Lead (Pb) occurrence and sources and aqueous geochemistry were assessed in private wellhead and tap water at a targeted area of concern for possible exceedances and at a control area in the same geologic formation, and in wells at a nearby landfill in south-central Massachusetts (MA). Total Pb concentrations were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Action Level of 15 μg/L in all samples, and about 6% of unfiltered samples contained Pb concentrations that exceeded 1.0 μg/L. Pb concentrations were higher under conditions that are acidic and oxic (pH ≤ 6.5 and dissolved oxygen [DO] ≥ 2 mg/L), in which minerals that could sequester lead or manganese typically are undersaturated, and adsorption by hydrous ferric oxide is limited. Under more neutral to alkaline conditions, the precipitation of Pb in solid solution series minerals such as (Ca,Pb)CO3 and (Ba,Pb)SO4−2, and adsorption by amorphous ferric hydroxides, could limit Pb solubility in the bedrock aquifer or in the plumbing. The low Pb concentrations and the absence of distinctive Pb and strontium (Sr) isotope ratio patterns in samples indicate that a nearby landfill is not likely a significant Pb source. Dissolved concentrations of Pb, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in tap samples were significantly greater than those in wellhead samples, indicating that some Pb is derived from plumbing. Wellhead or tap samples with the highest Pb concentrations also had the greatest corrosivity potential based on the calcite saturation index and the PPGC (Potential to Promote Galvanic Corrosion) and supports the premise that Pb concentrations in tap samples were derived partly from corrosion of plumbing. Concentrations of other constituents, including arsenic (As), uranium (U), Sr, boron (B), and lithium (Li) were not statistically different between the tap and wellhead samples but, apart from Sr, all were statistically higher in the control area than in the target area. This variation in constituent concentrations suggests geochemical variation within the host Paxton Formation, possibly related to faulting and contact with the Ayer granite east of the control area.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with DeKalb County Department of Watershed Management, established a long-term water-quantity and water-quality monitoring program in 2012 to monitor and analyze the hydrologic and water-quality conditions of 15 watersheds in DeKalb County, Georgia—an urban and suburban area located in north-central Georgia that includes the easternmost part of the City of Atlanta. This report synthesizes the watershed characteristics and monitoring data collected for the first 5 years of the program, 2012 through 2016. The study area was predominantly medium-density residential (43.9 percent), commercial/industrial/institutional (21.4 percent), forest/park/agriculture (13.6 percent), and high-density residential (11.5 percent) land uses. Land-surface slope averaged 8.7 percent, imperviousness averaged 25.3 percent, and population density averaged 2,936 people per square mile. Watershed imperviousness ranged from 8.7 to 36.6 percent.
In the study area for 2014 to 2016 (when streamflow data were available for all watersheds), runoff represented 40.9 percent of precipitation. Hydrograph separations indicated that 43 percent of runoff occurred as base flow, whereas the remainder occurred as stormflow. Higher watershed imperviousness was significantly related to higher amounts of runoff (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient [r] = 0.517), higher runoff ratios (r = 0.646), and lower amounts (r = −0.637) and proportions (r = −0.898) of base-flow runoff. Stormwater best management practices have been implemented in the study watersheds; however, these practices do not appear to fully mitigate the effects of urban development and land use on stream hydrology.
Total copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in base-flow and stormflow samples exceeded the national recommended aquatic life criteria for chronic and acute conditions, respectively, to varying degrees. Escherichia coli density predictive regression models indicated that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Beach Action Value was exceeded at individual watersheds between 44.6 and 100 percent of the time. Exceedance of the Beach Action Value indicates possible unsafe conditions for primary contact recreation and could be used for timely notification of the potential health risks. Annual loads and yields were estimated for 15 constituents. Loads were typically higher for years with higher runoff while variations among watershed yields appear associated with watershed and land use characteristics. The lowest yields for almost all constituents occurred in the Stone Mountain Creek watershed—likely the result of the retention of sediment and reduction of nutrients in Stone Mountain Lake and two smaller downstream reservoirs within the watershed. The Little Stone Mountain Creek watershed also had some of the lowest yields for most constituents, likely due to the lack of many pollutant sources associated with its predominantly medium-density residential land use (95.5 percent), but had the highest total nitrate plus nitrite yields. The Intrenchment Creek watershed consistently had some of the highest yields across all constituents except for total nitrate plus nitrite. The high yields may be related to its high percentage of impervious area (36.0 percent) and high amount of heavily developed land use (high-density residential, 29.9 percent and commercial/industrial/institutional, 26.0 percent). Mean watershed constituent yields in this study were significantly higher than those from a similar analysis of 13 suburban to urban watersheds in adjacent Gwinnett County for 6 of the 10 constituents compared.
This study provides a thorough assessment of watershed characteristics, hydrology, and water-quality conditions of the 15 study watersheds and can be used to identify possible factors that affect runoff and water quality. Watershed managers can use these data and analyses to inform management decisions regarding the designated uses of streams, minimization of flooding, protection of aquatic habitats, and optimization of the effectiveness of best management practices.
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1770 Corporate Drive, Suite 500
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Using diagnostic data and contemporary sampling efforts, we conducted surveillance for a diversity of pathogens, toxicants, and diseases of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Between 1977 and 2019, 26 diagnostic cases were examined from Kansas and throughout the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic, USA. We identified multiple causes of mortality in muskrats, but trauma (8/26), Tyzzer’s disease (5/6), and cysticercosis (5/26) were the most common. We also conducted necropsies, during November 2018—January 2019 Pennsylvania muskrat trapping season, on 380 trapper-harvested muskrat carcasses after the pelt was removed. Tissue samples and exudate were tested for presence of or exposure to a suite of pathogens and contaminants. Gastrointestinal tracts were examined for helminths. Intestinal helminths were present in 39.2% of necropsied muskrats, with Hymenolepis spp. (62%) and echinostome spp. (44%) being the most common Molecular testing identified a low prevalence of infection with Clostridium piliforme in the feces and Sarcocystis spp. in the heart. We detected a low seroprevalence to Toxoplasma gondii (1/380). No muskrats were positive for Francisella tularensis or Babesia spp. Cysticercosis was detected in 20% (5/26) of diagnostic cases and 15% (57/380) of our trapper-harvested muskrats. Toxic concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, or mercury were not detected in tested liver samples. Copper, molybdenum, and zinc concentrations were detected at acceptable levels comparative to previous studies. Parasite intensity and abundance were typical of historic reports; however, younger muskrats had higher intensity of infection than older muskrats which is contradictory to what has been previously reported. A diversity of pathogens and contaminants have been reported from muskrats, but the associated disease impacts are poorly understood. Our data are consistent with historic reports and highlight the wide range of parasites, pathogens and contaminants harbored by muskrats in Pennsylvania. The data collected are a critical component in assessing overall muskrat health and serve as a basis for understanding the impacts of disease on recent muskrat population declines.
","language":"English","publisher":"PLoS","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0260987","usgsCitation":"Ganoe, L., Brown, J., Lovallo, M., Yabsley, M., Garrett, K., Thompson, A., Poppenga, R., Ruder, M., and Walter, W., 2021, Surveillance for diseases, pathogens, and toxicants of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Pennsylvania and surrounding regions: PLoS ONE, v. 16, no. 12, e0260987, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260987.","productDescription":"e0260987, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132458","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":466438,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.85632156110431,\n 42.2858130455985\n ],\n [\n -80.85632156110431,\n 39.57662331387951\n ],\n [\n -74.27817658513136,\n 39.57662331387951\n ],\n [\n -74.27817658513136,\n 42.2858130455985\n ],\n [\n -80.85632156110431,\n 42.2858130455985\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ganoe, Laken S.","contributorId":348374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ganoe","given":"Laken S.","affiliations":[{"id":83355,"text":"Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Justin D.","contributorId":348375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Justin D.","affiliations":[{"id":83356,"text":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovallo, Matthew J.","contributorId":348376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovallo","given":"Matthew J.","affiliations":[{"id":83357,"text":"Bureau of Wildlife Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yabsley, Michael J.","contributorId":348377,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yabsley","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[{"id":39308,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Garrett, Kayla B.","contributorId":348378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garrett","given":"Kayla B.","affiliations":[{"id":81749,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Alec T.","contributorId":348379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Alec T.","affiliations":[{"id":39308,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Poppenga, Robert H.","contributorId":348380,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poppenga","given":"Robert H.","affiliations":[{"id":36526,"text":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ruder, Mark G.","contributorId":348381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruder","given":"Mark G.","affiliations":[{"id":39308,"text":"Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":923417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Walter, W. David 0000-0003-3068-1073","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3068-1073","contributorId":219540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"W. David","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":923409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70226621,"text":"ofr20211078 - 2021 - Quantification of metal loading using tracer dilution and instantaneous synoptic sampling and importance of diel cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T21:16:26.305379","indexId":"ofr20211078","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-01T11:10:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1078","displayTitle":"Quantification of Metal Loading Using Tracer Dilution and Instantaneous Synoptic Sampling and Importance of Diel Cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012","title":"Quantification of metal loading using tracer dilution and instantaneous synoptic sampling and importance of diel cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012","docAbstract":"Leavenworth Creek, a tributary of South Clear Creek and Clear Creek near Georgetown, Colorado, contains copper, lead, and zinc at concentrations close to or in excess of aquatic-life standards. In the summer of 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety, conducted monitoring to (1) quantify the effects of diel cycling and perform synoptic sampling in a way to minimize those effects, (2) separate “point” or distinct single tributaries or sources of load from diffuse load sources along the study reach to aid remediation planning, and (3) quantify metal loading from transmountain diversion of water from Peru Creek through the Vidler Tunnel into Leavenworth Creek. The study included monitoring for diel cycles in June 2012 and diel and synoptic sampling in August 2012 along an approximately 2-kilometer stream reach. Synoptic samples were collected at 26 stream and 35 inflow, tributary, mine waste seep, and mine tunnel sites from August 28 to 30, 2012.
In June 2012, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH showed strong diel signals at two sites in Leavenworth Creek, with temperature and pH having minimum values near dawn and maximum values during the afternoon and dissolved oxygen having maximum values in the early morning and minimum values in late afternoon. Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, and yttrium showed strong diel fluctuations at both sites with minimum concentrations during daytime and maximum concentrations during nighttime. Because of these diel cycles, all stream sites were sampled during synoptic sampling at 1200 hours on August 30, 2012. During synoptic sampling from August 28 to 30, 2012, zinc showed maximum concentrations at nighttime and minimum concentrations at midday and diel variation ranged from 26 to 33 percent.
Inflows from the Wilcox Tunnel and Waldorf seep area were the greatest source of zinc load to the stream (about 45 percent), and a left-bank inflow in the dispersed tailings area was the greatest source of lead (about 45 percent) and manganese (about 25 percent) loads to the stream, and a secondary source for zinc (about 40 percent). Copper load was almost equally divided (about 35 percent) between these two sources. Diffuse loading, likely from left-bank sources, was evident for copper, lead, manganese, and zinc in the stream reach from approximately 800 to 1,200 meters, and for copper, lead, and, to a lesser extent, manganese in the reach containing left-bank dispersed tailings (from approximately 1,300 to 1,800 meters). The load values reported herein are minimum estimates because the stream synoptic samples were collected at 1200 hours when positively charged elements, including copper, lead, manganese, and zinc, have minimum concentrations. Diel patterns measured for zinc during the synoptic sampling indicate maximum daily zinc loads were as much as 33 percent greater than those measured at 1200 hours on August 30, 2012.
Transmountain diversion of water through Vidler Tunnel negatively affects water quality in Leavenworth Creek as indicated by much greater metal loads and concentrations and a visually evident mixing zone where Vidler Tunnel water joins Leavenworth Creek when diversion is active compared to when it is not.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the Colorado Division of Reclamation, Mining and Safety","usgsCitation":"Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., Smith, C.D., and Kimball, B.A., 2021, Quantification of metal loading using tracer dilution and instantaneous synoptic sampling and importance of diel cycling in Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1078, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211078.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102543","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392247,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HGC2V4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream discharge, sodium, bromide, and specific conductance data for stream and hyporheic zone samples affected by injection of sodium bromide tracer, Leavenworth Creek, Clear Creek County, Colorado, August 2012"},{"id":392246,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1078/ofr20211078.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1078"},{"id":392245,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1078/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Clear Creek County","otherGeospatial":"Leavenworth Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.86219787597655,\n 39.595371402863655\n ],\n [\n -105.69602966308594,\n 39.595371402863655\n ],\n [\n -105.69602966308594,\n 39.71405356154611\n ],\n [\n -105.86219787597655,\n 39.71405356154611\n ],\n [\n -105.86219787597655,\n 39.595371402863655\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS 415
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Developing an understanding of factors that influence the accumulation and magnification of heavy metals in fish of the Laurentian Great Lakes is central to managing ecosystem and human health. We measured muscle tissue concentrations of heavy metals in Lake Michigan prey fish that vary in habitat use, diet, and trophic position, including alewife, bloater, deepwater sculpin, round goby, rainbow smelt, and slimy sculpin. For each individual, we measured tissue concentrations of four metals (chromium [Cr], copper [Cu], manganese [Mn], and total mercury [THg]), stable isotope ratios for trophic position (δ15N and δ13C), and individual fish attributes (length, mass). Total mercury concentration was positively related to total length and δ15N. Of all species, round goby displayed one of the greatest increases in mercury per unit growth and was most isotopically distinct from other species. Profundal species (bloater, deepwater sculpin, slimy sculpin) had similar high THg tissue concentrations, possibly due to slower growth due to cold temperatures, whereas other species (alewife, round goby, rainbow smelt) showed more variation in THg. In contrast, other metals (Cr, Cu, Mn) had either a negative or no relationship to total length and δ15N, suggesting no bioaccumulation or biomagnification. Potential incorporation of mercury by sportfish may thus be related to species, age, diet, trophic position, and habitat of prey fish. Our findings serve as a foundation for understanding how heavy metals accumulate in Lake Michigan food webs and highlight the continued need for management of metal input and cycling in Lake Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2021.08.019","usgsCitation":"Conard, W.M., Gerig, B.S., Lovin, L.M., Bunnell, D.B., and Lamberti, G.A., 2021, Metal accumulation in Lake Michigan prey fish: Influence of ontogeny, trophic position, and habitat: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 47, p. 1746-1755, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.08.019.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1746","endPage":"1755","ipdsId":"IP-123091","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan, Upper Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n 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S.","contributorId":140062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerig","given":"Brandon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13372,"text":"Uni. Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovin, Lea M.","contributorId":296153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovin","given":"Lea","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13716,"text":"Baylor University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bunnell, David B. 0000-0003-3521-7747","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-7747","contributorId":216540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunnell","given":"David","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamberti, Gary A.","contributorId":296154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39516,"text":"University of Notre Dame","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70229519,"text":"70229519 - 2021 - Mineral deposit discovery order and three-part quantitative assessments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-11T13:08:11.334928","indexId":"70229519","displayToPublicDate":"2021-11-11T07:07:04","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral deposit discovery order and three-part quantitative assessments","docAbstract":"Larger oil pools tending to be discovered earlier in an exploration play suggests the same pattern might exist for mineral deposits and could be used in predicting sizes of undiscovered deposits in mineral assessments. The volume of individual petroleum pools is highly correlated with surface projection area of pools in basins. The gradual additions to individual oil pool reserves over time adds to the appearance of larger pools being discovered earlier.
Comparisons of surface projected areas of mineral deposits to their tonnages showed significant positive relationships in all 10 deposit types analyzed, suggesting that larger deposits should be discovered earlier than small deposits.
Analysis of deposits consistent with three-part mineral assessments identified 9 combinations of mineral deposit types in large regions each containing multiple geological permissive tracts showing negative and 1 positive relationships of deposit size with discovery date significant at the 1% level. Twenty other tests of regions containing multiple permissive settings had either negative or positive relationships, none significantly different from those that might occur by chance. The large regions are mostly based on political boundaries. These results suggest mineral deposit discovery order is not the same as observed in oil pool exploration.
The widely employed three-part quantitative mineral resource assessments are an obvious choice to benefit from patterns of declining deposit sizes with order of discovery. The 30 tests of relationships of discovery dates to deposit sizes demonstrated here were performed with deposits consistent with those in three-part assessments, but the large areas are not consistent with permissive tracts used in these assessments because they also contain substantial non-permissive geology.
In 100 permissive tracts assessed with three-part assessments of multiple deposit types located throughout the world, the median number of known well-explored deposits is 1 and 90 percent of tracts report less than 9 deposits. The number of well-explored deposits in three-part assessed tracts tends to be quite small, limiting any ability to recognize a discovery order versus size relationship.
In a three-part assessment of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits of South America, only 7 of 26 delineated tracts contained more than 2 known deposits and only 1 had a significant negative relationship between tonnage of known deposits and year of discovery (p = 0.04). Most predicted undiscovered deposits in this tract were expected to be under extensive unexplored post-mineralization cover, meaning the general grade and tonnage model should be applied because the discovery order process starts over. Projection of deposit sizes based on discovery order would provide a biased estimate of the undiscovered deposit sizes in this case. Thus, although a discovery order versus size relationship could exist in three-part mineral assessments, only rarely might the pattern be useful to predict sizes of undiscovered deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., and Zientek, M., 2021, Mineral deposit discovery order and three-part quantitative assessments: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 139, no. Part B, 104566, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566.","productDescription":"104566, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-127845","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":397016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396983,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104566"}],"volume":"139","issue":"Part B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. 0000-0001-6812-6441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-6441","contributorId":288318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":837729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zientek, Michael L. 0000-0002-8522-9626","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8522-9626","contributorId":210763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zientek","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":837728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224940,"text":"ofr20211079 - 2021 - Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2019","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T20:43:28.80406","indexId":"ofr20211079","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-08T11:13:49","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1079","displayTitle":"Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2019","title":"Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2019","docAbstract":"Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Limecola petalum (formerly reported as Macoma balthica and M. petalum), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in south San Francisco Bay, Calif. This report includes the data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the period January 2019 to December 2019. These data append to long-term datasets extending back to 1974. A major focus of the report is an integrated description of the 2019 data within the context of the longer, multidecadal dataset. This dataset supports the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Significant reductions in silver and copper contamination occurred at the site in the 1980s following the implementation by PARWQCP of advanced wastewater treatment and source control measures. Since the 1990s, concentrations of these elements in surface sediments have continued to decrease, although more slowly. Silver appears to have stabilized at concentrations about twice the regional background concentration. Presently, sediment copper concentrations appear to be near the regional background level. Over the same period (1994–2019), sedimentary iron and zinc also exhibited modest declines. Sedimentary aluminum, chromium, mercury, nickel, and selenium have not exhibited any trend. Since 1994, concentrations of silver and copper in L. petalum have varied seasonally, apparently in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and cyclic growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including chromium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc, were generally similar in timing and magnitude as those for silver and copper. The annual growth and reproductive cycle explained a small amount of the variance in annual silver and zinc tissue metal concentrations. However, interannual trends are not apparent for any element.
Biological effects of elevated silver and copper contamination at the Palo Alto site have been interpreted from data collected during and after the recession of these contaminants. Concentrations of both elements in the soft tissues of L. petalum declined with sedimentary copper and silver. This pattern was associated with changes in the reproductive activity of L. petalum, as well as the structure of the benthic invertebrate community. Reproductive activity of L. petalum increased as metal concentrations in L. petalum declined and presently is stable with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. Analyses of the benthic community structure indicate that the infaunal invertebrate community has shifted from one dominated by several opportunistic species when silver and copper exposures were highest to one in which the species abundance is more evenly distributed, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. Importantly, this long-term change is unrelated to other metals and other measured environmental factors, including salinity and sediment composition. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decline in dominance coincident with the decline in metals. Both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2019. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly in 2011–2012 and returned to pre-2011 numbers in 2019.
An unidentified disturbance occurred on the mudflat in early 2008 that resulted in the loss of the benthic animals, except for deep-dwelling animals like L. petalum. However, within two months of this event, animals returned to the mudflat. The resilience of the community suggested that the disturbance was not caused by a persistent toxin or anoxia. The reproductive mode of most species that were present in 2019 was indicative of species that were available either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2019 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, those that have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. USGS scientists view the 2008 disturbance event as a response by the infaunal community to an episodic natural stressor (possibly sediment accretion or a pulse of freshwater), in contrast to the long-term recovery from metal contamination. We will compare this recovery to the long-term recovery observed after the 1970s when the decline in sediment pollutants was the dominating factor.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Palo Alto, California","usgsCitation":"Cain, D.J., Croteau, M.-N., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Stewart, R., Shrader, K.H., Zierdt Smith, E.L., and Luoma, S.N., 2021, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2019: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1079, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211079.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 59 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-119549","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416178,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1017","description":"Cain, D.J., Croteau, M.-N., Thompson, J.K., Parchaso, F., Stewart, R., Zierdt Smith, E.L., Shrader, K.H., Kieu, L.H., and Luoma, S.N., 2023, Near-field receiving-water monitoring of trace metals and a benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California—2020: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1017, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231017.","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2020"},{"id":390272,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171135","text":"Open-File Report 2017-1135","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California; 2016"},{"id":390273,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161118","text":"Open-File Report 2016-1118","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California; 2015"},{"id":390267,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9IBQ23S","linkHelpText":"Data for monitoring trace metal and benthic community near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in south San Francisco Bay, California"},{"id":390268,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1079/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":390269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1079/ofr20211079.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390270,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191084","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1084","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2018"},{"id":390271,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181107","text":"Open-File Report 2018-1107","linkHelpText":"- Near-Field Receiving-Water Monitoring of Trace Metals and a Benthic Community Near the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant in South San Francisco Bay, California—2017"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.16728210449219,\n 37.385980767871416\n ],\n [\n -121.90361022949219,\n 37.385980767871416\n ],\n [\n -121.90361022949219,\n 37.496107562317064\n ],\n [\n -122.16728210449219,\n 37.496107562317064\n ],\n [\n -122.16728210449219,\n 37.385980767871416\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
Water Resources, Earth System Processes Division
U.S. Geological Survey
411 National Center
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The US Environmental Protection Agency's short-term freshwater effluent test methods include a fish (Pimephales promelas), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia), and a green alga (Raphidocelis subcapitata). There is a recognized need for additional taxa to accompany the three standard species for effluent testing. An appropriate additional taxon is unionid mussels because mussels are widely distributed, live burrowed in sediment and filter particles from the water column for food, and exhibit high sensitivity to a variety of contaminants. Multiple studies were conducted to develop a relevant and robust short-term test method for mussels. We first evaluated the comparative sensitivity of two mussel species (Villosa constricta and Lampsilis siliquoidea) and two standard species (P. promelas and C. dubia) using two mock effluents prepared by mixing ammonia and five metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) or a field-collected effluent in 7-day exposures. Both mussel species were equally or more sensitive (more than two-fold) to effluents compared with the standard species. Next, we refined the mussel test method by first determining the best feeding rate of a commercial algal mixture for three age groups (1, 2, and 3 weeks old) of L. siliquoidea in a 7-day feeding experiment, and then used the derived optimal feeding rates to assess the sensitivity of the three ages of juveniles in a 7-day reference toxicant (sodium chloride [NaCl]) test. Juvenile mussels grew substantially (30%–52% length increase) when the 1- or 2-week-old mussels were fed 2 ml twice daily and the 3-week-old mussels were fed 3 ml twice daily. The 25% inhibition concentrations (IC25s) for NaCl were similar (314–520 mg Cl/L) among the three age groups, indicating that an age range of 1- to 3-week-old mussels can be used for a 7-day test. Finally, using the refined test method, we conducted an interlaboratory study among 13 laboratories to evaluate the performance of a 7-day NaCl test with L. siliquoidea. Eleven laboratories successfully completed the test, with more than 80% control survival and reliable growth data. The IC25s ranged from 296 to 1076 mg Cl/L, with a low (34%) coefficient of variation, indicating that the proposed method for L. siliquoidea has acceptable precision. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3392–3409. © 2021 SETAC
Diel cycles are known to occur in all types of waters, and increasing studies indicate routine water samples may not provide an accurate snapshot in concentrations of trace elements and nutrients. Diel behavior in neutral to alkaline pH ranges is independent of streamflow variability and concentration. Extensive historical U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) water-quality data have been collected in the Eagle River Basin during daylight hours, which is defined as the period of time between one-half hour prior to sunrise and one-half hour after sunset. However, no USGS data have been collected throughout the nighttime, defined as the time between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour prior to sunrise, making the evaluation of diel cycles impossible. To assess the importance of diel cycling within the Eagle River Basin, the USGS, in cooperation with Eagle River Watershed Council, developed a study to assess the mechanisms, patterns, and magnitude of change during the diel cycle for selected constituents. Water-quality monitors at five USGS streamgage sites (09065500, Gore Creek at Upper Station, near Minturn, Colorado, 09063000, Eagle River at Red Cliff, Colorado, 09064600, Eagle River near Minturn, Colorado, 09066325, Gore Creek above Red Sandstone Creek at Vail, Colorado, and 394220106431500, Eagle River below Milk Creek near Wolcott, Colorado) were deployed in 2017 to evaluate the water-quality field parameters and to determine if water conditions were favorable for the diel cycling of nutrients and trace elements. Based on the evaluation of water-quality parameters, three of the five sites were sampled for nutrient and trace-element concentrations in 2018 to confirm the presence and magnitude of diel cycling. Historical data were also analyzed to assess the effect of time of day on measured nutrient and trace-element concentrations. An assessment of the effect of land use on diel cycling was also investigated.
Measurable nutrients displayed a diel cycle at all three sites with the largest percentage change at the most downstream site (394220106431500), located on the Eagle River. More notable diel cycles at this site include filtered nitrate plus nitrite, which varied 179 percent, with concentrations from 0.24 to 0.67 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and filtered orthophosphate, which varied 71 percent, with concentrations from 0.07 to 0.12 mg/L. Filtered nitrate plus nitrite at site 09066325 varied 57 percent, ranging from 0.14 to 0.22 mg/L. Maximum concentrations occurred prior to noon, decreased through the afternoon (between noon and sunset), and increased during the night (between sunset and sunrise). That pattern is consistent with nutrient uptake in response to daytime (between sunrise and sunset) photosynthesis along with biologically driven denitrification and nitrification cycles. Nutrient concentrations at sites 09064600 and 09066325 were generally low and below laboratory reporting limits, which is the smallest measured concentration that nutrients could be measured by a given analytical method.
Trace-element concentrations were detectable at all sites with the largest percentage change at the most downstream site (394220106431500) and exhibited diel concentration variation from 11.6 to 284 percent. Appreciable diel cycles included filtered copper (0.98–1.40 micrograms per liter [µg/L], 42.9 percent), filtered zinc (less than [<] 4.00–5.50 µg/L, greater than [>] 37.5 percent), total manganese (9.70–19.5 µg/L, 101 percent), and total arsenic (0.30–0.40 µg/L, 33.3 percent). The largest percentage change in concentration was filtered manganese (2.84–10.9 µg/L, 284 percent). Diel cycles at site 09064600 ranged from 9.1 to 64.5 percent across the trace elements measured. Dissolved trace elements with appreciable diel cycles during the sampling period include filtered cadmium (0.09–0.12 µg/L, 33.3 percent), filtered copper (0.99–1.40 µg/L, 41.4 percent), and total arsenic (0.20–0.30 µg/L, 50 percent). The largest percentage change was filtered zinc (38.3–63.0 µg/L, 65 percent). Trace-element concentrations at site 09066325 were below laboratory reporting limits for many parameters, and no diel cycle could be assessed for these parameters. However, total recoverable iron, filtered barium, filtered manganese, and filtered selenium exhibited changes in concentrations of <10.0–19.4 µg/L (>94 percent), 115–121 µg/L (5 percent), 1.44–1.72 µg/L (19.4 percent), and 0.25–0.28 µg/L (12 percent), respectively. At sites 09064600 and 394220106431500, maximum trace-element concentrations occurred during nighttime with some variation regarding the timing of the peak. The exceptions to this were filtered copper, total arsenic, and filtered selenium, which had maximum concentrations around noon or as the sun disappeared below the horizon. The timing of minimum concentrations occurred in the afternoon for many trace elements, with filtered copper, total arsenic, and filtered selenium having minimum concentrations in the morning or just prior to the appearance of the sun.
Analysis of historical data also showed evidence of diel cycling. Historical samples collected from July through October were used to identify diel cycling in base-flow conditions. The resulting diel pattern in the median concentration for filtered manganese, filtered zinc at water-quality site 09064600, and filtered manganese and filtered nitrate plus nitrite at water-quality site 39422016431500 were consistent with the diel pattern in the September 2018 samples, and indicate time of day can bias sampling results even during daylight hours.
Diel cycling in the Eagle River Basin appears to be driven primarily by instream, biological processes. However, land use, particularly human effects downstream from urban areas, mining, and agriculture, may affect these processes. At some locations, diel variations in nutrient and trace-element concentrations are small enough to be of low concern. At other locations, however, variations in concentrations up to 284 percent in the data collected for this study and 214 percent in base-flow historical data, indicate daytime-only sampling, particularly in late afternoon, can underestimate daily average nutrient and trace-element concentrations. When feasible, the potential of diel cycling warrants consideration in sample design to account for the potential of diel cycles, or at a minimum, be recognized as a component of the river dynamic and the potential consequences that diel cycles may have in data interpretation and river management decisions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Eagle River Watershed Council","usgsCitation":"Richards, R.J., and Henneberg, M.F., 2021, Assessment of diel cycling in nutrients and trace elements in the Eagle River Basin, 2017–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5066, 36 p., \nhttps://doi.org/ 10.3133/ sir20215066.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 36 p.; 3 Databases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-116765","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388128,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5066/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":388129,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5066/sir20215066.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.79 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 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Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-415
Denver, CO 80225
The US Environmental Protection Agency's short-term freshwater effluent test methods include a fish (Pimephales promelas), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia), and a green alga (Raphidocelis subcapitata). There is a recognized need for additional taxa to accompany the three standard species for effluent testing. An appropriate additional taxon is unionid mussels because mussels are widely distributed, live burrowed in sediment and filter particles from the water column for food, and exhibit high sensitivity to a variety of contaminants. Multiple studies were conducted to develop a relevant and robust short-term test method for mussels. We first evaluated the comparative sensitivity of two mussel species (Villosa constricta and Lampsilis siliquoidea) and two standard species (P. promelas and C. dubia) using two mock effluents prepared by mixing ammonia and five metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) or a field-collected effluent in 7-day exposures. Both mussel species were equally or more sensitive (more than two-fold) to effluents compared with the standard species. Next, we refined the mussel test method by first determining the best feeding rate of a commercial algal mixture for three age groups (1, 2, and 3 weeks old) of L. siliquoidea in a 7-day feeding experiment, and then used the derived optimal feeding rates to assess the sensitivity of the three ages of juveniles in a 7-day reference toxicant (sodium chloride [NaCl]) test. Juvenile mussels grew substantially (30%–52% length increase) when the 1- or 2-week-old mussels were fed 2 ml twice daily and the 3-week-old mussels were fed 3 ml twice daily. The 25% inhibition concentrations (IC25s) for NaCl were similar (314–520 mg Cl/L) among the three age groups, indicating that an age range of 1- to 3-week-old mussels can be used for a 7-day test. Finally, using the refined test method, we conducted an interlaboratory study among 13 laboratories to evaluate the performance of a 7-day NaCl test with L. siliquoidea. Eleven laboratories successfully completed the test, with more than 80% control survival and reliable growth data. The IC25s ranged from 296 to 1076 mg Cl/L, with a low (34%) coefficient of variation, indicating that the proposed method for L. siliquoidea has acceptable precision. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3392–3409. © 2021 SETAC
A pilot-scale expanded target assessment of mixtures of inorganic and organic contaminants in point-of-consumption drinking water (tapwater, TW) was conducted in Puerto Rico (PR) to continue to inform TW exposures and corresponding estimations of cumulative human-health risks across the US. In August 2018, a spatial synoptic pilot assessment of than 524 organic, 37 inorganic, and select microbiological contaminant indicators was conducted in 14 locations (7 home; 7 commercial) across PR. A follow-up 3-day temporal assessment of TW variability was conducted in December 2018 at two of the synoptic locations (1 home, 1 commercial) and included daily pre- and post-flush samples. Concentrations of regulated and unregulated TW contaminants were used to calculate cumulative in vitro bioactivity ratios and Hazard Indices (HI) based on existing human-health benchmarks. Synoptic results confirmed that human exposures to inorganic and organic contaminant mixtures, which are rarely monitored together in drinking water at the point of consumption, occurred across PR and consisted of elevated concentrations of inorganic contaminants (e.g., lead, copper), disinfection byproducts (DBP), and to a lesser extent per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates. Exceedances of human-health benchmarks in every synoptic TW sample support further investigation of the potential cumulative risk to vulnerable populations in PR and emphasize the importance of continued broad characterization of drinking-water exposures at the tap with analytical capabilities that better represent the complexity of both inorganic and organic contaminant mixtures known to occur in ambient source waters. Such health-based monitoring data are essential to support public engagement in source water sustainability and treatment and to inform consumer point-of-use treatment decision making in PR and throughout the US.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147721","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Padilla, I.Y., Romanok, K., Smalling, K., Focazio, M.J., Breitmeyer, S.E., Cardon, M.C., Conley, J.M., Evans, N., Givens, C.E., Gray, J., Gray, L., Hartig, P.C., Hladik, M.L., Higgins, C.P., Iwanowicz, L., Lane, R.F., Loftin, K.A., McCleskey, R., McDonough, C.A., Medlock-Kakaley, E., Meppelink, S.M., Weis, C.P., and Wilson, V.S., 2021, Pilot-scale expanded assessment of inorganic and organic tapwater exposures and predicted effects in Puerto Rico, USA: Environment International, v. 788, 147721, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147721.","productDescription":"147721, 14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-110491","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":452219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC8504685","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EQS5CS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Target-Chemical Concentration Results of Mixed-Organic/Inorganic Chemical Exposures in Puerto Rico Tapwater, 2017 to 2018"},{"id":385835,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.3681640625,\n 17.727758609852284\n ],\n [\n -65.5224609375,\n 17.727758609852284\n ],\n [\n -65.5224609375,\n 18.625424540701264\n ],\n [\n -67.3681640625,\n 18.625424540701264\n ],\n [\n -67.3681640625,\n 17.727758609852284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"788","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":221226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul M.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padilla, Ingrid Y. 0000-0001-8460-1679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8460-1679","contributorId":258259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Padilla","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":52264,"text":"University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":816178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Romanok, Kristin M. 0000-0002-8472-8765","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-8765","contributorId":221227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanok","given":"Kristin M.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smalling, Kelly L. 0000-0002-1214-4920","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1214-4920","contributorId":221234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalling","given":"Kelly","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Focazio, Michael J. 0000-0003-0967-5576 mfocazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-5576","contributorId":1276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"Michael","email":"mfocazio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Breitmeyer, Sara E. 0000-0003-0609-1559 sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0609-1559","contributorId":172622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breitmeyer","given":"Sara","email":"sbreitmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - 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Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":816185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Gray, L. Earl","contributorId":193147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gray","given":"L. 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Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":205663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R. 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Emissions of these metals can have important impacts on the biosphere as pollutants or nutrients. Here we use ground- and drone-based direct measurements to compare the gas and particulate chemistry of the magmatic and lava–seawater interaction (laze) plumes from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i. We find that the magmatic plume contains abundant volatile metals and metalloids whereas the laze plume is further enriched in copper and seawater components, like chlorine, with volatile metals also elevated above seawater concentrations. Speciation modelling of magmatic gas mixtures highlights the importance of the S2− ligand in highly volatile metal/metalloid degassing at the magmatic vent. In contrast, volatile metal enrichments in the laze plume can be explained by affinity for chloride complexation during late-stage degassing of distal lavas, which is potentially facilitated by the HCl gas formed as seawater boils.
Humans are primary drivers of environmental contamination worldwide, including in drinking-water resources. In the United States (US), federal and state agencies regulate and monitor public-supply drinking water while private-supply monitoring is rare; the current lack of directly comparable information on contaminant-mixture exposures and risks between private- and public-supplies undermines tapwater (TW) consumer decision-making.
We compared private- and public-supply residential point-of-use TW at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where both supplies share the same groundwater source. TW from 10 private- and 10 public-supply homes was analyzed for 487 organic, 38 inorganic, 8 microbial indicators, and 3 in vitro bioactivities. Concentrations were compared to existing protective health-based benchmarks, and aggregated Hazard Indices (HI) of regulated and unregulated TW contaminants were calculated along with ratios of in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs.
Seventy organic and 28 inorganic constituents were detected in TW. Median detections were comparable, but median cumulative concentrations were substantially higher in public supply due to 6 chlorine–disinfected samples characterized by disinfection byproducts and corresponding lower heterotrophic plate counts. Public-supply applicable maximum contaminant (nitrate) and treatment action (lead and copper) levels were exceeded in private-supply TW samples only. Exceedances of health-based HI screening levels of concern were common to both TW supplies.
These Cape Cod results indicate comparable cumulative human-health concerns from contaminant exposures in private- and public-supply TW in a shared source-water setting. Importantly, although this study’s analytical coverage exceeds that currently feasible for water purveyors or homeowners, it nevertheless is a substantial underestimation of the full breadth of contaminant mixtures documented in the environment and potentially present in drinking water.
Regardless of the supply, increased public engagement in source-water protection and drinking-water treatment, including consumer point-of-use treatment, is warranted to reduce risks associated with long-term TW contaminant exposures, especially in vulnerable populations.
The igneous geology of the St. Francois Mountains terrane in southeast Missouri is dominated by the products of 1.48 to 1.45 billion year old volcanic and plutonic magmatism but also includes volumetrically minor, compositionally bimodal contributions added during plutonism between 1.34 and 1.27 billion years ago. The 1.48 to 1.45 billion year old igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains terrane are bimodally distributed between volumetrically dominant felsic rocks and volumetrically minor rocks with mafic to intermediate compositions. All of these rocks are ferroan, which like most of their trace element abundances, suggests a genesis associated with farfield intraplate extensional tectonism and decompression-related magmatism. The diversity of compositions among 1.48 to 1.45 billion year old igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains terrane probably reflects mixtures of mantle-derived mafic inputs and low-degree partial melting of more evolved crustal protoliths. Newly determined ages define essentially continuous magmatism during the 30-million-year period between 1.48 and 1.45 billion years ago. The products of this magmatism are essentially coeval, whether intrusive or extrusive or having mafic, intermediate, or felsic compositions. In addition, the iron oxide-apatite (for example, Pea Ridge) and likely the iron oxide-copper gold (Boss) deposits in the St. Francois Mountains terrane have ages coincident with this magmatic episode. Spatial and temporal relations between 1.48 to 1.45 billion year old igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains terrane and the mineral deposits they host suggest the associated magmatic and mineralization processes are also genetically related.
Geochemical, petrographic, geochronologic, and terrane-wide physical characteristics of the 1.48 to 1.45 billion year old igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains terrane are consistent with an origin involving extension well inboard from the margin of the Laurentian craton, associated mantle upwelling, lower crustal melting in response to mantle-derived thermal inputs, and mixing of mantle- and juvenile lower crustal-derived melts. Significant major and trace element compositional dispersion characteristics of these rocks likely reflect midcrustal magma reservoir fractionation of their principal rock-forming minerals. The resultant magmas constitute a series of variably hybridized reservoirs, emplaced at upper levels in the crust, that form a series of plutonic and associated eruptive products.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1866","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., Aleinikoff, J.N., Day, W.C., Neymark, L.A., Burgess, S.D., 2021, Petrology and geochronology of 1.48 to 1.45 Ga igneous rocks in the St. Francois Mountains terrane, southeast Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1866, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1866.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 88 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383304,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95Q3QC4","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"SHRIMP U-Pb geochronologic data for zircon and titanite from Mesoproterozoic rocks of the St. Francois Mountains terrane, southeast Missouri, U.S.A."},{"id":383305,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F79W0DSN","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geochemical and Modal Data for Mesoproterozoic Igneous Rocks of the St. Francois Mountains, Southeast Missouri"},{"id":383302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1866/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":383303,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1866/pp1866.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Professional Paper 1866"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"St. Francois Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.1702880859375,\n 36.70806354647625\n ],\n [\n -90.1263427734375,\n 38.16479533621134\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 38.85682013474361\n ],\n [\n -92.8289794921875,\n 38.83542884007305\n ],\n [\n -92.79602050781249,\n 36.74768773190056\n ],\n [\n -90.1702880859375,\n 36.70806354647625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, MS-973
Denver, CO 80225-0046
The Don Manuel porphyry copper system, located in the Miocene–Pliocene metallogenic belt of central Chile, contains spatially zoned alteration styles common to other porphyry copper deposits including extensive potassic alteration, propylitic alteration, localized sericite-chlorite alteration and argillic alteration but lacks pervasive hydrolytic alteration typical of some deposits. It is one of the youngest porphyry copper deposits in the Andes. Timing of mineralization and the hydrothermal system at Don Manuel are consistent with emplacement of the associated intrusions (ca. 4 and 3.6 Ma). Two molybdenite samples yielded consistent ages of 3.412 ± 0.037 and 3.425 ± 0.037 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar ages on hydrothermal biotites (3.57 ± 0.02, 3.51 ± 0.02, 3.41 ± 0.01, and 3.37 ± 0.01 Ma) are associated with potassic alteration. These ages are younger than the youngest intrusion by ~300 k.y. recording the cooling of the system below 350 °C. Such a time gap can be explained by fluxing of hot magmatic fluids from deeper magmatic sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/min11020174","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, A.K., Sparks, R.S., Barfod, D.N., Brugge, E., Annen, C., and Parkinson, I., 2021, Duration of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization of the Don Manuel porphyry copper system, central Chile: Minerals, v. 11, no. 2, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020174.","productDescription":"22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-125032","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":453546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020174","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":384221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"central Chile","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.71874999999999,\n -31.278550858946517\n ],\n [\n -70.18066406249997,\n -31.278550858946517\n ],\n [\n -70.18066406249997,\n -26.784847361051206\n ],\n [\n -71.71874999999999,\n -26.784847361051206\n ],\n [\n -71.71874999999999,\n -31.278550858946517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, Amy K. 0000-0001-5038-8136","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5038-8136","contributorId":218307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":811443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, R. Stephen J.","contributorId":254929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Stephen J.","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barfod, Dan N. 0000-0001-8934-4034","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-4034","contributorId":254930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barfod","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":27602,"text":"Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brugge, Emily","contributorId":254931,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brugge","given":"Emily","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24608,"text":"Imperial College London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Annen, Catherine 0000-0002-3379-5458","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3379-5458","contributorId":254932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Annen","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parkinson, Ian 0000-0001-6380-7061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-7061","contributorId":254933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parkinson","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":37322,"text":"University of Bristol","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":811448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70226958,"text":"70226958 - 2021 - The critical minerals initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey’s mineral deposit database project: USMIN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T12:56:25.908739","indexId":"70226958","displayToPublicDate":"2021-02-08T06:52:30","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9961,"text":"Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (MME)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The critical minerals initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey’s mineral deposit database project: USMIN","docAbstract":"The objective of the US Geological Survey’s mineral deposit database project (USMIN) is to develop a comprehensive twenty-first century geospatial database that is the authoritative source of the most important mines, mineral deposits, and mineral districts of the US. Since May 2017, the project has focused on critical minerals. Data for critical minerals that are produced as products are relatively robust, whereas data for critical minerals that may be recovered as byproducts are commonly of much poorer quality. Similarly, more is known about critical minerals that occur in conventional deposits than where those critical minerals occur in unconventional deposits. For example, rare earth elements occur principally in deposits hosted by alkaline igneous rocks, but there is potential for their production from phosphate rock mining, which is less documented. Lithium (Li) has been recovered from pegmatites and brines, but other Li-bearing deposit types have been delineated that may go into production. Cobalt may be produced as a byproduct or coproduct from a wide range of mineral deposit types, whereas rhenium is a byproduct of copper ore. Significant opportunities for research exist that could help identify new sources of critical minerals, and may also help increase production and recovery from existing sources.
Water-quality effects after remediating abandoned draining mine tunnels using structural bulkheads were examined in two study areas in Colorado, USA. A bulkhead was installed in the Dinero mine tunnel in 2009 to improve water quality in Lake Fork Creek, a tributary to the upper Arkansas River. Although bulkhead installation improved pH, and manganese and zinc concentrations and loads at the Dinero mine tunnel, water-quality degradation was observed at the nearby Nelson tunnel. Only manganese concentrations improved in Lake Fork Creek downstream from the tunnel. To improve water quality in Cement Creek, a tributary of the Animas River, multiple bulkheads were installed in mine tunnels during 1996–2003 and a water treatment plant operated from 1989 to 2003 to treat drainage from several draining tunnels. After bulkhead installation and cessation of active water treatment (about 2003), water quality (pH and dissolved copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations) degraded at the mouth of Cement Creek. The patterns and timing were similar to post-bulkhead increased discharge and trace-metal loads at non-bulkheaded tunnels indicating the bulkheads might have been the cause. Pre-1989 water-quality data for Cement Creek are scarce, although limited historical data indicate possible, slight improvement in only manganese concentrations after bulkhead installation. Increased zinc loads in Lake Fork Creek and decreased pH through time in Cement Creek may indicate increased groundwater discharge to the streams after bulkhead installation. In these two study areas, bulkheads did not substantially improve downstream water quality.
Porphyry and epithermal mineral deposits form large economic ore bodies that provide the global economy with copper, molybdenum, gold, silver and other byproducts (Re, Te, Se). They form in the upper crust and are related to sulfur- and water-rich intermediate to silicic magmatic sources of hydrothermal fluids that move upward and produce extensive hydrolytic and alkali wall-rock alteration, quartz veins, and sulfides. Porphyry-type deposits are formed above magma chambers where fluids hydrofracture rock at 700–350 °C and at pressures ranging from supra-lithostatic to supra-hydrostatic. The depth of formation ranges from 2 to 10 km and influences orebody geometries and the types and mineralogy of veins, sulfides and wall-rock alteration. The temporal evolution of hydrothermal events is documented by cross-cutting veins and is commonly characterized by a decline in fluid temperature and concordant evolution from potassic alteration to sericitic alteration, with attendant increase in sulfidation state of copper-iron sulfides.
In some localities porphyry copper deposits transition upwards to lower temperature base metal lodes (350–200 °C) and eventually the formation of near surface (<1.5 km depth) intermediate- and high-sulfidation epithermal deposits (~300–120 °C). Extensional environments are often characterized by porphyry molybdenum and low-sulfidation epithermal deposits. In the base metal lode and epithermal environments, mixtures of magmatic and meteoric fluids produce ore fluids at hydrostatic pressures that advect freely both vertically and laterally along permeability provided by faults, joints, and porous lithologies. Wall-rock alteration ranges from hydrolytic to alkali-carbonate, and from high- to low-sulfidation state sulfide assemblages, respectively.
In porphyry, base metal lode, and epithermal environments, geology and the zonation of wall-rock alteration, veins, sulfide assemblages, and metals are useful for exploration.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of geology (secind editon)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00005-9","usgsCitation":"Dilles, J.H., and John, D.A., 2021, Porphyry and epithermal mineral deposits, chap. of Encyclopedia of geology (secind editon), p. 847-866, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00005-9.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"847","endPage":"866","ipdsId":"IP-116791","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dilles, John H","contributorId":214317,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dilles","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":895532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"John, David A. 0000-0001-7977-9106 djohn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-9106","contributorId":1748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"David","email":"djohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":895533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216950,"text":"70216950 - 2021 - Terrestrial ecological risk analysis via dietary exposure at uranium mine sites in the Grand Canyon watershed (Arizona, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T22:15:33.899812","indexId":"70216950","displayToPublicDate":"2020-11-20T07:42:29","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Terrestrial ecological risk analysis via dietary exposure at uranium mine sites in the Grand Canyon watershed (Arizona, USA)","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of the Interior recently included uranium (U) on a list of mineral commodities that are considered critical to economic and national security. The uses of U for commercial and residential energy production, defense applications, medical device technologies, and energy generation for space vehicles and satellites are known, but the environmental impacts of uranium extraction are not always well quantified. We conducted a screening-level ecological risk analysis based on exposure to mining-related elements via diets and incidental soil ingestion for terrestrial biota to provide context to chemical characterization and exposures at breccia pipe U mines in northern Arizona. Relative risks, calculated as hazard quotients (HQs), were generally low for all biological receptor models. Our models screened for risk to omnivores and insectivores (HQs>1) but not herbivores and carnivores. Uranium was not the driver of ecological risk; arsenic, cadmium, copper, and zinc were of concern for biota consuming ground-dwelling invertebrates. Invertebrate species composition should be considered when applying these models to other mining locations or future sampling at the breccia pipe mine sites. Dietary concentration thresholds (DCTs) were also calculated to understand food concentrations that may lead to ecological risk. The DCTs indicated that critical concentrations were not approached in our model scenarios, as evident in the very low HQs for most models. The DCTs may be used by natural resource and land managers as well as mine operators to screen or monitor for potential risk to terrestrial receptors as mine sites are developed and remediated in the future.
A hydrogeochemical study using high resolution ICP-MS was undertaken at the Taurus and other porphyry Cu-Mo(-Au) occurrences and Ag-Au-Cu (+/- Pb, Zn) occurrences with epithermal-style characteristics in the Yukon-Tanana upland region of eastern Alaska. Surface water samples were collected from 30 sites on creeks that drain known deposits and occurrences and surrounding presumably unmineralized areas. Water samples for the entire ∼9 km length of McCord Creek, which drains the Taurus deposit, and those from streams draining the areas at and near the Bluff and Dennison porphyry occurrences have high conductivity values (492 to 1250 μS/cm) and consistently high concentrations of B (3-250 μg/L), Co (2.3 to 42 μg/L), Mn (339 to 4750 μg/L), Re (0.012 to 0.1 μg/L), and SO42- (>200 mg/L), all of which are well above the median value for this data set and significantly greater than concentrations in water samples from the unmineralized areas. These are the best pathfinder elements specifically for porphyry style deposits because most of them are not anomalous in waters near epithermal occurrences. Copper concentrations are high (up to 115 μg/L) in some low-pH water samples from McCord Creek and drainages around Bluff, and a few near neutral pH waters have high molybdenum (>1 μg/L), but neither element is consistently anomalous in close vicinity to the porphyry occurrences, possibly due to a metal-poor, sulfide-poor leached cap (average of ∼50 m) that overlies supergene and hypogene mineralized zones and is the dominant rock at surface. High concentrations of Bi and/or As occur in many waters associated with mineralized areas, particularly the Bluff and Dennison occurrences. In general, the element associations related to porphyry deposits reflect the deposit mineralogy, as well as size of the footprint related to alteration and mineralization.
The effects of breccia pipe uranium mining in the Grand Canyon watershed (Arizona) on ecological and cultural resources are largely unknown. We characterized the exposure of biota to uranium and co-occurring ore body elements during active ore production and at a site where ore production had recently concluded. Our results indicate that biota have taken up uranium and other elements (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, copper, molybdenum, uranium) from exposure to ore and surficial contamination, like blowing dust. Results indicate the potential for prolonged exposure to elements and radionuclides upon conclusion of active ore production. Mean radium-226 in deer mice was up to 4 times greater than uranium-234 and uranium-238 in those same samples; this may indicate a potential for, but does not necessarily imply, radium-226 toxicity. Soil screening benchmarks for uranium and molybdenum and other toxicity thresholds for arsenic, copper, selenium, uranium (e.g., growth effects) were exceeded in vegetation, invertebrates, and rodents (Peromyscus spp., Thomomys bottae, Tamias dorsalis, Dipodomys deserti). However, the prevalence and severity of microscopic lesions in rodent tissues (as direct evidence of biological effects of uptake and exposure) could not be definitively linked to mining. Our data indicate that land managers might consider factors like species, seasonal changes in environmental concentrations, and bioavailability, when determining mine permitting and remediation in the Grand Canyon watershed. Ultimately, our results will be useful for site-specific ecological risk analysis and can support future decisions regarding the mineral extraction withdrawal in the Grand Canyon watershed and elsewhere.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127908","usgsCitation":"Cleveland, D.M., Hinck, J.E., and Lankton, J.S., 2021, Elemental and radionuclide exposures and uptakes by small rodents, invertebrates, and vegetation at active and post-production uranium mines in the Grand Canyon watershed: Chemosphere, v. 263, Article: 127908, 15 p.; Data release, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127908.","productDescription":"Article: 127908, 15 p.; Data release","ipdsId":"IP-118076","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":454487,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127908","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":378086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378184,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P94OVQO9","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Chemical analyses and histopathology of organisms and plants collected from breccia pipe uranium mine sites in the Grand Canyon watershed, 2015-2020"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.961181640625,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 35.67514743608467\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -113.961181640625,\n 36.94989178681327\n ],\n [\n -113.961181640625,\n 35.67514743608467\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"263","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleveland, Danielle M. 0000-0003-3880-4584 dcleveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3880-4584","contributorId":187471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"Danielle","email":"dcleveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinck, Jo Ellen 0000-0002-4912-5766 jhinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-5766","contributorId":2743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinck","given":"Jo","email":"jhinck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lankton, Julia S. 0000-0002-6843-4388 jlankton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6843-4388","contributorId":5888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lankton","given":"Julia","email":"jlankton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":797720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221872,"text":"70221872 - 2021 - Contrasting mobilization of elements in contact with sediment from Lake Roosevelt and the Upper Columbia River, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-13T10:20:57.226614","indexId":"70221872","displayToPublicDate":"2018-02-06T10:26:39","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasting mobilization of elements in contact with sediment from Lake Roosevelt and the Upper Columbia River, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Trace element contamination is known to be widely present in sediment of Lake Roosevelt and the riverine reach of the Columbia River in Washington State, USA due to discharges from several smelters and numerous mines dating back to the mid-1800's. In this study, the concentrations of aqueous elements in contact with bed sediment from the lake and river were examined under varying degrees of physical mixing and time scales. Contrasting geochemical processes affecting aqueous concentrations were inferred from the release of major ions (Ca and Si), elements enriched in metallurgical smelter slag (Cu and Sb), and redox-sensitive species (Fe, Mn, Mo and U). Releases of major ions reflect the contrasting sediment substrates along the length of the river and large reservoir. Calcium released from carbonate minerals and slag particles was most pronounced in regions of carbonate bedrock and near sediment deposits with a large component of slag material, while Si released from unconsolidated glacial/fluvial sediment increased with increasing distance downstream. Sb release was a consistent indicator of slag presence and weathering, possibly because its anionic nature inhibits readsorption onto metal oxides. In contrast, Cu release was quite variable, likely due to varying degrees of copper readsorption or co-precipitation onto metal oxides. The release of Mo and U appeared to be affected by redox conditions, which were assessed using aqueous Fe and Mn concentrations.
In response to a need for information on potential domestic sources of critical minerals, the Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI) was established to identify and prioritize areas for acquisition of new geologic mapping, geophysical data, and elevation data to improve our knowledge of the geologic framework of the United States. Phase 1 of Earth MRI concentrated on those geologic terranes favorable for hosting the rare earth elements (REEs). Phase 2 continued to address the REEs and also identified focus areas for potential domestic sources of 10 more of the 35 critical minerals on the U.S. critical minerals list (aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten). This report describes the methodology, data sources, and summary results for mineral systems that host these 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico; Alaska is covered in a separate report. The mineral systems framework adopted for this study links critical mineral commodities to families of genetically related mineral deposit types. The mineral systems approach is an efficient approach, providing a simultaneous evaluation of geologic terranes through aggregation of genetically related mineral deposit types that are much larger than individual ore deposits. Geologic, geochemical, topographic, and geophysical mapping provided by Earth MRI will document geologic features that reflect the extent of individual mineral systems and provide information about critical mineral deposits that may not have been recognized previously.
Each critical mineral commodity is discussed in terms of importance to the Nation’s economy, modes of occurrence, mineral systems, and deposit types along with maps and tables listing examples of focus areas for each critical mineral. Important mineral systems for these critical minerals include chemical weathering systems for aluminum (bauxite); placer systems for titanium and REEs; metamorphic systems for graphite; mafic magmatic systems for platinum-group elements and cobalt; lacustrine evaporite and porphyry tin systems for lithium; and copper-molybdenum-gold (Cu-Mo-Au) systems for tungsten. REEs occur in many different mineral systems. Focus areas were developed by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with scientists from State geological surveys and other institutions. This first national-scale compilation of focus areas represents an initial step in addressing the Nation’s critical mineral needs by screening areas for acquisition of new data to provide the geologic framework necessary for identifying domestic sources of critical minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191023B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with American Association of State Geologists","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J., Dicken, C., Day, W., Hofstra, A., Drenth, B., Shah, A., McCafferty, A., Woodruff, L., Foley, N., Ponce, D., Frost, T., and Stillings, L., 2020, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals in the conterminous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico—Aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum-group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (ver. 1.1, July 2022), chap. B of U.S. Geological Survey, Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic sources of critical minerals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1023, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023B.","productDescription":"xiii, 67 p.","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-119187","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436687,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U6SODG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS for focus areas of potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals-aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten (version 2.0, August 2020)"},{"id":436686,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95CO8LR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"GIS for focus areas of potential domestic resources of 11 critical minerals - aluminum, cobalt, graphite, lithium, niobium, platinum group elements, rare earth elements, tantalum, tin, titanium, and tungsten"},{"id":403732,"rank":7,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191023E","text":"Open-File Report 2019-1023-E","linkHelpText":"- Alaska Focus Area Definition for Data Acquisition for Potential Domestic Sources of Critical Minerals in Alaska for Antimony, Barite, Beryllium, Chromium, Fluorspar, Hafnium, Magnesium, Manganese, Uranium, Vanadium, and 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