This chapter summarizes the processes and effects of the most notable catastrophic mass movement events in South America in the twentieth century. We present 23 case histories of individual and regional landslide events, beginning at the northeast terminus of the Andes Mountains in Venezuela, proceeding counterclockwise down the Pacific Coast to the southern Andes of Chile and Argentina, and ending with discussion of catastrophic regional mass movements in the Brazilian Highlands. The types of landslides involved in these disasters ranged from high-velocity rockslides and rock or debris avalanches to high-to medium-velocity debris flows and mudflows. Most casualties were caused by high-velocity debris avalanches and high-to medium-velocity, highly mobile, long-runout debris flows. A common, and particularly devastating, regional occurrence consisted of earthquake-triggered slides on steep slopes covered with saturated residual soils; these slides were rapidly transformed into very fluid, high-velocity debris avalanches, which in turn changed into devastating debris flows that ran out into populated areas on valley bottoms.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Catastrophic landslides: Effects, occurrence, and mechanisms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG15-p1","isbn":"9780813758152","usgsCitation":"Schuster, R., Salcedo, D.A., and Valenzuela, L., 2002, Overview of catastrophic landslides of South America in the twentieth century: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 15, p. 1-34, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG15-p1.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368744,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"South America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 7.013667927566642\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n -3.688855143147035\n ],\n [\n -79.453125,\n -13.581920900545844\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n -20.13847031245114\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n -51.72702815704774\n ],\n [\n -69.43359375,\n -56.26776108757582\n ],\n [\n -63.6328125,\n -55.07836723201513\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n -52.26815737376816\n ],\n [\n -59.94140624999999,\n -41.90227704096369\n ],\n [\n -37.08984375,\n -19.642587534013032\n ],\n [\n -33.75,\n -3.864254615721396\n ],\n [\n -40.42968749999999,\n -1.5818302639606454\n ],\n [\n -48.33984375,\n 3.8642546157214084\n ],\n [\n -58.88671875,\n 10.487811882056695\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 12.554563528593656\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 7.013667927566642\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, Robert","contributorId":44300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Salcedo, Daniel A.","contributorId":220114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Salcedo","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valenzuela, Luis","contributorId":220115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valenzuela","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32954,"text":"fs10301 - 2002 - Natural hazards on alluvial fans: The Venezuela debris flow and flash flood disaster","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T21:16:56.624058","indexId":"fs10301","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"103-01","title":"Natural hazards on alluvial fans: The Venezuela debris flow and flash flood disaster","docAbstract":"In December 1999, rainstorms induced thousands of landslides along the Cordillera de la Costa, Vargas, northern Venezuela. Rainfall on December 2-3 totaled 200 millimeters (8 inches) and was followed by a major storm (911 millimeters, or 36 inches) on December 14 through 16. Debris flows and flash floods on alluvial fans inundated coastal communities, caused severe property destruction, and resulted in a death toll estimated at 19,000 people. Because most of the coastal zone in Vargas consists of steep mountain fronts that rise abruptly from the Caribbean Sea, the alluvial fans are the only areas where slopes are not too steep to build. Rebuilding and reoccupation of these areas requires careful determination of potential hazard zones to avoid future loss of life and property.
","language":"English, Spanish","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs10301","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., Wieczoreck, G.F., Eaton, L.S., Morgan, B.A., and Torres-Sierra, H., 2002, Natural hazards on alluvial fans: The Venezuela debris flow and flash flood disaster: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 103-01, 4 p.; English and Spanish available, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10301.","productDescription":"4 p.; English and Spanish available","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_103_01.jpg"},{"id":396044,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0103-01/fs_103_01-508-SP.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Spanish"},{"id":396043,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0103-01/fs-0103-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"English"},{"id":3118,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0103-01/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Venezuela","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczoreck, Gerald F.","contributorId":7181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczoreck","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eaton, L. Scott lse5a@usgs.gov","contributorId":67582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"L.","email":"lse5a@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgan, Benjamin A.","contributorId":32158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Torres-Sierra, Heriberto","contributorId":97913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Sierra","given":"Heriberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024112,"text":"70024112 - 2002 - Geo-environments of the northwest Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024112","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2012,"text":"Interciencia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geo-environments of the northwest Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Interciencia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03781844","usgsCitation":"White, W., Warne, A., Guevara, E., Aslan, A., Tremblay, T., and Raney, J.A., 2002, Geo-environments of the northwest Orinoco Delta, Venezuela: Interciencia, v. 27, no. 10, p. 521-528.","startPage":"521","endPage":"528","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1597e4b0c8380cd54eb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aslan, A.","contributorId":9802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aslan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tremblay, T.A.","contributorId":76908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tremblay","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raney, J. A.","contributorId":87718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raney","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025006,"text":"70025006 - 2002 - Late quaternary evolution of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70025006","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late quaternary evolution of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","docAbstract":"The modern Orinoco Delta is the latest of a series of stacked deltas that have infilled the Eastern Venezuelan Basin (EVB) since the Oligocene. During the late Pleistocene sea-level lowstand (20,000 to 16,000 yrs BP), bedrock control points at the position of the present delta apex prevented the river channel from incising as deeply as many other major river systems. Shallow seismic data indicate that the late Pleistocene Orinoco incised into the present continental shelf, where it formed a braided-river complex that transported sediment to a series of shelf-edge deltas. As sea level rose from 16,000 to 9,500 yrs BP, the Orinoco shoreline shifted rapidly landward, causing shallow-marine waves and currents to form a widespread transgressive sand unit. Decelerating sea-level rise and a warmer, wetter climate during the early Holocene (9,500 to 6,000 yrs BP) induced delta development within the relatively quiet-water environment of the EVB embayment. Sea level approached its present stand in the middle Holocene (6,000 to 3,000 yrs BP), and the Orinoco coast prograded, broadening the delta plain and infilling the EVB embayment. Significant quantities of Amazon sediment began to be transported to the Orinoco coast by littoral currents. Continued progradation in the late Holocene caused the constriction at Boca de Serpientes to alter nearshore and shelf hydrodynamics and subdivide the submarine delta into two distinct areas: the Atlantic shelf and the Gulf of Paria. The increased influence of littoral currents along the coast promoted mudcape development. Because most of the water and sediment were transported across the delta plain through the Rio Grande distributary in the southern delta, much of the central and northwestern delta plain became sediment starved, promoting widespread accumulation of peat deposits. Human impacts on the delta are mostly associated with the Volca??n Dam on Can??o Manamo. However, human activities have had relatively little effect on the delta processes and environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Warne, A., Guevara, E., and Aslan, A., 2002, Late quaternary evolution of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 2, p. 225-253.","startPage":"225","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4554e4b0c8380cd67213","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aslan, A.","contributorId":9802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aslan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024672,"text":"70024672 - 2002 - Regional controls on geomorphology, hydrology, and ecosystem integrity in the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024672","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional controls on geomorphology, hydrology, and ecosystem integrity in the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","docAbstract":"Interacting river discharge, tidal oscillation, and tropical rainfall across the 22,000 km2 Orinoco delta plain support diverse fresh and brackish water ecosystems. To develop environmental baseline information for this largely unpopulated region, we evaluate major coastal plain, shallow marine, and river systems of northeastern South America, which serves to identify principal sources and controls of water and sediment flow into, through, and out of the Orinoco Delta. The regional analysis includes a summary of the geology, hydrodynamics, sediment dynamics, and geomorphic characteristics of the Orinoco drainage basin, river, and delta system. Because the Amazon River is a major source of sediment deposited along the Orinoco coast, we summarize Amazon water and sediment input to the northeastern South American littoral zone. We investigate sediment dynamics and geomorphology of the Guiana coast, where marine processes and Holocene history are similar to the Orinoco coast. Major factors controlling Orinoco Delta water and sediment dynamics include the pronounced annual flood discharge; the uneven distribution of water and sediment discharge across the delta plain; discharge of large volumes of water with low sediment concentrations through the Rio Grande and Araguao distributaries; water and sediment dynamics associated with the Guayana littoral current along the northeastern South American coast; inflow of large volumes of Amazon sediment to the Orinoco coast; development of a fresh water plume seaward of Boca Grande; disruption of the Guayana Current by Trinidad, Boca de Serpientes, and Gulf of Paria; and the constriction at Boca de Serpientes. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00179-9","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Warne, A., Meade, R., White, W., Guevara, E., Gibeaut, J., Smyth, R., Aslan, A., and Tremblay, T., 2002, Regional controls on geomorphology, hydrology, and ecosystem integrity in the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela: Geomorphology, v. 44, no. 3-4, p. 273-307, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00179-9.","startPage":"273","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478648,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.505.3083","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207850,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00179-9"},{"id":233095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4b6e4b0e8fec6cdbc1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gibeaut, J.","contributorId":51502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibeaut","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smyth, R.C.","contributorId":41994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smyth","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aslan, A.","contributorId":9802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aslan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tremblay, T.","contributorId":106288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tremblay","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":50436,"text":"ofr01339 - 2001 - Remote rainfall sensing for landslide hazard analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:19","indexId":"ofr01339","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-339","title":"Remote rainfall sensing for landslide hazard analysis","docAbstract":"Methods of assessing landslide hazards and providing warnings are becoming more advanced as remote sensing of rainfall provides more detailed temporal and spatial data on rainfall distribution. Two recent landslide disasters are examined noting the potential for using remotely sensed rainfall data for landslide hazard analysis. For the June 27, 1995, storm in Madison County, Virginia, USA, National Weather Service WSR-88D Doppler radar provided rainfall estimates based on a relation between cloud reflectivity and moisture content on a 1 sq. km. resolution every 6 minutes. Ground-based measurements of rainfall intensity and precipitation total, in addition to landslide timing and distribution, were compared with the radar-derived rainfall data. For the December 14-16, 1999, storm in Vargas State, Venezuela, infrared sensing from the GOES-8 satellite of cloud top temperatures provided the basis for NOAA/NESDIS rainfall estimates on a 16 sq. km. resolution every 30 minutes. These rainfall estimates were also compared with ground-based measurements of rainfall and landslide distribution. In both examples, the remotely sensed data either overestimated or underestimated ground-based values by up to a factor of 2. The factors that influenced the accuracy of rainfall data include spatial registration and map projection, as well as prevailing wind direction, cloud orientation, and topography.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01339","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., McWreath, H., and Davenport, C., 2001, Remote rainfall sensing for landslide hazard analysis (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-339, i, 11 p.: ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 1 CD-ROM, 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01339.","productDescription":"i, 11 p.: ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 1 CD-ROM, 4 3/4 in.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7793,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-339/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633d93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, Gerald F.","contributorId":81889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McWreath, Harry","contributorId":105343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McWreath","given":"Harry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davenport, Clay","contributorId":27538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davenport","given":"Clay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31370,"text":"ofr01144 - 2001 - Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:07","indexId":"ofr01144","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-144","title":"Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation","docAbstract":"Heavy rainfall from the storm of December 14-16, 1999 triggered thousands of landslides on steep slopes of the Sierra de Avila north of Caracas, Venezuela. In addition to landslides, heavy rainfall caused flooding and massive debris flows that damaged coastal communities in the State of Vargas along the Caribbean Sea. Examination of the rainfall pattern obtained from the GOES-8 satellite showed that the pattern of damage was generally consistent with the area of heaviest rainfall. Field observations of the severely affected drainage basins and historical records indicate that previous flooding and massive debris-flow events of similar magnitude to that of December 1999 have occurred throughout this region. The volume of debris-flow deposits and the large boulders that the flows transported qualifies the 1999 event amongst the largest historical rainfall-induced debris flows documented worldwide.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr01144","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., Larsen, M.C., Eaton, L., Morgan, B., and Blair, J., 2001, Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-144, 24 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01144.","productDescription":"24 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3032,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0144/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67279c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, G. 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L.","contributorId":55857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blair","given":"J.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":205807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70171325,"text":"70171325 - 2001 - Flash-flood related hazards: landslides, with examples from the December 1999 disaster in Venezuela Chapter 24","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:20:34","indexId":"70171325","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-19T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"24","title":"Flash-flood related hazards: landslides, with examples from the December 1999 disaster in Venezuela Chapter 24","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coping with Flash Floods","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht ; Boston","isbn":"9780792368250","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., Vasquez-Conde, M.T., and Clark, R., 2001, Flash-flood related hazards: landslides, with examples from the December 1999 disaster in Venezuela Chapter 24, chap. 24 of Coping with Flash Floods, p. 259-275.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"275","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e30e4b07e28b664dbab","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gruntfest, E.","contributorId":169970,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gruntfest","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631683,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handmer, J.","contributorId":169971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Handmer","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631684,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vasquez-Conde, Maria Teresa","contributorId":169661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vasquez-Conde","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"Teresa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, R.A.","contributorId":13168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171328,"text":"70171328 - 2001 - The rainfall-triggered landslide and flash-flood disaster in northern Venezuela, December 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T10:21:23","indexId":"70171328","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-30T15:45:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The rainfall-triggered landslide and flash-flood disaster in northern Venezuela, December 1999","docAbstract":"Rainstorms in December 1999 induced thousands of landslides along the northern slopes of the Cordillera de la Costa mountain range principally in the state of Vargas, Venezuela. Rainfall accumulation of 293 millimeters during the first 2 weeks ofDecember was followed by an additional 911 millimeters of rainfall on December 14 through 16. The landslides and floods inundated coastal communities resulting in a catastrophic death toll estimated at between 15,000 and 30,000 people. Debris flow damage to houses, buildings, and infrastructure in the narrow coastal zone was severe. Flash floods on alluvial fans at the mouths of rivers draining the coastal mountain range also contributed to the general destruction. In time scales spanning decades to centuries, the alluvial fans along this Caribbean coastline are areas of high geomorphic activity. Because most of the coastal zone in Vargas consists of steep mountain fronts that rise directly from the Caribbean Sea, the alluvial fans provide the only relatively flat areas upon which to build. Rebuilding and reoccupation of these areas requires careful determination of hazard zones to avoid future loss of life and property. A limited assessment of the distribution and character of landslides is currently in progress by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Venezuelan Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"March 25-29, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., Wieczorek, G.F., Eaton, L., and Heriberto Torres-Sierra, 2001, The rainfall-triggered landslide and flash-flood disaster in northern Venezuela, December 1999, in Proceedings of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, Nevada, March 25-29, 2001, p. IV-9-IV-16.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"IV-9","endPage":"IV-16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321779,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3de4b07e28b664dc10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, Gerald F.","contributorId":81889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eaton, L.S.","contributorId":88403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heriberto Torres-Sierra","contributorId":141082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heriberto Torres-Sierra","affiliations":[{"id":12608,"text":"USGS, retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":630592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70171329,"text":"70171329 - 2001 - Natural hazards on alluvial fans: the debris flow and flash flood disaster of December 1999, Vargas state, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T12:54:36","indexId":"70171329","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-24T19:30:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural hazards on alluvial fans: the debris flow and flash flood disaster of December 1999, Vargas state, Venezuela","docAbstract":"Large populations live on or near alluvial fans in locations such as Los Angeles, California, Salt Lake City, Utah, Denver, Colorado, and lesser known areas such as Sarno, Italy, and Vargas, Venezuela. Debris flows and flash floods occur episodically in these alluvial fan environments, and place many communities at high risk during intense and prolonged rainfall. In December 1999, rainstorms induced thousands of landslides along the Cordillera de la Costa, Vargas, Venezuela. Rainfall accumulation of 293 mm during the first 2 weeks of December was followed by an additional 911 mm of rainfall on December 14 through 16. Debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities resulting in a catastrophic death toll of as many as 30,000 people. Flash floods and debris flows caused severe property destruction on alluvial fans at the mouths of the coastal mountain drainage network. In time scales spanning thousands of years, the alluvial fans along this Caribbean coastline are dynamic zones of high geomorphic activity. Because most of the coastal zone in Vargas consists of steep mountain fronts that rise abruptly from the Caribbean Sea, the alluvial fans provide practically the only flat areas upon which to build. Rebuilding and reoccupation of these areas requires careful determination of hazard zones to avoid future loss of life and property. KEY TERMS: Debris flows, flash floods, alluvial fans, natural hazards, landslides, Venezuela
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Sixth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"February 22-23, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Mayagüez, Puerto Rico","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., Wieczorek, G.F., Eaton, L., and Torres-Sierra, H., 2001, Natural hazards on alluvial fans: the debris flow and flash flood disaster of December 1999, Vargas state, Venezuela, in Proceedings of the Sixth Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, February 22-23, 2001, unpaginated CD.","productDescription":"unpaginated CD","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":322093,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.uvi.edu/files/documents/Research_and_Public_Service/WRRI/Sixth_Water_Congress.pdf","text":"Table of Contents"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e38e4b07e28b664dbe4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sylva, Walter F.","contributorId":169858,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sylva","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631685,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, Gerald F.","contributorId":81889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eaton, L.S.","contributorId":88403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torres-Sierra, Heriberto","contributorId":97913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres-Sierra","given":"Heriberto","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023450,"text":"70023450 - 2001 - Mud volcanoes of the Orinoco Delta, Eastern Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023450","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mud volcanoes of the Orinoco Delta, Eastern Venezuela","docAbstract":"Mud volcanoes along the northwest margin of the Orinoco Delta are part of a regional belt of soft sediment deformation and diapirism that formed in response to rapid foredeep sedimentation and subsequent tectonic compression along the Caribbean-South American plate boundary. Field studies of five mud volcanoes show that such structures consist of a central mound covered by active and inactive vents. Inactive vents and mud flows are densely vegetated, whereas active vents are sparsely vegetated. Four out of the five mud volcanoes studied are currently active. Orinoco mud flows consist of mud and clayey silt matrix surrounding lithic clasts of varying composition. Preliminary analysis suggests that the mud volcano sediment is derived from underlying Miocene and Pliocene strata. Hydrocarbon seeps are associated with several of the active mud volcanoes. Orinoco mud volcanoes overlie the crest of a mud-diapir-cored anticline located along the axis of the Eastern Venezuelan Basin. Faulting along the flank of the Pedernales mud volcano suggests that fluidized sediment and hydrocarbons migrate to the surface along faults produced by tensional stresses along the crest of the anticline. Orinoco mud volcanoes highlight the proximity of this major delta to an active plate margin and the importance of tectonic influences on its development. Evaluation of the Orinoco Delta mud volcanoes and those elsewhere indicates that these features are important indicators of compressional tectonism along deformation fronts of plate margins. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00065-4","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Aslan, A., Warne, A., White, W., Guevara, E., Smyth, R., Raney, J.A., and Gibeaut, J., 2001, Mud volcanoes of the Orinoco Delta, Eastern Venezuela: Geomorphology, v. 41, no. 4, p. 323-336, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00065-4.","startPage":"323","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207450,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00065-4"},{"id":232405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f84e4b0c8380cd70fd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aslan, A.","contributorId":9802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aslan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smyth, R.C.","contributorId":41994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smyth","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Raney, J. A.","contributorId":87718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raney","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gibeaut, J.C.","contributorId":76508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibeaut","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023682,"text":"70023682 - 2001 - Pleistocene reduction of polar ice caps: Evidence from Cariaco Basin marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T17:19:55.755008","indexId":"70023682","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pleistocene reduction of polar ice caps: Evidence from Cariaco Basin marine sediments","docAbstract":"Sea level is projected to rise between 13 and 94 cm over the next 100 yr due to continued climate warming. The sea-level projections assume that polar ice sheets will remain stable or even increase on time scales of centuries, but controversial geologic evidence suggests that current polar ice sheets have been eliminated or greatly reduced during previous Pleistocene interglacials indicating that modern polar ice sheets have become unstable within the natural range of interglacial climates. Sea level may have been more than 20 m higher than today during a presumably very warm interglacial about 400 ka during marine isotope stage 11. Because of the implications for future sea level rise, additional study of the conflicting evidence for warmer conditions and higher sea level during marine isotope stage 11 is needed. Here we present microfossil and isotopic data from marine sediments of the Cariaco Basin supporting the interpretation that global sea level was 10-20 m higher than today during marine isotope stage 11. The increased sea level requires reduction in modern polar ice sheets and is consistent with the interpretation that the West Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet were absent or greatly reduced during marine isotope stage 11. Our results show a warm marine isotope stage 11 interglacial climate with sea level as high as or above modern sea level that lasted for 25 to 30 k.y. Variations in Earth's orbit around the sun (Milankovitch cycles) are considered to be a primary external force driving glacial-interglacial cycles. Current and marine isotope stage 11 Milankovitch forcing are very similar, suggesting that the present interglacial (Holocene) that began ca. 10 ka will continue for another 15 to 20 k.y. Therefore any anthropogenic climate warming will accelerate the natural process toward reduction in polar ice sheets. The potential for increased rates of sea level rise related to polar ice sheet decay should be considered as a potential natural hazard on centennial time scales.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0071:PROPIC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Poore, R., and Dowsett, H., 2001, Pleistocene reduction of polar ice caps: Evidence from Cariaco Basin marine sediments: Geology, v. 29, no. 1, p. 71-74, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0071:PROPIC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"74","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Cariaco Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.357666015625,\n 10.039175972340953\n ],\n [\n -64.7698974609375,\n 10.017539021316155\n ],\n [\n -64.57763671875,\n 10.201406794334043\n ],\n [\n -64.44030761718749,\n 10.206813072484595\n ],\n [\n -64.1436767578125,\n 10.406780403388979\n ],\n [\n -63.599853515625,\n 10.466205555063882\n ],\n [\n -63.73168945312501,\n 10.633614991656051\n ],\n [\n -64.039306640625,\n 10.968157126419486\n ],\n [\n -64.22607421875,\n 10.989727622371035\n ],\n [\n -65.36865234375,\n 11.000512279195748\n ],\n [\n -66.2860107421875,\n 10.628216112538693\n ],\n [\n -65.89050292968749,\n 10.217625353199578\n ],\n [\n -65.357666015625,\n 10.039175972340953\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c50e4b0c8380cd798ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, H.J. 0000-0003-1983-7524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":87924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32962,"text":"ofr00284 - 2000 - Map and database of Quaternary faults and folds in Colombia and its offshore regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T10:59:29","indexId":"ofr00284","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-284","title":"Map and database of Quaternary faults and folds in Colombia and its offshore regions","docAbstract":"As part of the International Lithosphere Program’s “World Map of Major Active Faults,” the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is assisting in the compilation of a series of digital maps of Quaternary faults and folds in Western Hemisphere countries. The maps show the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related features such as faults and fault-related folds. They are accompanied by databases that describe these features and document current information on their activity in the Quaternary. Top date, the project has published fault and fold maps for Costa Rica (Montero and others, 1998), Panama (Cowan and others, 1998), Venezuela (Audemard and others, 2000), Bolovia/Chile (Lavenu, and others, 2000), and Argentina (Costa and others, 2000). The project is a key part of the Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (ILP Project II-0) for the International Decade for Natural Hazard Disaster Reduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00284","usgsCitation":"Paris, G., Machette, M., Dart, R.L., and Haller, K., 2000, Map and database of Quaternary faults and folds in Colombia and its offshore regions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-284, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00284.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3126,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0284/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Colombia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db65192e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paris, Gabriel","contributorId":15884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paris","given":"Gabriel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Machette, Michael N.","contributorId":28963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haller, Kathleen M. haller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haller","given":"Kathleen M.","email":"haller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":32319,"text":"ofr0018 - 2000 - Map and database of Quaternary faults in Venezuela and its offshore regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T10:11:19","indexId":"ofr0018","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-18","title":"Map and database of Quaternary faults in Venezuela and its offshore regions","docAbstract":"As part of the International Lithosphere Program’s “World Map of Major Active Faults,” the U.S. Geological Survey is assisting in the compilation of a series of digital maps of Quaternary faults and folds in Western Hemisphere countries. The maps show the locations, ages, and activity rates of major earthquake-related features such as faults and fault-related folds. They are accompanied by databases that describe these features and document current information on their activity in the Quaternary. The project is a key part of the Global Seismic Hazards Assessment Program (ILP Project II-0) for the International Decade for Natural Hazard Disaster Reduction.
The project is sponsored by the International Lithosphere Program and funded by the USGS’s National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program. The primary elements of the project are general supervision and interpretation of geologic/tectonic information, data compilation and entry for fault catalog, database design and management, and digitization and manipulation of data in †ARCINFO. For the compilation of data, we engaged experts in Quaternary faulting, neotectonics, paleoseismology, and seismology.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.10534.x","usgsCitation":"Garcia-Rodriguez, A.I., Moraga-Amador, D., Farmerie, W., McGuire, P., and King, T., 2000, Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and their application selected Sirenian species: Molecular Ecology, v. 9, no. 12, p. 2161-2164, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.10534.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2161","endPage":"2164","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, United States, Venezuela, Virgin Islands","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Caribbean Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 15.982453522973508\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 14.00869637063467\n ],\n [\n -83.75976562499999,\n 10.055402736564236\n ],\n [\n -80.947265625,\n 7.710991655433217\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 9.102096738726456\n ],\n [\n -77.16796875,\n 6.577303118123887\n ],\n [\n -73.564453125,\n 10.574222078332806\n ],\n [\n -71.455078125,\n 8.146242825034385\n ],\n [\n -63.6328125,\n 8.928487062665504\n ],\n [\n -54.140625,\n 3.5134210456400448\n ],\n [\n -53.173828125,\n 0.4394488164139768\n ],\n [\n -36.474609375,\n -8.233237111274553\n ],\n [\n -32.607421875,\n -2.284550660236957\n ],\n [\n -57.76611328124999,\n 12.961735843534306\n ],\n [\n -59.12841796875,\n 16.951724234434437\n ],\n [\n -61.39160156249999,\n 19.31114335506464\n ],\n [\n -67.5439453125,\n 19.78738018198621\n ],\n [\n -69.10400390625,\n 21.350781150679737\n ],\n [\n -76.5966796875,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n -80.31005859375,\n 26.88288045572338\n ],\n [\n -81.01318359375,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n -87.25341796875,\n 21.186972714123776\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 18.812717856407776\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 17.035777250427195\n ],\n [\n -89.09912109375,\n 15.940202412387029\n ],\n [\n -88.8134765625,\n 15.982453522973508\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6671d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia-Rodriguez, A. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97470D","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J, Viger, R.J., and Anderson, C.P., 1999, Maps showing geology, oil and gas fields and geologic provinces of the South America region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-470-D, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97470D.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424678,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9A3OJ9B","text":"South America Geologic Map","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155761,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470D/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":424679,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92H86MZ","text":"South America Province Boundaries","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":368256,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470D/ofr97470D.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 97-470-D"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.41796875,\n -58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -30.761718749999996,\n -58.07787626787517\n ],\n [\n -30.761718749999996,\n 12.211180191503997\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 12.211180191503997\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n -58.07787626787517\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"","tableOfContents":"Molybdenum (Mo) concentrations in a sediment core from the Cariaco basin on the Venezuelan continental shelf can be partitioned between a marine fraction and a terrigenous fraction. The accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Mo increased abruptly 15 000 calendar years ago (15 ka), from <0.5 μgṁcm−2ṁyr−1 to >4 μgṁcm−2ṁyr−1, and then decreased abruptly at 9 ka. The accumulation rate remained high throughout this 6 k.y. period, but exhibited maxima at 15–14 and 12.5 ka, corresponding in time to meltwater pulse IA into the Gulf of Mexico and the onset of the Younger Dryas cold event, respectively. The marine fraction of Mo is interpreted in terms of redox conditions of bottom water, as dictated by both the flux of settling organic matter and bottom-water residence time. Correspondence between geochemical extremes in this core with changes in sea level and global climate demonstrates the high degree to which this ocean-margin basin has responded to the paleoceanographic regime throughout the past 24 k.y.
Burning has been employed as an oil spill remediation technique in coastal marshes, even though the combined and interactive effects of oil and burning on vegetation are poorly understood. Variation among clones of perennial marsh grasses in response to these perturbations is not known. We performed a greenhouse experiment designed to assess the effects of Venezuelan crude oil alone and of oil followed by burning on three clonal genets ofSpartina alterniflora. The fully-crossed 6-mo experiment involved five dosages of oil (0 l m−2, 4 l m−2, 8 l m−2, 16 l m−2, and 24 l m−2) and two burn treatments (burned or unburned) applied to ramets from three clones. All oil-only dosages reduced survival, but burning after oiling (oil + burn treatments) increased survival relative to oil-only groups in all except the highest two oil dosages. Higher oil-only treatments also reduced ramet densities and inhibited density increases over 6 mo. Burning after treatment with the 16 l m−2 oil concentration allowed increased production of new ramets, but burning exacerbated the negative impacts on ramet density at the oil concentration of 24 l m−2. At some intermediate oil dosages, burning remediated the negative effects of oil on aboveground biomass production and growth in height. There was a significant effect of oil-only treatments on numbers of flowering ramets produced, in which two clones responded with decreased flower production and one exhibited increased flowering. There was no main effect of oil + burn on flowering. There were significant among-clones differences in all response variables to one or both treatments. Our experiment demonstrates that burning of oiledS. alterniflora marshes may have little measurable effect at low levels of Venezuelan crude oil, can remediate the effects of oil at intermediate oil concentrations, but can increase the negative impacts at high concentrations of oil. These results indicate that oil spills have the potential to adversely affect genetic diversity inS. alterniflora populations by eliminating some sensitive clonal variants or changing the relative dominance of genets. These results suggest certain clones may be better suited for phytoremediation or restoration planting following oil spills.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1353049","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., and Proffitt, C., 1999, The effects of crude oil and remediation burning on three clones of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora loisel.): Estuaries, v. 22, no. 3A, p. 616-623, https://doi.org/10.2307/1353049.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"616","endPage":"623","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230109,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Calcasieu Lake Estuary, Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge, Sabine Prairie National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.14669430393288,\n 29.839730356757784\n ],\n [\n -93.14738191985353,\n 29.945842389472347\n ],\n [\n -93.17282370893095,\n 29.990518665022392\n ],\n [\n -93.25258715576919,\n 30.04112748252976\n ],\n [\n -93.25533761945319,\n 30.057792966056326\n ],\n [\n -93.2821546403726,\n 30.112531230766237\n ],\n [\n -93.28215464037325,\n 30.16486120685866\n ],\n [\n -93.30140788616198,\n 30.196364730342964\n ],\n [\n -93.3619180872115,\n 30.154754169653046\n ],\n [\n -93.3722323260262,\n 30.119668770352064\n ],\n [\n -93.43205491115503,\n 30.120858310138573\n ],\n [\n -93.70007399001112,\n 30.11253123076567\n ],\n [\n -93.7158891561945,\n 30.107772584527027\n ],\n [\n -93.73858048158789,\n 30.086950812789112\n ],\n [\n -93.7186396198785,\n 30.06731484029423\n ],\n [\n -93.72276531540452,\n 30.05481719253119\n ],\n [\n -93.74133094527191,\n 30.039936983549808\n ],\n [\n -93.7461442567186,\n 30.024459195213993\n ],\n [\n -93.77158604579667,\n 30.008383549379715\n ],\n [\n -93.77708697316467,\n 29.998260509752996\n ],\n [\n -93.78877644382206,\n 29.989923113494243\n ],\n [\n -93.77914982092736,\n 29.981585017010957\n ],\n [\n -93.7626470388233,\n 29.970267909134108\n ],\n [\n -93.7585213432973,\n 29.951204603006474\n ],\n [\n -93.76539750250733,\n 29.93809645950634\n ],\n [\n -93.76677273434932,\n 29.92379469661573\n ],\n [\n -93.77158604579667,\n 29.910086912106905\n ],\n [\n -93.77296132007305,\n 29.898717473544664\n ],\n [\n -93.77158608823105,\n 29.886794766826057\n ],\n [\n -93.77983747928306,\n 29.879044242719175\n ],\n [\n -93.78946410217775,\n 29.852210854274816\n ],\n [\n -93.80802973204514,\n 29.83118596294986\n ],\n [\n -93.80321642059779,\n 29.807919628357652\n ],\n [\n -93.75714615388966,\n 29.77450209085154\n ],\n [\n -93.63475051994932,\n 29.806726337037006\n ],\n [\n -93.48347501732553,\n 29.80314637765308\n ],\n [\n -93.46765985114216,\n 29.810306168285933\n ],\n [\n -93.45459514864278,\n 29.819851758441047\n ],\n [\n -93.44496852574875,\n 29.820448327565643\n ],\n [\n -93.42915335956538,\n 29.810306168285933\n ],\n [\n -93.3693307744372,\n 29.81507907728067\n ],\n [\n -93.33082428286042,\n 29.819255185756745\n ],\n [\n -93.32463573957106,\n 29.834168434694234\n ],\n [\n -93.32607500373295,\n 29.819255185755424\n ],\n [\n -93.14660724834775,\n 29.819851758439697\n ],\n [\n -93.14669430393288,\n 29.839730356757784\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab73e4b08c986b322e54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D.L.","contributorId":41833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Proffitt, C.E. 0000-0002-0845-8441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-8441","contributorId":47339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proffitt","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021438,"text":"70021438 - 1999 - Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:39","indexId":"70021438","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela","docAbstract":"The Bocono fault is a major NE-SW-trending, dextral fault that extends for about 500 km along the backbone of the Venezuelan Andes. Several large historical earthquakes in this region have been attributed to the Bocono fault, and some of these have been recently associated with specific parts through paleoseismologic investigations. A new trench study has been performed, 60 km to the northeast of Merida in the central Venezuelan Andes, where the fault forms a releasing bend, comprising two conspicuous late Holocene fault strands that are about 1 km apart. The southern and northern strands carry about 70% and 30% (respectively) of the 7-10 mm/yr net slip rate measured in this sector, which is based on a 40 vs. 85-100 m right-lateral offset of the Late Pleistocene Los Zerpa moraines. A trench excavated on the northern strand of the fault (near Morros de los Hoyos, slightly northeast of Apartaderos) across a twin shutter ridge and related sag pond exposed two main fault zones cutting Late Pleistocene alluvial and Holocene peat deposits. Each zone forms a shutter ridge with peat deposits ponded against the uplifted block. The paleoearthquake reconstruction derived from this trench allow us to propose the occurrence of at least 6-8 earthquakes in the past 9000 yr, yielding a maximum average recurrence interval of about 1100-1500 yr. Based on the northern strands average slip rate (2.6 mm/yr), such as earthquake sequence should have accommodated about 23 m of slip since 9 ka, suggesting that the maximum slip per event ranges between 3 and 4 m. No direct evidence for the large 1812 earthquake has been found in the trench, although this earthquake may have ruptured this section of the fault. Further paleoseismic studies will investigate the possibility that this event occurred in the Bocono fault, but ruptured mainly its southern strand in this region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tectonophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Audemard, F., Pantosti, D., Machette, M., Costa, C., Okumura, K., Cowan, H., Diederix, H., and Ferrer, C., 1999, Trench investigation along the Merida section of the Bocono fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela: Tectonophysics, v. 308, no. 1-2, p. 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2.","startPage":"1","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206291,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00085-2"},{"id":229314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"308","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7c1e4b08c986b32746e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Audemard, F.","contributorId":87709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Audemard","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pantosti, D.","contributorId":66013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pantosti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Machette, M.","contributorId":35892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Costa, C.","contributorId":92819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okumura, K.","contributorId":90060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okumura","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cowan, H.","contributorId":84936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowan","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Diederix, H.","contributorId":59575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diederix","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ferrer, C.","contributorId":43520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ]}