{"pageNumber":"3999","pageRowStart":"99950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70017335,"text":"70017335 - 1994 - Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:18:15","indexId":"70017335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter","docAbstract":"<p>Vapor sorption capacities on a high-organic-content peat, a model for soil organic matter (SOM), were determined at room temperature for the following liquids: n-hexane, 1,4-dioxane, nitroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, 1-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. The linear organic vapor sorption is in keeping with the dominance of vapor partition in peat SOM. These data and similar results of carbon tetrachloride (CT), trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), and water on the same peat from earlier studies are used to evaluate the effect of polarity on the vapor partition in SOM. The extrapolated liquid solubility from the vapor isotherm increases sharply from 3-6 wt % for low-polarity liquids (hexane, CT, and benzene) to 62 wt % for polar methanol and correlates positively with the liquid's component solubility parameters for polar interaction and hydrogen bonding. The same polarity effect may be expected to influence the relative solubilities of a variety of contaminants in SOM and, therefore, the relative deviations between the SOM-water partition coefficients (Kom) and corresponding octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) for different classes of compounds. The large solubility disparity in SOM between polar and nonpolar solutes suggests that the accurate prediction of Kom from Kow or Sw (solute water solubility) would be limited to compounds of similar polarity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00055a026","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chiou, C.T., and Kile, D.E., 1994, Effects of polar and nonpolar groups on the solubility of organic compounds in soil organic matter: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1139-1144, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a026.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1144","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0783e4b0c8380cd51727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chiou, C. T.","contributorId":97080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kile, D. E.","contributorId":22758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kile","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017564,"text":"70017564 - 1994 - Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:39:38","indexId":"70017564","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation","docAbstract":"Gravels deposited by the ancestral Yukon River are preserved in terrace remnants on the margins of the Yukon River valley near the village of Circle in east-central Alaska. Plant fossils recovered from sandy silt lenses within these gravels include cones and needles of Picea and Larix and a variety of seeds. Seed types include several taxa which no longer grow in Alaska, such as Epipremnum, Prunus and Weigela. Pollen types recovered from these deposits represent tree and shrub taxa that grow in interior Alaska today, such as Picea, Larix, Betula and Alnus, as well as several taxa that no longer grow in interior Alaska today, such as Pinus, Tsuga, Abies and Corylus. Pollen of herb taxa identified include Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Compositae, Polemonium and Epilobium. The fossil flora from the gravels near Circle are similar and probably age-equivalent to the flora recovered from the Nenana Gravel in the Alaska Range 250 km to the south. Palynological and tectonic evidence summarized in this paper now suggests that the Nenana Gravel was deposited during the early and middle Pliocene. The presence of plant fossils of Tsuga, Abies, Pinus, Weigela and Prunus suggests that the mean annual temperature (MAT) of eastern interior Alaska during the early and middle Pliocene was perhaps 7-9??C warmer and less continental than today's MAT of -6.4??C. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Ager, T.A., Matthews, J., and Yeend, W., 1994, Pliocene terrace gravels of the ancestral Yukon River near Circle, Alaska: Palynology, paleobotany, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and regional correlation: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, no. C, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270058,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90012-4"},{"id":228711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22-23","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c7ee4b0c8380cd799f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matthews, J.V. Jr.","contributorId":72931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthews","given":"J.V.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yeend, W.","contributorId":88898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeend","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014679,"text":"1014679 - 1994 - Hatchery performance of six Atlantic salmon stocks from fry to smolt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:46:51.075271","indexId":"1014679","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hatchery performance of six Atlantic salmon stocks from fry to smolt","docAbstract":"<p><span>Atlantic salmon (</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>) from four Penobscot River, Maine, brood stocks (two wild and two captive) and two landlocked brood stocks (Grand Lake, Maine, and Lake George, New York) were evaluated in hatchery tests to measure differential performance characteristics. Each stock was received as eyed eggs and cultured under standardized rearing conditions through 16 months. Penobscot stocks did not differ in growth rate or time of smoltification but did differ in frequency of six of seven body abnormality traits. Domestication effects on postyearling weights and smolt ATPase levels were detected in Penobscot stocks. The Grand Lake landlocked stock had a higher growth rate after 245 d and was heavier than Penobscot stocks after 280 d (36%) and 480 d (58%). Although differences among the Penobscot stocks were small and generally nonsignificant, the presence of domestication effects on 17‐month weight and Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;K</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;‐ATPase indicates that progeny from fish held in the hatchery for four generations exhibited different hatchery performance characteristics than progeny from sea‐run parents.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0111:HPOSAS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., 1994, Hatchery performance of six Atlantic salmon stocks from fry to smolt: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 56, no. 2, p. 111-116, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0111:HPOSAS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017334,"text":"70017334 - 1994 - Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:56:31.365267","indexId":"70017334","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576292\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Microscopic filiform morphologies in gold which are indistinguishable from forms originally interpreted as bacterial in origin were produced in the laboratory by treating amalgams made from natural and artificial gold with hot nitric acid. Textures ranging from cobblestone to deeply crenulated to nodular filiform were produced in the laboratory from all tested natural and artificial gold amalgams; analogous textures widespread in Alaskan placer gold may have a similar inorganic origin. These results indicate that morphology alone cannot be considered adequate evidence of microbial involvement in gold formation.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1144:ARBBPI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Watterson, J., 1994, Artifacts resembling budding bacteria produced in placer-gold amalgams by nitric acid leaching: Geology, v. 22, no. 12, p. 1144-1146, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<1144:ARBBPI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1144","endPage":"1146","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224789,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eda8e4b0c8380cd49924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watterson, J.R.","contributorId":102890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watterson","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017324,"text":"70017324 - 1994 - Palynology, paleoclimatology and correlation of middle Miocene beds from Porcupine River (locality 90-1), Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:38:17","indexId":"70017324","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Palynology, paleoclimatology and correlation of middle Miocene beds from Porcupine River (locality 90-1), Alaska","docAbstract":"Beds in the Upper Ramparts Canyon of the Porcupine River, Alaska (67?? 20' N, 141?? 20' W), yielded a flora rich in pollen of hardwood genera now found in the temperate climates of North America and Asia. The beds are overlain or enclosed by two basalt flows which were dated to 15.2 ?? 0.1 Ma by the  40Ar 39Ar method, fixing the period of the greatest abundance of warm-loving genera to the early part of the middle Miocene. The assemblage is the most northern middle Miocene flora known in Alaska. Organic bed 1 underlies the basalt and is older than 15.2 Ma, but is of early to middle Miocene age. The pollen assemblage from organic bed 1 is dominated by conifer pollen from the pine and redwood-cypress-yew families with rare occurrences of temperate hardwoods. Organic bed 2 is a forest floor containing redwood trees in life position, engulfed by the lowest basalt flow. A pine log has growth rings up to 1 cm thick. Organic beds 3 and 4 comprise lacustrine sediment and peat between the two basalt flows. Their palynoflora contain conifers and hardwood genera, of which about 40% have modern temperate climatic affinities. Hickory, katsura, walnut, sweet gum, wingnut, basswood and elm pollen are consistently present, and beech and oak alone make up about 20% of the pollen assemblage. A warm high latitude climate is indicated for all of the organic beds, but organic bed 3 was deposited under a time of peak warmth. Climate data derived by comparison with modern east Asian vegetation suggest that, at the time of deposition of organic bed 3, the Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) was ca. 9??C, the Warm Month Mean Temperature (WMMT) was ??? 20??C and the Cold Month Mean Temperature (CMMT) was ca. -2??C. In contrast, the modern MAT for the region is -8.6??C, WMMT is 12.6??C and CMMT is -28??C. Organic beds 3 and 4 correlate to rocks of the middle Miocene-late Seldovian Stage of Cook Inlet and also probably correlate to, and more precisely date, the lower third of the Suntrana Formation in the Alaska Range, beds at Unalaklect, part of the upper Mackenzie Bay sequence in the Beaufort-Mackenzie basin, and the Mary Sachs gravel of Banks Island. This suggests that forests with significant percentages of temperate deciduous angiosperms existed between latitudes 60?? and 72??N during the early middle Miocene. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90006-X","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"White, J.M., and Ager, T.A., 1994, Palynology, paleoclimatology and correlation of middle Miocene beds from Porcupine River (locality 90-1), Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, no. C, p. 43-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90006-X.","startPage":"43","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270055,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90006-X"}],"volume":"22-23","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74a7e4b0c8380cd7775a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J. M.","contributorId":40268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017618,"text":"70017618 - 1994 - Calculation of 230ThU isochrons, ages, and errors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:49:46.648613","indexId":"70017618","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Calculation of <sup>230</sup>ThU isochrons, ages, and errors","title":"Calculation of 230ThU isochrons, ages, and errors","docAbstract":"<p><span>If analytical errors are responsible for the scatter of points on a&nbsp;</span><sup>230</sup><span>Th-</span><sup>234</sup><span>U-</span><sup>238</sup><span>U isochron diagram, the isochron should be fitted by a technique that</span><span class=\"list-label\">1.</span>&nbsp;weights the points according to their analytical errors and error correlations, and</p><ul class=\"list\"><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">2. </span>either takes into account the presence of some of the same data in two coupled&nbsp;<i>XY</i>&nbsp;isochrons or (equivalently) uses a single, three-dimensional&nbsp;<i>XYZ</i>&nbsp;isochron.</li></ul><p><span>A method based on maximum-likelihood estimation is presented that fulfills these requirements, and the relevant equations for errors in age and initial </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>234</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>234</sup>U<sup>238</sup>U</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;are given. Equations for estimating the necessary isotope-ratio errors and error-correlations for both alpha-spectrometric and mass-spectrometric data are also developed.</span><br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90229-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., and Titterington, D., 1994, Calculation of 230ThU isochrons, ages, and errors: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 22, p. 5031-5042, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90229-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5031","endPage":"5042","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2fee4b0c8380cd4b52f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Titterington, D.M.","contributorId":19318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titterington","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":54906,"text":"wdrOK931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T17:10:32.663106","indexId":"wdrOK931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>Volumes 1 and 2 of the water resources data for the 1993 water year for Oklahoma consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes or reservoirs; and water levels of ground-water wells. This report contains discharge records for 135 gaging stations; stage and contents for 30 lakes or reservoirs; water quality for 58 gaging stations; 23 partial-record or miscellaneous streamflow stations and 28 ground-water sites. Also included are lists of discontinued surface-water discharge and water-quality sites. Volume 3 contains statewide miscellaneous water-quality data. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Oklahoma.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Oklahoma and with other agencies","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK931","usgsCitation":"Blazs, R., Walters, D., Coffey, T., White, D., Boyle, D., and Kerestes, J., 1994, Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1993: Volume 1. Arkansas River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OK-93-1, xxvi, 526 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOK931.","productDescription":"xxvi, 526 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ok-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":497338,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ok-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Arkansas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.944611,33.949217],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.979818,33.941588],[-96.981031,33.94916],[-96.979347,33.95513],[-96.981337,33.956378],[-96.987892,33.954671],[-96.994288,33.949206],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.995023,33.932035],[-96.984939,33.904866],[-96.983971,33.892083],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-97.041245,33.837761],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.057554,33.840133],[-97.058623,33.837728],[-97.055148,33.825701],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-97.095236,33.794136],[-97.085218,33.765512],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.097154,33.727809],[-97.108936,33.720294],[-97.121102,33.717174],[-97.13753,33.718664],[-97.149394,33.721967],[-97.16281,33.729118],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.187792,33.769702],[-97.190397,33.781153],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.204995,33.81887],[-97.1997,33.827322],[-97.195831,33.830803],[-97.18137,33.831375],[-97.171627,33.835335],[-97.166824,33.840395],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.185458,33.9007],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.226522,33.914642],[-97.244946,33.903092],[-97.249209,33.875101],[-97.255636,33.863698],[-97.271532,33.86256],[-97.279108,33.864555],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.30749,33.878204],[-97.314413,33.866989],[-97.318243,33.865121],[-97.324158,33.866017],[-97.327563,33.873903],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.336524,33.872827],[-97.339392,33.86763],[-97.348338,33.843876],[-97.358513,33.830018],[-97.368744,33.821471],[-97.372941,33.819454],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.444193,33.823773],[-97.453057,33.828536],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.461486,33.84956],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.450954,33.891398],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.486505,33.916994],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.525277,33.911751],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.55827,33.897099],[-97.587441,33.902479],[-97.596289,33.913769],[-97.597115,33.917868],[-97.591514,33.9282],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.609091,33.968093],[-97.633778,33.981257],[-97.65621,33.989488],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.709684,33.954997],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.733723,33.936392],[-97.752957,33.937049],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.759399,33.91882],[-97.765446,33.913532],[-97.772672,33.914382],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.78034,33.904833],[-97.779683,33.899243],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.801578,33.885138],[-97.805423,33.877167],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.896738,33.857985],[-97.936743,33.879204],[-97.951215,33.878424],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.977808,33.889883],[-97.983769,33.8972],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.978804,33.912548],[-97.969873,33.905999],[-97.964461,33.907398],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.952679,33.929482],[-97.953395,33.936445],[-97.954467,33.937774],[-97.971175,33.937129],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.960351,33.951928],[-97.94573,33.989839],[-97.958325,33.990846],[-97.974173,34.006716],[-97.987388,33.999823],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-98.055197,33.995841],[-98.082839,34.002412],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.105482,34.031307],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.098001,34.03824],[-98.096177,34.044625],[-98.114587,34.06228],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.121039,34.081266],[-98.119417,34.084474],[-98.099328,34.104295],[-98.092421,34.116917],[-98.089755,34.128211],[-98.101937,34.14683],[-98.109462,34.154111],[-98.123377,34.15454],[-98.130816,34.150532],[-98.154354,34.122734],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.203711,34.117676],[-98.241013,34.133103],[-98.256467,34.129481],[-98.293901,34.13302],[-98.300209,34.134579],[-98.325445,34.151025],[-98.364023,34.157109],[-98.381238,34.149454],[-98.398441,34.128456],[-98.400967,34.122236],[-98.39816,34.121396],[-98.399777,34.099973],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.419995,34.082488],[-98.42848,34.085523],[-98.440092,34.084311],[-98.443724,34.082152],[-98.449034,34.073462],[-98.475066,34.064269],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.504182,34.072371],[-98.5282,34.094961],[-98.536257,34.107343],[-98.550917,34.119334],[-98.558593,34.128254],[-98.560191,34.133202],[-98.572451,34.145091],[-98.599789,34.160571],[-98.616733,34.156418],[-98.643223,34.164531],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.717537,34.13645],[-98.734287,34.135758],[-98.741966,34.12553],[-98.757037,34.124633],[-98.759653,34.126912],[-98.760558,34.132388],[-98.76557,34.136376],[-98.792015,34.143736],[-98.80681,34.155901],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.831115,34.162154],[-98.855585,34.161621],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.860125,34.149913],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.874872,34.155657],[-98.871211,34.163012],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.918333,34.181831],[-98.94022,34.203686],[-98.952358,34.212579],[-98.960791,34.21303],[-98.96247,34.204668],[-98.966302,34.201323],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.981364,34.217583],[-98.987294,34.221223],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-99.000761,34.217643],[-99.003433,34.214466],[-99.002916,34.208782],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-99.036273,34.206912],[-99.043471,34.198208],[-99.058084,34.200569],[-99.060344,34.204761],[-99.066465,34.208404],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.092191,34.209316],[-99.108758,34.203401],[-99.119204,34.201747],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.131885,34.207382],[-99.126614,34.215329],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.13822,34.219159],[-99.143985,34.214763],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.192683,34.218825],[-99.190146,34.22966],[-99.197153,34.244298],[-99.196926,34.260929],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.195605,34.280839],[-99.207561,34.283505],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.213476,34.310672],[-99.209724,34.324935],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.217335,34.34152],[-99.226153,34.339726],[-99.232606,34.34238],[-99.237233,34.362717],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.248969,34.375984],[-99.254722,34.372405],[-99.258696,34.372634],[-99.274926,34.384904],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.264508,34.388085],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.261321,34.403499],[-99.294648,34.415373],[-99.308274,34.410014],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.334037,34.427536],[-99.356713,34.442144],[-99.354672,34.451857],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.36961,34.458699],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.396902,34.418688],[-99.393919,34.415274],[-99.391492,34.405631],[-99.397253,34.377871],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.408848,34.372776],[-99.420432,34.380464],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.44076,34.374123],[-99.452648,34.388252],[-99.470969,34.396471],[-99.487219,34.397955],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.51428,34.414035],[-99.529786,34.411452],[-99.549242,34.412715],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.58006,34.416653],[-99.58448,34.407673],[-99.585442,34.388914],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.624197,34.373577],[-99.649662,34.379885],[-99.659362,34.37439],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.678283,34.379799],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.712682,34.390928],[-99.715089,34.400754],[-99.720259,34.406295],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.767234,34.430502],[-99.765599,34.437488],[-99.775743,34.444225],[-99.782986,34.444364],[-99.793684,34.453894],[-99.814313,34.476204],[-99.818739,34.484976],[-99.818186,34.48784],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.853066,34.511593],[-99.868953,34.527615],[-99.874403,34.537095],[-99.887147,34.549047],[-99.915771,34.565975],[-99.921801,34.570253],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.94572,34.579273],[-99.954567,34.578195],[-99.958898,34.571271],[-99.971555,34.562179],[-99.985833,34.560079],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-100.000406,36.499702],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-102.986976,36.998524],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-99.648652,36.999604],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-95.049499,36.99958],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.571806,36.213748],[-94.522634,35.934892],[-94.431215,35.39429],[-94.433915,35.387391],[-94.431515,35.369591],[-94.437774,35.239271],[-94.45753,34.642961],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.487514,33.628939],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.526291,33.619203],[-94.528928,33.62184],[-94.529221,33.634437],[-94.533322,33.63766],[-94.549142,33.635902],[-94.552658,33.638246],[-94.552072,33.65348],[-94.557052,33.656702],[-94.570821,33.654945],[-94.572286,33.656995],[-94.569357,33.663441],[-94.569943,33.66637],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.586641,33.678968],[-94.596895,33.671351],[-94.603047,33.671351],[-94.607442,33.67223],[-94.621211,33.681018],[-94.627656,33.677796],[-94.635273,33.669886],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.648457,33.673401],[-94.648457,33.684534],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.707858,33.686876],[-94.710088,33.68815],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.709451,33.699617],[-94.711043,33.705669],[-94.719006,33.708217],[-94.724102,33.705669],[-94.728243,33.699617],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.737161,33.704713],[-94.739072,33.710128],[-94.73748,33.716179],[-94.739391,33.72255],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.759139,33.729557],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.767739,33.73752],[-94.766465,33.750897],[-94.770924,33.754401],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.789716,33.74612],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.812012,33.751853],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.824753,33.749305],[-94.826027,33.74389],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.849296,33.739585],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.87708,33.75222],[-94.876033,33.760771],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.886226,33.764594],[-94.902276,33.776289],[-94.911427,33.778383],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.916834,33.804617],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.924518,33.812792],[-94.9358,33.810339],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.949533,33.825708],[-94.957676,33.835004],[-94.964401,33.837021],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.973411,33.861731],[-94.98165,33.852284],[-94.988487,33.851],[-94.992671,33.852455],[-95.000223,33.862505],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-95.022325,33.859813],[-95.046568,33.862565],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.07126,33.901597],[-95.078905,33.898377],[-95.084002,33.89328],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.095002,33.904816],[-95.10077,33.912193],[-95.103318,33.913669],[-95.110964,33.912998],[-95.119951,33.915815],[-95.122365,33.918632],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.131056,33.936925],[-95.161109,33.937598],[-95.184075,33.950353],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.230491,33.960764],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.250737,33.917083],[-95.253095,33.905444],[-95.26385,33.899256],[-95.272542,33.902055],[-95.277846,33.900877],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.294789,33.875388],[-95.325572,33.885704],[-95.333452,33.886286],[-95.334854,33.876831],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.407795,33.866308],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.463346,33.872313],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464925,33.886709],[-95.469962,33.886105],[-95.478575,33.879301],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.502304,33.874742],[-95.506085,33.87639],[-95.506234,33.886306],[-95.510063,33.890135],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.533283,33.881162],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.552085,33.888422],[-95.549145,33.90795],[-95.559414,33.930179],[-95.563424,33.932193],[-95.585945,33.93448],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.603657,33.927195],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.647273,33.905976],[-95.659818,33.909092],[-95.665338,33.908132],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.684831,33.890232],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.71354,33.885124],[-95.728449,33.893704],[-95.737508,33.895967],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.756367,33.892625],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.762559,33.874367],[-95.757458,33.867957],[-95.753513,33.856464],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.772067,33.843817],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.789867,33.857686],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.820596,33.858465],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.818976,33.844456],[-95.820784,33.840564],[-95.828245,33.836054],[-95.837516,33.83564],[-95.859469,33.852456],[-95.881292,33.860627],[-95.915961,33.881148],[-95.935198,33.887101],[-95.937202,33.884652],[-95.935308,33.878724],[-95.936631,33.870615],[-95.941267,33.861619],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.972156,33.856371],[-95.980966,33.859307],[-95.984254,33.864403],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.996748,33.864403],[-95.998351,33.851049],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-96.022065,33.843196],[-96.022229,33.850923],[-96.029463,33.852402],[-96.037191,33.841245],[-96.048834,33.836468],[-96.084626,33.846656],[-96.100095,33.847971],[-96.101473,33.846709],[-96.097638,33.837935],[-96.097448,33.832725],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.109993,33.832396],[-96.122951,33.839964],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.148792,33.819197],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.164217,33.817001],[-96.17589,33.814627],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.17515,33.801951],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.169452,33.770131],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.1999,33.752117],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.229023,33.748021],[-96.269896,33.768405],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.292482,33.766419],[-96.303009,33.750878],[-96.307389,33.735005],[-96.307035,33.719987],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.321103,33.6951],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.355946,33.687155],[-96.362198,33.691818],[-96.363253,33.70105],[-96.36959,33.716809],[-96.408469,33.751192],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.436455,33.78005],[-96.448045,33.781031],[-96.459154,33.775232],[-96.500268,33.772583],[-96.511914,33.781478],[-96.515912,33.787795],[-96.516584,33.803168],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.532865,33.823005],[-96.551223,33.819129],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.592926,33.830916],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.62929,33.845488],[-96.628969,33.852407],[-96.61197,33.869016],[-96.597348,33.875101],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.58536,33.888948],[-96.587934,33.894784],[-96.628294,33.894477],[-96.659896,33.916666],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.673449,33.912278],[-96.680947,33.896204],[-96.683464,33.884217],[-96.682209,33.873876],[-96.684727,33.862905],[-96.690708,33.849959],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.712422,33.831633],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.766235,33.825458],[-96.770676,33.829621],[-96.776766,33.841976],[-96.780569,33.860098],[-96.783485,33.863534],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.839778,33.868396],[-96.841592,33.852894],[-96.845896,33.848975],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.866438,33.853149],[-96.88301,33.868019],[-96.895728,33.896414],[-96.899442,33.933728],[-96.907387,33.950025],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.922114,33.959579],[-96.944611,33.949217]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oklahoma\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blazs, R.L.","contributorId":27067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazs","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walters, D.M.","contributorId":41507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coffey, T.E.","contributorId":51368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coffey","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, D.K.","contributorId":30279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boyle, D.L.","contributorId":55505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kerestes, J.F.","contributorId":19219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerestes","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1014632,"text":"1014632 - 1994 - Quantitative comparison of the stress response of striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:29","indexId":"1014632","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":734,"text":"American Journal of Veterinary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative comparison of the stress response of striped bass","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Veterinary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"94-120/AE","usgsCitation":"Noga, E., Kerby, J., King, W., Aucoin, D., and Giesbrecht, F., 1994, Quantitative comparison of the stress response of striped bass: American Journal of Veterinary Research, v. 55, no. 3, p. 405-409.","productDescription":"p. 405-409","startPage":"405","endPage":"409","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a86e4b07f02db64dba9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noga, E.J.","contributorId":25900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noga","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerby, J.H.","contributorId":71500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerby","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King, W.","contributorId":78693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aucoin, D.P.","contributorId":61783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucoin","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Giesbrecht, F.","contributorId":93862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesbrecht","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017779,"text":"70017779 - 1994 - Plumboan crichtonite: from the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2749,"text":"Mineralogical Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plumboan crichtonite: from the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil","docAbstract":"Senaite, Pb(Ti,Fe,Mn)21O38, a member of the crichtonite group, was first described from alluvial gravels near Dattas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was subsequently reported (always from alluvial stream gravels) from about seven additional localities. \"Senaite' from the first in situ source in Brazil, at the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil was described by Cassedanne (1988). Approximately 20 crystals of \"senaite' from the Fazenda Guariba were examined chemically and all were found to be plumboan crichtonite rather than senaite. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00264628","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Chaves, M., and Lichte, F., 1994, Plumboan crichtonite: from the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mineralogical Record, v. 25, no. 2, p. 133-135.","startPage":"133","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c93e4b0c8380cd79a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaves, M.L.D.S.C.","contributorId":30386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaves","given":"M.L.D.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017780,"text":"70017780 - 1994 - Contraction scour at a bridge over the Iowa River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T13:11:54","indexId":"70017780","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Contraction scour at a bridge over the Iowa River","docAbstract":"<p>Flooding of the Iowa River during July and August 1993 caused extensive contraction scour at the State Highway 99 bridge over the Iowa River at Wapello, Iowa. At least 3.3 m of piling under the footing of the second pier from the right (west) abutment were exposed. The scoured streambed did not fill in again after the flood receded, and a bathymetric survey in November 1993 showed that the streambed had been scoured for a distance of about 500 m upstream from the bridge. The bridge was closed to traffic, first because of water over the roadway when a levee failed, and then remained closed because of the exposed piling. The bridge subsequently was reopened to traffic with a weight limit of 13.6 tons.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Fischer, E.E., 1994, Contraction scour at a bridge over the Iowa River, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 31-35.","startPage":"31","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.24523162841797,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.24523162841797,\n              41.235478485093836\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.11442565917969,\n              41.235478485093836\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.11442565917969,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.24523162841797,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa77e4b0c8380cd4daeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward","email":"edf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017098,"text":"70017098 - 1994 - Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:26:50.011743","indexId":"70017098","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field is composed of altered oceanic crust and extinct hydrothermal vents within the eastern Galapagos Rift between 85°49′W and 85°55′W. The discharge zone of the hydrothermal system is revealed along scarps, thus providing an opportunity to examine the uppermost mineralized, and highly altered interior parts of the crust. Altered rocks collected in situ by the submersible ALVIN show complex concentric alteration zones. Microsamples of individual zones have been analysed for major/minor, trace elements, and strontium isotopes in order to describe the complex compositional details of the hydrothermal alteration. Interlayered chlorite-smectite and chlorite with disequilibrium compositions dominate the secondary mineralogy as replacement phases of primary glass and acicular pyroxene. Phenocrysts and matrix grains of plagioclase are unaffected during alteration. Using a modification of the Gresens' equation we demonstrate that the trivalent rare earth elements (REEs) are relatively immobile, and calculate degrees of enrichment and depletion in other elements. Strontium isotopic ratios increase as Sr concentrations decrease from least-altered cores to most-altered rims and cross-cutting veins in individual samples, and can be modeled by open system behaviour under low fluid-rock ratio (&lt; 10) conditions following a period of lower-temperature weathering of volcanics within the rift zone. The complex patterns of element enrichment and depletion and strontium isotope variations indicate mixing between pristine seawater and ascending hot fluids to produce a compositional spectrum of fluids. The precipitation of base-metal sulfides beneath the seafloor is probably a result of fluid mixing and cooling. If, as suggested here, the discharge zone alteration occurred under relatively low fluid-rock ratios, then this shallow region must play an important role in determining the exit composition of vent fluids in marine hydrothermal systems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ridley, W., Perfit, M., Josnasson, I., and Smith, M., 1994, Hydrothermal alteration in oceanic ridge volcanics: A detailed study at the Galapagos Fossil Hydrothermal Field: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 11, p. 2477-2494, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"2477","endPage":"2494","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224722,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"East Galapagos Rift System, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.22507378681544,\n              -0.41069607894273474\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.53572534966513,\n              -0.41069607894273474\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.53572534966513,\n              4.027757580793278\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.22507378681544,\n              4.027757580793278\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.22507378681544,\n              -0.41069607894273474\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3794e4b0c8380cd60fb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridley, W.I.","contributorId":72122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perfit, M.R.","contributorId":45467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfit","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Josnasson, I.R.","contributorId":25712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josnasson","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, M.F.","contributorId":73343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017310,"text":"70017310 - 1994 - Width adjustment: relative dominance in unstable alluvial streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017310","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Width adjustment: relative dominance in unstable alluvial streams","docAbstract":"The mechanisms that control the relative dominance of width adjustment in unstable streams are described. Specifically, the role of the following factors affecting the fluvial environment were investigated: vertical processes and fluvial action, bed-material particle, cohesive strength of bank material, and riparian vegetation.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Simon, A., 1994, Width adjustment: relative dominance in unstable alluvial streams, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 974-978.","startPage":"974","endPage":"978","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd0b9e4b08c986b32f019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, Andrew","contributorId":78334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017099,"text":"70017099 - 1994 - Mineral-resources information-A customer-oriented approach - A discussion of the multiple benefits to providers and consumers of mineral-resources information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70017099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral-resources information-A customer-oriented approach - A discussion of the multiple benefits to providers and consumers of mineral-resources information","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02286433","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Sherlock, M., 1994, Mineral-resources information-A customer-oriented approach - A discussion of the multiple benefits to providers and consumers of mineral-resources information: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 3, no. 2, p. 85-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02286433.","startPage":"85","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205538,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286433"},{"id":224723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a6de4b0c8380cd6ee98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherlock, M.G.","contributorId":59514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherlock","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017962,"text":"70017962 - 1994 - Frequency of the 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T11:56:08","indexId":"70017962","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Frequency of the 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>The frequency of the 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin is characterized by applying Bulletin 17B and L-moment methods to 111 unregulated watersheds in the basin. The analysis indicated that the 1993 flood was primarily a 10- to 50-year event on unregulated watersheds less than about 50,000 square kilometers. Of the 111 stations analyzed, the L-moment and Bulletin 17B methods were used to identify 24 and 30 stations, respectively, that had recurrence intervals greater than 50 years, and 13 and 16 stations, respectively, that had recurrence intervals greater than 100 years for the 1993 flood. Because the magnitude and duration of precipitation was substantial over a major part of the basin, the 1993 flood was greater than a 100-year event on the larger watersheds such as the Missouri River downstream from Rulo, Nebraska, and a reach of the Mississippi River from Keokuk, Iowa, to St. Louis, Missouri.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Thomas, W., and Eash, D.A., 1994, Frequency of the 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River Basin, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 16-20.","startPage":"16","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13d2e4b0c8380cd547bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017301,"text":"70017301 - 1994 - Cretaceous pollen in Pliocene rocks: Implications for Pliocene climate in the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T12:23:48.742578","indexId":"70017301","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous pollen in Pliocene rocks: Implications for Pliocene climate in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15575976\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Pliocene rocks of the Imperial and Palm Spring Formations in southern California contain reworked Cretaceous pollen that helps determine the timing of erosion of Cretaceous rocks on the Colorado Plateau. The stratigraphic distribution of reworked pollen in the Imperial and Palm Spring Formations suggests that erosion of Cretaceous rocks in the southern part of the Colorado Plateau began by 4.5 Ma. Erosion of Cretaceous rocks in the northern part of the plateau began at 3.9 Ma. This erosional history indicates that rapid and extensive erosion of the Colorado Plateau occurred during the Pliocene and supports the hypothesis that much of the Grand Canyon was cut during the Pliocene, rather than earlier in the Tertiary. Rapid erosion and transport from the Colorado Plateau require the climate in that region during the Pliocene to have been significantly wetter than it is today.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0787:CPIPRI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Fleming, R., 1994, Cretaceous pollen in Pliocene rocks: Implications for Pliocene climate in the southwestern United States: Geology, v. 22, no. 9, p. 787-790, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0787:CPIPRI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"787","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224974,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcade4b0c8380cd4e395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleming, R.F.","contributorId":31918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017200,"text":"70017200 - 1994 - Measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained glacial tills in Iowa: Comparison of in situ and laboratory methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained glacial tills in Iowa: Comparison of in situ and laboratory methods","docAbstract":"Nested-standpipe and vibrating-wire piezometers were installed in Pre-Illinoian Wolf Creek and Albernett formations at the Eastern Iowa Till Hydrology Site located in Linn County, Iowa. These surficial deposits are composed of fine-grained glacial diamicton (till) with occasional discontinuous lenses of sand and silt. They overlie the Silurian (dolomite) aquifer which provides private, public, and municipal drinking water supplies in the region. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Wolf Creek Formation was investigated in a sub-area of the Eastern Iowa Till Hydrology Site. Calculations of saturated hydraulic conductivity were based on laboratoryflexible-wall permeameter tests, bailer tests, and pumping test data. Results show that bulk hydraulic conductivity increases by several orders of magnitude as the tested volume of till increases. Increasing values of saturated hydraulic conductivity at larger spatial scales conceptually support a double-porosity flow model for this till.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of tbe Symposium on Hydraulic Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport in Soil","conferenceDate":"21 January 1993 through 22 January 1993","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Bruner, D.R., and Lutenegger, A.J., 1994, Measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained glacial tills in Iowa: Comparison of in situ and laboratory methods, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1142, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21 January 1993 through 22 January 1993, p. 255-265.","startPage":"255","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5313e4b0c8380cd6c869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bruner, D. Roger","contributorId":21697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruner","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Roger","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lutenegger, Alan J.","contributorId":8230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutenegger","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017043,"text":"70017043 - 1994 - Organic solute changes with acidification in Lake Skjervatjern as shown by 1H-NMR spectroscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70017043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Organic solute changes with acidification in Lake Skjervatjern as shown by 1H-NMR spectroscopy","docAbstract":"1H-NMR spectroscopy has been found to be a useful tool to establish possible real differences and trends between all natural organic solute fractions (fulvic acids, humic acids, and XAD-4 acids) after acid-rain additions to the Lake Skjervatjern watershed. The proton NMR technique used in this study determined the spectral distribution of nonexchangeable protons among four peaks (aliphatic protons; aliphatic protons on carbon ?? or attached to electronegative groups; protons on carbons attached to O or N heteroatoms; and aromatic protons). Differences of 10% or more in the respective peak areas were considered to represent a real difference. After one year of acidification, fulvic acids decreased 13% (relative) in Peak 3 protons on carbon attached to N and O heteratoms and exhibited a decrease in aromatic protons between 27% and 31%. Humic acids also exhibited an 11% relative decrease in aromatic protons as a result of acidification. After one year of acidification, real changes were shown in three of the four proton assignments in XAD-4 acids. Peak 1 aliphatic protons increased by 14% (relative), Peak 3 protons on carbons attached to O and N heteroatoms decreased by 13% (relative), and aromatic protons (Peak 4) decreased by 35% (relative). Upon acidification, there was a trend in all solutes for aromatic protons to decrease and aliphatic protons to increase. The natural variation in organic solutes as shown in the Control Side B of the lake from 1990 to 1991 is perhaps a small limitation to the same data interpretations of acid rain changes at the Lake Skjervatjern site, but the proton NMR technique shows great promise as an independent scientific tool to detect and support other chemical techniques in establishing organic solute changes with different treatments (i.e., additions of acid rain).","largerWorkTitle":"Environment International","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0160-4120(94)90113-9","issn":"01604120","usgsCitation":"Malcolm, R., and Hayes, T., 1994, Organic solute changes with acidification in Lake Skjervatjern as shown by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, <i>in</i> Environment International, v. 20, no. 3, p. 299-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)90113-9.","startPage":"299","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":499880,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/8ddb79299e024edaa5be367f38da44d3","text":"External Repository"},{"id":205611,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)90113-9"},{"id":225198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fdce4b0c8380cd75ceb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, T.","contributorId":31920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70016985,"text":"70016985 - 1994 - Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T13:11:31","indexId":"70016985","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>Baseline element concentrations are given for Spanish moss (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Tillandsia usneoides</i>), loblolly pine (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Pinus taeda</i>), and associated soils. Baseline and variability data for ash, Al, Ba, C, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sc, Sr, Th, Ti, V, Y, and Zn are reported; however, not all variables are reported for all media because, in some media, certain elements were below the analytical detection limit. Spatial variation in element concentration among and within 0.5 km grid cells are given for each of the media. In general, only a few elements in Spanish moss showed statistically significant landscape patterns, whereas several elements in loblolly pine and in soils exhibited differences among sampling grids. Significant differences in the concentration of three elements in Spanish moss and eight elements (including total S) in loblolly pine were observed between two sampling dates (November and June); however, the absolute amount of these differences was small. Except for perhaps Ni and Pb concentrations in Spanish moss, element levels in all sample media exhibited ranges that indicate natural rather than anthropogenic additions of trace elements.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01257145","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., Severson, R.C., and Jackson, L.L., 1994, Baseline element concentrations in soils and plants, Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, U.S.A.: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 74, no. 1-2, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01257145.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.6728515625,\n              32.91072102090145\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6731948852539,\n              32.90265033334125\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.66598510742188,\n              32.89861471370727\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.66461181640625,\n              32.89169608080795\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.65774536132812,\n              32.88247039641697\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.65225219726562,\n              32.87439713468237\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.64126586914062,\n              32.87555050280593\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.63027954101562,\n              32.88477690756445\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.61654663085938,\n              32.89111950367499\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60418701171874,\n              32.894578910186176\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.59251403808594,\n              32.89919124205649\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57740783691406,\n              32.90322683541996\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57328796386717,\n              32.91187391621322\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57054138183594,\n              32.92167292013293\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.56985473632812,\n              32.929741873422735\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57054138183594,\n              32.93550496093696\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57809448242188,\n              32.9372338139709\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.58324432373047,\n              32.93435237347276\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.58667755126953,\n              32.931758996763335\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5901107788086,\n              32.92916554402031\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.59972381591797,\n              32.927724704087936\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60693359375,\n              32.92830104287682\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60865020751953,\n              32.93262346411481\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.61345672607422,\n              32.94011516059235\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.61517333984375,\n              32.944437004496464\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.61380004882812,\n              32.95250388123841\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.61139678955078,\n              32.95740126867363\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60624694824219,\n              32.963162553495565\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60212707519531,\n              32.967771310880366\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60315704345703,\n              32.97295587553774\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.60075378417969,\n              32.976700094080186\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.595947265625,\n              32.978716146003336\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5904541015625,\n              32.98246012031218\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.58049774169922,\n              32.99397904542699\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.58049774169922,\n              33.001465540593436\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57775115966797,\n              33.0054964671851\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.57054138183594,\n              33.01067881643441\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5626449584961,\n              33.01442143484888\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.55474853515625,\n              33.01873964333289\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.54925537109375,\n              33.02190619514111\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.54307556152344,\n              33.02392121434452\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.52831268310547,\n              33.02996599557875\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.52934265136719,\n              33.03370779524476\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5241928100586,\n              33.0354347261164\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5193862915039,\n              33.03341997014214\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.5132064819336,\n              33.03198083052669\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.50668334960938,\n              33.02795111456477\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.50599670410156,\n              33.02334549927223\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.50908660888672,\n              33.017588141749016\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.50531005859375,\n              33.01413354676395\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.50050354003906,\n              33.01183040824874\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.49432373046875,\n              33.01470932199391\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.49054718017578,\n              33.010390916131215\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.48677062988281,\n              33.008951400517745\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.48230743408203,\n              33.00664812666593\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.46788787841797,\n              33.005784383464956\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.45758819580078,\n              33.00664812666593\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.44488525390625,\n              33.01067881643441\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.43595886230469,\n              33.01125461422127\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.4260025024414,\n              33.01125461422127\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.41570281982422,\n              33.01010301488819\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.38720703125,\n              33.005208549965474\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.37931060791016,\n              33.00607229880507\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.36729431152344,\n              33.006936039186705\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.35218811035156,\n              33.00952720958259\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.35287475585938,\n              33.01873964333289\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.33639526367188,\n              33.04752229444311\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.33330535888672,\n              33.05989594347124\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.33330535888672,\n              33.06939082025919\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.32987213134766,\n              33.07859699518518\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.30171966552734,\n              33.10160821728176\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.28901672363281,\n              33.105922150909976\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.27631378173828,\n              33.111098591718346\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2279052734375,\n              33.128351191631566\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21142578125,\n              33.142150831105354\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.20181274414062,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.18670654296875,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.17572021484374,\n              33.191581718061634\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.17572021484374,\n              33.20422235093439\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1949462890625,\n              33.216861158847486\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.19769287109375,\n              33.24098472320831\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21142578125,\n              33.25132135653952\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.24026489257812,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.28146362304688,\n              33.22030778968541\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.32540893554688,\n              33.173192085918075\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.36935424804688,\n              33.14100094401691\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.41604614257812,\n              33.101895819445275\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.48333740234375,\n              33.06737684108429\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.56436157226562,\n              33.04090311724091\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.62203979492188,\n              32.987931797174426\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6563720703125,\n              32.93953889877841\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.661865234375,\n              32.91936736975363\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6728515625,\n              32.91072102090145\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efd8e4b0c8380cd4a4a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, L. L.","contributorId":39366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21416,"text":"ofr94284 - 1994 - HPGLUTIL, a computer program for processing Hewlett-Packard graphics language (HPGL) files and registering plots to basemaps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:24:20","indexId":"ofr94284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-284","title":"HPGLUTIL, a computer program for processing Hewlett-Packard graphics language (HPGL) files and registering plots to basemaps","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94284","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Williams, V.S., and Selner, G., 1994, HPGLUTIL, a computer program for processing Hewlett-Packard graphics language (HPGL) files and registering plots to basemaps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-284, 18 p. 1 computer disk ;(3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94284.","productDescription":"18 p. 1 computer disk ;(3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1154,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0284/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50987,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277713,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0284/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649eb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, V. S.","contributorId":8876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selner, G.I.","contributorId":13229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selner","given":"G.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017566,"text":"70017566 - 1994 - Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:11:20.118568","indexId":"70017566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","docAbstract":"Marine magnetic and gravity data from the northeast Japan forearc offer insight to the subsurface structure, density and magnetization from which geologic interpretations and tectonic reconstructions can be made. Positive marine magnetic anomalies, on-land geology, drill hole data, and 2-1/2-dimensional models reveal that Kitakami plutons and possibly their associated volcanic rocks constitute part of the modern forearc basement and lie 100-150 km further east than previously thought. A method to create magnetization and density contrast maps was employed to produce a three-dimensional picture of the forearc basement rock properties averaged over a 14-km thickness. -Author","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.5636/jgg.46.423","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1994, Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 46, no. 6, p. 423-441, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"441","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479362,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b65e4b0c8380cd694f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20312,"text":"ofr94103 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Preliminary Results: Agricultural Chemicals in the Suwannee River Basin, Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain Study Unit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:57:58","indexId":"ofr94103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-103","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Preliminary Results: Agricultural Chemicals in the Suwannee River Basin, Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain Study Unit","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94103","usgsCitation":"Oaksford, E.T., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment Program - Preliminary Results: Agricultural Chemicals in the Suwannee River Basin, Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain Study Unit: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-103, 1 sheet :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94103.","productDescription":"1 sheet :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1131,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr94-103/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain Study Unit, Suwannee River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.7210693359375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              30.543338954230222\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0177001953125,\n              30.24957724046765\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.803466796875,\n              30.164126343161097\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.627685546875,\n              29.935895213372444\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.57275390625,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44091796875,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.29809570312499,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2926025390625,\n              30.012030680358613\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.17724609375,\n              30.035811042667792\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              30.050076521698735\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7322998046875,\n              29.893043385434165\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.6224365234375,\n              29.76914573606667\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51806640624999,\n              29.602118211647333\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.397216796875,\n              29.415675471217877\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.2489013671875,\n              29.377388403478992\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1610107421875,\n              29.233683670282787\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0841064453125,\n              29.1281717828162\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8753662109375,\n              29.10897615145302\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              28.945668833650508\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75451660156249,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.694091796875,\n              28.671310915880834\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.694091796875,\n              28.492833128965096\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8094482421875,\n              28.265682390146477\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              28.164032516628076\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.869873046875,\n              27.955591004642553\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8973388671875,\n              27.790491224830877\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7874755859375,\n              27.68352808378776\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75451660156249,\n              27.552111841284695\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.299072265625,\n              27.571590861376308\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2935791015625,\n              27.649472352561876\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              27.848790459862073\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52429199218749,\n              28.105903469076186\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              28.20760859532738\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              28.318888915773826\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5133056640625,\n              28.386567819657213\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.46936035156249,\n              28.44454394857482\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.518798828125,\n              28.647210004919998\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6341552734375,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.771484375,\n              29.065772888415406\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0406494140625,\n              29.439597566602902\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1614990234375,\n              29.807284450222504\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.27685546875,\n              30.107117887092357\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3592529296875,\n              30.5764500266181\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              30.873940237887624\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.32080078125,\n              31.052933985705163\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.23291015625,\n              31.22689446881399\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.19445800781249,\n              31.358327833411312\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.14501953125,\n              31.48020882071693\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.03515625,\n              31.648705289976853\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.958251953125,\n              31.835565983656227\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              31.94750122367064\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.782470703125,\n              32.00341778396365\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8978271484375,\n              32.0732655510424\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.046142578125,\n              32.115148622612445\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1175537109375,\n              32.16166284018013\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.112060546875,\n              32.2546200600072\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0955810546875,\n              32.30570601389429\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.177978515625,\n              32.43097672054704\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              32.47732919639942\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.24938964843749,\n              32.537551746769\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              32.59773394005744\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4031982421875,\n              32.648625783736726\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.39770507812499,\n              32.76880048488168\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4031982421875,\n              32.86574639547474\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.441650390625,\n              32.95797741405952\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4801025390625,\n              33.04550781490999\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5899658203125,\n              33.1329513125159\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73278808593749,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.88110351562499,\n              33.330528249028085\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.06787109374999,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              33.348884792201694\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              33.22949814144951\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.056640625,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.33129882812499,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.507080078125,\n              32.80574473290688\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.82568359375,\n              32.722598604044066\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.66638183593749,\n              32.263910555201306\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7652587890625,\n              32.05464469054932\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8421630859375,\n              31.76086695137955\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.6826171875,\n              30.869225348040825\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.7210693359375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698549","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oaksford, Edward T.","contributorId":82693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017795,"text":"70017795 - 1994 - Origin of phenocrysts and compositional diversity in pre-Mazama rhyodacite lavas, Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-03T15:45:04.531392","indexId":"70017795","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of phenocrysts and compositional diversity in pre-Mazama rhyodacite lavas, Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Phenocrysts in porphyritic volcanic rocks may originate in a variety of ways in addition to nucleation and growth in the matrix in which they are found. Porphyritic rhyodacite lavas that underlie the eastern half of Mount Mazama, the High Cascade andesite/dacite volcano that contains Crater Lake caldera, contain evidence that bears on the general problem of phenocryst origin. Phenocrysts in these lavas apparently formed by crystallization near the margins of a magma chamber and were admixed into convecting magma before eruption. About 20 km3 of pre-Mazama rhyodacite magma erupted during a relatively short period between ~400 and 500 ka; exposed pre-Mazama dacites are older and less voluminous. The rhyodacites formed as many as 40 lava domes and flows that can be assigned to three eruptive groups on the basis of composition and phenocryst content. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/35.1.127","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Nakada, S., Bacon, C., and Gartner, A., 1994, Origin of phenocrysts and compositional diversity in pre-Mazama rhyodacite lavas, Crater Lake, Oregon: Journal of Petrology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 127-162, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/35.1.127.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"162","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.200927734375,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.02239990234375,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.02239990234375,\n              42.99862111927107\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.200927734375,\n              42.99862111927107\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.200927734375,\n              42.89206418807337\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70eae4b0c8380cd76334","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nakada, S.","contributorId":39962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakada","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gartner, A.E.","contributorId":48183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gartner","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017918,"text":"70017918 - 1994 - Basin richness and source rock disruption - a fundamental relationship","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-18T08:26:52","indexId":"70017918","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2418,"text":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin richness and source rock disruption - a fundamental relationship","docAbstract":"Primary petroleum migration (expulsion from source rocks) remains the least understood parameter controlling the genesis of oil deposits. It is hypothesised that source rocks must be physically disrupted before meaningful expulsion can occur. Faulting, with accompanying significant fracturing, would appear to be the optimum naturally-occurring process for physical disruption of source rocks. If these hypotheses are valid, intensity of faulting in deeply-buried HC \"kitchens' containing mature source rocks should strongly correlate with increasing basin richness. This possible relationship is examined in this paper; it is found that there is a strong correlation of increasing basin richness with increasing structural intensity over and adjacent to basin depocentres. This correlation thus supports the hypothesis that physical disruption of mature source rocks is a necessary, and previously unappreciated, controlling parameter for oil expulsion. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1747-5457.1994.tb00112.x","issn":"01416421","usgsCitation":"Price, L., 1994, Basin richness and source rock disruption - a fundamental relationship: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 17, no. 1, p. 5-38, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1994.tb00112.x.","startPage":"5","endPage":"38","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269624,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1994.tb00112.x"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efeee4b0c8380cd4a508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, L.C.","contributorId":48575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017462,"text":"70017462 - 1994 - Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:25:25.230368","indexId":"70017462","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Ozark region of the U.S. midcontinent is host to a number of Mississippi Valley-type districts, including the world-class Viburnum Trend, Old Lead Belt, and Tri-State districts and the smaller Southeast Missouri barite, Northern Arkansas, and Central Missouri districts. There is increasing evidence that the Ozark Mississippi Valley-type districts formed locally within a large, interconnected hydrothermal system that also produced broad fringing areas of trace mineralization, extensive subtle hydrothermal alteration, broad thermal anomalies, and regional deposition of hydrothermal dolomite cement. The fluid drive was provided by gravity flow accompanying uplift of foreland thrust belts during the Late Pennsylvanian to Early Permian Ouaehita orogeny.In this study, we use chemical speciation and reaction path calculations, based on quantitative chemical analyses of fluid inclusions, to constrain likely hydrothermal brine compositions and to determine which precipitation mechanisms are consistent with the hydrothermal mineral assemblages observed regionally and locally within each Mississippi Valley-type district in the Ozark region. Deposition of the regional hydrothermal dolomite cement with trace sulfides likely occurred in response to near-isothermal effervescence of CO&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;from basinal brines as they migrated to shallower crustal levels and lower confining pressures. In contrast, our calculations indicate that no one depositional process can reproduce the mineral assemblages and proportions of minerals observed in each Ozark ore district; rather, individual districts require specific depositional mechanisms that reflect the local host-rock composition, structural setting, and hydrology.Both the Northern Arkansas and Tri-State districts are localized by normal faults that likely allowed brines to rise from deeper Cambrian-Ordovician dolostone aquifers into shallower carbonate sequences dominated by limestones. In the Northern Arkansas district, jasperoid preferentially replaced limestones in the mixed dolostone-limestone sedimentary packages. Modeling results indicate that the ore and alteration assemblages in the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts resulted from the flow of initially dolomite-saturated brines into cooler limestones. Adjacent to fluid conduits where water/rock ratios were the highest, the limestone was replaced by dolomite. As the fluids moved outward into cooler limestone, jasperoid and sulfide replaced limestone. Isothermal boiling of the ore fluids may have produced open-space filling of hydrothermal dolomite with minor sulfides in breccia and fault zones. Local mixing of the regional brine with locally derived sulfur undoubtedly played a role in the development of sulfide-rich ore runs.Sulfide ores of the Central Missouri district are largely open-space filling of sphalerite plus minor galena in dolostone karst features localized along a broad anticline. Hydrothermal solution collapse during ore deposition was a minor process, indicating dolomite was slightly undersaturated during ore deposition. No silicification and only minor hydrothermal dolomite is present in the ore deposits. The reaction path that best explains the features of the Central Missouri sulfide deposits is the near-isothermal mixing of two dolomite-saturated fluids with different H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S and metal contents. Paleokarst features may have allowed the regional brine to rise stratigraphically and mix with locally derived, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluids. The Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores are galena rich with lesser amounts of sphalerite; they replace the most permeable dolostone facies in the Bonneterre Dolomite. Hydrothermal dissolution of host dolostone was concurrent with sulfide deposition, but dolomite deposition occurred episodically between periods of sulfide deposition. The important ore controls in these districts are a variety of sedimentary and geologic features that allowed cross-stratigraphic fluid flow and provided opportunities for fluid mixing. The reaction path which best reproduces the broad features of the Viburnum Trend and Old Lead Belt ores is one in which a dolomite-saturated, lead-rich, zinc- and H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-poor brine mixes with a less saline, H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S-rich fluid. The brine became enriched in K, Mg, and Pb and depleted in H&nbsp;</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;S as it flowed through sandstone and redbed aquifers prior to entering the district. This mixing model is consistent with the abundant fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for fluid mixing in the districts. Small amounts of cooling associated with the mixing may have contributed to sulfide deposition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E., and Viets, J., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, US midcontinent: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 6, p. 1361-1383, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.6.1361.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1361","endPage":"1383","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228512,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              31.661702492806285\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.2462291629069,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.17169017092607,\n              39.06166617237287\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f593e4b0c8380cd4c2c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowan, E. L. 0000-0001-5753-6189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":34921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"E. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70017460,"text":"70017460 - 1994 - Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:20:11.162006","indexId":"70017460","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A field study of surface water and groundwater interactions during baseflow and stormflow conditions was performed at the Reedy Creek watershed in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Three estimates of the average saturated hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i><sub>s</sub>) of the unconfined aquifer were in reasonable agreement (ranging from 0.0033 to 0.010 cm/s), indicating that baseflow in the creek is entirely from the drainage of shallow groundwater from the relatively thin (1–6 m thick) unconfined aquifer. This relatively permeable surficial aquifer was found to be underlain by dark, olive grey, clay-silt and diatomaceous Miocene deposits of low permeability known as the Calvert Formation, which is believed to function as a confining bed in the area.</p><p>A chemical hydrograph separation technique was used to resolve the contributions of [old] (pre-event) and [new] (event) water to stormflow. Results from a major rainstorm indicated that old water dominated the stormflow response of the watershed, although the new water contribution approached 40% at the hydrograph peak. Stormflow at Reedy Creek appears to result from saturation overland flow from variable source areas which include the stream channels and a significant part of the riparian wetland area. This response appears to be attributable to the transient dynamics of the shallow groundwater flow system and to the formation of localized groundwater mounds which raise the water-table to the wetland surface.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080503","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Eshleman, K., and Pollard, J., 1994, Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a Virginia coastal plain watershed. 2. Acid-base chemistry: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 5, p. 411-427, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080503.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc2e4b0c8380cd63001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, A. K.","contributorId":8141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eshleman, K.N.","contributorId":12632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshleman","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollard, J.S.","contributorId":103813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}