008119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian species richness in different-aged stands of riparian forest along the middle Rio Grande, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Riparian forests are important for maintaining vertebrate species richness in the southwestern United States, but they have become restricted in distribution due to both historical and current management practices. In order to counteract continued loss of this habitat, several mitigation programs were developed in the middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. Three areas ranging from 50 to 140 ha were revegetated with native trees using pole planting and cattle exclosures, and changes in vegetation structure were quantified after 2, 3, and 5 years of growth. As expected, the older site contained the most heterogeneous mix of plant species and the greatest structural diversity. We compared year-round avian use of the revegetated sites with a mature cottonwood forest site of approximately 30 years of age. As the revegetated sites matured and salient habitat features changed, the population dynamics of individual avian species and patterns of guild structure varied. The older revegetated sites showed a greater similarity to the mature cottonwood site, suggesting that reclamation efforts established quality riparian habitats for birds in as little as 5 years. The revegetated sites appeared especially important for Neotropical-migrant birds. We suggest that a mosaic of riparian woodlands containing mixtures of native tree and shrub species of different size classes is necessary to maintain avian species richness in the middle Rio Grande drainage, and probably throughout the southwestern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08041098.x","usgsCitation":"Farley, G., Ellis, L.M., Stuart, J., and Scott, N., 1994, Avian species richness in different-aged stands of riparian forest along the middle Rio Grande, New Mexico: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 1098-1108, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08041098.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1098","endPage":"1108","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.68129752376531,\n 31.884470578452763\n ],\n [\n -106.62702684875177,\n 31.859627449566702\n ],\n [\n -106.62234558538914,\n 31.99047377754924\n ],\n [\n -106.41678665537555,\n 31.99919482638458\n ],\n [\n -106.42735403698708,\n 32.1038273577724\n ],\n [\n -106.75864027467064,\n 32.65687540415961\n ],\n [\n -107.07652128029487,\n 32.815852824431204\n ],\n [\n -106.95444853738277,\n 33.32224303953862\n ],\n [\n -106.66724491730865,\n 33.77202431926415\n ],\n [\n -106.71912527942241,\n 34.26371707948776\n ],\n [\n -106.45242531386788,\n 35.23448142477494\n ],\n [\n -105.8806915677993,\n 35.799878641504336\n ],\n [\n -105.93089765801084,\n 36.06832557725011\n ],\n [\n -106.21708896155297,\n 36.328184490155024\n ],\n [\n -106.59629530459921,\n 36.5465412280783\n ],\n [\n -106.51895843705914,\n 36.684069284228\n ],\n [\n -106.38985175453216,\n 36.99400033143861\n ],\n [\n -106.55836903713808,\n 36.99482804625971\n ],\n [\n -106.61752957530933,\n 36.941065028692734\n ],\n [\n -106.6308916625406,\n 36.78665531813296\n ],\n [\n -106.89134318783906,\n 36.607310270477086\n ],\n [\n -106.77917583600164,\n 36.38718957349131\n ],\n [\n -106.57362265712948,\n 36.20246538624592\n ],\n [\n -106.24660644520355,\n 36.159999867743565\n ],\n [\n -106.12591207120414,\n 35.98323222171504\n ],\n [\n -106.29509356156811,\n 35.76338720923643\n ],\n [\n -106.55505535455934,\n 35.43457878277427\n ],\n [\n -106.69462941440858,\n 35.216249846072586\n ],\n [\n -106.89202514748222,\n 34.52096294065905\n ],\n [\n -107.07268581397535,\n 34.33295331833358\n ],\n [\n -106.96377782331425,\n 34.26266344181599\n ],\n [\n -106.92974407623247,\n 33.935750073940326\n ],\n [\n -107.30411529413036,\n 33.494122497136104\n ],\n [\n -107.3177285941915,\n 33.201292533194746\n ],\n [\n -107.38579608835461,\n 32.815999761127316\n ],\n [\n -107.09991261286885,\n 32.59262064058535\n ],\n [\n -106.68129752376531,\n 31.884470578452763\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farley, G.H.","contributorId":79067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, L. M.","contributorId":106449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellis","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuart, J.N.","contributorId":97046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, N.J.","contributorId":76255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008135,"text":"1008135 - 1994 - Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:51:16.837102","indexId":"1008135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California, USA","docAbstract":"Channel changes from 1919 to 1989 were documented in two study reaches of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park through a review of historical photographs and documents and a comparison of survey data. Bank erosion was prevalent and channel width increased an average of 27% in the upstream reach, where human use was concentrated. Here, trampling of the banks and riparian vegetation was common, and banks eroded on straight stretches as frequently as on meander bends. Six bridges in the upper reach constrict the channel by an average of 38% of the original width, causing severe erosion. In the downstream control reach, where human use was minimal, channel widths both decreased and increased, with a mean increase of only 4% since 1919. Bank erosion in the control reach occurred primarily on meander bends. The control reach also had denser stands of riparian vegetation and a higher frequency of large woody debris in channels. There is only one bridge in the lower reach, located at the downstream end. Since 1919, bank erosion in the impacted upstream reach contributed a significant amount of sediment (74,800 tonnes, equivalent to 2.0 t/km2/yr) to the river. An analysis of 75 years of precipitation and hydrologic records showed no trends responsible for bank erosion in the upper reach. Sediment input to the upper reach has not changed significantly during the study period. Floodplain soils are sandy, with low cohesion and are easily detached by lateral erosion. The degree of channel widening was positively correlated with the percentage of bare ground on the streambanks and low bank stability ratings. Low bank stability ratings were, in turn, strongly associated with high human use areas. Channel widening and bank erosion in the upper reach were due primarily to destruction of riparian vegetation by human trampling and the effect of bridge constrictions on high flow, and secondarily to poorly installed channel revetments. Several specific recommendations for river restoration were provided to park management.
The paper “Hydrates Offshore Brazil” by Rogerio L. Fontana and Alexandre Mussumeci presents some important information that strongly indicates the presence of gas hydrates on the southern Brazilian continental margin. However, the acoustic compressional wave velocity structure reported for the Brazilian margin sediments is highly unusual and quite puzzling. We will discuss a possible explanation related to the presence of gas hydrate and free gas in the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38828.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., 1994, Discussion of the paper 'Hydrates offshore Brazil': Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 114-118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38828.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"118","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0200e4b0c8380cd4fe3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017021,"text":"70017021 - 1994 - Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:02:09","indexId":"70017021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":801,"text":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States","docAbstract":"Natural gas hydrates, mostly methane hydrates, occur within seafloor sediments almost everywhere in the world’s oceans where water depths exceed 300 to 500 m, and hydrates in this setting probably contain very large quantities of methane.’ Gas hydrates have been identified in marine sediments by coring and by the response that they create in seismic reflection profiles. Our research has endeavored to refine the criteria used to recognize hydrates in seismic reflection data and to use such data to map hydrates on the United States Atlantic continential rise.
Gas hydrates in ocean floor sediments occur within a layer just below the sea floor, controlled by the pressure and temperature conditions. Actually, hydrates would be stable in deep ocean water (at depths greater than 300-500 m), but probably do not exist there due to lack of gas saturation. Furthermore, if they did form in the water the hydrates would float upward and melt at the lower pressure and higher temperature conditions found at shallower depths. However, gas is present in the sediments either as biogenic gas produced by bacteria or as thermogenic gas rising from deeper strata, and when hydrate forms in sediments it is trapped in the sedimentary matrix. Temperature increases downward through the sediments, and, although pressure also increases (which tends to make hydrate more stable), the temperature ultimately becomes too great for hydrate to exist at ambient pressure. Because the thermal gradient is fairly constant within a restricted geographic region, this stability limit will be reached at approximately the same subbottom depth everywhere in the region. The result is a zone of hydrate-cemented sediment that extends down from the sea floor; this zone can have a thickness of as much as 1000 m.
","language":"English","publisher":" John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38850.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Lee, M.W., and Coleman, D., 1994, Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 364-380, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38850.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -68.64257812499999,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3831e4b0c8380cd6149e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, Dwight F.","contributorId":81827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Dwight F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017022,"text":"70017022 - 1994 - A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:05:26","indexId":"70017022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change","docAbstract":"Rock-magnetic measurements of sediment cores from the Academician Ridge region of Lake Baikal, Siberia show variations related to Late Quaternary climate change. Based upon the well-dated last glacial-interglacial transition, variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy are related to glacial-interglacial cycles using a conceptual model. Interglacial intervals are characterized by low magnetic concentrations and a composition that is dominated by low coercivity minerals. Glacial intervals are characterized by high magnetic concentrations and increased amounts of high coercivity minerals. The variation in magnetic concentration is consistent with dilution by diatom opal during the more productive interglacial periods. We also infer an increased contribution of eolian sediment during the colder, windier, and more arid glacial conditions when extensive loess deposits were formed throughout Europe and Asia. Eolian transport is inferred to deliver increased amounts of high coercivity minerals as staining on eolian grains during the glacial intervals. Variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy of Lake Baikal sediment correlate to the SPECMAP marine oxygen-isotope record. The high degree of correlation between Baikal magnetic concentration/mineralogy and the SPECMAP oxygen-isotope record indicates that Lake Baikal sediment preserves a history of climate change in central Asia for the last 250 ka. This correlation provides a method of estimating the age of sediment beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. Future work must include providing better age control and additional climate proxy data, thereby strengthening the correlation of continental and marine climate records. ?? 1994.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(94)90062-0","usgsCitation":"Peck, J., King, J., Colman, S.M., and Kravchinsky, V., 1994, A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 122, no. 1-2, p. 221-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90062-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"238","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1761","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 100.45898437499999,\n 49.724479188712984\n ],\n [\n 113.203125,\n 49.724479188712984\n ],\n [\n 113.203125,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n 100.45898437499999,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n 100.45898437499999,\n 49.724479188712984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e565e4b0c8380cd46d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kravchinsky, V.A.","contributorId":90475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kravchinsky","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017023,"text":"70017023 - 1994 - Is Obsidian Hydration Dating Affected by Relative Humidity?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017023","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is Obsidian Hydration Dating Affected by Relative Humidity?","docAbstract":"Experiments carried out under temperatures and relative humidities that approximate ambient conditions show that the rate of hydration of obsidian is a function of the relative humidity, as well as of previously established variables of temperature and obsidian chemical composition. Measurements of the relative humidity of soil at 25 sites and at depths of between 0.01 and 2 m below ground show that in most soil environments, at depths below about 0.25 m, the relative humidity is constant at 100%. We have found that the thickness of the hydrated layer developed on obsidian outcrops exposed to the sun and to relative humidities of 30-90% is similar to that formed on other portions of the outcrop that were shielded from the sun and exposed to a relative humidity of approximately 100%. Surface samples of obsidian exposed to solar heating should hydrate more rapidly than samples buried in the ground. However, the effect of the lower mean relative humidity experiences by surface samples tends to compensate for the elevated temperature, which may explain why obsidian hydration ages of surface samples usually approximate those derived from buried samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1020","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Trembour, F., Smith, G., and Smith, F., 1994, Is Obsidian Hydration Dating Affected by Relative Humidity?: Quaternary Research, v. 41, no. 2, p. 185-190, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1020.","startPage":"185","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205556,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1020"},{"id":224814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f22e4b0c8380cd642b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trembour, F.W.","contributorId":52336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trembour","given":"F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, F.L.","contributorId":39133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54510,"text":"wdrFL931A - 1994 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 1A: Northeast Florida - surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T19:14:53.204657","indexId":"wdrFL931A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-93-1A","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 1A: Northeast Florida - surface water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1993 water year in Florida consist of continuous or daily discharge for 312 streams, periodic discharge for 9 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 107 streams, continuous or daily stage for 91 streams, continuous daily tide stage for 9 sites, peak discharge for 30 streams, and peak stage for 30 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 41 lakes, periodic elevations for 73 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 406 wells, periodic groundwater levels for 569 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 1,860 wells; quality-of-water data for 109 surface-water sites and 642 wells.
The data for northeast Florida include continuous or daily discharge for 117 streams, periodic discharge for 7 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 16 streams, continuous or daily stage for 37 streams, continuous or daily tide stage for 4 sites, peak discharge for 15 streams, and peak stage for 15 streams; continuous or daily elevations for 35 lakes, periodic elevations for 45 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 61 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 150 wells, and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 888 wells; quality-of-water data for 27 surface-water sites and 61 wells.
These data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating local, state and federal agencies in Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL931A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 1A: Northeast Florida - surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-93-1A, xviii, 381 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL931A.","productDescription":"xviii, 381 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430226,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-1-a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-1-a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"northeast Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.45415384078757,\n 30.55335715370353\n ],\n [\n -82.45415384078757,\n 28.17140876179424\n ],\n [\n -80.38661953845946,\n 28.17140876179424\n ],\n [\n -80.38661953845946,\n 30.55335715370353\n ],\n [\n -82.45415384078757,\n 30.55335715370353\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbbd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017325,"text":"70017325 - 1994 - Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-28T00:08:20.679635","indexId":"70017325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation","docAbstract":"A method for collecting suspended sediment samples has been developed that pumps a discharge-weighted volume of water from fixed depths at four to 40 locations across a river and separates the suspended sediment in the sample using a continuous-flow centrifuge. The efficacy of the method is evaluated by comparing the particle size distributions of sediment collected by the discharge-weighted pumping method with the particle size distributions of sediment collected by depth integration and separated by gravitational settling. The pumping method was found to undersample the suspended sand sized particles (> 63 μm) but to collect a representative sample of the suspended silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm). The centrifuge separated the silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm) into three fractions. Based on the average results of processing 17 samples from the Mississippi River and several of its large tributaries in 1990, about 10% of the silt and clay sized material was trapped in a centrifuge bowl-bottom sealing unit containing the nozzle and consisted of mostly medium and coarse silt from 16 to 63 μm. About 74% was retained on a Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl and consisted of sizes from 0–1 to 63 μm. About 9% was discharged from the centrifuge in the effluent and was finer than 0–1 μm. About 7% was lost during the processes of removing the wet sediment fractions from the centrifuge, drying and weighing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080603","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Meade, R., 1994, Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge-weighted pumping and separation by continuous- flow centrifugation: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 6, p. 513-530, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080603.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cede4b0c8380cd52d54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017234,"text":"70017234 - 1994 - Bias in regression estimates of manning's n","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Bias in regression estimates of manning's n","docAbstract":"Selected equations for estimating roughness for gravel-bed streams were tested using a composite data set containing much of the data used to define the equations. All equations tested were found to significantly underestimate n for relatively low discharges. For floods about equal to the median annual peak discharge, Jarrett's equation overestimates n (median error = 10 percent) while the other equations tested showed no bias. Extrapolation of any of these equations to discharges greater than about 1.5 times the median annual peak discharge is presently unwarranted. The roughness of mountain streams is known to generally decrease as discharge and flow depth increases. The data, however, are presently not available to test the applicability of the equations to large flood discharges.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K.L., 1994, Bias in regression estimates of manning's n, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 727-731.","startPage":"727","endPage":"731","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0d5e4b0c8380cd4a93b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth L.","contributorId":61024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18961,"text":"ofr93391 - 1994 - Geologic map of the Tonasket Quadrangle, Okanogan County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr93391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-391","title":"Geologic map of the Tonasket Quadrangle, Okanogan County, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93391","usgsCitation":"Fox, K., and Rinehart, C., 1994, Geologic map of the Tonasket Quadrangle, Okanogan County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-391, 7 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93391.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108270,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12743.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"12743"},{"id":151437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0391/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48368,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0391/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48369,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0391/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":48370,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0391/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c57f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, K.F.","contributorId":15641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rinehart, C.D.","contributorId":94310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinehart","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54512,"text":"wdrFL932A - 1994 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 2A: South Florida - surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-14T19:46:25.583688","indexId":"wdrFL932A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-93-2A","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 2A: South Florida - surface water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for 1993 water year in Florida consists of continuous or daily discharge for 312 streams, periodic discharge for 9 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 107 streams, continuous or daily stage for 91 streams, periodic stage for 0 streams, peak discharge for 30 streams, continuous daily tide stage for 9 streams, and peak stage for 21 streams, continuous or daily elevations for 41 lakes, periodic elevations for 73 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 406 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 569 wells, and miscellaneous water level measurements for 1,860 wells; quality of water data for 109 surface-water sites and 642 wells.
The data for South Florida included continuous or daily discharge for 75 streams, continuous or daily stage for 54 streams, peak stage discharge for 1 stream, continuous elevation for 1 lake; continuous ground-water levels for 203 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 299 wells and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 462 well; quality-of-water for 3 surface-water sites and 545 wells.
The data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL932A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Price, C., Murray, M., and Patino, E., 1994, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 2A: South Florida - surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-93-2A, xi, 346 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL932A.","productDescription":"xi, 346 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430232,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-2-a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174457,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-2-a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"south Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.54292766557523,\n 27.197209321344232\n ],\n [\n -82.54292766557523,\n 24.556157213885967\n ],\n [\n -79.46983944201924,\n 24.556157213885967\n ],\n [\n -79.46983944201924,\n 27.197209321344232\n ],\n [\n -82.54292766557523,\n 27.197209321344232\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbbb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, C.","contributorId":12910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, M.","contributorId":89960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patino, E.","contributorId":72452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017024,"text":"70017024 - 1994 - Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones","docAbstract":"A simple cyclic process is proposed to explain why major strike-slip fault zones, including the San Andreas, are weak. Field and laboratory studies suggest that the fluid within fault zones is often mostly sealed from that in the surrounding country rock. Ductile creep driven by the difference between fluid pressure and lithostatic pressure within a fault zone leads to compaction that increases fluid pressure. The increased fluid pressure allows frictional failure in earthquakes at shear tractions far below those required when fluid pressure is hydrostatic. The frictional slip associated with earthquakes creates porosity in the fault zone. The cycle adjusts so that no net porosity is created (if the fault zone remains constant width). The fluid pressure within the fault zone reaches long-term dynamic equilibrium with the (hydrostatic) pressure in the country rock. One-dimensional models of this process lead to repeatable and predictable earthquake cycles. However, even modest complexity, such as two parallel fault splays with different pressure histories, will lead to complicated earthquake cycles. Two-dimensional calculations allowed computation of stress and fluid pressure as a function of depth but had complicated behavior with the unacceptable feature that numerical nodes failed one at a time rather than in large earthquakes. A possible way to remove this unphysical feature from the models would be to include a failure law in which the coefficient of friction increases at first with frictional slip, stabilizing the fault, and then decreases with further slip, destabilizing it. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874322","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Sleep, N.H., and Blanpied, M., 1994, Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 143, no. 1-3, p. 9-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874322.","startPage":"9","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205557,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874322"},{"id":224815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0414e4b0c8380cd50781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleep, Norman H.","contributorId":59566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18488,"text":"ofr94124 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment program; northern Rockies intermontane basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:32","indexId":"ofr94124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-124","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment program; northern Rockies intermontane basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94124","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment program; northern Rockies intermontane basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-124, 2 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94124.","productDescription":"2 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1624","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.W.","contributorId":22765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017031,"text":"70017031 - 1994 - Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues","docAbstract":"Naturally occurring gas hydrate is found in sediment of two regions: (1) continental, including continental shelves, at high latitudes where surface temperatures are very cold, and (2) submarine outer continental margins where pressures are very high and bottom-water temperatures are near 0??C. Continental gas hydrate is found in association with onshore and offshore permafrost. Submarine gas hydrate is found in sediment of continental slopes and rises. The amount of methane present in gas hydrate is thought to be very large, but the estimates that have been made are more speculative than real. Nevertheless, at the present time there has been a convergence of ideas regarding the amount of methane in gas hydrate deposits worldwide at about 2 x 1016 m3 or 7 x 1017 ft3 = 7 x 105 Tcf [Tcf = trillion (1012) ft3]. The potentially large amount of methane in gas hydrate and the shallow depth of gas hydrate deposits are two of the principal factors driving research concerning this substance. Such a large amount of methane, if it could be commercially produced, provides a potential energy resource for the future. Because gas hydrate is metastable, changes of surface pressure and temperature affect its stability. Destabilized gas hydrate beneath the sea floor leads to geologic hazards such as submarine mass movements. Examples of submarine slope failures attributed to gas hydrate are found worldwide. The metastability of gas hydrate may also have an effect on climate. The release of methane, a 'greenhouse' gas, from destabilized gas hydrate may contribute to global warming and be a factor in global climate change.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., 1994, Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 232-246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x.","startPage":"232","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205578,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x"},{"id":224957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6302e4b0c8380cd7223f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017511,"text":"70017511 - 1994 - A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:28:16.708111","indexId":"70017511","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits","docAbstract":"Tabular sandstone uranium deposits constitute the largest uranium resource type in the United States. A major point of contention has been the nature and direction of the ground-water flow. This paper presents a quantitative simulation of regional ground-water flow during uranium deposition in the Westwater Canyon Member and Jackpile Sandstone Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the San Juan basin. Input for the four-layer finite-difference model was from thicknesses and sandstone/mudstone ratios in each layer from 1,600 drill holes and 100 measured sections and from palcotopographic reconstructions. Topographic slope, shoreline position, and density contrasts in the lake and pore fluids controlled the directions of flow and recharge-discharge areas. The most important results for uranium ore deposit formation are that regional ground water discharged throughout the basin, regional discharge was concentrated along the shore line or playa margin, flow was dominantly gravity driven, and compaction dewatering was negligible. A strong association is found between the tabular sandstone uranium deposits and major inferred zones of mixed local and regional ground-water discharge. The results of ground-water modeling favor the brine interface model over the lacustrine-humate model for uranium deposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.2.341","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Sanford, R., 1994, A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 2, p. 341-360, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.2.341.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e526e4b0c8380cd46b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, R.F.","contributorId":38562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017513,"text":"70017513 - 1994 - San Francisco Bay test case for 3-D model verification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:57:51","indexId":"70017513","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"San Francisco Bay test case for 3-D model verification","docAbstract":"This paper describes a field test case for 3-D hydrodynamic model verification using data from Carquinez Strait in San Francisco Bay, California. It will be disseminated by the ASCE Computational Hydraulics task committee on 3-D Free-Surface Hydrodynamic Model Verifications during late 1994.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.E., 1994, San Francisco Bay test case for 3-D model verification, in Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 885-889.","startPage":"885","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b867de4b08c986b315fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017515,"text":"70017515 - 1994 - Characteristics of the near-bottom suspended sediment field over the continental shelf off northern California based on optical attenuation measurements during STRESS and SMILE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:16:46","indexId":"70017515","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of the near-bottom suspended sediment field over the continental shelf off northern California based on optical attenuation measurements during STRESS and SMILE","docAbstract":"Time-series measurements of current velocity, optical attenuation and surface wave intensity obtained during the Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes (STRESS) experiments, combined with shipboard measurements of conductivity, temperature and optical attenuation obtained during the Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE), provide a description of the sediment concentration field over the central and outer shelf off northern California. The questions addressed are: (1) existence and characteristics of bottom nepheloid layers and their relationship to bottom mixed layers; (2) characteristics of temporal fluctuations in sediment concentration and their relationship to waves and currents; (3) spatial scales over which suspended sediment concentrations vary horizontally; and (4) vertical distribution of suspended sediment. ?? 1994.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90037-X","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Trowbridge, J., Butman, B., and Limeburner, R., 1994, Characteristics of the near-bottom suspended sediment field over the continental shelf off northern California based on optical attenuation measurements during STRESS and SMILE: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1257-1272, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90037-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1257","endPage":"1272","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122.8,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -122.8,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -124,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4a4e4b0c8380cd4be29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trowbridge, J.H.","contributorId":75713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trowbridge","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limeburner, R.","contributorId":104237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limeburner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54513,"text":"wdrFL932B - 1994 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 2B: South Florida - ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T21:03:11.533774","indexId":"wdrFL932B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-93-2B","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 2B: South Florida - ground water","docAbstract":"Water resources data for 1993 water year in Florida consists of continuous or daily discharge for 312 streams, periodic discharge for 9 streams, miscellaneous discharge for 107 streams, continuous or daily stage for 91 streams, periodic stage for 0 streams, peak discharge for 30 streams, continuous daily tide stage for 9 streams, and peak stage for 21 streams, continuous or daily elevations for 41 lakes, periodic elevations for 73 lakes; continuous ground-water levels for 406 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 569 wells, and miscellaneous water level measurements for 1,860 wells; quality of water data for 109 surface-water sites and 642 wells.
The data for South Florida included continuous or daily discharge for 75 streams, continuous or daily stage for 54 streams, peak stage discharge for 1 stream, continuous elevation for 1 lake; continuous ground-water levels for 203 wells, periodic ground-water levels for 299 wells and miscellaneous water-level measurements for 462 wells; quality-of-water for 3 surface-water sites and 545 wells.
The data represent the National Water Data System records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies in Florida.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL932B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 1994, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993. Volume 2B: South Florida - ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-93-2B, viii, 734 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL932B.","productDescription":"viii, 734 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174458,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-2-b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":483289,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-2-b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"south Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.54292766557523,\n 27.197209321344232\n ],\n [\n -82.54292766557523,\n 24.556157213885967\n ],\n [\n -79.46983944201924,\n 24.556157213885967\n ],\n [\n -79.46983944201924,\n 27.197209321344232\n ],\n [\n -82.54292766557523,\n 27.197209321344232\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbb6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017032,"text":"70017032 - 1994 - Developing standards for a national spatial data infrastructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-18T16:56:35","indexId":"70017032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing standards for a national spatial data infrastructure","docAbstract":"The concept of a framework for data and information linkages among producers and users, known as a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), is built upon four corners: data, technology, institutions, and standards. Standards are paramount to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the NSDI. Historically, data standards and specifications have been developed with a very limited scope - they were parochial, and even competitive in nature, and promoted the sharing of data and information within only a small community at the expense of more open sharing across many communities. Today, an approach is needed to grow and evolve standards to support open systems and provide consistency and uniformity among data producers. There are several significant ongoing activities in geospatial data standards: transfer or exchange, metadata, and data content. In addition, standards in other areas are under discussion, including data quality, data models, and data collection.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602872","issn":"10509844","usgsCitation":"Wortman, K.C., 1994, Developing standards for a national spatial data infrastructure: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 132-135, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602872.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"135","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0012e4b0c8380cd4f58e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wortman, Kathryn C.","contributorId":18518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wortman","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017034,"text":"70017034 - 1994 - Compositions of micas in peraluminous granitoids of the eastern Arabian shield - Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of highly evolved, rare-metal enriched granites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70017034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositions of micas in peraluminous granitoids of the eastern Arabian shield - Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of highly evolved, rare-metal enriched granites","docAbstract":"Compositions and pleochroism of micas in fourteen peraluminous alkali-feldspar granites in the eastern part of the Late Proterozoic Arabian Shield are unlike those of micas (principally biotite) in most calc-alkaline granitoid rocks. Compositions of these micas are distinguished by elevated abundances of Li2O, F, and numerous cations and by low MgO abundances. These micas, constituents of highly evolved rare-metal enriched granitoids, represent an iron-lithium substitution series that ranges from lithium-poor siderophyllite to lithium-rich ferroan lepidolite. The eastern Arabian Shield also hosts six epizonal granitoids that contain colorless micas. Compositions of these micas, mostly muscovite, and their host granitoids are distinct from those of the iron-lithium micas and their host granitoids. Compositions of the analyzed micas have a number of petrogenetic implications. The twenty granitoids containing these micas form three compositional groups that reflect genesis in particular tectonic regimes; mica compositions define the same three groups. The presence of magmatic muscovite in six of these shallowly crystallized granitoids conflicts with experimental data indicating muscovite stability at pressures greater than 3 kbar. Muscovite in the Arabian granitoids probably results from its non-ideal composition; the presence of muscovite cannot be used as a pressure indicator. Finally, mineral/matrix partition coefficients are significantly greater than 1.0 for a number of cations, the rare-earth elements in particular, in many of the analyzed iron-lithium micas. Involvement of these types of micas in partial melting or fractionation processes can have a major influence on silicate liquid compositions. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00310906","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., 1994, Compositions of micas in peraluminous granitoids of the eastern Arabian shield - Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of highly evolved, rare-metal enriched granites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 116, no. 4, p. 381-397, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310906.","startPage":"381","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205585,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310906"},{"id":225000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f93ce4b0c8380cd4d4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017302,"text":"70017302 - 1994 - Correlation of gold in siliceous sinters with 3He 4He in hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:09:16","indexId":"70017302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Correlation of gold in siliceous sinters with 3He 4He in hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park","title":"Correlation of gold in siliceous sinters with 3He 4He in hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"Opaline sinter samples collected at Yellowstone National Park (YNP) were analyzed for gold by neutron activation and for other trace elements by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method. No correlation was found between Au and As, Sb, or total Fe in the sinters, although the sample containing the highest Au also contains the highest Sb. There also was no correlation of Au in the sinter with the H2S concentration in the discharged hot spring water or with the estimated temperature of last equilibration of the water with the surrounding rock. The Au in rhyolitic tuffs and lavas at YNP found within the Yellowstone caldera show the same range in Au as do those outside the caldera, while thermal waters from within this caldera all have been found to contain relatively low dissolved Au and to deposit sinters that contain relatively little Au. Therefore, it is not likely that variations in Au concentrations among these sinters simply reflect differences in leachable Au in the rocks through which the hydrothermal fluids have passed. Rather, variations in [H2S], the concentration of total dissolved sulfide, that result from different physical and chemical processes that occur in different parts of the hydrothermal system appear to exert the main control on the abundance of Au in these sinters.
Hydrothermal fluids at YNP convect upward through a series of successively shallower and cooler reservoirs where water-rock chemical and isotopic reactions occur in response to changing temperature and pressure. In some parts of the system the fluids undergo decompressional boiling, and in other parts they cool conductively without boiling. Mixing of ascending water from deep in the system with shallow groundwaters is common. All three processes generally result in a decrease in [H2S] and destabilize dissolved gold bisulfide complexes in reservoir waters in the YNP system. Thus, different reservoirs in rocks of similar composition and at similar temperatures may contain waters with different [H2S] and [Au].
The [H2S] in a subsurface reservoir water is difficult to assess on the basis of analyses of hot spring waters because of uncertainties about steam loss during fluid ascent. However, the same processes that result in low [H2S] in reservoir waters also tend to result in decreases in the ratio of
A high
Some or all of the Au that comes out of solution when an initial gold bisulfide complex breaks down as a result of loss of H2S may be swept up to the surface as solid (probably colloidal) particles, depending on the rate of flow of the mixture of water and steam, and the geometry of the channel. Where colloidal silica also forms as a result of this boiling, free Au apparently becomes attached to the colloidal silica and deposits where the silica deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90238-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Fournier, R., Kennedy, B.M., Aoki, M., and Thompson, J., 1994, Correlation of gold in siliceous sinters with 3He 4He in hot spring waters of Yellowstone National Park: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 24, p. 5401-5419, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90238-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"5401","endPage":"5419","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.44750680513074\n ],\n [\n -110.3082275390625,\n 44.44750680513074\n ],\n [\n -110.3082275390625,\n 44.99394031891056\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.99394031891056\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.44750680513074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc39e4b0c8380cd4e1a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, B. M.","contributorId":97638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aoki, M.","contributorId":35077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aoki","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, J. M.","contributorId":77142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017355,"text":"70017355 - 1994 - Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T15:15:33.028058","indexId":"70017355","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra","docAbstract":"Absorption features at 2.28 and 5.4 μm identified in Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and terrestrial telescopic spectra are consistent with the spectra of hydrous magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite and artinite. Spectral characteristics of these hydrous carbonates are different from those of the anhydrous carbonates, as the former do not have the strong spectral features typically associated with anhydrous carbonates such as calcite and siderite. Theoretical mixing indicates that, depending on the type of hydrous carbonate, 10–20 wt % can be incorporated into the regolith without contradicting the spectral observations or the Viking x ray fluorescence chemical analysis. Hydrous carbonates form as weathering products of mafic minerals in the presence of H2O and CO2, even in the Antarctic. Their formation as evaporite minerals from either original magmas or hydrothermally altered rocks is consistent with the Martian environment, provided liquid water is or has been at least transiently present. On Earth, formation of hydrous Mg carbonates is associated with the production of amorphous iron oxides, which is consistent with both the environment and the inferred surface mineralogy of Mars. These minerals are about 60 wt % H2O, CO3, and OH; if they are abundant everywhere at the 10% level, then about 6% of the surface weight could be volatiles bound in this type of mineral. Although the stability of hydrous carbonates in a Martian environment is uncertain, there may be kinetic factors inhibiting the dehydration of these minerals, which may persist metastably in the current environment. Although the spectroscopic evidence for anhydrous carbonates is scant, the possible presence of hydrous carbonates provides an appealing mechanism for the existence of carbonates on Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JE01090","usgsCitation":"Calvin, W.M., King, T.V., and Clark, R.N., 1994, Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground‐based telescopic spectra: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, no. E7, p. 14659-14675, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE01090.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"14659","endPage":"14675","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"99","issue":"E7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37b1e4b0c8380cd61098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Calvin, W. M.","contributorId":17379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, T. V. V.","contributorId":6192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}